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List of ancient Iranian peoples

March 23, 2023

This list of ancient Iranian peoples includes the names of Indo-European peoples speaking Iranian languages or otherwise considered Iranian ethnically or linguistically in sources from the late 1st millennium BC to the early 2nd millennium AD.

Background

Main articles: Indo-Iranians and Proto-Indo-Europeans

Ancient and modern Iranian peoples mostly descend from the Proto-Indo-Iranians, common ancestors respectively of the Proto-Iranians and Proto-Indo-Aryans, this people possibly was the same of the Sintashta-Petrovka culture. Proto-Iranians separated from the Proto-Indo-Aryans early in the 2nd-millennium BCE. These peoples probably called themselves by the name "Aryans", which was the basis for several ethnonyms of Iranian and Indo-Aryan peoples or for the entire group of peoples which shares kin and similar cultures.[1]

Iranian peoples first appear in Assyrian records in the 9th century BCE. In Classical Antiquity, they were found primarily in Scythia (in Central Asia, Eastern Europe, the Balkans and the Northern Caucasus) and Persia (in Western Asia). They divided into "Western" and "Eastern" branches from an early period, roughly corresponding to the territories of Persia and Scythia, respectively. By the 1st millennium BCE, Medes, Persians, Bactrians and Parthians populated the Iranian plateau, while others such as the Scythians, Sarmatians, Cimmerians and Alans populated the steppes north of the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea, as far as the Great Hungarian Plain in the west. The Saka tribes remained mainly in the far-east, eventually spreading as far east as the Ordos Desert.[2]

Ancient Iranian peoples spoke languages that were the ancestors of modern Iranian languages, these languages form a sub-branch of the Indo-Iranian sub-family, which is a branch of the family of the wider Indo-European languages.[3]

Ancient Iranian peoples lived in many regions and, at about 200 BC, they had as farthest geographical points dwelt by them: to the west the Great Hungarian Plain (Alföld), east of the Danube river (where they formed an enclave of Iranian peoples), Ponto-Caspian steppe in today's southern Ukraine, Russia and far western Kazakhstan, and to the east the Altay Mountains western and northwestern foothills and slopes and also western Gansu, Ordos Desert, and western Inner Mongolia, in northwestern China(Xinjiang), to the north southern West Siberia and southern Ural Mountains (Riphean Mountains?) and to the south the northern coasts of the Persian Gulf and the Arabian Sea.[4][5] The geographical area dwelt by ancient Iranian peoples was therefore vast (at the end of the 1st Millennium BC they dwelt in an area of several million square kilometers or miles thus roughly corresponding to half or slightly less than half of the geographical area that all Indo-European peoples dwelt in Eurasia).[6]

During Late Antiquity, in a process that lasted until Middle Age, the Iranian populations of Scythia and Sarmatia, in the western (Ponto-Caspian) and central (Kazakh) Eurasian Steppe and most of Central Asia (that once formed a large geographic area dwelt by Iranian peoples), started to be conquered by other non-Iranian peoples and began to be marginalized, assimilated or expelled mainly as result of the Turkic peoples conquests and migrations that resulted in the Turkification of the remaining Iranian ethnic groups in Central Asia and the western Eurasian steppe (by the Xiongnu, the Huns and Hunnic Empire, Göktürks and Göktürk Empire, Oghuz Turks, etc). Germanic (Goths), Slavic (like the Kievan Rus) and later Mongolian (Mongol Empire) conquests and migrations also contributed to the decline of the Iranian peoples in these regions. By the 10th century, the Eastern Iranian languages were no longer spoken in many of the territories they were once spoken, with the exception of Pashto in Central Asia, Ossetic in the Northern Caucasus and Pamiri languages in Badakhshan. Most of Central Asia and the western Eurasian steppe was almost completely Turkified. However, in most of the southern regions, corresponding to the Iranian Plateau and mountains, more densely populated, Iranian peoples continued to be most of the population and remained so until modern times.[7]

Various Persian empires flourished throughout Antiquity, however, they fell to the Islamic conquest in the 7th century, although other Persian empires formed again later.

Ancestors

 
Map 2: Distribution of Iranian peoples in 100 BC: shown is Scythia, in the north (that in a broad sense also included Sarmatia), and also Bactria, Chorasmia, Margiana, Sogdiana and Parthia matching Parthian Empire, in the south.
 
Map 3: Map of the Sintashta-Petrovka culture (red), its expansion into the Andronovo culture (orange) during the 2nd millennium BC, showing the overlap with the Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex (chartreuse green) in the south and also with the Afanasievo culture in the east. The location of the earliest chariots is shown in magenta. Several scholars associate Proto-Indo-Iranians with Sintashta-Petrovka culture.[8] These scholars also may associate some mentions in the Avesta (sacred scriptures of Zoroastrianism), like the Airyanəm Vaēǰō - "Aryans' Expanse", as distant memories that were retained by oral tradition of this old land of origin.[9] There are also mentions of Āryāvarta - "Aryans Abode" (in sacred Hindu scriptures such as Dharmashastras and Sutras), the Hindu counterpart of Airyanəm Vaēǰō, although it refers to Northern India and they are later.
 
Map 4: The extent of the Bactria-Margiana Archaeological Complex (BMAC), according to the Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture. The BMAC culture and peoples influenced migrating Indo-Iranians that came from the north.

Ancient Iranian Peoples

Mentioned in the Avesta[10]

East Iranians

Northeast Iranians (Northern East Iranians)

 
Map 6: Asia in 323 BC, showing several Iranian peoples located in Central Asia and Europe.
 
Map 7: Scythian cultures of Scythian, Sarmatians and Saka Iranian peoples located in the Western Eurasian steppe (Central Asia and Europe) from ca. 900 BC - 200 AD
 
Map 8: Dahae tribal confederation
 
Map 9: Roxolani, Siraces and Aorsi in the 4th century BC.
 
Map 10: Alan migrations in the context of the Migration Period.
 
Map 11: Iazyges in AD 125 west of Roman Dacia, in the Eastern Pannonian Plain, today's Alföld, the Eastern Hungarian Plain.

Southeast Iranians (Southern East Iranians)

 
Map 12: Persian Empire in Achaemenid era, 6th century BC, showing names of ancient Iranian peoples in the Iranian Plateau and southern Central Asia on the right side of the map
 
Map 13: Ancient regions of Iranian Plateau and part of South Central Asia showing ancient Iranian peoples and tribes; this map also shows ancient peoples of the Indus Valley in Northwest Ancient India.

West Iranians

Northwest Iranians (Northern West Iranians)

Southwest Iranians (Southern West Iranians)

Ancient peoples of uncertain origin with possible Iranian background or partially Iranian

Mainly Iranian Background

Iranians mixed with other non-Iranian peoples

Dacian-Iranian

Greek-Iranian

Northwest Caucasian-Iranian

Slavic-Iranian

  • Antes, may have been a Slavic people and not an Iranian one or a mixed Iranian and Slavic people.

Thracian-Iranian

Mixed peoples that had some Iranian component

Celtic-Germanic-Iranian

Possible Iranian or Non-Iranian peoples

Iranian or other Indo-European peoples

Iranian or Anatolian (Indo-European)
Iranian or Germanic
Iranian or Indo-Aryan
Iranian or Nuristani
Iranian or Slavs
Iranian or Thracian
Iranian or Thracian-Iranian (Cimmerian) or Northwest Caucasian
Iranian or Tocharian

There are different or conflicting views among scholars regarding the ethnic and linguistic kinship of the peoples known by the Han Chinese as Wusun and Yuezhi and also other less known peoples (a minority of scholars argue that they were Tocharians, based, among other things, on the similarity of names like "Kushan" and the native name of "Kucha" (Kuśi) and the native name "Kuśi" and Chinese name "Gushi" or the name "Arsi" and "Asii",[62] however most scholars argue that they were possibly Northeastern Iranian peoples)[63][64]

Iranian, Tocharian or Turkic

Iranian or Non-Indo-European peoples

Iranian or Northeast Caucasian
Iranian or Turkic
  • Xiongnu (ruling class)[76] The Xiongnu could also be synonymous with the Huns, that are assumed to be a Turkic people, although there is not certainty or consensus about this matter.
Iranian or Ugric

Semi-legendary peoples (inspired by real Iranian peoples)

Amazons-Gargareans

  • Amazons, a semi-legendary people or tribe of women warriors (an all-female tribe) that Greek authors such as Herodotus and Strabo said to be related to the Scythians and the Sarmatians, however, there could be some historical background for a real people with Iranian etymology (*ha-mazan- "warriors") that lived in Scythia and Sarmatia, but later became the subject of wild exaggerations and myths. Ancient authors said that they guaranteed their continuity through reproduction with the Gargareans (an all-male tribe).
  • Gargareans, a semi-legendary people or tribe only formed by men (an all-male tribe), however, there could be some historical background for a real people, but later became the subject of wild exaggerations and myths. Ancient authors said that they guaranteed their continuity through reproduction with the Amazons (an all-female tribe).

