Phellodendron amurense is a species of tree in the family Rutaceae, commonly called the Amur cork tree. It is a major source of huáng bò (Chinese: 黄柏 or 黄檗), one of the 50 fundamental herbs used in traditional Chinese medicine. The Ainu people used this plant, called shikerebe-ni, as a painkiller.[3] It is known as hwangbyeok in Korean and (キハダ) kihada in Japanese.[4]
Phellodendron amurense var. molle (Nakai) S.H.Li & S.Z.Liou
Phellodendron insulare Nakai
Phellodendron japonicum Maxim.
Phellodendron kodamanum Makino
Phellodendron lavallei Dode
Phellodendron molle Nakai
Phellodendron nikkomontanum Makino
Phellodendron piriforme E.L.Wolf
Phellodendron sachalinense (F.Schmidt) Sarg.
It is native to eastern Asia: northern China, northeast China, Korea, Ussuri,[clarification needed]Amur, and Japan, the Amur cork tree is considered invasive in many parts of North America. The State of Massachusetts lists it as a noxious weed.[5]
Plant as used in Chinese herbology. Note the pictured is a photo of Licorice Root/ GanCao, not Phellodendron. (crude medicine)
This section needs more reliable medical references for verification or relies too heavily on primary sources. Please review the contents of the section and add the appropriate references if you can. Unsourced or poorly sourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: "Phellodendron amurense" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR(July 2012)
It has been used as a Chinese traditional medicine for the treatment of meningitis, bacillary dysentery, pneumonia, tuberculosis, tumours, jaundice and liver cirrhosis.[6][7]
Used orally to treat abdominal pain, diarrhoea, gastroenteritis and urinary tract infections. Phellodendron amurense may protect cartilage against osteoarthritis progression.[8] It may prove to be a potentially important chemopreventive agent for lung cancer.[9]
Phellodendron amurense is able to inhibit prostatic contractility suggesting that it may be useful in the treatment of urological disorders caused by prostatic urethral obstruction such as benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH).[10]Nexrutine (bark extract from Phellodendron amurense) may have potential to prevent prostate tumor development.[11]
Compounds in the leaves (quercetin, quercetin-3-O-beta-D-glucoside, quercetin-3-O-beta-D-galactoside and kaempferol-3-O-beta-D-glucoside) demonstrated significant free radical scavenging activity comparable to vitamin E.[12]
The tree has both antibiotic and antimicrobial properties due to the alkaloids contained within the plant material. The major chemical constituents of its bark are the isoquinoline alkaloids, palmatine, jatrorrhizine, phellodendorine with berberine found within the leaves.[13] The indole alkaloid has also been found in the roots of the young dioecious trees.[citation needed]
Dye extracted from the bark was used historically across East Asia to color paper for sutras and other documents, including the Diamond Sutra. The yellow dye protected against insect damage.[4]
^"Phellodendron amurense Rupr". Plants of the World Online. Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. 2017. Retrieved 7 September 2020.
^Batchelor, John; Miyabe, Kingo (1893). "Ainu economic plants". Transactions of the Asiatic Society of Japan. R. Meiklejohn & Co. 51: 198–240. OCLC 903220997.
^Hsu, K. J. (1996). Chinese Traditional Medicine. Beijing: Chinese Pharmaceutical Science and Technology Publication Co. p. 802.
^Gray, Alexander I.; Bhandari, Prabha; Waterman, Peter G. (January 1988). "New protolimonoids from the fruits of Phellodendron chinense". Phytochemistry. 27 (6): 1805–1808. doi:10.1016/0031-9422(88)80448-5.
^Kim, Joo-Hee; Huh, Jeong-Eun; Baek, Yong-Hyeon; Lee, Jae-Dong; Choi, Do-Young; Park, Dong-Suk (March 2011). "Effect of Phellodendron amurense in protecting human osteoarthritic cartilage and chondrocytes". Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 134 (2): 234–242. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2010.12.005. PMID 21182922.
