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Palmitic acid

February 15, 2024

Palmitic acid (hexadecanoic acid in IUPAC nomenclature) is a fatty acid with a 16-carbon chain. It is the most common saturated fatty acid found in animals, plants and microorganisms.[9][10] Its chemical formula is CH3(CH2)14COOH, and its C:D ratio (the total number of carbon atoms to the number of carbon-carbon double bonds) is 16:0. It is a major component of palm oil from the fruit of Elaeis guineensis (oil palms), making up to 44% of total fats. Meats, cheeses, butter, and other dairy products also contain palmitic acid, amounting to 50–60% of total fats.[11]

Palmitic acid[1]
Names
Preferred IUPAC name
Hexadecanoic acid
Other names
Palmitic acid
C16:0 (Lipid numbers)
Identifiers
  • 57-10-3 Y
3D model (JSmol)
  • Interactive image
ChEMBL
  • ChEMBL82293 N
ChemSpider
  • 960 N
ECHA InfoCard 100.000.284
  • 1055
  • 985
UNII
  • 2V16EO95H1 Y
  • DTXSID2021602
  • InChI=1S/C16H32O2/c1-2-3-4-5-6-7-8-9-10-11-12-13-14-15-16(17)18/h2-15H2,1H3,(H,17,18) N
    Key: IPCSVZSSVZVIGE-UHFFFAOYSA-N N
  • InChI=1/C16H32O2/c1-2-3-4-5-6-7-8-9-10-11-12-13-14-15-16(17)18/h2-15H2,1H3,(H,17,18)
    Key: IPCSVZSSVZVIGE-UHFFFAOYAJ
  • CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC(=O)O
Properties
C16H32O2
Molar mass 256.430 g/mol
Appearance White crystals
Density 0.852 g/cm3 (25 °C)[2]
0.8527 g/cm3 (62 °C)[3]
Melting point 62.9 °C (145.2 °F; 336.0 K)[7]
Boiling point 351–352 °C (664–666 °F; 624–625 K)[8]
271.5 °C (520.7 °F; 544.6 K), 100 mmHg[2]
215 °C (419 °F; 488 K), 15 mmHg
4.6 mg/L (0 °C)
7.2 mg/L (20 °C)
8.3 mg/L (30 °C)
10 mg/L (45 °C)
12 mg/L (60 °C)[4]
Solubility Soluble in amyl acetate, alcohol, CCl4,[4] C6H6
Very soluble in CHCl3[3]
Solubility in ethanol 2 g/100 mL (0 °C)
2.8 g/100 mL (10 °C)
9.2 g/100 mL (20 °C)
31.9 g/100 mL (40 °C)[5]
Solubility in methyl acetate 7.81 g/100 g[4]
Solubility in ethyl acetate 10.7 g/100 g[4]
Vapor pressure 0.051 mPa (25 °C)[3]
1.08 kPa (200 °C)
28.06 kPa (300 °C)[6]
Acidity (pKa) 4.75 [3]
−198.6·10−6 cm3/mol
1.43 (70 °C)[3]
Viscosity 7.8 cP (70 °C)[3]
Thermochemistry
463.36 J/(mol·K)[6]
452.37 J/(mol·K)[6]
−892 kJ/mol[6]
10030.6 kJ/mol[3]
Hazards
GHS labelling:
[2]
Warning
H319[2]
P305+P351+P338[2]
NFPA 704 (fire diamond)
Health 1: Exposure would cause irritation but only minor residual injury. E.g. turpentineFlammability 1: Must be pre-heated before ignition can occur. Flash point over 93 °C (200 °F). E.g. canola oilInstability 0: Normally stable, even under fire exposure conditions, and is not reactive with water. E.g. liquid nitrogenSpecial hazards (white): no code
1
1
0
Flash point 206 °C (403 °F; 479 K)[2]
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
N verify (what is YN ?)