Arimaspae

See also

References

  1. ^ Mallory, J.P.; Douglas Q. Adams (1997). Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture. London: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers. ISBN 978-1-884964-98-5.
  2. ^ Mallory, J.P.; Douglas Q. Adams (1997). Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture. London: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers. ISBN 978-1-884964-98-5.
  3. ^ Mallory, J.P.; Douglas Q. Adams (1997). Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture. London: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers. ISBN 978-1-884964-98-5.
  4. ^ Mallory, J.P.; Douglas Q. Adams (1997). Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture. London: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers. ISBN 978-1-884964-98-5.
  5. ^ Harmatta 1992, p. 348: "From the first millennium b.c., we have abundant historical, archaeological and linguistic sources for the location of the territory inhabited by the Iranian peoples. In this period the territory of the northern Iranians, they being equestrian nomads, extended over the whole zone of the steppes and the wooded steppes and even the semi-deserts from the Great Hungarian Plain to the Ordos region in northern China."
  6. ^ Mallory, J.P.; Douglas Q. Adams (1997). Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture. London: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers. ISBN 978-1-884964-98-5.
  7. ^ Mallory, J.P.; Douglas Q. Adams (1997). Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture. London: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers. ISBN 978-1-884964-98-5.
  8. ^ Mallory, J.P.; Douglas Q. Adams (1997). Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture. London: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers. ISBN 978-1-884964-98-5.
  9. ^ Anthony, David W. (2007). The Horse, the Wheel, and Language. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-05887-0
  10. ^ Gnoli, Gherardo (1980). Zoroaster's Time and Homeland. Naples: Instituto Univ. Orientale. OCLC 07307436. Iranian tribes that also keep on recurring in the Yasht, Airyas, Tuiryas, Sairimas, Sainus and Dahis
  11. ^ Allworth, Edward A. (1994). Central Asia: A Historical Overview. Duke University Press. p. 86. ISBN 978-0-8223-1521-6.
  12. ^ Diakonoff, I. M. (1999). The Paths of History. Cambridge University Press. p. 100. ISBN 978-0-521-64348-1. Turan was one of the nomadic Iranian tribes mentioned in the Avesta. However, in Firdousi's poem, and in the later Iranian tradition generally, the term Turan is perceived as denoting 'lands inhabited by Turkic speaking tribes.
  13. ^ Gnoli, Gherardo (1980). Zoroaster's Time and Homeland. Naples: Instituto Univ. Orientale. OCLC 07307436. Iranian tribes that also keep on recurring in the Yasht, Airyas, Tuiryas, Sairimas, Sainus and Dahis
  14. ^ Diakonoff, I. M. (1999). The Paths of History. Cambridge University Press. p. 100. ISBN 978-0-521-64348-1. Turan was one of the nomadic Iranian tribes mentioned in the Avesta. However, in Firdousi's poem, and in the later Iranian tradition generally, the term Turan is perceived as denoting 'lands inhabited by Turkic speaking tribes.
  15. ^ Simpson, St John (2017). "The Scythians. Discovering the Nomad-Warriors of Siberia". Current World Archaeology. 84: 16–21. "nomadic people made up of many different tribes thrived across a vast region that stretched from the borders of northern China and Mongolia, through southern Siberia and northern Kazakhstan, as far as the northern reaches of the Black Sea. Collectively they were known by their Greek name: the Scythians. They spoke Iranian languages..."
  16. ^ Royal Museums of Art and History (2000). Ancient Nomads of the Altai Mountains: Belgian-Russian Multidisciplinary Archaeological Research on the Scytho-Siberian Culture. "The Achaemenids called the Scythians “ Saka ” which sometimes leads to confusion in the literature. The term “ Scythians ” is particularly used for the representatives of this culture who lived in the European part of the steppe zone. Those who lived in Central Asia are often called Sauromates or Saka and in the Altai area, they are generally known as Scytho-Siberians."
  17. ^ Dandamayev 1994, p. 37 "In modern scholarship the name 'Sakas' is reserved for the ancient tribes of northern and eastern Central Asia and Eastern Turkestan to distinguish them from the related Massagetae of the Aral region and the Scythians of the Pontic steppes. These tribes spoke Iranian languages, and their chief occupation was nomadic pastoralism."
  18. ^ Mallory, J.P.; Douglas Q. Adams (1997). Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture. London: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers. ISBN 978-1-884964-98-5.
  19. ^ Golden 2009.
  20. ^ Abaev & Bailey 1985, pp. 801–803.
  21. ^ Alemany 2000, p. 3.
  22. ^ Mayer, Antun (April 1935). "Iasi". Journal of the Zagreb Archaeological Museum. Zagreb, Croatia: Archaeological Museum. 16 (1). ISSN 0350-7165.
  23. ^ Schejbal, Berislav (2004). "Municipium Iasorum (Aquae Balissae)". Situla - Dissertationes Musei Nationalis Sloveniae. Ljubljana, Slovenia: National Museum of Slovenia. 2: 99–129. ISSN 0583-4554.
  24. ^ Ammianus XVII.13.1
  25. ^ Minns, Ellis Hovell (2011-01-13). Scythians and Greeks: A Survey of Ancient History and Archaeology on the North Coast of the Euxine from the Danube to the Caucasus. ISBN 9781108024877.
  26. ^ Macdonell, A.A. and Keith, A.B. 1912. The Vedic Index of Names and Subjects.
  27. ^ Map of the Median Empire, showing Pactyans territory in what is now Afghanistan and Pakistan...Link
  28. ^ . Piney.com. Archived from the original on 2012-02-05. Retrieved 2012-09-21.
  29. ^ Sinor, Denis (1 March 1990). The Cambridge History of Early Inner Asia, Volume 1. Cambridge University Press. p. 153. ISBN 0-521-24304-1. Retrieved 29 May 2015. ... the K'ang-chii who were perhaps the Sogdians of Iranian stock...
  30. ^ . Archived from the original on 2018-09-24. Retrieved 2006-11-18.
  31. ^ "Persis | ancient region, Iran".
  32. ^ "Persis | ancient region, Iran".
  33. ^ "Persis | ancient region, Iran".
  34. ^ "Persis | ancient region, Iran". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2017-08-07.
  35. ^ "Persis | ancient region, Iran".
  36. ^ "GÖBL, ROBERT". Encyclopaedia Iranica. Retrieved 2017-08-10.
  37. ^ Turko-Persia in Historical Perspective, Robert L. Canfield, Cambridge University Press, 2002 p.49
  38. ^ Macartney, C. A. (1944). "On the Greek Sources for the History of the Turks in the Sixth Century". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London. School of Oriental and African Studies. 11 (2): 266–75. doi:10.1017/S0041977X00072451. ISSN 1474-0699. JSTOR 609313. "the name "Chyon", originally that of an unrelated people, was "transferred later to the Huns owing to the similarity of sound".
  39. ^ Richard Nelson Frye, "Pre-Islamic and early Islamic cultures in Central Asia" in "Turko-Persia in historical perspective", edited by Robert L. Canfield, Cambridge University Press, 1991. pg 49. "Just as later nomadic empires were confederations of many peoples, we may tentatively propose that the ruling groups of these invaders were, or at least included, Turkic-speaking tribesmen from the east and north, although most probably the bulk of the people in the confederation of Chionites... spoke an Iranian language.... This was the last time in the history of Central Asia that Iranian-speaking nomads played any role; hereafter all nomads would speak Turkic languages".
  40. ^ Sinor, Denis (1 March 1990). The Cambridge History of Early Inner Asia, Volume 1. Cambridge University Press. p. 300. ISBN 0-521-24304-1. Retrieved 29 May 2015. There is no consensus concerning the Hephthalite language, though most scholars seem to think that it was Iranian.
  41. ^ Felix, Wolfgang. "CHIONITES". Encyclopædia Iranica. Bibliotheca Persica Press. Retrieved 29 May 2015. CHIONITES... a tribe of probable Iranian origin that was prominent in Bactria and Transoxania in late antiquity.