^James, Michael A.; Fu, Huijing; Liu, Yan; Chen, Da-Ren; You, Ming (January 2011). "Dietary administration of berberine or Phellodendron amurense extract inhibits cell cycle progression and lung tumorigenesis". Molecular Carcinogenesis. 50 (1): 1–7. doi:10.1002/mc.20690. PMC6004604. PMID 21061266.
^Xu, Yuanhao; Ventura, Sabatino (January 2010). "Extracts of bark from the traditional Chinese herb Phellodendron amurense inhibit contractility of the isolated rat prostate gland". Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 127 (1): 196–199. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2009.09.047. PMID 19799978.
^Ghosh, Rita; Graham, Heather; Rivas, Paul; Tan, Xishi James; Crosby, Katherine; Bhaskaran, Shylesh; Schoolfield, John; Banu, Jameela; Fernandes, Gabriel; Yeh, I.-Tien; Kumar, Addanki P. (1 March 2010). "Phellodendron amurense Bark Extract Prevents Progression of Prostate Tumors in Transgenic Adenocarcinoma of Mouse Prostate: Potential for Prostate Cancer Management". Anticancer Research. 30 (3): 857–865. PMID 20393007.
^Leu, Chien-Hsing; Li, Chia-Ying; Yao, Xinsheng; Wu, Tian-Shung (2006). "Constituents from the Leaves of Phellodendron amurense and Their Antioxidant Activity". Chemical & Pharmaceutical Bulletin. 54 (9): 1308–1311. doi:10.1248/cpb.54.1308. PMID 16946541.
^Neag, Maria A.; Mocan, Andrei; Echeverría, Javier; Pop, Raluca M.; Bocsan, Corina I.; Crişan, Gianina; Buzoianu, Anca D. (21 August 2018). "Berberine: Botanical Occurrence, Traditional Uses, Extraction Methods, and Relevance in Cardiovascular, Metabolic, Hepatic, and Renal Disorders". Frontiers in Pharmacology. 9: 557. doi:10.3389/fphar.2018.00557. PMC6111450. PMID 30186157.
^R.W. Schery (1952). Plants of Man. New York, Prentice-Hall. Cited in Plants for a Future:Phellodendron amurense
^Lis A.; Boczek E.; Gora J. (2004). "Chemical composition of the essential oils from fruits, leaves and flowers of the Amur cork tree (Phellodendron amurense Rupr.)". Flavour and Fragrance Journal. 19 (6): 549–553. doi:10.1002/ffj.1349.
^Masao Hasegawa & Teruo Shirato (1953). "Two New Flavonoid Glycosides from the Leaves of Phellodendron amurense Ruprecht". J. Am. Chem. Soc. 75 (22): 5507–5511. doi:10.1021/ja01118a013.