Palmitates are the salts and esters of palmitic acid. The palmitate anion is the observed form of palmitic acid at physiologic pH (7.4). Major sources of C16:0 are palm oil, palm kernel oil, coconut oil, and milk fat.[12]

Occurrence and production edit

Palmitic acid was discovered by Edmond Frémy (in 1840) in the saponification of palm oil, which process remains today the primary industrial route for producing the acid.[13] Triglycerides (fats) in palm oil are hydrolysed by high-temperature water and the resulting mixture is fractionally distilled.[14]

Dietary sources edit

Palmitic acid is produced by a wide range of plants and organisms, typically at low levels. Among common foods it is present in milk, butter, cheese, and some meats, as well as cocoa butter, olive oil, soybean oil, and sunflower oil, (see table).[15] Karukas contain 44.90% palmitic acid.[16] The cetyl ester of palmitic acid, cetyl palmitate, occurs in spermaceti.

Palmitic acid content of common foods
Food % of total calories
Palm oil 45.1%
Beef tallow 26.5%
Butter fat 26.2%
Cocoa butter 25.8%
Lard 24.8%
Cottonseed oil 24.7%
Chicken 23.2%
Corn oil 12.2%
Peanut oil 11.6%
Soybean oil 11%
Coconut oil 8.4%
Palm kernel oil 8%
Rapeseed oil 3.6%
Source:[17]

Biochemistry edit

Palmitic acid is the first fatty acid produced during fatty acid synthesis and is the precursor to longer fatty acids. As a consequence, palmitic acid is a major body component of animals. In humans, one analysis found it to make up 21–30% (molar) of human depot fat,[18] and it is a major, but highly variable, lipid component of human breast milk.[19] Palmitate negatively feeds back on acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC), which is responsible for converting acetyl-CoA to malonyl-CoA, which in turn is used to add to the growing acyl chain, thus preventing further palmitate generation.[20]

Some proteins are modified by the addition of a palmitoyl group in a process known as palmitoylation. Palmitoylation is important for localisation of many membrane proteins.

Applications edit

Surfactant edit

Palmitic acid is used to produce soaps, cosmetics, and industrial mold release agents. These applications use sodium palmitate, which is commonly obtained by saponification of palm oil. To this end, palm oil, rendered from palm trees (species Elaeis guineensis), is treated with sodium hydroxide (in the form of caustic soda or lye), which causes hydrolysis of the ester groups, yielding glycerol and sodium palmitate.

Foods edit

Because it is inexpensive and adds texture and "mouthfeel" to processed foods (convenience food), palmitic acid and its sodium salt find wide use in foodstuffs. Sodium palmitate is permitted as a natural additive in organic products.[21]

Military edit

Aluminium salts of palmitic acid and naphthenic acid were the gelling agents used with volatile petrochemicals during World War II to produce napalm. The word "napalm" is derived from the words naphthenic acid and palmitic acid.[22]

Research edit

It is well accepted in the medical community that palmitic acid from dietary sources raises low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and total cholesterol.[17][23][24][25] The World Health Organization have stated there is convincing evidence that palmitic acid increases cardiovascular disease risk.[26]

A 2021 review indicated that replacing dietary palmitic acid and other saturated fatty acids with unsaturated fatty acids, such as oleic acid, could reduce several biomarkers of cardiovascular and metabolic diseases.[27]