  42. ^ Macartney, C. A. (1944). "On the Greek Sources for the History of the Turks in the Sixth Century". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London. School of Oriental and African Studies. 11 (2): 266–75. doi:10.1017/S0041977X00072451. ISSN 1474-0699. JSTOR 609313. "the name "Chyon", originally that of an unrelated people, was "transferred later to the Huns owing to the similarity of sound".
  43. ^ Richard Nelson Frye, "Pre-Islamic and early Islamic cultures in Central Asia" in "Turko-Persia in historical perspective", edited by Robert L. Canfield, Cambridge University Press, 1991. pg 49. "Just as later nomadic empires were confederations of many peoples, we may tentatively propose that the ruling groups of these invaders were, or at least included, Turkic-speaking tribesmen from the east and north, although most probably the bulk of the people in the confederation of Chionites... spoke an Iranian language.... This was the last time in the history of Central Asia that Iranian-speaking nomads played any role; hereafter all nomads would speak Turkic languages".
  44. ^ Prichard Cowles, James (1841). "Ethnography of Europe. 3d ed. p433.1841". 17 January 2015. Houlston & Stoneman, 1841. Retrieved 17 January 2015.
  45. ^ "Cimmerian". Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. Retrieved 29 May 2015. The origin of the Cimmerians is obscure. Linguistically they are usually regarded as Thracian or as Iranian, or at least to have had an Iranian ruling class.
  46. ^ Jayarava Attwood, Possible Iranian Origins for the Śākyas and Aspects of Buddhism. Journal of the Oxford Centre for Buddhist Studies 2012 (3): 47-69
  47. ^ Christopher I. Beckwith, "Greek Buddha: Pyrrho's Encounter with Early Buddhism in Central Asia", 2016, pp 1-21
  48. ^ See also: Indian Antiquaries, 52, part 2, 1923; Indian Antiquaries, 203, 1923, p 54.
  49. ^ Prācīna Kamboja, Jana aura Janapada Ancient Kamboja, people and country, 1981, pp 44, Dr Jiyālāla Kāmboja, Dr Satyavrat Śāstrī; cf also: Dr J. W. McCrindle, Ptolemy, p 268.
  50. ^ Scholars like V. S. Aggarwala etc locate the Kamboja country in Pamirs and Badakshan (Ref: A Grammatical Dictionary of Sanskrit (Vedic): 700 Complete Reviews.., 1953, p 48, Vasudeva Sharana Agrawala, Surya Kanta, Jacob Wackernagel, Arthur Anthony Macdonell, Peggy Melcher – India; India as Known to Pāṇini: A Study of the Cultural Material in the Ashṭādhyāyī, 1963, p 38, Vasudeva Sharana Agrawala – India; The North-west India of the Second Century B.C., 1974, p 40, Mehta Vasishtha Dev Mohan – Greeks in India; The Greco-Shunga period of Indian history, or, the North-West India of the second century B.C, 1973, p 40, India) and the Parama Kamboja further north, in the Trans-Pamirian territories (See: The Deeds of Harsha: Being a Cultural Study of Bāṇa's Harshacharita, 1969, p 199, Vasudeva Sharana Agrawala).
  51. ^ Dr Michael Witzel also extends Kamboja including Kapisa/Kabul valleys to Arachosia/Kandahar (See: Persica-9, p 92, fn 81. Michael Witzel).
  52. ^ Cf: "Zoroastrian religion had probably originated in Kamboja-land (Bacteria-Badakshan)....and the Kambojas spoke Avestan language" (Ref: Bharatiya Itihaas Ki Rup Rekha, p 229-231, Jaychandra Vidyalankar; Bhartrya Itihaas ki Mimansa, p 229-301, J. C. Vidyalankar; Ancient Kamboja, People and the Country, 1981, p 217, 221, J. L. Kamboj)
  53. ^ The Greeks in Bactria and India 1966 p 170, 461, Dr William Woodthorpe Tarn.
  54. ^ The Indian Historical Quarterly, 1963, p 291; Indian historical quarterly, Vol XXV-3, 1949, pp 190-92.
  55. ^ Prācīna Kamboja, Jana aura Janapada Ancient Kamboja, people and country, 1981, p 44, 147, 155, Dr Jiyālāla Kāmboja, Dr Satyavrat Śāstrī.
  56. ^ "The name Afghan has evidently been derived from Asvakan, the Assakenoi of Arrian..." (Megasthenes and Arrian, p 180. See also: Alexander's Invasion of India, p 38; J. W. McCrindle)
  57. ^ "Even the name Afghan is Aryan being derived from Asvakayana, an important clan of the Asvakas or horsemen who must have derived this title from their handling of celebrated breeds of horses" (See: Imprints of Indian Thought and Culture abroad, p 124, Vivekananda Kendra Prakashan)
  58. ^ "Afghans are Assakani of the Greeks; this word being the Sanskrit Ashvaka meaning 'horsemen" (Ref: Sva, 1915, p 113, Christopher Molesworth Birdwood)
  59. ^ Mahabharata 2.27.25.
  60. ^ Ammianus XVII.13.1
  61. ^ Vernadsky 1959, p. 24.
  62. ^ Žhivko Voynikov (Bulgaria). SOME ANCIENT CHINESE NAMES IN EAST TURKESTAN AND CENTRAL ASIA AND THE TOCHARIAN QUESTION [1]
  63. ^ Wei Lan-Hai; Li Hui; Xu Wenkan (2013). "The separate origins of the Tocharians and the Yuezhi: Results from recent advances in archaeology and genetics" in Research Gate
  64. ^ A dictionary of Tocharian B by Douglas Q. Adams (Leiden Studies in Indo-European 10), xxxiv, 830 pp., Rodopi: Amsterdam – Atlanta, 1999. [2]
  65. ^ Sinor, Denis (1997). Aspects of Altaic Civilization III. Psychology Press. p. 237. ISBN 0-7007-0380-2. Retrieved 29 May 2015. ...it seems likely, the Wu-sun were an Indo-European, perhaps Iranian people...
  66. ^ Fan Ye, Chronicle on the 'Western Regions' from the Hou Hanshu. (transl. John E. Hill), 2011] "Based on a report by General Ban Yong to Emperor An (107–125 CE) near the end of his reign, with a few later additions." (20 December 2015)
  67. ^ "History of Central Asia: Early Eastern Peoples". Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. Retrieved 1 June 2015. ... in the second half of the 2nd century bce the Xiongnu, at the height of their power, had expelled from their homeland in western Gansu (China) a people probably of Iranian stock, known to the Chinese as the Yuezhi and called Tokharians in Greek sources.
  68. ^ "Ancient Iran: The movement of Iranian peoples". Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. Retrieved 29 May 2015. At the end of the 3rd century, there began in Chinese Turkistan a long migration of the Yuezhi, an Iranian people who invaded Bactria about 130 bc, putting an end to the Greco-Bactrian kingdom there. (In the 1st century bc they created the Kushān dynasty, whose rule extended from Afghanistan to the Ganges River and from Russian Turkistan to the estuary of the Indus.)
  69. ^ Wei Lan-Hai; Li Hui; Xu Wenkan (2013). "The separate origins of the Tocharians and the Yuezhi: Results from recent advances in archaeology and genetics" in Research Gate [3]
  70. ^ Lebedynsky 2007, p. 131
  71. ^ Macmillan Education 2016, p. 369 "From that time until the HAN dynasty the Ordos steppe was the home of semi-nomadic Indo-European peoples whose culture can be regarded as an eastern province of a vast Eurasian continuum of Scytho-Siberian cultures."
  72. ^ Harmatta 1992, p. 348: "From the first millennium b.c., we have abundant historical, archaeological and linguistic sources for the location of the territory inhabited by the Iranian peoples. In this period the territory of the northern Iranians, they being equestrian nomads, extended over the whole zone of the steppes and the wooded steppes and even the semi-deserts from the Great Hungarian Plain to the Ordos in northern China."
  73. ^ https://en.unesco.org/silkroad/sites/silkroad/files/knowledge-bank-article/4%20Indo-European%20indications%20of%20Turkic%20ancestral%20home%20-%20Copy.pdf[dead link]
  74. ^ "IRAN v. PEOPLES OF IRAN (2) Pre-Islamic – Encyclopaedia Iranica". www.iranicaonline.org. Retrieved 2020-01-23.
  75. ^ üdiger Schmitt in Encyclopædia Iranica, s.v. "Caspians"
  76. ^ Harmatta, János (January 1, 1994). History of Civilizations of Central Asia: History of Civilizations of Central Asia: The Development of Sedentary and Nomadic Civilizations, 700 B. C. to A.D 250: Conclusion. UNESCO. p. 488. ISBN 9231028464. Retrieved 29 May 2015. Their royal tribes and kings (shan-yii) bore Iranian names and all the Hsiung-nu words noted by the Chinese can be explained from an Iranian language of Saka type. It is therefore clear that the majority of Hsiung-nu tribes spoke an Eastern Iranian language.

