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Wikipedia

Castor oil

June 24, 2023

For the fictional character from the Thimble Theatre comic strip, see Castor Oyl. Not to be confused with Castoreum.

Castor oil is a vegetable oil pressed from castor beans.[1] It is a colourless or pale yellow liquid with a distinct taste and odor. Its boiling point is 313 °C (595 °F) and its density is 0.961 g/cm3.[2] It includes a mixture of triglycerides in which about 90% of fatty acids are ricinoleates. Oleic acid and linoleic acid are the other significant components.

Castor beans
A bottle of castor oil

Castor oil and its derivatives are used in the manufacturing of soaps, lubricants, hydraulic and brake fluids, paints, dyes, coatings, inks, cold-resistant plastics, waxes and polishes, nylon, and perfumes.[3]

Etymology

The name probably comes from a confusion between the Ricinus plant that produces it and another plant, the Vitex agnus-castus.[4][5] An alternative etymology, though, suggests that it was used as a replacement for castoreum.[6]

Composition

 
Structure of the major component of castor oil: triester of glycerol and ricinoleic acid

Castor oil is well known as a source of ricinoleic acid, a monounsaturated, 18-carbon fatty acid. Among fatty acids, ricinoleic acid is unusual in that it has a hydroxyl functional group on the 12th carbon atom. This functional group causes ricinoleic acid (and castor oil) to be more polar than most fats. The chemical reactivity of the alcohol group also allows chemical derivatization that is not possible with most other seed oils. Because of its ricinoleic acid content, castor oil is a valuable chemical in feedstocks, commanding a higher price than other seed oils. As an example, in July 2007, Indian castor oil sold for about US$0.90/kg ($0.41/lb),[citation needed] whereas U.S. soybean, sunflower, and canola oils sold for about $0.30/kg ($0.14/lb).[7]

Average composition of castor seed oil / fatty acids
Acid name Range
Ricinoleic acid 85–95
Oleic acid 2–6
Linoleic acid 1–5
α-Linolenic acid 0.5–1
Stearic acid 0.5–1
Palmitic acid 0.5–1
Dihydroxystearic acid 0.3–0.5
Others 0.2–0.5

Uses

Annually, 270,000–360,000 tonnes (600–800 million pounds) of castor oil are produced for a variety of uses.[3]

Human uses

Castor oil has been used orally to relieve constipation or to evacuate the bowel before intestinal surgery.[8] The laxative effect of castor oil is attributed to ricinoleic acid, which is produced by hydrolysis in the small intestine.[8] Use of castor oil for simple constipation is medically discouraged because it may cause violent diarrhea.[8]

Food and preservative

In the food industry, food-grade castor oil is used in food additives, flavorings, candy (e.g., polyglycerol polyricinoleate in chocolate),[9] as a mold inhibitor, and in packaging. Polyoxyethylated castor oil (e.g., Kolliphor EL)[10] is also used in the food industries.[11]

In India, Pakistan, and Nepal, food grains are preserved by the application of castor oil. It stops rice, wheat, and pulses from rotting. For example, the legume pigeon pea is commonly available coated in oil for extended storage.

Traditional medicine

 
Advertisement of castor oil as a medicine by Scott & Bowne Company, 19th century

Use of castor oil as a laxative is attested to in the c. 1550 BCE Ebers Papyrus,[12] and was in use several centuries earlier.[13]

Although used in traditional medicine to induce labor in pregnant women, there is no clinical evidence that castor oil is effective for dilating the cervix or inducing labor.[14]

According to the American Cancer Society, "available scientific evidence does not support claims that castor oil on the skin cures cancer or any other disease."[15]

Punishment

Some parents punished children with a dose of castor oil.[16][17] Physicians recommended against the practice because they did not want medicines associated with punishment.[18]

A heavy dose of castor oil could be used as a humiliating punishment for adults. Colonial officials used it in the British Raj (India) to deal with recalcitrant servants.[19] Belgian military officials prescribed heavy doses of castor oil in Belgian Congo as a punishment for being too sick to work.[20]

The most famous use as punishment came in Fascist Italy under Benito Mussolini. It was a favorite tool used by the Blackshirts to intimidate and humiliate their opponents.[21][22][23] Political dissidents were force-fed large quantities of castor oil by Fascist squads. This technique was said to have been originated by Gabriele D'Annunzio or Italo Balbo.[24] Victims of this treatment did sometimes die, as the dehydrating effects of the oil-induced diarrhea often complicated their recovery from the nightstick beatings they also received along with the castor oil; however, even those victims who survived had to bear the humiliation of the laxative effects resulting from excessive consumption of the oil.[25]

Emollient

Castor oil has been used in cosmetic products included in creams and as a moisturizer. It is often combined with zinc oxide to form an emollient and astringent, zinc and castor oil cream, which is commonly used to treat infants for nappy rash.[26][27]

Industrial Uses

Coatings

Castor oil is used as a biobased polyol in the polyurethane industry. The average functionality (number of hydroxyl groups per triglyceride molecule) of castor oil is 2.7, so it is widely used as a rigid polyol and in coatings.[1] One particular use is in a polyurethane concrete where a castor-oil emulsion is reacted with an isocyanate (usually polymeric methylene diphenyl diisocyanate) and a cement and construction aggregate. This is applied fairly thickly as a slurry, which is self-levelling. This base is usually further coated with other systems to build a resilient floor.[28]