External linksEdit
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PLANTS Profile for Phellodendron amurense (Amur corktree) | USDA PLANTS
August 28, 2023
phellodendron, amurense, species, tree, family, rutaceae, commonly, called, amur, cork, tree, major, source, huáng, chinese, 黄柏, 黄檗, fundamental, herbs, used, traditional, chinese, medicine, ainu, people, used, this, plant, called, shikerebe, painkiller, known. Phellodendron amurense is a species of tree in the family Rutaceae commonly called the Amur cork tree It is a major source of huang bo Chinese 黄柏 or 黄檗 one of the 50 fundamental herbs used in traditional Chinese medicine The Ainu people used this plant called shikerebe ni as a painkiller 3 It is known as hwangbyeok in Korean and キハダ kihada in Japanese 4 Amur cork treePhellodendron amurense Morton Arboretum acc 568 27 3Scientific classificationKingdom PlantaeClade TracheophytesClade AngiospermsClade EudicotsClade RosidsOrder SapindalesFamily RutaceaeGenus PhellodendronSpecies P amurenseBinomial namePhellodendron amurenseRupr 1 Synonyms 2 List Phellodendron amurense var molle Nakai S H Li amp S Z Liou Phellodendron insulare Nakai Phellodendron japonicum Maxim Phellodendron kodamanum Makino Phellodendron lavallei Dode Phellodendron molle Nakai Phellodendron nikkomontanum Makino Phellodendron piriforme E L Wolf Phellodendron sachalinense F Schmidt Sarg It is native to eastern Asia northern China northeast China Korea Ussuri clarification needed Amur and Japan the Amur cork tree is considered invasive in many parts of North America The State of Massachusetts lists it as a noxious weed 5 Autumn Foliage and FruitContents 1 Medicinal use 2 Oil 3 Chemistry 4 Gallery 5 See also 6 References 7 External linksMedicinal use Edit Plant as used in Chinese herbology Note the pictured is a photo of Licorice Root GanCao not Phellodendron crude medicine This section needs more reliable medical references for verification or relies too heavily on primary sources Please review the contents of the section and add the appropriate references if you can Unsourced or poorly sourced material may be challenged and removed Find sources Phellodendron amurense news newspapers books scholar JSTOR July 2012 It has been used as a Chinese traditional medicine for the treatment of meningitis bacillary dysentery pneumonia tuberculosis tumours jaundice and liver cirrhosis 6 7 Used orally to treat abdominal pain diarrhoea gastroenteritis and urinary tract infections Phellodendron amurense may protect cartilage against osteoarthritis progression 8 It may prove to be a potentially important chemopreventive agent for lung cancer 9 Phellodendron amurense is able to inhibit prostatic contractility suggesting that it may be useful in the treatment of urological disorders caused by prostatic urethral obstruction such as benign prostatic hyperplasia BPH 10 Nexrutine bark extract from Phellodendron amurense may have potential to prevent prostate tumor development 11 Compounds in the leaves quercetin quercetin 3 O beta D glucoside quercetin 3 O beta D galactoside and kaempferol 3 O beta D glucoside demonstrated significant free radical scavenging activity comparable to vitamin E 12 The tree has both antibiotic and antimicrobial properties due to the alkaloids contained within the plant material The major chemical constituents of its bark are the isoquinoline alkaloids palmatine jatrorrhizine phellodendorine with berberine found within the leaves 13 The indole alkaloid has also been found in the roots of the young dioecious trees citation needed Dye extracted from the bark was used historically across East Asia to color paper for sutras and other documents including the Diamond Sutra The yellow dye protected against insect damage 4 Oil EditAmur cork tree fruit oil is a pressed oil extracted from the fruit of Phellodendron amurense The bark of the tree is an important herbal medicine in China The oil has insecticidal properties similar to pyrethrum 14 The oil contains a variety of biologically active substances including flavonoids diosmin alkaloids berberine jatrorrhizine palmatine saponins and coumarins Medicinal applications of the oil include treatment of pancreatitis reduction of