Literature

  • H. Bailey, "ARYA: Philology of ethnic epithet of Iranian people", in Encyclopædia Iranica, v, pp. 681–683, Online-Edition, Link
  • A. Shapur Shahbazi, "Iraj: the eponymous hero of the Iranians in their traditional history" in Encyclopædia Iranica, Online-Edition, Link
  • R. Curzon, "The Iranian Peoples of the Caucasus", ISBN 0-7007-0649-6
  • Jahanshah Derakhshani, "Die Arier in den nahöstlichen Quellen des 3. und 2. Jahrtausends v. Chr.", 2nd edition, 1999, ISBN 964-90368-6-5 ("The Arians in the Middle Eastern sources of the 3rd and 2nd Millennia BC")
  • Richard Frye, "Persia", Zurich, 1963
  • Wei Lan-Hai; Li Hui; Xu Wenkan (2013). "The separate origins of the Tocharians and the Yuezhi: Results from recent advances in archaeology and genetics" in Research Gate [4]

External links

  • [5] - Source texts of ancient Greek and Roman authors
  • [6] - Strabo's work The Geography (Geographica). Book 11, Chapters 6 to 13, and Book 15, Chapters 2 and 3, are about regions dwelt by ancient Iranian peoples and tribes (each region has a chapter).
  • List of Globally Famous People of Iran (M.I.T)