Castor oil is not a drying oil, meaning that it has a low reactivity with air compared with oils such as linseed oil and tung oil. Dehydration of castor oil yields linoleic acids, which do have drying properties.[1] In this process, the OH group on the ricinoleic acid along with a hydrogen from the next carbon atom are removed yielding a double bond which then has oxidative cross-linking properties yielding the drying oil. It is considered a vital raw material.[29]

Precursor to industrial chemicals

Castor oil can react with other materials to produce other chemical compounds that have numerous applications.[30][31][32][33] Transesterification followed by steam cracking gives undecylenic acid, a precursor to specialized polymer nylon 11, and heptanal, a component in fragrances.[34] Breakdown of castor oil in strong base gives 2-octanol, both a fragrance component and a specialized solvent, and the dicarboxylic acid sebacic acid. Hydrogenation of castor oil saturates the alkenes, giving a waxy lubricant.[1] Castor oil may be epoxidized by reacting the OH groups with epichlorohydrin to make the triglycidyl ether of castor oil which is useful in epoxy technology.[35] This is available commercially as Heloxy 505.[36]

The production of lithium grease consumes a significant amount of castor oil. Hydrogenation and saponification of castor oil yields 12-hydroxystearic acid, which is then reacted with lithium hydroxide or lithium carbonate to give high-performance lubricant grease.[37]

Since it has a relatively high dielectric constant (4.7), highly refined and dried castor oil is sometimes used as a dielectric fluid within high-performance, high-voltage capacitors.

Lubrication

 
Castor oil advertisement from The Aerial Age Weekly in 1921

Vegetable oils such as castor oil are typically unattractive alternatives to petroleum-derived lubricants because of their poor oxidative stability.[38][39] Castor oil has better low-temperature viscosity properties and high-temperature lubrication than most vegetable oils, making it useful as a lubricant in jet, diesel, and racing engines.[40] The viscosity of castor oil at 10 °C is 2,420 centipoise,[41] but it tends to form gums in a short time, so its usefulness is limited to engines that are regularly rebuilt, such as racing engines. Lubricant company Castrol took its name from castor oil.

Castor oil has been suggested as a lubricant for bicycle pumps because it does not degrade natural rubber seals.[42]

Early aviation and aeromodelling

 
World War I aviation rotary engines used castor oil as a primary lubricant, mixed with the fuel

Castor oil was the preferred lubricant for rotary engines, such as the Gnome engine after that engine's widespread adoption for aviation in Europe in 1909. It was used almost universally in rotary-engined Allied aircraft in World War I. Germany had to make do with inferior ersatz oil for its rotary engines, which resulted in poor reliability.[43][44][45]

The methanol-fueled, two-cycle, glow-plug engines used for aeromodelling, since their adoption by model airplane hobbyists in the 1940s, have used varying percentages of castor oil as lubricants. It is highly resistant to degradation when the engine has its fuel-air mixture leaned for maximum engine speed. Gummy residues can still be a problem for aeromodelling powerplants lubricated with castor oil, however, usually requiring eventual replacement of ball bearings when the residue accumulates within the engine's bearing races. One British manufacturer of sleeve-valved four-cycle model engines has stated the "varnish" created by using castor oil in small percentages can improve the pneumatic seal of the sleeve valve, improving such an engine's performance over time.

Turkey red oil

Turkey red oil, also called sulphonated (or sulfated) castor oil, is made by adding sulfuric acid to vegetable oils, most notably castor oil.[46] It was the first synthetic detergent after ordinary soap. It is used in formulating lubricants, softeners, and dyeing assistants.[46]

Biodiesel

Castor oil, like currently less expensive vegetable oils, can be used as feedstock in the production of biodiesel. The resulting fuel is superior for cold winters, because of its exceptionally low cloud point and pour point.[47]

Initiatives to grow more castor for energy production, in preference to other oil crops, are motivated by social considerations. Tropical subsistence farmers would gain a cash crop.[48]

Safety

The castor seed contains ricin, a toxic lectin. Heating during the oil extraction process denatures and deactivates the lectin. Harvesting castor beans, though, may not be without risk.[49] The International Castor Oil Association FAQ document states that castor beans contain an allergenic compound called CB1A. This chemical is described as being virtually nontoxic, but has the capacity to affect people with hypersensitivity. The allergen may be neutralized by treatment with a variety of alkaline agents. The allergen is not present in the castor oil itself.[50]