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ Merck Index, 12th Edition, 7128.
  2. ^ a b c d e f Sigma-Aldrich Co., Palmitic acid. Retrieved on 2014-06-02.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g CID 985 from PubChem
  4. ^ a b c d "Palmitic acid".
  5. ^ Seidell, Atherton; Linke, William F. (1952). Solubilities of Inorganic and Organic Compounds. Van Nostrand. Retrieved 2014-06-02.
  6. ^ a b c d n-Hexadecanoic acid in Linstrom, Peter J.; Mallard, William G. (eds.); NIST Chemistry WebBook, NIST Standard Reference Database Number 69, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg (MD) (retrieved 2014-05-11)
  7. ^ Beare-Rogers, J.; Dieffenbacher, A.; Holm, J.V. (2001). "Lexicon of lipid nutrition (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry. 73 (4): 685–744. doi:10.1351/pac200173040685. S2CID 84492006.
  8. ^ Palmitic acid at Inchem.org
  9. ^ Gunstone, F. D., John L. Harwood, and Albert J. Dijkstra. The Lipid Handbook, 3rd ed. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2007. ISBN 0849396883 | ISBN 978-0849396885
  10. ^ The most common fatty acid is the monounsaturated oleic acid. See: https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/965#section=Top
  11. ^ Gianfranca Carta; Elisabetta Murru; Sebastiano Banni; Claudia Manca (8 November 2017). "Palmitic Acid: Physiological Role, Metabolism and Nutritional Implications". Frontiers in Physiology. 8: 902. doi:10.3389/FPHYS.2017.00902. ISSN 1664-042X. PMC 5682332. PMID 29167646. Wikidata Q46799280.
  12. ^ Loften, J.R.; Linn, J.G.; Drackley, J.K.; Jenkins, T.C.; Soderholm, C.G.; Kertz, A.F. (August 2014). "Invited review: Palmitic and stearic acid metabolism in lactating dairy cows". Journal of Dairy Science. 97 (8): 4661–4674. doi:10.3168/jds.2014-7919. ISSN 0022-0302. PMID 24913651.
  13. ^ Frémy, E. (1842). "Memoire sur les produits de la saponification de l'huile de palme". Journal de Pharmacie et de Chimie. XII: 757.
  14. ^ Anneken, David J.; Both, Sabine; Christoph, Ralf; Fieg, Georg; Steinberner, Udo; Westfechtel, Alfred (2006). "Fatty Acids". Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. doi:10.1002/14356007.a10_245.pub2. ISBN 978-3527306732.
  15. ^ "Chemical Characteristics". Olive Oil Source. Retrieved November 11, 2021.[dead link]
  16. ^ Purwanto, Y.; Munawaroh, Esti (2010). "Etnobotani Jenis-Jenis Pandanaceae Sebagai Bahan Pangan di Indonesia" [Ethnobotany Types of Pandanaceae as Foodstuffs in Indonesia] (PDF). Berkala Penelitian Hayati (in Indonesian). 5A: 97–108. ISSN 2337-389X. OCLC 981032990. Retrieved 10 November 2021.
  17. ^ a b Nelson, Gary J. (1991). Health Effects of Dietary Fatty Acids. American Oil Chemists' Society. pp. 84-86. ISBN 978-0935315318
  18. ^ Kingsbury, K. J.; Paul, S.; Crossley, A.; Morgan, D. M. (1961). "The fatty acid composition of human depot fat". Biochemical Journal. 78 (3): 541–550. doi:10.1042/bj0780541. PMC 1205373. PMID 13756126.
  19. ^ Jensen, RG; Hagerty, MM; McMahon, KE (June 1978). "Lipids of human milk and infant formulas: a review". Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 31 (6): 990–1016. doi:10.1093/ajcn/31.6.990. PMID 352132.
  20. ^ "Fatty acid biosynthesis - Reference pathway". KEGG. Pathway Map 00061
  21. ^ US Soil Association standard 50.5.3
  22. ^ Mysels, Karol J. (1949). "Napalm. Mixture of Aluminum Disoaps". Industrial & Engineering Chemistry. 41 (7): 1435–1438. doi:10.1021/ie50475a033.
  23. ^ Mensink RP, Zock PL, Kester AD, Katan MB (2003). "Effects of dietary fatty acids and carbohydrates on the ratio of serum total to HDL cholesterol and on serum lipids and apolipoproteins: a meta-analysis of 60 controlled trials". Am J Clin Nutr. 77 (5): 1146–1155. doi:10.1093/ajcn/77.5.1146. PMID 12716665.
  24. ^ Mensink, Ronald P. (2016). "Effects of saturated fatty acids on serum lipids and lipoproteins: a systematic review and regression analysis". World Health Organization. Retrieved 14 March 2023.
  25. ^ Rao, Gundu HR. (2020). Clinical Handbook of Coronary Artery Disease. Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers. pp. 186-187. ISBN 978-9389188301
  26. ^ . World Health Organization. p. 82. Retrieved 16 March 2023.
  27. ^ Sellem, Laury; Flourakis, Matthieu; Jackson, Kim G; Joris, Peter J; Lumley, James; Lohner, Szimonetta; Mensink, Ronald P; Soedamah-Muthu, Sabita S; Lovegrove, Julie A (2021-11-25). "Impact of Replacement of Individual Dietary SFAs on Circulating Lipids and Other Biomarkers of Cardiometabolic Health: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials in Humans". Advances in Nutrition. 13 (4): 1200–1225. doi:10.1093/advances/nmab143. ISSN 2161-8313. PMC 9340975. PMID 34849532.