March 23, 2023
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This article has multiple issues Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page Learn how and when to remove these template messages The neutrality of this article is disputed Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page Please do not remove this message until conditions to do so are met January 2019 Learn how and when to remove this template message This article possibly contains original research Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations Statements consisting only of original research should be removed January 2019 Learn how and when to remove this template message This article may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia s quality standards The specific problem is Turn off boldface of headings Please help improve this article if you can April 2020 Learn how and when to remove this template message Learn how and when to remove this template message This list of ancient Iranian peoples includes the names of Indo European peoples speaking Iranian languages or otherwise considered Iranian ethnically or linguistically in sources from the late 1st millennium BC to the early 2nd millennium AD Contents 1 Background 2 Ancestors 3 Ancient Iranian Peoples 3 1 Mentioned in the Avesta 10 3 2 East Iranians 3 2 1 Northeast Iranians Northern East Iranians 3 2 2 Southeast Iranians Southern East Iranians 3 3 West Iranians 3 3 1 Northwest Iranians Northern West Iranians 3 3 2 Southwest Iranians Southern West Iranians 4 Ancient peoples of uncertain origin with possible Iranian background or partially Iranian 4 1 Mainly Iranian Background 4 2 Iranians mixed with other non Iranian peoples 4 2 1 Dacian Iranian 4 2 2 Greek Iranian 4 2 3 Northwest Caucasian Iranian 4 2 4 Slavic Iranian 4 2 5 Thracian Iranian 4 3 Mixed peoples that had some Iranian component 4 3 1 Celtic Germanic Iranian 4 4 Possible Iranian or Non Iranian peoples 4 4 1 Iranian or other Indo European peoples 4 4 1 1 Iranian or Anatolian Indo European 4 4 1 2 Iranian or Germanic 4 4 1 3 Iranian or Indo Aryan 4 4 1 4 Iranian or Nuristani 4 4 1 5 Iranian or Slavs 4 4 1 6 Iranian or Thracian 4 4 1 7 Iranian or Thracian Iranian Cimmerian or Northwest Caucasian 4 4 1 8 Iranian or Tocharian 4 4 2 Iranian Tocharian or Turkic 4 4 3 Iranian or Non Indo European peoples 4 4 3 1 Iranian or Northeast Caucasian 4 4 3 2 Iranian or Turkic 4 4 3 3 Iranian or Ugric 5 Semi legendary peoples inspired by real Iranian peoples 5 1 Amazons Gargareans 5 2 Arimaspae 6 See also 7 References 8 Literature 9 External linksBackground EditMain articles Indo Iranians and Proto Indo Europeans Ancient and modern Iranian peoples mostly descend from the Proto Indo Iranians common ancestors respectively of the Proto Iranians and Proto Indo Aryans this people possibly was the same of the Sintashta Petrovka culture Proto Iranians separated from the Proto Indo Aryans early in the 2nd millennium BCE These peoples probably called themselves by the name Aryans which was the basis for several ethnonyms of Iranian and Indo Aryan peoples or for the entire group of peoples which shares kin and similar cultures 1 Iranian peoples first appear in Assyrian records in the 9th century BCE In Classical Antiquity they were found primarily in Scythia in Central Asia Eastern Europe the Balkans and the Northern Caucasus and Persia in Western Asia They divided into Western and Eastern branches from an early period roughly corresponding to the territories of Persia and Scythia respectively By the 1st millennium BCE Medes Persians Bactrians and Parthians populated the Iranian plateau while others such as the Scythians Sarmatians Cimmerians and Alans populated the steppes north of the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea as far as the Great Hungarian Plain in the west The Saka tribes remained mainly in the far east eventually spreading as far east as the Ordos Desert 2 Ancient Iranian peoples spoke languages that were the ancestors of modern Iranian languages these languages form a sub branch of the Indo Iranian sub family which is a branch of the family of the wider Indo European languages 3 Ancient Iranian peoples lived in many regions and at about 200 BC they had as farthest geographical points dwelt by them to the west the Great Hungarian Plain Alfold east of the Danube river where they formed an enclave of Iranian peoples Ponto Caspian steppe in today s southern Ukraine Russia and far western Kazakhstan and to the east the Altay Mountains western and northwestern foothills and slopes and also western Gansu Ordos Desert and western Inner Mongolia in northwestern China Xinjiang to the north southern West Siberia and southern Ural Mountains Riphean Mountains and to the south the northern coasts of the Persian Gulf and the Arabian Sea 4 5 The geographical area dwelt by ancient Iranian peoples was therefore vast at the end of the 1st Millennium BC they dwelt in an area of several million square kilometers or miles thus roughly corresponding to half or slightly less than half of the geographical area that all Indo European peoples dwelt in Eurasia 6 During Late Antiquity in a process that lasted until Middle Age the Iranian populations of Scythia and Sarmatia in the western Ponto Caspian and central Kazakh Eurasian Steppe and most of Central Asia that once formed a large geographic area dwelt by Iranian peoples started to be conquered by other non Iranian peoples and began to be marginalized assimilated or expelled mainly as result of the Turkic peoples conquests and migrations that resulted in the Turkification of the remaining Iranian ethnic groups in Central Asia and the western Eurasian steppe by the Xiongnu the Huns and Hunnic Empire Gokturks and Gokturk Empire Oghuz Turks etc Germanic Goths Slavic like the Kievan Rus and later Mongolian Mongol Empire conquests and migrations also contributed to the decline of the Iranian peoples in these regions By the 10th century the Eastern Iranian languages were no longer spoken in many of the territories they were once spoken with the exception of Pashto in Central Asia Ossetic in the Northern Caucasus and Pamiri languages in Badakhshan Most of Central Asia and the western Eurasian steppe was almost completely Turkified However in most of the southern regions corresponding to the Iranian Plateau and mountains more densely populated Iranian peoples continued to be most of the population and remained so until modern times 7 Various Persian empires flourished throughout Antiquity however they fell to the Islamic conquest in the 7th century although other Persian empires formed again later Ancestors Edit Map 1 Indo European migrations as described in The Horse the Wheel and Language by David W Anthony Map 2 Distribution of Iranian peoples in 100 BC shown is Scythia in the north that in a broad sense also included Sarmatia and also Bactria Chorasmia Margiana Sogdiana and Parthia matching Parthian Empire in the south Map 3 Map of the Sintashta Petrovka culture red its expansion into the Andronovo culture orange during the 2nd millennium BC showing the overlap with the Bactria Margiana Archaeological Complex chartreuse green in the south and also with the Afanasievo culture in the east The location of the earliest chariots is shown in magenta Several scholars associate Proto Indo Iranians with Sintashta Petrovka culture 8 These scholars also may associate some mentions in the Avesta sacred scriptures of Zoroastrianism like the Airyanem Vaeǰō Aryans Expanse as distant memories that were retained by oral tradition of this old land of origin 9 There are also mentions of Aryavarta Aryans Abode in sacred Hindu scriptures such as Dharmashastras and Sutras the Hindu counterpart of Airyanem Vaeǰō although it refers to Northern India and they are later Map 4 The extent of the Bactria Margiana Archaeological Complex BMAC according to the Encyclopedia of Indo European Culture The BMAC culture and peoples influenced migrating Indo Iranians that came from the north Proto Indo Europeans Proto Indo European speakers Proto Indo Iranians common ancestors of the Iranian Nuristani and Indo Aryan peoples Proto Indo Iranian speakers Proto Iranians Proto Iranian speakers Ancient Iranian Peoples EditMentioned in the Avesta 10 Edit Airyas Ahiryas Dahis possible ancestors of the Dahae or Dasa Sainus Sairimas Tuiryas Turanians 11 12 13 an ancient Iranian ethnic group their land was called Turan a word that later was applied to the lands north of Iran and the Iranian Plateau and mountains i e all Central Asia including Transoxiana in the Avesta Turan had the meaning of an Iranian tribe only later the name had the meaning of lands inhabited by Turkic tribes 14 YashtiansEast Iranians Edit Northeast Iranians Northern East Iranians Edit Map 6 Asia in 323 BC showing several Iranian peoples located in Central Asia and Europe Map 7 Scythian cultures of Scythian Sarmatians and Saka Iranian peoples located in the Western Eurasian steppe Central Asia and Europe from ca 900 BC 200 AD Map 8 Dahae tribal confederation Map 9 Roxolani Siraces and Aorsi in the 4th century BC Map 10 Alan migrations in the context of the Migration Period Map 11 Iazyges in AD 125 west of Roman Dacia in the Eastern Pannonian Plain today s Alfold the Eastern Hungarian Plain Saka Sacans Saka Scytho Sarmatians Sarmatians and Scythians Scythian cultures peoples of the Western or Ponto Caspian steppe Central or Kazakh steppe Eurasian steppe and Central Asia that spoke several Scytho Sarmatian Iranian languages and had a kin and similar culture The name Saka was an Old Persian generic word for all Iranian speaking peoples Scythians Sarmatians and others that lived in the Eurasian Steppe and were nomad or semi nomadic pastoralists herders 15 16 Western Saka Western Scytho Sarmatians Scythians in a narrow