In popular culture

  • In the 1922 film Nanook of the North, Nanook gives one of his sons a spoonful of castor oil, and he enjoys it.
  • In the 1934 Silly Symphony short The Wise Little Hen, Donald Duck and Peter Pig pretend to have bellyaches to get out of helping the titular hen plant and harvest corn. When she grows wise to their ruse, she invites the two over for dinner and, rather than corn, gives them a bottle of castor oil for their "bellyaches".
  • In the 1939 film The Great Man Votes, an early scene establishes the loving relationship between the single father played by John Barrymore and his two young children. "Socrates and his hemlock!" Pop declares as he downs the cup of coffee laced with a spoonful of castor oil prepared by his daughter (12-year-old Virginia Weidler), following doctor's orders.
  • In the 1943 Tom and Jerry cartoon short Baby Puss, Tom Cat, dressed as a baby, is given castor oil by a child as a punishment.
  • In the 1949 MGM Tex Avery cartoon The House of Tomorrow, the house is shown to have individual medicine cabinets for each member of the family, with "Junior's" containing a large bottle of castor oil and a spoon.
  • In the novel It Can't Happen Here, castor oil is used by American fascist paramilitaries in a reference to the Mussolini regime.
  • In the 1986 film Stand by Me, protagonist Gordie tells his friends a story in which castor oil is used to violently disrupt a pie-eating contest.

