fbpx
Wikipedia

Grapefruit seed extract

April 12, 2024

Not to be confused with grape seed extract.

Grapefruit seed extract (GSE), also known as citrus seed extract, is a liquid extract derived from the seeds, pulp, and white membranes of grapefruit.[1] GSE is prepared by grinding the grapefruit seed and juiceless pulp, then mixing with glycerin.[1] Commercially available GSEs sold to consumers are made from the seed, pulp, and glycerin blended together.[1] GSE is sold as a dietary supplement and is used in cosmetics.[2]

Grapefruit history edit

The grapefruit is a subtropical citrus tree grown for its fruit which was originally named the "forbidden fruit" of Barbados.[3] The fruit was first documented in 1750 by Rev. Griffith Hughes when describing specimens from Barbados.[4] All parts of the fruit can be used. The fruit is mainly consumed for its tangy juice.[5] The peel can be processed into aromatherapy oils[6] and is also a source of dietary fiber.[7] The seed and pulp, as byproducts of the juice industry, are retrieved for GSE processing[8] or sold as cattle feed.[9]

Efficacy edit

Despite claims that GSE has antimicrobial effects,[10] there is no scientific evidence that GSE has such properties.[11][8] Some evidence indicates that the suspected antimicrobial activity of GSE was due to the contamination or adulteration of commercial GSE preparations with synthetic antimicrobials or preservatives.[1][2][12] These chemicals were not present in grapefruit seed extracts prepared in the laboratory, and GSE preparations without the contaminants were found to possess no detectable antimicrobial effect.[1] Although citrus seed extract is sold in health food markets,[12] there is no good evidence for any antimicrobial activity.[1]

Phytochemicals edit

Analysis shows the phytochemicals of the seed extract and pulp are flavonoids,[13][14] ascorbic acid (vitamin C), tocopherols, citric acid, limonoids,[15][16] sterols, and minerals.[17]

Preparations edit

GSE is prepared by grinding the grapefruit seed and juiceless pulp, then mixing with glycerin.[1] Commercially available GSE is made from the seed, pulp, glycerin, and synthetic preservatives all blended together.[1]

Health claims and safety concerns edit

Although various health claims for using GSE are marketed in the dietary supplement industry, there is no scientific evidence from high-quality clinical research that it has any health effects, as of 2018.[8][11] Phytochemicals in grapefruit seeds, particularly furanocoumarins and flavonoids, may cause adverse effects on health resulting from grapefruit–drug interactions that influence the intended therapeutic effects of some 85 prescription drugs.[11][18] The main safety concern about GSE is inhibition of the liver enzyme, cytochrome P450, which controls liver metabolism of drugs; consequently, its inhibition by GSE unpredictably increases the blood concentrations of prescribed drugs.[18]