sense the Scythian culture peoples that lived in the Ponto Caspian steppe the west part of the Eurasian Steppe Scythians Scoloti Skolotoi Saka Saka para Draya Sakas Beyond the Sea The Sea was the Pontus Euxinus Black Sea the Old Persian word Saka covered both Scythians and Sarmatians Achaei Acae Agavi Scythae Core Scythians Arpoxaians Colaxaians Lipoxaians Arpoxaians descendants of Arpoxais possible eponym Catiari Katiaroi Traspies Colaxaians descendants of Colaxais possible eponym Paralatae Royal Scythians Spalaei Spali Palaei Pali Lipoxaians descendants of Lipoxais possible eponym Auchetae Euchatae Asampatae Athernei Hamaxobii Lower Danube Scythians a small tribal group of Scythians that took refuge in the areas of today s Dobrogea Crimean Scythians a small tribal group of Scythians that took refuge in the areas of today s Crimea Tauri Scythae Tauroscythae Tauri Scythians or Scythianized Tauri they lived in the plains of Northern Taurica or Tauris Peninsula today called Crimea Eastern Saka Eastern Scytho Sarmatians Scythians in the broad sense of Scythian culture peoples in a narrow sense Eastern Saka refers to the Iranian nomadic or seminomadic pastoralist peoples that lived in the central part of the Eurasian steppe or Kazakh steppe and Central Asia they were called Sarmatians by the Greeks and Saka by the Persians the Old Persian word Saka covered both Scythians and Sarmatians Central Asian Sakas Central Asia Scytho Sarmatians Core Central Asian Sakas Core Central Asian Scytho Sarmatians Amyrgians Saka haumavarga Soma Drinkers Gatherers Sakas Saka para Sugudam Sakas Beyond Sogdiana may have been the same as the Saka haumavarga i e the Amyrgians the Greek name for the same people roughly in today s Ferghana Valley and basin parts of Uzbekistan Tadjikistan and Kyrghyzstan Anaraci Aspisi Aspisii Cachassae Chauranaci Southwest Central Asian Sakas Southwest Central Asian Scytho Sarmatians Dahae Amardi Dahae Dahas Dasa Parni Aparni tribe where Arsaces I became chief later he became the first king of Parthia he was the founder of the Arsacid Dynasty that ruled the Parthian Empire several ancient authors said he was of Scythian or Bactrian origin Pissuri Xanthii Amardians Mardians initially they lived in Southwest Central Asia however they migrated southwest towards central Alborz Mountains and plains of southern Caspian Sea coast and later they became assimilated into Northwestern Iranians subgroup of Western Iranians Tapurians Tapuri Tapuraei initially they lived in Southwest Central Asia however they migrated southwest toward Tapuria in the east Alborz Mountains and plains of the southeastern Caspian Sea coast and later they became assimilated into Northwestern Iranians subgroup of Western Iranians origin of the name Tapuristan or Tabaristan the land where they went living Massagetae Orthocorybantians Saka tigraxauda Pointy Hoods Pointed Hats Sakas or Scythians Massagetae and Saka Tigraxauda or Orthocorybantians as they were known by the Greeks may have been different names for the same people Apasiacae Iaxartae they lived along the Iaxartes river banks modern Syr Darya Norossi Tectosaces not to be confused with the Celtic Tectosages Sakas in a modern narrow sense the northernmost and easternmost Scytho Sarmatians including those who lived in the Tarim Basin where Tocharians also dwelt 17 Scytho Siberians in southern West Siberia and northern Kazakhstan in the upper Irtysh Ishim Tobol and Ob river courses regions Abii Gabii Altay Sayan Sakas Altay Sayan Scythians Altay Sayan Scytho Sarmatians they were part of the Scythian cultures ethnic and linguistic continuum they lived in the Altay and western slopes of the Sayan Mountains and possibly they were the people that formed the Pazyryk culture possibly they conquered or expelled the older Afanasievo culture people which were possibly descendant from the Proto Tocharians 18 there is the strong possibility that Proto Turkics were influenced by the Altay Sayan Sakas and vice versa and also to a possibility of an ethnic mixing in this region between larger West Eurasian and East Eurasian populations Galactophagi Milk Drinkers Milk Eaters real or legendary people Galactopotae real or legendary people Hippemolgi Mare Milkers real or legendary people Hippophagi Horse Eaters real or legendary people Thyssagetae Sacaralae Eastern Central Asia Saka roughly in today s central and eastern Kazakhstan they lived in the Chu and Sarysu river basins and their desert areas and in the Ili river and Lake Balkash basin and most part of the Tian Shan mountains northern slope also known as Tengri Tagh or Tengir Too mountains Tarim Basin Sakas mainly in the western and southern regions Gumo Sakas Tumshuq Sakas they lived in today s Tumshuq region and city they spoke Tumshuqese or Tumshuqese Saka a Northeast Iranian language or dialect Kashgar Sakas they lived in Kashgar city and region Khotan Sakas they lived in the Khotan region known as Gaustana in Sanskrit and Prakrit texts they spoke Khotanese or Khotanese Saka a Northeast Iranian language or dialect Indo Scythians Indo Sakas a group of Sakas that migrated towards East Iranian Plateau Indus valley and India Sarmatians Proper Sauromatae Aorsi Alans two closely related Sarmatian tribes or the same tribe known by different names Aorsi they lived northeast of the Siraces Yancai or Yentsai was the Chinese name of a State that could be identical with an Aorsi one Lower Aorsi Western Aorsi Upper Aorsi Eastern Aorsi from northern Caspian Sea coast to the northern Aral Sea coast identical with the Alans Alans a closely related people or tribe with the Aorsi Sarmatians or the same people known by two different names Aryan gt Alyan gt Alan 19 20 21 Ossetians Iraettae are a modern branch also called Melanchlaeni Black Cloaks not to be confused with other two peoples called by that same name that were the Melanchlaeni Black Cloaks of Pontus and the Melanchlaeni Black Cloaks of the far north Iasi 22 23 Iasi Jassi Jasz are descendants from a group of Alans that migrated westward they are related but not identical to the oldest Iazyges Roxolani an offshoot and eastern branch of the Alans Banat Roxolani a branch of the Roxolani that migrated westward Agaragantes Arcaragantes Free Sarmatians 24 Cissianti Iazyges Iazyges Metanastae Iaxamatae Khorouathoi Choruathi Haravati their name may have influenced the ethnonym of the Croats but are not necessarily their ancestors or of most of them Phoristae Rhymnici they dwelt along Rha river banks today s Volga in the steppe area the adjective seems to derive from the name Rha or Ra the Scythian name for the Volga river Oares was the Greek name for this river Rimphaces Serboi their name may have influenced the ethnonym of the Serbs but are not necessarily their ancestors or of most of them Siraci Siraces Spondolici Urgi 25 Southeast Iranians Southern East Iranians Edit Map 12 Persian Empire in Achaemenid era 6th century BC showing names of ancient Iranian peoples in the Iranian Plateau and southern Central Asia on the right side of the map Map 13 Ancient regions of Iranian Plateau and part of South Central Asia showing ancient Iranian peoples and tribes this map also shows ancient peoples of the Indus Valley in Northwest Ancient India Arachosians Arachoti Eoritae Musarnaei Pactyans Pakthas possible ancestors of the Pakhtuns Pashtuns 26 27 The Greek historian Herodotus mentioned a people called Pactyan living on the eastern frontier of the Achaemenid Arachosia Satrapy as early as the 1st millennium BCE 28 Par g yetae Rhoplutae Sidri Arians Proper Arii Borgi Casirotae Ariaspae Evergetae Bactrians Chomari Comi Drepsiani Oxiani Parsii Salatarae Trybactae Zariaspae Chorasmians Khwarezmians Drangians Drangae Zarangians Zarangae Gedrosians Gedrosii Gedroseni Aparytae Arabitae Arbies Iranian Ichthyophagi Iranian Ichthyophagoi Iranian Fish Eaters Oritae Paricanians Paricanii Oreitae Orae from Old Persian Barikanu Mountain people Rhamnae Margians Drachamae Mycae Sogdians the people that lived in Sogdiana possible ancestors of the Yaghnobis Kangju Chinese name of a State probably identical to the Sogdians 29 West Iranians Edit Northwest Iranians Northern West Iranians Edit Aenianes Astabeni Carduchi Corduchi 30 Cyrtaei Cyrtii mentioned by Strabo and possible ancestors of the Kurds according to Muhammad Dandamayev See Carduchi in Encyclopaedia Iranica Derbiccans Derbiccae Derbices oldest inhabitants of the land later known as Tapuristan or Tabaristan and part of Hyrcania before the arrival of the Tapures or Tapuri Dribyces Gelae Gilites possible ancestors of the Gilaks although associate they were not the same people as the Cadusii Hyrcani they lived in Hyrcania Medes Arizanti Budii Busae Magi Median tribe from where over time many of the Zoroastrian priests came it was a priestly tribe for the Zoroastrian religion somehow similar to the role Levites from the Tribe of Levi had in Judaism the religion of the ancient Hebrews Jews or Israelites Paraetaceni Paraetacae Paraetaci Sidices Struchates Vaddasi Parthians Nisaei in the region of Nisa first capital of the Parthians Parthia Seven Parthian clans Seven Great Houses of Iran tribe of seven clans Ispahbudhan Aspahbadh seat was in Gurgan Karen Karen Pahlavi Karen Pahlaw seat was in Nahavand Mihran Mehran seat was in Ray Spandiyadh Spendiad Isfandiyar seat was in Ray Suren seat was in Sakastan or Sistan ancient Zaranka Zranka or Drangiana Varaz seat was in Eastern Khorasan Zik seat was in Adurbadagan or Aturpatakan called Atropatene by the Greeks today s modern Iranian Azerbaijan House was synonym of Clan Indo Parthians Suren Parthians origin in the Suren Parthians VitiiSouthwest Iranians Southern West Iranians Edit Carmanians Garmanians Carmani Garmani Germani Germanii a variant of Carmani i e Carmanians not to be confused with the Germanic peoples of Europe