External links edit

February 15, 2024
palmitic, acid, hexadecanoic, acid, iupac, nomenclature, fatty, acid, with, carbon, chain, most, common, saturated, fatty, acid, found, animals, plants, microorganisms, chemical, formula, 14cooh, ratio, total, number, carbon, atoms, number, carbon, carbon, dou. Palmitic acid hexadecanoic acid in IUPAC nomenclature is a fatty acid with a 16 carbon chain It is the most common saturated fatty acid found in animals plants and microorganisms 9 10 Its chemical formula is CH3 CH2 14COOH and its C D ratio the total number of carbon atoms to the number of carbon carbon double bonds is 16 0 It is a major component of palm oil from the fruit of Elaeis guineensis oil palms making up to 44 of total fats Meats cheeses butter and other dairy products also contain palmitic acid amounting to 50 60 of total fats 11 Palmitic acid 1 NamesPreferred IUPAC name Hexadecanoic acidOther names Palmitic acidC16 0 Lipid numbers IdentifiersCAS Number 57 10 3 Y3D model JSmol Interactive imageChEMBL ChEMBL82293 NChemSpider 960 NECHA InfoCard 100 000 284IUPHAR BPS 1055PubChem CID 985UNII 2V16EO95H1 YCompTox Dashboard EPA DTXSID2021602InChI InChI 1S C16H32O2 c1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 h2 15H2 1H3 H 17 18 NKey IPCSVZSSVZVIGE UHFFFAOYSA N NInChI 1 C16H32O2 c1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 h2 15H2 1H3 H 17 18 Key IPCSVZSSVZVIGE UHFFFAOYAJSMILES CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC O OPropertiesChemical formula C 16H 32O 2Molar mass 256 430 g molAppearance White crystalsDensity 0 852 g cm3 25 C 2 0 8527 g cm3 62 C 3 Melting point 62 9 C 145 2 F 336 0 K 7 Boiling point 351 352 C 664 666 F 624 625 K 8 271 5 C 520 7 F 544 6 K 100 mmHg 2 215 C 419 F 488 K 15 mmHgSolubility in water 4 6 mg L 0 C 7 2 mg L 20 C 8 3 mg L 30 C 10 mg L 45 C 12 mg L 60 C 4 Solubility Soluble in amyl acetate alcohol CCl4 4 C6H6 Very soluble in CHCl3 3 Solubility in ethanol 2 g 100 mL 0 C 2 8 g 100 mL 10 C 9 2 g 100 mL 20 C 31 9 g 100 mL 40 C 5 Solubility in methyl acetate 7 81 g 100 g 4 Solubility in ethyl acetate 10 7 g 100 g 4 Vapor pressure 0 051 mPa 25 C 3 1 08 kPa 200 C 28 06 kPa 300 C 6 Acidity pKa 4 75 3 Magnetic susceptibility x 198 6 10 6 cm3 molRefractive index nD 1 43 70 C 3 Viscosity 7 8 cP 70 C 3 ThermochemistryHeat capacity C 463 36 J mol K 6 Std molarentropy S 298 452 37 J mol K 6 Std enthalpy offormation DfH 298 892 kJ mol 6 Std enthalpy ofcombustion DcH 298 10030 6 kJ mol 3 HazardsGHS labelling Pictograms 2 Signal word WarningHazard statements H319 2 Precautionary statements P305 P351 P338 2 NFPA 704 fire diamond 110Flash point 206 C 403 F 479 K 2 Except where otherwise noted data are given for materials in their standard state at 25 C 77 F 100 kPa N verify what is Y N Infobox references Palmitates are the salts and esters of palmitic acid The palmitate anion is the observed form of palmitic acid at physiologic pH 7 4 Major sources of C16 0 are palm oil palm kernel oil coconut oil and milk fat 12 Contents 1 Occurrence and production 1 1 Dietary sources 2 Biochemistry 3 Applications 3 1 Surfactant 3 2 Foods 3 3 Military 4 Research 5 See also 6 References 7 External linksOccurrence and production editPalmitic acid was discovered by Edmond Fremy in 1840 in the saponification of palm oil which process remains today the primary industrial route for producing the acid 13 Triglycerides fats in palm oil are hydrolysed by high temperature water and the resulting mixture is fractionally distilled 14 Dietary sources edit Palmitic acid is produced by a wide range of plants and organisms typically at low levels Among