Mustard oil can mean either the pressed oil used for cooking, or a pungent essential oil also known as volatile oil of mustard. The essential oil results from grinding mustard seed, mixing the grounds with water, and extracting the resulting volatile oil by distillation. It can also be produced by dry distillation of the seed. Pressed mustard oil is used as cooking oil in some cultures, but sale is restricted in some countries due to high levels of erucic acid. Varieties of mustard seed also exist that are low in erucic acid.
Oil makes up about 30% of mustard seeds. It can be produced from black mustard (Brassica nigra), brown mustard (B. juncea), and white mustard (B. alba).
Mustard oil has high levels of erucic acid. Erucic acid may have toxic effects on the heart at high doses.[6][7] An association between the consumption of dietary erucic acid and increased myocardial lipidosis, or heart disease, has not been established for humans, although given what is known about erucic acid, it can be a reason to expect that humans would be susceptible to this.[8]
The U.S. Food and Drug Administration prohibits the import or sale of expressed mustard oil in the U.S. for use in cooking due to its high erucic acid content. By contrast, the FDA has classified essential mustard oil, which has a much lower erucic acid content, as generally recognized as safe, and allows its use in food.[9][10] Expressed mustard oil is permitted in the U.S. as a massage oil, with a required "for external use only" label.[3]
The pungency of the condiment mustard results when ground mustard seeds are mixed with water, vinegar, or other liquid (or even when chewed). Under these conditions, a chemical reaction between the enzymemyrosinase and a glucosinolate known as sinigrin from the seeds of black mustard (Brassica nigra) or brown Indian mustard (Brassica juncea) produces allyl isothiocyanate. By distillation one can produce a very sharp-tasting essential oil, sometimes called volatile oil of mustard, containing more than 92% allyl isothiocyanate. The pungency of allyl isothiocyanate is due to the activation of the TRPA1 ion channel in sensory neurons. White mustard (Brassica hirta) does not yield allyl isothiocyanate, but a different and milder isothiocyanate degraded from sinalbin rather than sinigrin.[13]
Allyl isothiocyanate serves the plant as a defense against herbivores. Since it is harmful to the plant itself, it is stored in the harmless form of a glucosinolate, separate from the enzyme myrosinase. Once the herbivore chews the plant, the noxious allyl isothiocyanate is produced. Allyl isothiocyanate is also responsible for the pungent taste of horseradish and wasabi. It can be produced synthetically, sometimes known as synthetic mustard oil.[14]
^Krishnendu Ray, The Migrant's Table: Meals and Memories in Bengali-American Households (Temple University Press, 2004), p. 27: "Wide use of mustard brings Bengali food close to the North Indian paradigm"
^Pete Wells, Masalawala & Sons, Where the Food Is Bengali and the Mustard Oil Flow, New York Times (January 24, 2023): "The volatile, sinus-awakening aroma of mustard oil is one of the signatures of Bengali cooking. ... Many Bengali dishes are unthinkable without it."
^ abIndrani Sen, American Chefs Discover Mustard Oil, New York Times (November 2, 2011): "It is also used as a massage oil, the only use for which it is legally approved in the United States."
^The Cook's Book of Ingredients (DK Publishing: 1st American ed., 2010), p. 513.
^Food Standards Australia New Zealand (June 2003) Erucic acid in food 3 December 2008 at the Wayback Machine : A Toxicological Review and Risk Assessment . Technical report series No. 21; Page 4 paragraph 1; ISBN0-642-34526-0, ISSN 1448-3017
^Grice, H. & Heggtveit, H. (1983). The Relevance to Humans of Myocardial Lesions Induced in Rats by Marine and Rapeseed Oils. In High and Low Erucic Acid Rapeseed Oils. Elsevier. p. 560.
^Food Standards Australia New Zealand (June 2003) Erucic acid in food: A Toxicological Review and Risk Assessment Technical report series No. 21; Page 4 paragraph 1; ISBN0-642-34526-0, ISSN 1448-3017
^FDA Import Alert 26-04: Detention Without Physical Examination of Expressed Mustard Oil, FDA (November 18, 2016).
^Mustard and Mustard Oil Safety, National Capital Poison Center] (last accessed January 26, 2023).
^"Welcome to the USDA Food Composition Database". nal.usda.gov. Retrieved 13 April 2018.
^"Mustard". A Guide to Medicinal and Aromatic Plants. Center for New Crops and Plant Products, Purdue University. Retrieved 3 January 2009.
^"Mustard Oil, Synthetic". JT Baker. Retrieved 3 March 2010.
