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Astringent

February 16, 2024

Not to be confused with Stringent.

An astringent (sometimes called adstringent) is a chemical that shrinks or constricts body tissues. The word derives from the Latin adstringere, which means "to bind fast". Calamine lotion, witch hazel, and yerba mansa, are astringents,[1] as are the powdered leaves of the myrtle.[2]

A crystal of the astringent alum
The astringents and acids in fresh blackthorn berries (sloes) give the fruit its sourness.

Astringency, the dry, puckering or numbing mouthfeel caused by the tannins[3][4] in unripe fruits, lets the fruit mature by deterring eating. Ripe fruits and fruit parts including blackthorn (sloe berries), Aronia chokeberry, chokecherry, bird cherry, rhubarb, quince, jabuticaba and persimmon fruits (especially when unripe), banana skins (or unripe bananas), cashew fruits and acorns are astringent.[5] Citrus fruits, like lemons, are somewhat astringent. Tannins, being a kind of polyphenol, bind salivary proteins and make them precipitate and aggregate,[6][7][8] producing a rough, "sandpapery", or dry sensation in the mouth. The tannins in some teas, coffee, and red grape wines like Cabernet Sauvignon and Merlot produce mild astringency.[citation needed]

Squirrels, wild boars, and insects can eat astringent food as their tongues are able to handle the taste.[9]

In Ayurveda, astringent is the sixth taste (after sweet, sour, salty, pungent, bitter) represented by "air and earth".[10][11]

Smoking tobacco is also reported to have an astringent effect.[12]

In a scientific study, astringency was still detectable by subjects who had local anesthesia applied to their taste nerves, but not when both these and the trigeminal nerves were disabled.[13]

Uses edit

In medicine, astringents cause constriction or contraction of mucous membranes and exposed tissues and are often used internally to reduce discharge of blood serum and mucous secretions.[14] This can happen with a sore throat, hemorrhages, diarrhea, and peptic ulcers. Externally applied astringents, which cause mild coagulation of skin proteins, dry, harden, and protect the skin.[15] People with acne are often advised to use astringents if they have oily skin.[16] Mild astringents relieve such minor skin irritations as those resulting from superficial cuts; allergies; insect bites;[15] anal hemorrhoids;[17] and fungal infections such as athlete's foot.[18]

Some common astringents are alum, acacia, sage,[19] yarrow,[20] witch hazel, bayberry, distilled vinegar, very cold water, and rubbing alcohol. Astringent preparations include silver nitrate, potassium permanganate, zinc oxide, zinc sulfate, Burow's solution, tincture of benzoin, and such vegetable substances as tannic and gallic acids. Balaustines are the red rose-like flowers of the pomegranate, which are very bitter to the taste. In medicine, their dried form has been used as an astringent.[21] Some metal salts and acids have also been used as astringents.[22] Redness-reducing eye drops contain an astringent. Use of Goulard's Extract has been discontinued due to lead poisoning.[citation needed]