common foods it is present in milk butter cheese and some meats as well as cocoa butter olive oil soybean oil and sunflower oil see table 15 Karukas contain 44 90 palmitic acid 16 The cetyl ester of palmitic acid cetyl palmitate occurs in spermaceti Palmitic acid content of common foods Food of total caloriesPalm oil 45 1 Beef tallow 26 5 Butter fat 26 2 Cocoa butter 25 8 Lard 24 8 Cottonseed oil 24 7 Chicken 23 2 Corn oil 12 2 Peanut oil 11 6 Soybean oil 11 Coconut oil 8 4 Palm kernel oil 8 Rapeseed oil 3 6 Source 17 Biochemistry editPalmitic acid is the first fatty acid produced during fatty acid synthesis and is the precursor to longer fatty acids As a consequence palmitic acid is a major body component of animals In humans one analysis found it to make up 21 30 molar of human depot fat 18 and it is a major but highly variable lipid component of human breast milk 19 Palmitate negatively feeds back on acetyl CoA carboxylase ACC which is responsible for converting acetyl CoA to malonyl CoA which in turn is used to add to the growing acyl chain thus preventing further palmitate generation 20 Some proteins are modified by the addition of a palmitoyl group in a process known as palmitoylation Palmitoylation is important for localisation of many membrane proteins Applications editSurfactant edit Palmitic acid is used to produce soaps cosmetics and industrial mold release agents These applications use sodium palmitate which is commonly obtained by saponification of palm oil To this end palm oil rendered from palm trees species Elaeis guineensis is treated with sodium hydroxide in the form of caustic soda or lye which causes hydrolysis of the ester groups yielding glycerol and sodium palmitate Foods edit Because it is inexpensive and adds texture and mouthfeel to processed foods convenience food palmitic acid and its sodium salt find wide use in foodstuffs Sodium palmitate is permitted as a natural additive in organic products 21 Military edit Aluminium salts of palmitic acid and naphthenic acid were the gelling agents used with volatile petrochemicals during World War II to produce napalm The word napalm is derived from the words naphthenic acid and palmitic acid 22 Research editIt is well accepted in the medical community that palmitic acid from dietary sources raises low density lipoprotein LDL and total cholesterol 17 23 24 25 The World Health Organization have stated there is convincing evidence that palmitic acid increases cardiovascular disease risk 26 A 2021 review indicated that replacing dietary palmitic acid and other saturated fatty acids with unsaturated fatty acids such as oleic acid could reduce several biomarkers of cardiovascular and metabolic diseases 27 See also editRetinyl palmitate Ascorbyl palmitate SN2 Palmitate Juniperic acid 16 hydroxypalmitic acid References edit Merck Index 12th Edition 7128 a b c d e f Sigma Aldrich Co Palmitic acid Retrieved on 2014 06 02 a b c d e f g CID 985 from PubChem a b c d Palmitic acid Seidell Atherton Linke William F 1952 Solubilities of Inorganic and Organic Compounds Van Nostrand Retrieved 2014 06 02 a b c d n Hexadecanoic acid in Linstrom Peter J Mallard William G eds NIST Chemistry WebBook NIST Standard Reference Database Number 69 National Institute of Standards and Technology Gaithersburg MD retrieved 2014 05 11 Beare Rogers J Dieffenbacher A Holm J V 2001 Lexicon of lipid nutrition IUPAC Technical Report Pure and Applied Chemistry 73 4 685 744 doi 10 1351 pac200173040685 S2CID 84492006 Palmitic acid at Inchem org Gunstone F D John L Harwood and Albert J Dijkstra The Lipid Handbook 3rd ed Boca Raton CRC