January 31, 2023
mustard, mean, either, pressed, used, cooking, pungent, essential, also, known, volatile, mustard, essential, results, from, grinding, mustard, seed, mixing, grounds, with, water, extracting, resulting, volatile, distillation, also, produced, distillation, see. Mustard oil can mean either the pressed oil used for cooking or a pungent essential oil also known as volatile oil of mustard The essential oil results from grinding mustard seed mixing the grounds with water and extracting the resulting volatile oil by distillation It can also be produced by dry distillation of the seed Pressed mustard oil is used as cooking oil in some cultures but sale is restricted in some countries due to high levels of erucic acid Varieties of mustard seed also exist that are low in erucic acid Mustard oil and the seeds it is derived from Contents 1 Pressed oil 1 1 Culinary use 1 2 Chemical composition 1 3 Potential toxicity 1 4 Nutritional information 2 Essential oil 3 See also 4 ReferencesPressed oil Edit Ox powered mill grinding mustard seed for oil Oil makes up about 30 of mustard seeds It can be produced from black mustard Brassica nigra brown mustard B juncea and white mustard B alba Culinary use Edit Having a distinctive pungent taste the use of the oil is a feature of Bengali and North Indian cooking 1 2 as well as Bangladeshi cuisine 3 It is sometimes used as a substitute for ghee 4 Chemical composition Edit Its pungent flavor is due to allyl isothiocyanate a phytochemical of plants in the mustard family Brassicaceae for example cabbage horseradish or wasabi Mustard oil has about 60 monounsaturated fatty acids 42 erucic acid and 12 oleic acid it has about 21 polyunsaturated fats 6 the omega 3 alpha linolenic acid and 15 the omega 6 linoleic acid and it has about 12 saturated fats 5 Potential toxicity Edit Mustard oil has high levels of erucic acid Erucic acid may have toxic effects on the heart at high doses 6 7 An association between the consumption of dietary erucic acid and increased myocardial lipidosis or heart disease has not been established for humans although given what is known about erucic acid it can be a reason to expect that humans would be susceptible to this 8 The U S Food and Drug Administration prohibits the import or sale of expressed mustard oil in the U S for use in cooking due to its high erucic acid content By contrast the FDA has classified essential mustard oil which has a much lower erucic acid content as generally recognized as safe and allows its use in food 9 10 Expressed mustard oil is permitted in the U S as a massage oil with a required for external use only label 3 Nutritional information Edit According to the USDA 11 100 grams of mustard oil contains 884 calories of food energy and is 100 fat The fat composition is 11 saturated fat 59 monounsaturated fat and 21 polyunsaturated fat 12 Essential oil EditThis section needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed Find sources Mustard oil news newspapers books scholar JSTOR August 2020 Learn how and when to remove this template message The pungency of the condiment mustard results when ground mustard seeds are mixed with water vinegar or other liquid or even when chewed Under these conditions a chemical reaction between the enzyme myrosinase and a glucosinolate known as sinigrin from the seeds of black mustard Brassica nigra or brown Indian mustard Brassica juncea produces allyl isothiocyanate By distillation one can produce a very sharp tasting essential oil sometimes called volatile oil of mustard containing more than 92 allyl isothiocyanate The pungency of allyl isothiocyanate is due to the activation of the TRPA1 ion channel in sensory neurons White mustard Brassica hirta does not yield allyl isothiocyanate but a different and milder isothiocyanate degraded from sinalbin rather than sinigrin 13 Allyl isothiocyanate serves the plant as a defense against herbivores Since it is harmful to the plant itself it is stored in the harmless form of a glucosinolate separate from the enzyme myrosinase Once the herbivore chews the plant the noxious allyl isothiocyanate is produced Allyl isothiocyanate is also responsible for the pungent taste of horseradish and wasabi It can be produced synthetically sometimes known as synthetic mustard oil 14 See also EditList of mustard brands Mustard plant Mustard seed Mustard condiment Brassica species Brassica nigra Brassica juncea White mustard Rapeseed Canola Brassicaceae Myrosinase thioglycoside Glucoside Glucosinolate Sinigrin Sinalbin Isothiocyanate Allyl isothiocyanate Bengali cuisine Odia cuisine Oil cake Food portalReferences Edit Krishnendu Ray The Migrant s Table Meals and Memories in Bengali American Households Temple University Press 2004 p 27 Wide use of mustard brings Bengali food close to the North Indian paradigm Pete Wells Masalawala amp Sons Where the Food Is Bengali and the Mustard Oil Flow New York Times January 24 2023 The volatile sinus awakening aroma of mustard oil is one of the signatures of Bengali cooking Many Bengali dishes are unthinkable without it a b Indrani Sen American Chefs Discover Mustard Oil New York Times November 2 2011 It is also used as a massage oil the only use for which it is legally approved in the United States The Cook s Book of Ingredients DK Publishing 1st American ed 2010 p 513 FDA FoodDataCentral Oil mustard Food Standards Australia New Zealand June 2003 Erucic acid in food Archived 3 December 2008 at the Wayback Machine A Toxicological Review and Risk Assessment Technical report series No 21 Page 4 paragraph 1 ISBN 0 642 34526 0 ISSN 1448 3017 Grice H amp Heggtveit H 1983 The Relevance to Humans of Myocardial Lesions Induced in Rats by Marine and Rapeseed Oils In High and Low Erucic Acid Rapeseed Oils Elsevier p 560 Food Standards Australia New Zealand June 2003 Erucic acid in food A Toxicological Review and Risk Assessment Technical report series No 21 Page 4 paragraph 1 ISBN 0 642 34526 0 ISSN 1448 3017 FDA Import Alert 26 04 Detention Without Physical Examination of Expressed Mustard Oil FDA November 18 2016 Mustard and Mustard Oil Safety National Capital Poison Center last accessed January 26 2023 Welcome to the USDA Food Composition Database nal usda gov Retrieved 13 April 2018 Retrieved 2017 12 11 Mustard A Guide to Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Center for New Crops and Plant Products Purdue University Retrieved 3 January 2009 Mustard Oil Synthetic JT Baker Retrieved 3 March 2010 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Mustard oil amp oldid 1135837737, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