References edit

  1. ^ Anemopsis californica from University of California, Irvine
  2. ^ Borg, John (1927). "Descriptive flora of the Maltese Islands". {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  3. ^ Ray, P. K. (2002). Breeding Tropical and Subtropical Fruits. Springer Science & Business Media. ISBN 9783540428558. Retrieved 2018-12-08.
  4. ^ Joslyn, Maynard (2012-12-02). Methods in Food Analysis: Applied to Plant Products. Elsevier. ISBN 9780323146814.
  5. ^ Choi, Nak-Eon; Han, Jung H. (2014-12-03). How Flavor Works: The Science of Taste and Aroma. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 9781118865453.
  6. ^ Fennema, Food Chemistry, 4th ed., p. 656.
  7. ^ Breslin, P.A.S.; Gilmore, M.M.; Beauchamp, G.K.; Green, B.G. (1993). "Psychophysical evidence that oral astringency is a tactile sensation". Chemical Senses. 18 (4): 405–417. doi:10.1093/chemse/18.4.405.
  8. ^ Bertsch, Pascal; Bergfreund, Jotam; Windhab, Erich J.; Fischer, Peter (August 2021). "Physiological fluid interfaces: Functional microenvironments, drug delivery targets, and first line of defense". Acta Biomaterialia. 130: 32–53. doi:10.1016/j.actbio.2021.05.051. hdl:20.500.11850/498803. PMID 34077806. S2CID 235323337.
  9. ^ Choi, Nak-Eon; Han, Jung H. (2014-12-03). How Flavor Works: The Science of Taste and Aroma. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 9781118865453.
  10. ^ Desai, Urmila (1990). The Ayurvedic Cookbook: A Personalized Guide to Good Nutrition and Health. Lotus Press. ISBN 9780914955061.
  11. ^ Lad, Vasant (2002). Textbook of Ayurveda. Ayurvedic Press. ISBN 9781883725075.
  12. ^ McBride, Nome. "Herbal Smoking Mixes" (PDF). Traditional Roots Institute. Retrieved 2022-07-20.
  13. ^ Jiang, Yue; Gong, Naihua N.; Matsunami, Hiroaki (2014). "Astringency: A More Stringent Definition". Chemical Senses. 39 (6): 467–469. doi:10.1093/chemse/bju021. ISSN 0379-864X. PMC 4064959. PMID 24860069.
  14. ^ Brodin, Michael (1998). The Over-The-Counter Drug Book. Simon and Schuster. p. 382. ISBN 978-0-671-01380-6. Retrieved 4 June 2014.
  15. ^ a b Peter A. Ciullo (31 December 1996). Industrial Minerals and Their Uses: A Handbook and Formulary. William Andrew. p. 407. ISBN 978-0-8155-1808-2. Retrieved 4 June 2014.
  16. ^ Acne from http://www.brown.edu
  17. ^ Acheson, Austin; Scholefield, John (2008-02-16). "Management of haemorrhoids". BMJ. 336 (7640): 380–383. doi:10.1136/bmj.39465.674745.80. PMC 2244760. PMID 18276714.
  18. ^ Dockery, Gary L.; Crawford, Mary Elizabeth (1999). Color Atlas of Foot and Ankle Dermatology. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 171. ISBN 978-0-397-51519-6. Retrieved 4 June 2014.
  19. ^ Dorland, W. A. Newman (1907). The American illustrated medical dictionary (4th ed.). Philadelphia and London: W.B. Saunders company. pp. 14, 39, 635. Retrieved 4 June 2014.
  20. ^ Grieve, Maud (1 June 1971). A Modern Herbal: The Medicinal, Culinary, Cosmetic and Economic Properties, Cultivation and Folk-lore of Herbs, Grasses, Fungi, Shrubs, & Trees with All Their Modern Scientific Uses. Dover Publications. pp. 863–864. ISBN 978-0-486-22799-3. Retrieved 4 June 2014.
  21. ^ History of Science: Cyclopædia, or, An universal dictionary of arts and sciences…
  22. ^ Gregory, James (1833). Conspectus medicinae theoretic medicine; in two parts: Part I. Containing physiology and pathology. Part II. Containing therapeutics (2nd ed.). London: Stirling & Kenneg. pp. 255–256. Retrieved 4 June 2014.