Press 2007 ISBN 0849396883 ISBN 978 0849396885 The most common fatty acid is the monounsaturated oleic acid See https pubchem ncbi nlm nih gov compound 965 section Top Gianfranca Carta Elisabetta Murru Sebastiano Banni Claudia Manca 8 November 2017 Palmitic Acid Physiological Role Metabolism and Nutritional Implications Frontiers in Physiology 8 902 doi 10 3389 FPHYS 2017 00902 ISSN 1664 042X PMC 5682332 PMID 29167646 Wikidata Q46799280 Loften J R Linn J G Drackley J K Jenkins T C Soderholm C G Kertz A F August 2014 Invited review Palmitic and stearic acid metabolism in lactating dairy cows Journal of Dairy Science 97 8 4661 4674 doi 10 3168 jds 2014 7919 ISSN 0022 0302 PMID 24913651 Fremy E 1842 Memoire sur les produits de la saponification de l huile de palme Journal de Pharmacie et de Chimie XII 757 Anneken David J Both Sabine Christoph Ralf Fieg Georg Steinberner Udo Westfechtel Alfred 2006 Fatty Acids Ullmann s Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry Weinheim Wiley VCH doi 10 1002 14356007 a10 245 pub2 ISBN 978 3527306732 Chemical Characteristics Olive Oil Source Retrieved November 11 2021 dead link Purwanto Y Munawaroh Esti 2010 Etnobotani Jenis Jenis Pandanaceae Sebagai Bahan Pangan di Indonesia Ethnobotany Types of Pandanaceae as Foodstuffs in Indonesia PDF Berkala Penelitian Hayati in Indonesian 5A 97 108 ISSN 2337 389X OCLC 981032990 Retrieved 10 November 2021 a b Nelson Gary J 1991 Health Effects of Dietary Fatty Acids American Oil Chemists Society pp 84 86 ISBN 978 0935315318 Kingsbury K J Paul S Crossley A Morgan D M 1961 The fatty acid composition of human depot fat Biochemical Journal 78 3 541 550 doi 10 1042 bj0780541 PMC 1205373 PMID 13756126 Jensen RG Hagerty MM McMahon KE June 1978 Lipids of human milk and infant formulas a review Am J Clin Nutr 31 6 990 1016 doi 10 1093 ajcn 31 6 990 PMID 352132 Fatty acid biosynthesis Reference pathway KEGG Pathway Map 00061 US Soil Association standard 50 5 3 Mysels Karol J 1949 Napalm Mixture of Aluminum Disoaps Industrial amp Engineering Chemistry 41 7 1435 1438 doi 10 1021 ie50475a033 Mensink RP Zock PL Kester AD Katan MB 2003 Effects of dietary fatty acids and carbohydrates on the ratio of serum total to HDL cholesterol and on serum lipids and apolipoproteins a meta analysis of 60 controlled trials Am J Clin Nutr 77 5 1146 1155 doi 10 1093 ajcn 77 5 1146 PMID 12716665 Mensink Ronald P 2016 Effects of saturated fatty acids on serum lipids and lipoproteins a systematic review and regression analysis World Health Organization Retrieved 14 March 2023 Rao Gundu HR 2020 Clinical Handbook of Coronary Artery Disease Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers pp 186 187 ISBN 978 9389188301 Diet Nutrition and the Prevention of Chronic Diseases World Health Organization p 82 Retrieved 16 March 2023 Sellem Laury Flourakis Matthieu Jackson Kim G Joris Peter J Lumley James Lohner Szimonetta Mensink Ronald P Soedamah Muthu Sabita S Lovegrove Julie A 2021 11 25 Impact of Replacement of Individual Dietary SFAs on Circulating Lipids and Other Biomarkers of Cardiometabolic Health A Systematic Review and Meta Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials in Humans Advances in Nutrition 13 4 1200 1225 doi 10 1093 advances nmab143 ISSN 2161 8313 PMC 9340975 PMID 34849532 External links edit nbsp Media related to Palmitic acid at Wikimedia Commons Palmitic Acid Encyclopaedia Britannica 11th ed 1911 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Palmitic acid amp oldid 1207030013, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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