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c d Thomas, Alfred (2005). "Fats and Fatty Oils". Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. doi:10.1002/14356007.a10_173. ISBN 978-3527306732.
  2. ^ Aldrich Handbook of Fine Chemicals and Laboratory Equipment. Sigma-Aldrich. 2003.[full citation needed]
  3. ^ a b Mutlu, H; Meier, MAR (January 2010). "Castor oil as a renewable resource for the chemical industry". European Journal of Lipid Science and Technology. 112 (1): 10–30. doi:10.1002/ejlt.200900138.
  4. ^ "The Castor Bean: A Plant Named After A Tick". Wayne's Word: An Online Textbook of Natural History. March 1999. Retrieved 2020-04-26.
  5. ^ Irene Jacob, "Ricinus Communis — The Miracle Tree through Four Thousand Years", The Healing Past: Pharmaceuticals in the Biblical and Rabbinic World, ed. Irene and Walter Jacob (Brill, 1993), 81-93.
  6. ^ Casselman, William Gordon. . Bill Casselman's Canadian Word of the Day. Archived from the original on 2011-02-03. Retrieved 2014-08-09.
  7. ^ (PDF). United States Department of Agriculture. July 2007. p. 31. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 6, 2008. Retrieved 2008-08-10.
  8. ^ a b c "Castor oil". Drugs.com. 3 October 2022. Retrieved 20 April 2023.
  9. ^ Wilson, R; Van Schie, BJ; Howes, D (1998). "Overview of the preparation, use and biological studies on polyglycerol polyricinoleate (PGPR)". Food and Chemical Toxicology. 36 (9–10): 711–8. doi:10.1016/S0278-6915(98)00057-X. PMID 9737417.
  10. ^ Safety datawsheet cremophor El Castor Oil http://www.sfm.state.or.us/cr2k_subdb/msds/cremophor_el_castor_oil.pdf 2017-12-06 at the Wayback Machine
  11. ^ Busso, C; Castro-Prado, MA (March 2004). "Cremophor EL stimulates mitotic recombination in uvsH//uvsH diploid strain of Aspergillus nidulans". Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências. 76 (1): 49–55. doi:10.1590/S0001-37652004000100005. PMID 15048194.
  12. ^ Bryan, Cyril P. (1930). (PDF). London: Geoffrey Bles. p. 44. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-09-21.
  13. ^ Bryan, p. xvii
  14. ^ Kelly, AJ; Kavanagh, J; Thomas, J (2013). "Castor oil, bath and/or enema for cervical priming and induction of labour". Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2013 (7): CD003099. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD003099.pub2. PMC 7138266. PMID 23881775.
  15. ^ . American Cancer Society. March 2011. Archived from the original on 2013-02-09. Retrieved 2013-09-22.
  16. ^ For an American example see David J. Rothman (1980). Conscience and Convenience: The Asylum and Its Alternatives in Progressive America. Transaction Publishers. p. 279. ISBN 9780202365091. Retrieved 2015-10-29.
  17. ^ For a Canadian examples see Neil Sutherland (1997). Growing Up: Childhood in English Canada from the Great War to the Age of Television. University of Toronto Press. p. 87. ISBN 9780802079831. Retrieved 2015-10-29.
  18. ^ Journal of the American Medical Association. American Medical Association. 1919. p. 1699. Retrieved 2015-10-29.
  19. ^ Cecilia Leong-Salobir (2011). Food Culture in Colonial Asia: A Taste of Empire. Taylor & Francis. p. 66. ISBN 9781136726545.
  20. ^ Adam., Hochschild (1999). King Leopold's ghost: a story of greed, terror, and heroism in Colonial Africa (1st Mariner books ed.). Boston: Houghton Mifflin. p. 166. ISBN 978-0547525730. OCLC 759834634.
  21. ^ . Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica. 2007. Archived from the original on October 14, 2007. Retrieved 2007-08-03.
  22. ^ . Time, in partnership with CNN. August 6, 1923. Archived from the original on April 7, 2008. Retrieved 2007-08-03.
  23. ^ Bosworth, R. J. B. (2002). Mussolini. New York: Arnold/Oxford Univ. Press. ISBN 978-0-340-73144-4.
  24. ^ "Bearded like a medieval condottiere, bluff yet suave, fearless and supple, [Italo Balbo] was not the type to pass unnoticed anywhere. His admirers here chose to forget the Blackshirt club-wielder and reputed inventor of the castor-oil treatment for Fascist foes"
    Marshal Balbo, The New York Times, July 1, 1940, p. 18.
  25. ^ Cecil Adams (1994-04-22). "Did Mussolini use castor oil as an instrument of torture?". The Straight Dope. Retrieved 2014-08-09.
  26. ^ Williams, Cheryll (1 July 2012). Medicinal Plants in Australia Volume 3: Plants, Potions and Poisons. Rosenberg Publishing. p. 309. ISBN 978-1-925078-07-7. Retrieved 8 March 2023.
  27. ^ Nathan, Alan (2010). Non-prescription Medicines. Pharmaceutical Press. p. 206. ISBN 978-0-85369-886-9. Retrieved 8 March 2023.
  28. ^ Howarth, GA (June 2003). "Polyurethanes, polyurethane dispersions and polyureas: Past, present and future". Surface Coatings International Part B: Coatings Transactions. 86 (2): 111–118. doi:10.1007/bf02699621. ISSN 1476-4865. S2CID 93574741.
  29. ^ Ogunniyi, D. S. (2006-06-01). "Castor oil: A vital industrial raw material". Bioresource Technology. 97 (9): 1086–1091. doi:10.1016/j.biortech.2005.03.028. ISSN 0960-8524. from the original on 2016-11-30. Retrieved 2023-03-09.
  30. ^ Ma, Yufeng; Wang, Rui; Li, Qiaoguang; Li, Mei; Liu, Chengguo; Jia, Puyou (2021-03-24). "Castor oil as a platform for preparing bio-based chemicals and polymer materials". Green Materials. 10 (3): 99–109. doi:10.1680/jgrma.20.00085. ISSN 2049-1220. S2CID 233687152.
  31. ^ . Archived from the original on 2007-09-29. Retrieved 2007-08-02.
  32. ^ Mutlu, Hatice; Meier, Michael A. R. (2010-01-25). "Castor oil as a renewable resource for the chemical industry". European Journal of Lipid Science and Technology. 112: 10–30. doi:10.1002/ejlt.200900138.
  33. ^ Ogunniyi, D.S. (June 2006). "Castor oil: A vital industrial raw material". Bioresource Technology. 97 (9): 1086–91. doi:10.1016/j.biortech.2005.03.028. PMID 15919203.
  34. ^ Ashford's Dictionary of Industrial Chemicals, Third edition, 2011, page 6162
  35. ^ Hermansen, Ralph D. (2017-03-16). Polymeric Thermosetting Compounds: Innovative Aspects of Their Formulation Technology. CRC Press. ISBN 9781771883153.
  36. ^ Ash, Michael; Ash, Irene (2007). Handbook of fillers, extenders, and diluents (2nd ed.). Endicott, NY: Synapse Information Resources. p. 82. ISBN 9781890595968.
  37. ^ . Archived from the original on July 14, 2011. Retrieved 2010-07-12.
  38. ^ "Chemical modification to improve vegetable oil lubricants". Retrieved 2007-08-02.
  39. ^ "Petroleum Oil and the Environment". DOE. Retrieved 2006-12-28.
  40. ^ McGuire, Nancy (2004). . The American Chemical Society. Archived from the original on September 27, 2006. Retrieved 2007-08-02.
  41. ^ Brady, George S.; Clauser, Henry R.; Vaccari, John (1997). Materials Handbook (14th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill. ISBN 978-0070070844.
  42. ^ Older, Jules (2000). Backroad and Offroad Biking. Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole Books. p. 37. ISBN 978-0811731508.
  43. ^ Guilmartin, John F. Jr. (1994). "Technology and Strategy: What Are the Limits?". Two Historians in Technology and War. United States Army War College, Strategic Studies Institute. p. 10. ISBN 978-1428915220.
  44. ^ Fisher, Suzanne Hayes (1999). "Aircraft, production during the war". In Tucker, Spencer C.; Wood, Laura Matysek; Murphy, Justin D. (eds.). The European Powers in the First World War: An Encyclopedia. Taylor & Francis. p. 10. ISBN 978-0815333517.
  45. ^ U.S. Tariff Commission (1921). Tariff Information Surveys on the Articles in Paragraphs 44 and 45 of the Tariff Act of 1913. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office. p. 40.
  46. ^ a b Penda, H (2017). Herbal Soaps & Detergents Handbook. Delhi, India: NIIR. p. 121. ISBN 9789381039007.
  47. ^ Biodiesel from Castor Oil: A Promising Fuel for Cold Weather (PDF) June 16, 2013, at the Wayback Machine by Carmen Leonor Barajas Forero, 2004-10-12. Retrieved 2012-01-24.
  48. ^ The Promise of the Castor Bean March 9, 2016, at the Wayback Machine by Elizabeth Johnson, Biodiesel Magazine, 2004-12-01. Retrieved 2012-01-24.
  49. ^ Auld, DL; Pinkerton, SD; Rolfe, R; Ghetie, V; et al. (March–April 1999). . Crop Science. 39 (2): 353–7. doi:10.2135/cropsci1999.0011183X003900020008x. Archived from the original on 2008-10-12. Retrieved 2007-07-31.
  50. ^ Dierig, David A. (1995). "Lesquerella". New Crop FactSHEET. Center for New Crops & Plant Products, at Purdue University. Retrieved 2007-08-01.