External links edit

  •   The dictionary definition of astringent at Wiktionary

February 16, 2024
astringent, confused, with, stringent, astringent, sometimes, called, adstringent, chemical, that, shrinks, constricts, body, tissues, word, derives, from, latin, adstringere, which, means, bind, fast, calamine, lotion, witch, hazel, yerba, mansa, astringents,. Not to be confused with Stringent An astringent sometimes called adstringent is a chemical that shrinks or constricts body tissues The word derives from the Latin adstringere which means to bind fast Calamine lotion witch hazel and yerba mansa are astringents 1 as are the powdered leaves of the myrtle 2 A crystal of the astringent alumThe astringents and acids in fresh blackthorn berries sloes give the fruit its sourness Astringency the dry puckering or numbing mouthfeel caused by the tannins 3 4 in unripe fruits lets the fruit mature by deterring eating Ripe fruits and fruit parts including blackthorn sloe berries Aronia chokeberry chokecherry bird cherry rhubarb quince jabuticaba and persimmon fruits especially when unripe banana skins or unripe bananas cashew fruits and acorns are astringent 5 Citrus fruits like lemons are somewhat astringent Tannins being a kind of polyphenol bind salivary proteins and make them precipitate and aggregate 6 7 8 producing a rough sandpapery or dry sensation in the mouth The tannins in some teas coffee and red grape wines like Cabernet Sauvignon and Merlot produce mild astringency citation needed Squirrels wild boars and insects can eat astringent food as their tongues are able to handle the taste 9 In Ayurveda astringent is the sixth taste after sweet sour salty pungent bitter represented by air and earth 10 11 Smoking tobacco is also reported to have an astringent effect 12 In a scientific study astringency was still detectable by subjects who had local anesthesia applied to their taste nerves but not when both these and the trigeminal nerves were disabled 13 Uses editIn medicine astringents cause constriction or contraction of mucous membranes and exposed tissues and are often used internally to reduce discharge of blood serum and mucous secretions 14 This can happen with a sore throat hemorrhages diarrhea and peptic ulcers Externally applied astringents which cause mild coagulation of skin proteins dry harden and protect the skin 15 People with acne are often advised to use astringents if they have oily skin 16 Mild astringents relieve such minor skin irritations as those resulting from superficial cuts allergies insect bites 15 anal hemorrhoids 17 and fungal infections such as athlete s foot 18 Some common astringents are alum acacia sage 19 yarrow 20 witch hazel bayberry distilled vinegar very cold water and rubbing alcohol Astringent preparations include silver nitrate potassium permanganate zinc oxide zinc sulfate Burow s solution tincture of benzoin and such vegetable substances as tannic and gallic acids Balaustines are the red rose like flowers of the pomegranate which are very bitter to the taste In medicine their dried form has been used as an astringent 21 Some metal salts and acids have also been used as astringents 22 Redness reducing eye drops contain an astringent Use of Goulard s Extract has been discontinued due to lead poisoning citation needed References edit Anemopsis californica from University of California Irvine Borg John 1927 Descriptive flora of the Maltese Islands a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a Cite journal requires journal help Ray P K 2002 Breeding Tropical and Subtropical Fruits Springer Science amp Business Media ISBN 9783540428558 Retrieved 2018 12 08 Joslyn Maynard 2012 12 02 Methods in Food Analysis Applied to Plant Products Elsevier ISBN 9780323146814 Choi Nak Eon Han Jung H 2014 12 03 How Flavor Works The Science of Taste and Aroma John Wiley amp Sons ISBN 9781118865453 Fennema Food Chemistry 4th ed p 656 Breslin P A S Gilmore M M Beauchamp G K Green B G 1993 Psychophysical evidence that oral astringency is a tactile sensation Chemical Senses 18 4 405 417 doi 10 1093 chemse 18 4 405 Bertsch Pascal Bergfreund Jotam Windhab Erich J Fischer Peter August 2021 Physiological fluid interfaces Functional microenvironments drug delivery targets and first line of defense Acta Biomaterialia 130 32 53 doi 10 1016 j actbio 2021 05 051 hdl 20 500 11850 498803 PMID 34077806 S2CID 235323337 Choi Nak Eon Han Jung H 2014 12 03 How Flavor Works The Science of Taste and Aroma John Wiley amp Sons ISBN 9781118865453 Desai Urmila 1990 The Ayurvedic Cookbook A Personalized Guide to Good Nutrition and Health Lotus Press ISBN 9780914955061 Lad Vasant 2002 Textbook of Ayurveda Ayurvedic Press ISBN 9781883725075 McBride Nome Herbal Smoking Mixes PDF Traditional Roots Institute Retrieved 2022 07 20 Jiang Yue Gong Naihua N Matsunami Hiroaki 2014 Astringency A More Stringent Definition Chemical Senses 39 6 467 469 doi 10 1093 chemse bju021 ISSN 0379 864X PMC 4064959 PMID 24860069 Brodin Michael 1998 The Over The Counter Drug Book Simon and Schuster p 382 ISBN 978 0 671 01380 6 Retrieved 4 June 2014 a b Peter A Ciullo 31 December 1996 Industrial Minerals and Their Uses A Handbook and Formulary William Andrew p 407 ISBN 978 0 8155 1808 2 Retrieved 4 June 2014 Acne from http www brown edu Acheson Austin Scholefield John 2008 02 16 Management of haemorrhoids BMJ 336 7640 380 383 doi 10 1136 bmj 39465 674745 80 PMC 2244760 PMID 18276714 Dockery Gary L Crawford Mary Elizabeth 1999 Color Atlas of Foot and Ankle Dermatology Lippincott Williams amp Wilkins p 171 ISBN 978 0 397 51519 6 Retrieved 4 June 2014 Dorland W A Newman 1907 The American illustrated medical dictionary 4th ed Philadelphia and London W B Saunders company pp 14 39 635 Retrieved 4 June 2014 Grieve Maud 1 June 1971 A Modern Herbal The Medicinal Culinary Cosmetic and Economic Properties Cultivation and Folk lore of Herbs Grasses Fungi Shrubs amp Trees with All Their Modern Scientific Uses Dover Publications pp 863 864 ISBN 978 0 486 22799 3 Retrieved 4 June 2014 History of Science Cyclopaedia or An universal dictionary of arts and sciences Gregory James 1833 Conspectus medicinae theoretic medicine in two parts Part I Containing physiology and pathology Part II Containing therapeutics 2nd ed London Stirling amp Kenneg pp 255 256 Retrieved 4 June 2014 External links edit nbsp The dictionary definition of astringent at Wiktionary Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Astringent amp oldid 1198325080, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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