References edit

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h von Woedtke T, Schlüter B, Pflegel P, Lindequist U, Jülich WD (June 1999). "Aspects of the antimicrobial efficacy of grapefruit seed extract and its relation to preservative substances contained". Pharmazie. 54 (6): 452–6. PMID 10399191.
  2. ^ a b Ganzera M, Aberham A, Stuppner H (May 2006). "Development and validation of an HPLC/UV/MS method for simultaneous determination of 18 preservatives in grapefruit seed extract". J. Agric. Food Chem. 54 (11): 3768–72. doi:10.1021/jf060543d. PMID 16719494.
  3. ^ Dowling, Curtis F.; Morton, Julia Frances (1987). Fruits of warm climates. Miami, Fla: J.F. Morton. pp. 152–8. ISBN 978-0-9610184-1-2.
  4. ^ Michael Quinion. World Wide Words: Questions & Answers; Grapefruit. 2009.
  5. ^ Fellers PJ, Nikdel S, Lee HS (August 1990). "Nutrient content and nutrition labeling of several processed Florida citrus juice products". J Am Diet Assoc. 90 (8): 1079–84. doi:10.1016/S0002-8223(21)01704-1. PMID 2380455. S2CID 25833812.
  6. ^ Worwood, Valerie Ann (1991). The complete book of essential oils and aromatherapy. Novato, Calif: New World Library. ISBN 978-0-931432-82-8.
  7. ^ Cerda JJ, Robbins FL, Burgin CW, Baumgartner TG, Rice RW (September 1988). "The effects of grapefruit pectin on patients at risk for coronary heart disease without altering diet or lifestyle". Clin Cardiol. 11 (9): 589–94. doi:10.1002/clc.4960110902. PMID 3229016. S2CID 45520617.
  8. ^ a b c Scott Gravura (10 March 2016). "Not natural, not safe: Grapefruit seed extract". Science-based Medicine. Retrieved 17 November 2018.
  9. ^ Arthington JD, Kunkle WE, Martin AM (July 2002). "Citrus pulp for cattle". Vet. Clin. North Am. Food Anim. Pract. 18 (2): 317–26, vii. doi:10.1016/S0749-0720(02)00023-3. PMID 12235663.
  10. ^ Cvetnić Z, Vladimir-Knezević S (September 2004). "Antimicrobial activity of grapefruit seed and pulp ethanolic extract". Acta Pharm. 54 (3): 243–50. PMID 15610620.
  11. ^ a b c "Grapefruit". Drugs.com. 15 January 2018. Retrieved 17 November 2018.
  12. ^ a b Takeoka GR, Dao LT, Wong RY, Harden LA (September 2005). "Identification of benzalkonium chloride in commercial grapefruit seed extracts". J. Agric. Food Chem. 53 (19): 7630–6. doi:10.1021/jf0514064. PMID 16159196.
  13. ^ Drewnowski A, Gomez-Carneors C (2000). "Bitter taste, phytonutrients, and consumer: a review". Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 72 (6): 1424–35. doi:10.1093/ajcn/72.6.1424. PMID 11101467.
  14. ^ Tirillini B (2000). "Grapefruit: the last decade acquisitions". Fitoterapia. 71: 29–37. doi:10.1016/S0367-326X(00)00176-3. PMID 10930710.
  15. ^ Bennett RD, Hasegava S, Herman Z (1989). "Glucosides of acidic limonoids in citrus". Phytochemistry. 28 (10): 2777–81. doi:10.1016/S0031-9422(00)98087-7.
  16. ^ Ohta H, Fong CH, Berhow M, Hesegawa (1993). "Thin-layer and high-performance liquid chromatographic analyses of limonoids and limonoid glucosides in citrus seeds". J. Chromatogr. 639 (2): 295–302. doi:10.1016/0021-9673(93)80266-B.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  17. ^ Tushiswili LS, Durmishidze SV, Sulaberidze KV (1983). "Sterols of grapefruit, orange, mandarin pulps (Citrus paradisi, Citrus sinensis, Citrus unshiu)". Chemistry of Natural Compounds. 18: 445–7. doi:10.1007/BF00579640. S2CID 4814220.
  18. ^ a b Bailey, D. G.; Dresser, G.; Arnold, J. M. O. (2012). "Grapefruit-medication interactions: Forbidden fruit or avoidable consequences?". Canadian Medical Association Journal. 185 (4): 309–316. doi:10.1503/cmaj.120951. PMC 3589309. PMID 23184849.