Further reading

  • Naughton, Frank. "Castor Oil". Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. New York: John Wiley. doi:10.1002/0471238961.0301192014012107.a01.pub2. ISBN 9780471238966. – overview of chemical properties and manufacturing of castor oil

External links

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Castor oil.
  • International Chemical Safety Card 1452

June 24, 2023
castor, fictional, character, from, thimble, theatre, comic, strip, castor, confused, with, castoreum, vegetable, pressed, from, castor, beans, colourless, pale, yellow, liquid, with, distinct, taste, odor, boiling, point, density, includes, mixture, triglycer. For the fictional character from the Thimble Theatre comic strip see Castor Oyl Not to be confused with Castoreum Castor oil is a vegetable oil pressed from castor beans 1 It is a colourless or pale yellow liquid with a distinct taste and odor Its boiling point is 313 C 595 F and its density is 0 961 g cm3 2 It includes a mixture of triglycerides in which about 90 of fatty acids are ricinoleates Oleic acid and linoleic acid are the other significant components Castor beans A bottle of castor oil Castor oil and its derivatives are used in the manufacturing of soaps lubricants hydraulic and brake fluids paints dyes coatings inks cold resistant plastics waxes and polishes nylon and perfumes 3 Contents 1 Etymology 2 Composition 3 Uses 3 1 Human uses 3 1 1 Food and preservative 3 1 2 Traditional medicine 3 1 3 Punishment 3 1 4 Emollient 3 2 Industrial Uses 3 2 1 Coatings 3 2 2 Precursor to industrial chemicals 3 2 3 Lubrication 3 2 4 Early aviation and aeromodelling 3 2 5 Turkey red oil 3 2 6 Biodiesel 4 Safety 5 In popular culture 6 See also 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External linksEtymology EditThe name probably comes from a confusion between the Ricinus plant that produces it and another plant the Vitex agnus castus 4 5 An alternative etymology though suggests that it was used as a replacement for castoreum 6 Composition Edit Structure of the major component of castor oil triester of glycerol and ricinoleic acid Castor oil is well known as a source of ricinoleic acid a monounsaturated 18 carbon fatty acid Among fatty acids ricinoleic acid is unusual in that it has a hydroxyl functional group on the 12th carbon atom This functional group causes ricinoleic acid and castor oil to be more polar than most fats The chemical reactivity of the alcohol group also allows chemical derivatization that is not possible with most other seed oils Because of its ricinoleic acid content castor oil is a valuable chemical in feedstocks commanding a higher price than other seed oils As an example in July 2007 Indian castor oil sold for about US 0 90 kg 0 41 lb citation needed whereas U S soybean sunflower and canola oils sold for about 0 30 kg 0 14 lb 7 Average composition of castor seed oil fatty acids Acid name RangeRicinoleic acid 85 95Oleic acid 2 6Linoleic acid 1 5a Linolenic acid 0 5 1Stearic acid 0 5 1Palmitic acid 0 5 1Dihydroxystearic acid 0 3 0 5Others 0 2 0 5Uses EditAnnually 270 000 360 000 tonnes 600 800 million pounds of castor oil are produced for a variety of uses 3 Human uses Edit Castor oil has been used orally to relieve constipation or to evacuate the bowel before intestinal surgery 8 The laxative effect of castor oil is attributed to ricinoleic acid which is produced by hydrolysis in the small intestine 8 Use of castor oil for simple constipation is medically discouraged because it may cause violent diarrhea 8 Food and preservative Edit In the food industry food grade castor oil is used in food additives flavorings candy e g polyglycerol polyricinoleate in chocolate 9 as a mold inhibitor and in packaging Polyoxyethylated castor oil e g Kolliphor EL 10 is also used in the food industries 11 In India Pakistan and Nepal food grains are preserved by the application of castor oil It stops rice wheat and pulses from rotting For example the legume pigeon pea is commonly available coated in oil for extended storage Traditional medicine Edit Advertisement of castor oil as a medicine by Scott amp Bowne Company 19th century Use of castor oil as a laxative is attested to in the c 1550 BCE Ebers Papyrus 12 and was in use several centuries earlier 13 Although used in traditional medicine to induce labor in pregnant women there is no clinical evidence that castor oil is effective for dilating the cervix or inducing labor 14 According to the American Cancer Society available scientific evidence does not support claims that castor oil on the skin cures cancer or any other disease 15 Punishment Edit Some parents punished children with a dose of castor oil 16 17 Physicians recommended against the practice because they did not want medicines associated with punishment 18 A heavy dose of castor oil could be used as a humiliating punishment for adults Colonial officials used it in the British Raj India to deal with recalcitrant servants 19 Belgian military officials prescribed heavy doses of castor oil in Belgian Congo as a punishment for being too sick to work 20 The most famous use as punishment came in Fascist Italy under Benito Mussolini It was a favorite tool used by the Blackshirts to intimidate and humiliate their opponents 21 22 23 Political dissidents were force fed large