cholesterol and sugar in blood and the treatment of various skin diseases 15 Chemistry EditEssential oils 16 Fruit oil contains myrcene 62 3 70 3 and b caryophyllene 6 8 10 5 Leaf oil contains b elemol 18 5 and Z b ocimene 12 6 Flower oil contains Z b ocimene 9 5 b elemol 9 4 myrcene 7 8 and nonacosane 7 7 Amurensin a tert amyl alcohol derivative of kaempferol 7 O glucoside can be found in P amurense 17 Gallery Edit Leaf Tree Bark SeedsSee also EditAmur cork tree fruit oil Chinese herbology 50 fundamental herbs San miao wanReferences Edit Phellodendron amurense Germplasm Resources Information Network Agricultural Research Service United States Department of Agriculture Retrieved 2008 02 11 Phellodendron amurense Rupr Plants of the World Online Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens Kew 2017 Retrieved 7 September 2020 Batchelor John Miyabe Kingo 1893 Ainu economic plants Transactions of the Asiatic Society of Japan R Meiklejohn amp Co 51 198 240 OCLC 903220997 a b Cardon Dominique 2007 Natural dyes sources tradition technology and science Archetype publications ISBN 978 1 904982 00 5 OCLC 708321461 Bruce Marlin Phellodendron amurense Hsu K J 1996 Chinese Traditional Medicine Beijing Chinese Pharmaceutical Science and Technology Publication Co p 802 Gray Alexander I Bhandari Prabha Waterman Peter G January 1988 New protolimonoids from the fruits of Phellodendron chinense Phytochemistry 27 6 1805 1808 doi 10 1016 0031 9422 88 80448 5 Kim Joo Hee Huh Jeong Eun Baek Yong Hyeon Lee Jae Dong Choi Do Young Park Dong Suk March 2011 Effect of Phellodendron amurense in protecting human osteoarthritic cartilage and chondrocytes Journal of Ethnopharmacology 134 2 234 242 doi 10 1016 j jep 2010 12 005 PMID 21182922 James Michael A Fu Huijing Liu Yan Chen Da Ren You Ming January 2011 Dietary administration of berberine or Phellodendron amurense extract inhibits cell cycle progression and lung tumorigenesis Molecular Carcinogenesis 50 1 1 7 doi 10 1002 mc 20690 PMC 6004604 PMID 21061266 Xu Yuanhao Ventura Sabatino January 2010 Extracts of bark from the traditional Chinese herb Phellodendron amurense inhibit contractility of the isolated rat prostate gland Journal of Ethnopharmacology 127 1 196 199 doi 10 1016 j jep 2009 09 047 PMID 19799978 Ghosh Rita Graham Heather Rivas Paul Tan Xishi James Crosby Katherine Bhaskaran Shylesh Schoolfield John Banu Jameela Fernandes Gabriel Yeh I Tien Kumar Addanki P 1 March 2010 Phellodendron amurense Bark Extract Prevents Progression of Prostate Tumors in Transgenic Adenocarcinoma of Mouse Prostate Potential for Prostate Cancer Management Anticancer Research 30 3 857 865 PMID 20393007 Leu Chien Hsing Li Chia Ying Yao Xinsheng Wu Tian Shung 2006 Constituents from the Leaves of Phellodendron amurense and Their Antioxidant Activity Chemical amp Pharmaceutical Bulletin 54 9 1308 1311 doi 10 1248 cpb 54 1308 PMID 16946541 Neag Maria A Mocan Andrei Echeverria Javier Pop Raluca M Bocsan Corina I Crisan Gianina Buzoianu Anca D 21 August 2018 Berberine Botanical Occurrence Traditional Uses Extraction Methods and Relevance in Cardiovascular Metabolic Hepatic and Renal Disorders Frontiers in Pharmacology 9 557 doi 10 3389 fphar 2018 00557 PMC 6111450 PMID 30186157 R W Schery 1952 Plants of Man New York Prentice Hall Cited in Plants for a Future Phellodendron amurense Food and health Amur cork tree fruit oil Archived from the original on 2006 07 21 Lis A Boczek E Gora J 2004 Chemical composition of the essential oils from fruits leaves and flowers of the Amur cork tree Phellodendron amurense Rupr Flavour and Fragrance Journal 19 6 549 553 doi 10 1002 ffj 1349 Masao Hasegawa amp Teruo Shirato 1953 Two New Flavonoid Glycosides from the Leaves of Phellodendron amurense Ruprecht J Am Chem Soc 75 22 5507 5511 doi 10 1021 ja01118a013 External links Edit Wikispecies has information related to Phellodendron amurense Wikimedia Commons has media related to Phellodendron amurense Phellodendron amurense PLANTS Profile for Phellodendron amurense Amur corktree USDA PLANTS Cortex Phellodendron Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Phellodendron amurense amp oldid 1139858639 Oil, 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