that were also Indo European peoples but from another branch or subfamily Arae Chudi Isatichae Proto Persians Parsua Parsumash 31 Persians Dai Derusiaei Dropici Maraphii one of the three main and leading ancient Persian tribes 32 Mardi Southern Mardi Maspii one of the three main and leading ancient Persian tribes 33 Panthialaei Pasargadae one of the three main and leading ancient Persian tribes this was the tribe that contained the clan of the Achaemenids House of Achaemenes from which Cyrus the Great founder of the Persian Empire was a member 34 House was synonym of Clan Pasargadae the first capital of the Persian Achaemenid Empire was in the land of this tribe and took its name from them 35 Pateischoreis Rhapses Sagartians Asagartians their exact location is unknown according to Herodotus 1 125 7 85 they were related to the Ancient Persians which dwelt in southwestern Iran and spoke a southwestern Iranian language there is the possibility by phonetic change that their name survives in the name of the Zagros Mountains if they were identical to the Zikirti there is also the possibility that they dwelt in northeastern Iran south of the Parthians and not in the Zagros mountains Sassanians tribe that contained the clan of the House of Sasan that gave the name to the tribe from which Ardashir I founder of the Sassanian Empire was a member House was synonym of Clan Soxotae Stabaei Suzaei UtiansAncient peoples of uncertain origin with possible Iranian background or partially Iranian EditMainly Iranian Background Edit Iranian Huns Xwn Xyon Hunas mostly Iranian descendants from the nomadic Sakas although many in the ruling class may have been Xunyu or Xiongnu Turkic in origin and related to the Huns or Western Huns that invaded many parts of the Western Eurasian steppe and Late Antiquity Europe 36 37 38 39 Nezak Huns Red Huns Kermichiones Red Southern Alchon Huns Alchono Huns Kidarites Kermichiones Karmir Xyon White Huns Spet Xyon Sveta Huna White Western Hephthalites Uar Ebodalo 40 Xionites Chionites Chionitae 41 42 43 Iranians mixed with other non Iranian peoples Edit Dacian Iranian Edit Agathyrsi Tyragetae 44 may have been a mixed Daco Getae Iranian people or just a Dacian Getae people or tribe and not an Iranian one Greek Iranian Edit Gelonians Geloni Helonians Heloni people of partially Greek and partially Scythian descent Northwest Caucasian Iranian Edit Maeotians a group of peoples that dwelt in the Maeotian Lake Azov Sea and Palus Maeotis Don river delta swamps that may have been Cimmerians Iranian people Scythians West Caucasian people Circassians Adyghe with an Iranian overlordship or a mixture of Iranian and West Caucasian peoples Agri Arrechi Aspurgiani Dandarii Dosci Ixomates Obidiaceni Sindi Sindes Sindones Sindianoi Sittaceni Tarpetes ToreataeSlavic Iranian Edit Antes may have been a Slavic people and not an Iranian one or a mixed Iranian and Slavic people Thracian Iranian Edit Cimmerians 45 they could have been a people of Thracian Dacian origin with an Iranian overlordship a mixture of Thracians and Iranians or a missing link between Indo Iranian peoples and Thracians and Dacians Mixed peoples that had some Iranian component Edit Celtic Germanic Iranian Edit Bastarnae an ancient people who between 200 BC and 300 AD inhabited the region between the Carpathian Mountains and the river Dnieper to the north and east of ancient Dacia one possible origin of the name is from Avestan and Old Persian cognate bast bound tied slave cf Ossetic baetten bind bast bound and Proto Iranian arna offspring Atmoni Atmoli Peucini Peucini Bastarnae a branch of the Bastarnae that lived in the region north of the Danube Delta Sidoni SidonesPossible Iranian or Non Iranian peoples Edit Iranian or other Indo European peoples Edit Iranian or Anatolian Indo European Edit Cappadocians or Leucosyri White Syrians a possible Anatolian Indo European people and not an Iranian one Iranian or Germanic Edit Taifals Taifali Taifalae Iranian or Indo Aryan Edit Dadicae Daradai Daradas Darada gt Darda gt Dard may have been possible ancestors of the Dards an Indo Aryan people and not an Iranian one they dwelt in the region of the upper course of the Indus in modern Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Gilgit area of the modern Gilgit Baltistan both in Pakistan and also in Kashmir Valley and Chenab Valley in India Sattagydans people that dwelt in Sattagydia Old Persian Thatagus th 8 from 8ata hundred and gus cows country of the People of Hundred Cows may have been an Iranian people of Sindh with Indo Aryan influence or the opposite an Indo Aryan people of Sindh with Iranian influence Sogdi Sogdoi people that inhabited where today is the Sibi Division valley in Balochistan between Balochistan and Sindh and most of the Larkana Division and parts of the Sukkur Division to the west of the Indus river in Sindh their main city was called Sogdorum Regia maybe today s Sukkur by the ancient Greek and Roman authors and was on the Indus river banks They may have been as the name could tell a branch of the Sogdians the Indus Sogdians in a region of the west Indus valley or they also may have been an Indo Aryan people of the Indus valley with a coincidental name with the Sogdians Shakya a clan of Iron age India 1st millennium BCE habitating an area in Greater Magadha on the foothills of the Himalaya mountains Some scholars argue that the Shakya were of Scythian Saka origin and assimilated into Indo Aryan peoples 46 47 Siddhartha Gautama also known as Buddha or Shakyamuni Sage of the Shakyas c 6th to 4th centuries BCE whose teachings became the foundation of Buddhism was the best known Shakya Iranian or Nuristani Edit Kambojas Komedes Kapisi Rishikas Tambyzoi Ambautae 48 49 a people that lived in a country called Kumuda probably in what is now part of Afghanistan There are different views among scholars about their ethnic and linguistic kinship According to some they are possible ancestors of Pamir peoples in the Pamir Mountains roughly Badakhshan region of Tajikistan and Afghanistan and parts of the Hindu Kush or Paropamisus in east central Afghanistan and northwestern Pakistan 50 51 52 According to other scholars 53 54 55 they were an old transitional people between Iranian and Indo Aryan peoples and as such they may have been the ancestors of the Nuristani people until the end of the 19th century they were known as Kafirs because they were not Muslims and practiced an ancient Indo Iranian religion like today the Kalash people In Antiquity one of the regions that they dwelt was in the southern and eastern slopes of the Paropamisus Mountains today s Hindu Kush in east central Afghanistan and northwestern Pakistan Ambautae Ashvakas Assacenii Assacani Aspasii Aspasians A few scholars have linked the historical Afghans modern Pakhtuns Pashtuns to the Ashvakas the Ashvakayanas and Ashvayanas of Paṇini or the Assakenoi and Aspasio of Arrian The name Afghan is said to have derived from the Ashvakan of Sanskrit texts 56 57 58 Ashvakas are identified as a branch of the Kambojas This people was known by Greek and Roman authors as Assakanoi and Assacani The similarity of the name Assacani with the name Sacae Sacans Sakas made that the two peoples were confused by Greeks and Romans as is shown in map 11 regarding the Pamir mountains on the upper right edge However the Pamir mountains were dwelt by the Asvaka Kambojas and not by the Sacans although they were related peoples they were both East Iranians however the Asvaka Kambojas were or Southeast Iranians or ancestors of the Nuristani while the Sacans Sakas Scythians or Sarmatians were Northeast Iranians Apracharajas Cabolitae in the region of Kabul today s capital of Afghanistan part of the old Kingdom of Kapisa Indo Kambojas Western Kambojas spread and scattered in Sindhu Saurashtra Malwa Rajasthan Punjab and Surasena Eastern Kambojas some formed the Kamboja Pala Dynasty of Bengal Parama Kambojas Kumuda or Komedes of the Alay Valley or Alay Mountains north of Hindukush Paropamisus in today s far southern Kyrgyzstan and far northern Tajikistan They formed the Parama Kamboja Kingdom In ancient Sanskrit texts their territory was known as Kumudadvipa and it formed the southern tip of the Sakadvipa or Scythia In classical literature this people are known as Komedes Indian epic Mahabharata designates them as Parama Kambojas 59 Homodotes Rishikas some historians believe the Rishikas were a part of or synonymous with the Kambojas However there are other theories regarding their origins Tambyzi TambyzoiIranian or Slavs Edit Limigantes 60 may have been a non Sarmatian subject people slaves or serfs of the Sarmatians some scholars think they were Slavs 61 Iranian or Thracian Edit SigynnaeIranian or Thracian Iranian Cimmerian or Northwest Caucasian Edit Tauri they lived in the mountains of Southern Taurica or Tauris Peninsula today s Crimea non scythianized Tauri Arichi Napaei SinchiIranian or Tocharian Edit There are different or conflicting views among scholars regarding the ethnic and linguistic kinship of the peoples known by the Han Chinese as Wusun and Yuezhi and also other less known peoples a minority of scholars argue that they were Tocharians based among other things on the similarity of names like Kushan and the native name of Kucha Kusi and the native name Kusi and Chinese name Gushi or the name Arsi and Asii 62 however most scholars argue that they were possibly Northeastern Iranian peoples 63 64 Argippaei Asii Issedones Wusun may have been the same people called by different exonym names Asii Asioi Osii an ancient Indo European people of Central Asia during the 2nd and 1st Centuries BCE known only from Classical Greek and Roman sources Issedones people that lived north and northeast of the Sarmatians and Scythians in Western Siberia or Chinese Turkestan Xinjiang may have been