quantities of castor oil by Fascist squads This technique was said to have been originated by Gabriele D Annunzio or Italo Balbo 24 Victims of this treatment did sometimes die as the dehydrating effects of the oil induced diarrhea often complicated their recovery from the nightstick beatings they also received along with the castor oil however even those victims who survived had to bear the humiliation of the laxative effects resulting from excessive consumption of the oil 25 Emollient Edit Castor oil has been used in cosmetic products included in creams and as a moisturizer It is often combined with zinc oxide to form an emollient and astringent zinc and castor oil cream which is commonly used to treat infants for nappy rash 26 27 Industrial Uses Edit Coatings Edit Castor oil is used as a biobased polyol in the polyurethane industry The average functionality number of hydroxyl groups per triglyceride molecule of castor oil is 2 7 so it is widely used as a rigid polyol and in coatings 1 One particular use is in a polyurethane concrete where a castor oil emulsion is reacted with an isocyanate usually polymeric methylene diphenyl diisocyanate and a cement and construction aggregate This is applied fairly thickly as a slurry which is self levelling This base is usually further coated with other systems to build a resilient floor 28 Castor oil is not a drying oil meaning that it has a low reactivity with air compared with oils such as linseed oil and tung oil Dehydration of castor oil yields linoleic acids which do have drying properties 1 In this process the OH group on the ricinoleic acid along with a hydrogen from the next carbon atom are removed yielding a double bond which then has oxidative cross linking properties yielding the drying oil It is considered a vital raw material 29 Precursor to industrial chemicals Edit Castor oil can react with other materials to produce other chemical compounds that have numerous applications 30 31 32 33 Transesterification followed by steam cracking gives undecylenic acid a precursor to specialized polymer nylon 11 and heptanal a component in fragrances 34 Breakdown of castor oil in strong base gives 2 octanol both a fragrance component and a specialized solvent and the dicarboxylic acid sebacic acid Hydrogenation of castor oil saturates the alkenes giving a waxy lubricant 1 Castor oil may be epoxidized by reacting the OH groups with epichlorohydrin to make the triglycidyl ether of castor oil which is useful in epoxy technology 35 This is available commercially as Heloxy 505 36 The production of lithium grease consumes a significant amount of castor oil Hydrogenation and saponification of castor oil yields 12 hydroxystearic acid which is then reacted with lithium hydroxide or lithium carbonate to give high performance lubricant grease 37 Since it has a relatively high dielectric constant 4 7 highly refined and dried castor oil is sometimes used as a dielectric fluid within high performance high voltage capacitors Lubrication Edit Castor oil advertisement from The Aerial Age Weekly in 1921 Vegetable oils such as castor oil are typically unattractive alternatives to petroleum derived lubricants because of their poor oxidative stability 38 39 Castor oil has better low temperature viscosity properties and high temperature lubrication than most vegetable oils making it useful as a lubricant in jet diesel and racing engines 40 The viscosity of castor oil at 10 C is 2 420 centipoise 41 but it tends to form gums in a short time so its usefulness is limited to engines that are regularly rebuilt such as racing engines Lubricant company Castrol took its name from castor oil Castor oil has been suggested as a lubricant for bicycle pumps because it does not degrade natural rubber seals 42 Early aviation and aeromodelling Edit World War I aviation rotary engines used castor oil as a primary lubricant mixed with the fuel Castor oil was the preferred lubricant for rotary engines such as the Gnome engine after that engine s widespread adoption for aviation in Europe in 1909 It was used almost universally in rotary engined Allied aircraft in World War I Germany had to make do with inferior ersatz oil for its rotary engines which resulted in poor reliability 43 44 45 The methanol fueled two cycle glow plug engines used for aeromodelling since their adoption by model airplane hobbyists in the 1940s have used varying percentages of castor oil as lubricants It is highly resistant to degradation when the engine has its fuel air mixture leaned for maximum engine speed Gummy residues can still be a problem for aeromodelling powerplants lubricated with castor oil however usually requiring eventual replacement of ball bearings when the residue accumulates within the engine s bearing races One British manufacturer of sleeve valved four cycle model engines has stated the varnish created by using castor oil in small percentages can improve the pneumatic seal of the sleeve valve improving such an engine s performance over time Turkey red oil Edit Turkey red oil also called sulphonated or sulfated castor oil is made by adding sulfuric acid to vegetable oils most notably castor oil 46 It was the first synthetic detergent after ordinary soap It is used in formulating lubricants softeners and dyeing assistants 46 Biodiesel Edit Castor