April 12, 2024
grapefruit, seed, extract, confused, with, grape, seed, extract, also, known, citrus, seed, extract, liquid, extract, derived, from, seeds, pulp, white, membranes, grapefruit, prepared, grinding, grapefruit, seed, juiceless, pulp, then, mixing, with, glycerin,. Not to be confused with grape seed extract Grapefruit seed extract GSE also known as citrus seed extract is a liquid extract derived from the seeds pulp and white membranes of grapefruit 1 GSE is prepared by grinding the grapefruit seed and juiceless pulp then mixing with glycerin 1 Commercially available GSEs sold to consumers are made from the seed pulp and glycerin blended together 1 GSE is sold as a dietary supplement and is used in cosmetics 2 Contents 1 Grapefruit history 2 Efficacy 3 Phytochemicals 4 Preparations 5 Health claims and safety concerns 6 ReferencesGrapefruit history editThe grapefruit is a subtropical citrus tree grown for its fruit which was originally named the forbidden fruit of Barbados 3 The fruit was first documented in 1750 by Rev Griffith Hughes when describing specimens from Barbados 4 All parts of the fruit can be used The fruit is mainly consumed for its tangy juice 5 The peel can be processed into aromatherapy oils 6 and is also a source of dietary fiber 7 The seed and pulp as byproducts of the juice industry are retrieved for GSE processing 8 or sold as cattle feed 9 Efficacy editDespite claims that GSE has antimicrobial effects 10 there is no scientific evidence that GSE has such properties 11 8 Some evidence indicates that the suspected antimicrobial activity of GSE was due to the contamination or adulteration of commercial GSE preparations with synthetic antimicrobials or preservatives 1 2 12 These chemicals were not present in grapefruit seed extracts prepared in the laboratory and GSE preparations without the contaminants were found to possess no detectable antimicrobial effect 1 Although citrus seed extract is sold in health food markets 12 there is no good evidence for any antimicrobial activity 1 Phytochemicals editAnalysis shows the phytochemicals of the seed extract and pulp are flavonoids 13 14 ascorbic acid vitamin C tocopherols citric acid limonoids 15 16 sterols and minerals 17 Preparations editGSE is prepared by grinding the grapefruit seed and juiceless pulp then mixing with glycerin 1 Commercially available GSE is made from the seed pulp glycerin and synthetic preservatives all blended together 1 Health claims and safety concerns editAlthough various health claims for using GSE are marketed in the dietary supplement industry there is no scientific evidence from high quality clinical research that it has any health effects as of 2018 8 11 Phytochemicals in grapefruit seeds particularly furanocoumarins and flavonoids may cause adverse effects on health resulting from grapefruit drug interactions that influence the intended therapeutic effects of some 85 prescription drugs 11 18 The main safety concern about GSE is inhibition of the liver enzyme cytochrome P450 which controls liver metabolism of drugs consequently its inhibition by GSE unpredictably increases the blood concentrations of prescribed drugs 18 References edit a b c d e f g h von Woedtke T Schluter B Pflegel P Lindequist U Julich WD June 1999 Aspects of the antimicrobial efficacy of grapefruit seed extract and its relation to preservative substances contained Pharmazie 54 6 452 6 PMID 10399191 a b Ganzera M Aberham A Stuppner H May 2006 Development and validation of an HPLC UV MS method for simultaneous determination of 18 preservatives in grapefruit seed extract J Agric Food Chem 54 11 3768 72 doi 10 1021 jf060543d PMID 16719494 Dowling Curtis F Morton Julia Frances 1987 Fruits of warm climates Miami Fla J F Morton pp 152 8 ISBN 978 0 9610184 1 2 Michael Quinion World Wide Words Questions amp Answers Grapefruit 2009 Fellers PJ Nikdel S Lee HS August 1990 Nutrient content and nutrition labeling of several processed Florida citrus juice products J Am Diet Assoc 90 8 1079 84 doi 10 1016 S0002 8223 21 01704 1 PMID 2380455 S2CID 25833812 Worwood Valerie Ann 1991 The complete book of essential oils and aromatherapy Novato Calif New World Library ISBN 978 0 931432 82 8 Cerda JJ Robbins FL Burgin CW Baumgartner TG Rice RW September 1988 The effects of grapefruit pectin on patients at risk for coronary heart disease without altering diet or lifestyle Clin Cardiol 11 9 589 94 doi 10 1002 clc 4960110902 PMID 3229016 S2CID 45520617 a b c Scott Gravura 10 March 2016 Not natural not safe Grapefruit seed extract Science based Medicine Retrieved 17 November 2018 Arthington JD Kunkle WE Martin AM July 2002 Citrus pulp for cattle Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 18 2 317 26 vii doi 10 1016 S0749 0720 02 00023 3 PMID 12235663 Cvetnic Z Vladimir Knezevic S September 2004 Antimicrobial activity of grapefruit seed and pulp ethanolic extract Acta Pharm 54 3 243 50 PMID 15610620 a b c Grapefruit Drugs com 15 January 2018 Retrieved 17 November 2018 a b Takeoka GR Dao LT Wong RY Harden LA September 2005 Identification of benzalkonium chloride in commercial grapefruit seed extracts J Agric Food Chem 53 19 7630 6 doi 10 1021 jf0514064 PMID 16159196 Drewnowski A Gomez Carneors C 2000 Bitter taste phytonutrients and consumer a review Am J Clin Nutr 72 6 1424 35 doi 10 1093 ajcn 72 6 1424 PMID 11101467 Tirillini B 2000 Grapefruit the last decade acquisitions Fitoterapia 71 29 37 doi 10 1016 S0367 326X 00 00176 3 PMID 10930710 Bennett RD Hasegava S Herman Z 1989 Glucosides of acidic limonoids in citrus Phytochemistry 28 10 2777 81 doi 10 1016 S0031 9422 00 98087 7 Ohta H Fong CH Berhow M Hesegawa 1993 Thin layer and high performance liquid chromatographic analyses of limonoids and limonoid glucosides in citrus seeds J Chromatogr 639 2 295 302 doi 10 1016 0021 9673 93 80266 B a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a CS1 maint multiple names authors list link Tushiswili LS Durmishidze SV Sulaberidze KV 1983 Sterols of grapefruit orange mandarin pulps Citrus paradisi Citrus sinensis Citrus unshiu Chemistry of Natural Compounds 18 445 7 doi 10 1007 BF00579640 S2CID 4814220 a b Bailey D G Dresser G Arnold J M O 2012 Grapefruit medication interactions Forbidden fruit or avoidable consequences Canadian Medical Association Journal 185 4 309 316 doi 10 1503 cmaj 120951 PMC 3589309 PMID 23184849 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Grapefruit seed extract amp oldid 1170139081, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

article

, read, download, free, free download, mp3, video, mp4, 3gp, jpg, jpeg, gif, png, picture, music, song, movie, book, game, games.