oil like currently less expensive vegetable oils can be used as feedstock in the production of biodiesel The resulting fuel is superior for cold winters because of its exceptionally low cloud point and pour point 47 Initiatives to grow more castor for energy production in preference to other oil crops are motivated by social considerations Tropical subsistence farmers would gain a cash crop 48 Safety EditThe castor seed contains ricin a toxic lectin Heating during the oil extraction process denatures and deactivates the lectin Harvesting castor beans though may not be without risk 49 The International Castor Oil Association FAQ document states that castor beans contain an allergenic compound called CB1A This chemical is described as being virtually nontoxic but has the capacity to affect people with hypersensitivity The allergen may be neutralized by treatment with a variety of alkaline agents The allergen is not present in the castor oil itself 50 In popular culture EditIn the 1922 film Nanook of the North Nanook gives one of his sons a spoonful of castor oil and he enjoys it In the 1934 Silly Symphony short The Wise Little Hen Donald Duck and Peter Pig pretend to have bellyaches to get out of helping the titular hen plant and harvest corn When she grows wise to their ruse she invites the two over for dinner and rather than corn gives them a bottle of castor oil for their bellyaches In the 1939 film The Great Man Votes an early scene establishes the loving relationship between the single father played by John Barrymore and his two young children Socrates and his hemlock Pop declares as he downs the cup of coffee laced with a spoonful of castor oil prepared by his daughter 12 year old Virginia Weidler following doctor s orders In the 1943 Tom and Jerry cartoon short Baby Puss Tom Cat dressed as a baby is given castor oil by a child as a punishment In the 1949 MGM Tex Avery cartoon The House of Tomorrow the house is shown to have individual medicine cabinets for each member of the family with Junior s containing a large bottle of castor oil and a spoon In the novel It Can t Happen Here castor oil is used by American fascist paramilitaries in a reference to the Mussolini regime In the 1986 film Stand by Me protagonist Gordie tells his friends a story in which castor oil is used to violently disrupt a pie eating contest See also EditCastor wax List of unproven and disproven cancer treatmentsReferences Edit a b c d Thomas Alfred 2005 Fats and Fatty Oils Ullmann s Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry Weinheim Wiley VCH doi 10 1002 14356007 a10 173 ISBN 978 3527306732 Aldrich Handbook of Fine Chemicals and Laboratory Equipment Sigma Aldrich 2003 full citation needed a b Mutlu H Meier MAR January 2010 Castor oil as a renewable resource for the chemical industry European Journal of Lipid Science and Technology 112 1 10 30 doi 10 1002 ejlt 200900138 The Castor Bean A Plant Named After A Tick Wayne s Word An Online Textbook of Natural History March 1999 Retrieved 2020 04 26 Irene Jacob Ricinus Communis The Miracle Tree through Four Thousand Years The Healing Past Pharmaceuticals in the Biblical and Rabbinic World ed Irene and Walter Jacob Brill 1993 81 93 Casselman William Gordon Castor Bill Casselman s Canadian Word of the Day Archived from the original on 2011 02 03 Retrieved 2014 08 09 Seed Oil Prices PDF United States Department of Agriculture July 2007 p 31 Archived from the original PDF on April 6 2008 Retrieved 2008 08 10 a b c Castor oil Drugs com 3 October 2022 Retrieved 20 April 2023 Wilson R Van Schie BJ Howes D 1998 Overview of the preparation use and biological studies on polyglycerol polyricinoleate PGPR Food and Chemical Toxicology 36 9 10 711 8 doi 10 1016 S0278 6915 98 00057 X PMID 9737417 Safety datawsheet cremophor El Castor Oil http www sfm state or us cr2k subdb msds cremophor el castor oil pdf Archived 2017 12 06 at the Wayback Machine Busso C Castro Prado MA March 2004 Cremophor EL stimulates mitotic recombination in uvsH uvsH diploid strain of Aspergillus nidulans Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciencias 76 1 49 55 doi 10 1590 S0001 37652004000100005 PMID 15048194 Bryan Cyril P 1930 The Papyrus Ebers Translated from the German Version by Cyril P Bryan PDF London Geoffrey Bles p 44 Archived from the original PDF on 2013 09 21 Bryan p xvii Kelly AJ Kavanagh J Thomas J 2013 Castor oil bath and or enema for cervical priming and induction of labour Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2013 7 CD003099 doi 10 1002 14651858 CD003099 pub2 PMC 7138266 PMID 23881775 Castor Oil American Cancer Society March 2011 Archived from the original on 2013 02 09 Retrieved 2013 09 22 For an American example see David J Rothman 1980 Conscience and Convenience The Asylum and Its Alternatives in Progressive America Transaction Publishers p 279 ISBN 9780202365091 Retrieved 2015 10 29 For a Canadian examples see Neil Sutherland 1997 Growing Up Childhood in English Canada from the Great War to the Age of Television University of Toronto Press p 87 ISBN 9780802079831 Retrieved 2015 10 29 Journal of the American Medical Association American Medical Association 1919 p 1699 Retrieved 2015 10 29 Cecilia Leong Salobir 2011 Food Culture in Colonial Asia A Taste of Empire Taylor amp Francis p 66 ISBN 9781136726545 Adam Hochschild 1999 King Leopold s ghost a story of greed terror and heroism in Colonial Africa 1st Mariner books ed Boston Houghton Mifflin p 166 ISBN 978 0547525730 OCLC 759834634 Italy The rise of Mussolini Encyclopaedia Britannica Online Encyclopaedia Britannica 2007 Archived from the original on October 14 2007 Retrieved 2007 08 03 Benito s Birthday Time in partnership with CNN August 6 1923 Archived from the original on April 7 2008 Retrieved 2007 08 03 Bosworth R J B 2002 Mussolini New York Arnold Oxford Univ Press ISBN 978 0 340 73144 4 Bearded like a medieval condottiere bluff yet suave fearless and supple Italo Balbo was not the type to pass unnoticed anywhere His admirers here chose to forget the Blackshirt club wielder and reputed inventor of the castor oil treatment for Fascist foes Marshal Balbo The New York Times July 1 1940 p 18 Cecil Adams 1994 04 22 Did Mussolini use castor oil as an instrument of torture The Straight Dope Retrieved 2014 08 09 Williams Cheryll 1 July 2012 Medicinal Plants in Australia Volume 3 Plants Potions and Poisons Rosenberg Publishing p 309 ISBN 978 1 925078 07 7 Retrieved 8 March 2023 Nathan Alan 2010 Non prescription Medicines Pharmaceutical Press p 206 ISBN 978 0 85369 886 9 Retrieved 8 March 2023 Howarth GA June 2003 Polyurethanes polyurethane dispersions and polyureas Past present and future Surface Coatings International Part B Coatings Transactions 86 2 111 118 doi 10 1007 bf02699621 ISSN 1476 4865 S2CID 93574741 Ogunniyi D S 2006 06 01 Castor oil A vital industrial raw material Bioresource Technology 97 9 1086 1091 doi 10 1016 j biortech 2005 03 028 ISSN 0960 8524 Archived from the original on 2016 11 30 Retrieved 2023 03 09 Ma Yufeng Wang Rui Li Qiaoguang Li Mei Liu Chengguo Jia Puyou 2021 03 24 Castor oil as a platform for preparing bio based chemicals and polymer materials Green Materials 10 3 99 109 doi 10 1680 jgrma 20 00085 ISSN 2049 1220 S2CID 233687152 Multiple uses of castor oil Archived from the original on 2007 09 29 Retrieved 2007 08 02 Mutlu Hatice Meier Michael A R 2010 01 25 Castor oil as a renewable resource for the chemical industry European Journal of Lipid Science and Technology 112 10 30 doi 10 1002 ejlt 200900138 Ogunniyi D S June 2006 Castor oil A vital industrial raw material Bioresource Technology 97 9 1086 91 doi 10 1016 j biortech 2005 03 028 PMID 15919203 Ashford s Dictionary of Industrial Chemicals Third edition 2011 page 6162 Hermansen Ralph D 2017 03 16 Polymeric Thermosetting Compounds Innovative Aspects of Their Formulation Technology CRC Press ISBN 9781771883153 Ash Michael Ash Irene 2007 Handbook of fillers extenders and diluents 2nd ed Endicott NY Synapse Information Resources p 82 ISBN 9781890595968 Kirk Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology Archived from the original on July 14 2011 Retrieved 2010 07 12 Chemical modification to improve vegetable oil lubricants Retrieved 2007 08 02 Petroleum Oil and the Environment DOE Retrieved 2006 12 28 McGuire Nancy 2004 Taming the Bean The American Chemical Society Archived from the original on September 27 2006 Retrieved 2007 08 02 Brady George S Clauser Henry R Vaccari John 1997 Materials Handbook 14th ed New York McGraw Hill ISBN 978 0070070844 Older Jules 2000 Backroad and Offroad Biking Mechanicsburg PA Stackpole Books p 37 ISBN 978 0811731508 Guilmartin John F Jr 1994 Technology and Strategy What Are the Limits Two Historians in Technology and War United States Army War College Strategic Studies Institute p 10 ISBN 978 1428915220 Fisher Suzanne Hayes 1999 Aircraft production during the war In Tucker Spencer C Wood Laura Matysek Murphy Justin D eds The European Powers in the First World War An Encyclopedia Taylor amp Francis p 10 ISBN 978 0815333517 U S Tariff Commission 1921 Tariff Information Surveys on the Articles in Paragraphs 44 and 45 of the Tariff Act of 1913 Washington D C Government Printing Office p 40 a b Penda H 2017 Herbal Soaps amp Detergents Handbook Delhi India NIIR p 121 ISBN 9789381039007 Biodiesel from Castor Oil A Promising Fuel for Cold Weather PDF Archived June 16 2013 at the Wayback Machine by Carmen Leonor Barajas Forero 2004 10 12 Retrieved 2012 01 24 The Promise of the Castor Bean Archived March 9 2016 at the Wayback Machine by Elizabeth Johnson Biodiesel Magazine 2004 12 01 Retrieved 2012 01 24 Auld DL Pinkerton SD Rolfe R Ghetie V et al March April 1999 Selection of castor for divergent concentrations of ricin and ricinus communis agglutinin Crop Science 39 2 353 7 doi 10 2135 cropsci1999 0011183X003900020008x Archived from the original on 2008 10 12 Retrieved 2007 07 31 Dierig David A 1995 Lesquerella New Crop FactSHEET Center for New Crops amp Plant Products at Purdue University Retrieved 2007 08 01 Further reading EditNaughton Frank Castor Oil Kirk Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology New York John Wiley doi 10 1002 0471238961 0301192014012107 a01 pub2 ISBN 9780471238966 overview of chemical properties and manufacturing of castor oilExternal links Edit Wikimedia Commons has media related to Castor oil International Chemical Safety Card 1452 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Castor oil amp oldid 1150924834, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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