the same people as the Asii or Asioi Wusun 65 some speculate that they were the same as the Issedones Essedones Gushi or Jushi or Gushineans an obscure ancient people that lived in two regions in the Turpan Basin i e Chinese Jushi or Gushi including Khocho or Qoco known in Chinese as Gaochang and also in a large northern region roughly in many parts of the region later known as Dzungaria south of the Altay Mountains they were the basis of the Gushi or Jushi Kingdom They spoke a language that eventually diverged into two dialects as noted by diplomats from the Han empire they may have been one of the peoples misnamed Tocharians speakers of Tocharian A there are different views among scholars about their ethnic and linguistic kinship Nearer Gushi Anterior Gushi in the Turpan Basin Further Gushi Posterior Gushi the region north of the Turpan Basin 10 km north of Jimasa 200 km north of Jiaohe roughly in Dzungaria 66 Yuezhi Gara 67 68 69 an ancient Indo European speaking people in the western areas of the modern Chinese province of Gansu during the 1st millennium BC or in Dunhong in the Tian Shan later they migrated westward and southward into south Central Asia in contact and conflict with the Sogdians and Bactrians and they possibly were the people called by the name Tocharians or Tukhara which was possibly an Iranian speaking people not to be confused with another people misnamed or not as Tocharians according to the Iranian historian Jahanshah Derakhshani the Kochi or Kuchi people a group of nomadic Ghilji or Ghilzai Pakhtun are descendants from the Yuezhi that were assimilated into the Pakhtun the name derives from Guci formerly Chinese 月氏 pinyin Yuezhi Greater Yuezhi Tu Gara Da Yuezhi 大月氏 Tu Gara gt Tu Kara gt Tu Khara Possibly the Iranian Tocharians not to be confused with the peoples called Tocharians in a misnomer possibly they were the ancestors of the Kushans Tusharas Tukharas could have been identical with the Greater Yuezhi the greater part of Yuezhi are the people that migrated from western Gansu and after from the Ili Valley migrated southward and settled in Tukhara another name for Bactria after the invasion of the Iranian Tocharians that came from the north and northeast not to be confused with the peoples mistakenly called Tocharians which were of another Indo European branch of peoples Kushans Chinese 貴霜 pinyin Guishuang they were the basis of the Kushan Empire Lesser Yuezhi Xiǎo Yuezhi 小月氏 Iranian Tocharian or Turkic Edit Ordos culture people in the Upper or North Ordos Plateau or the Ordos Desert if ancient Indo European they would have been the easternmost people 70 71 72 73 they may have been a people closely related to the Yuezhi Iranian or Non Indo European peoples Edit Iranian or Northeast Caucasian Edit Cadusii 74 warlike people living just north of Medes with possible Iranian or Caucasian origin Caspians 75 were a people of antiquity who dwelt along the southern and southwestern shores of the Caspian Sea in the region known as Caspiane Iranian or Turkic Edit Xiongnu ruling class 76 The Xiongnu could also be synonymous with the Huns that are assumed to be a Turkic people although there is not certainty or consensus about this matter Iranian or Ugric Edit Iyrcae Iyrkai people that lived northeast of the Thyssagetae they dwelt in far southwestern Siberia in the upper basins of the Tobol and the Irtysh rivers possibly they are the ancestors of the Ugrian peoples Khanty and Mansi and the more distantly related Magyars Hungarians they are speakers of Uralic languages and not Iranian These peoples were collectively called Yugra where the adjective Ugric comes from possible phonetic change Iurka gt Iukra gt Iugra gt Jugra or Yugra J English Y u or u Ancient Greek y u They were culturally influenced by ancient Iranian peoples including language borrowings The name Iyrcae sometimes was wrongly spelt as Tyrcae Turkai by ancient authors like Pliny the Elder and Pomponius Mela but there is no connection to the Turkic peoples Turks Semi legendary peoples inspired by real Iranian peoples EditAmazons Gargareans Edit Amazons a semi legendary people or tribe of women warriors an all female tribe that Greek authors such as Herodotus and Strabo said to be related to the Scythians and the Sarmatians however there could be some historical background for a real people with Iranian etymology ha mazan warriors that lived in Scythia and Sarmatia but later became the subject of wild exaggerations and myths Ancient authors said that they guaranteed their continuity through reproduction with the Gargareans an all male tribe Gargareans a semi legendary people or tribe only formed by men an all male tribe however there could be some historical background for a real people but later became the subject of wild exaggerations and myths Ancient authors said that they guaranteed their continuity through reproduction with the Amazons an all female tribe Arimaspae Edit Arimaspae Arimaspi Arimphaei Riphaeans they lived north of the Scythians in the southeast foothills of the Riphean Mountains Ural Mountains although a semi legendary people or tribe there could be some historical background for a real people with Iranian etymology Ariama love and Aspa horses that lived in that region but they were later turned as base for a myth especially for the one eyed beings that fought with the griffins See also EditIranian peoples Iranian languages List of ancient Indo Aryan peoples and tribes List of Rigvedic tribes List of ancient Greek tribes List of ancient Germanic peoples and tribes List of ancient Slavic peoples and tribes List of ancient Celtic peoples and tribes List of ancient Italic peoplesReferences Edit Mallory J P Douglas Q Adams 1997 Encyclopedia of Indo European Culture London Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers ISBN 978 1 884964 98 5 Mallory J P Douglas Q Adams 1997 Encyclopedia of Indo European Culture London Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers ISBN 978 1 884964 98 5 Mallory J P Douglas Q Adams 1997 Encyclopedia of Indo European Culture London Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers ISBN 978 1 884964 98 5 Mallory J P Douglas Q Adams 1997 Encyclopedia of Indo European Culture London Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers ISBN 978 1 884964 98 5 Harmatta 1992 p 348harvnb error no target CITEREFHarmatta1992 help From the first millennium b c we have abundant historical archaeological and linguistic sources for the location of the territory inhabited by the Iranian peoples In this period the territory of the northern Iranians they being equestrian nomads extended over the whole zone of the steppes and the wooded steppes and even the semi deserts from the Great Hungarian Plain to the Ordos region in northern China Mallory J P Douglas Q Adams 1997 Encyclopedia of Indo European Culture London Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers ISBN 978 1 884964 98 5 Mallory J P Douglas Q Adams 1997 Encyclopedia of Indo European Culture London Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers ISBN 978 1 884964 98 5 Mallory J P Douglas Q Adams 1997 Encyclopedia of Indo European Culture London Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers ISBN 978 1 884964 98 5 Anthony David W 2007 The Horse the Wheel and Language Princeton NJ Princeton University Press ISBN 978 0 691 05887 0 Gnoli Gherardo 1980 Zoroaster s Time and Homeland Naples Instituto Univ Orientale OCLC 07307436 Iranian tribes that also keep on recurring in the Yasht Airyas Tuiryas Sairimas Sainus and Dahis Allworth Edward A 1994 Central Asia A Historical Overview Duke University Press p 86 ISBN 978 0 8223 1521 6 Diakonoff I M 1999 The Paths of History Cambridge University Press p 100 ISBN 978 0 521 64348 1 Turan was one of the nomadic Iranian tribes mentioned in the Avesta However in Firdousi s poem and in the later Iranian tradition generally the term Turan is perceived as denoting lands inhabited by Turkic speaking tribes Gnoli Gherardo 1980 Zoroaster s Time and Homeland Naples Instituto Univ Orientale OCLC 07307436 Iranian tribes that also keep on recurring in the Yasht Airyas Tuiryas Sairimas Sainus and Dahis Diakonoff I M 1999 The Paths of History Cambridge University Press p 100 ISBN 978 0 521 64348 1 Turan was one of the nomadic Iranian tribes mentioned in the Avesta However in Firdousi s poem and in the later Iranian tradition generally the term Turan is perceived as denoting lands inhabited by Turkic speaking tribes Simpson St John 2017 The Scythians Discovering the Nomad Warriors of Siberia Current World Archaeology 84 16 21 nomadic people made up of many different tribes thrived across a vast region that stretched from the borders of northern China and Mongolia through southern Siberia and northern Kazakhstan as far as the northern reaches of the Black Sea Collectively they were known by their Greek name the Scythians They spoke Iranian languages Royal Museums of Art and History 2000 Ancient Nomads of the Altai Mountains Belgian Russian Multidisciplinary Archaeological Research on the Scytho Siberian Culture The Achaemenids called the Scythians Saka which sometimes leads to confusion in the literature The term Scythians is particularly used for the representatives of this culture who lived in the European part of the steppe zone Those who lived in Central Asia are often called Sauromates or Saka and in the Altai area they are generally known as Scytho Siberians Dandamayev 1994 p 37 In modern scholarship the name Sakas is reserved for the ancient tribes of northern and eastern Central Asia and Eastern Turkestan to distinguish them from the related Massagetae of the Aral region and the Scythians of the Pontic steppes These tribes spoke Iranian languages and their chief occupation was nomadic pastoralism Mallory J P Douglas Q Adams 1997 Encyclopedia of Indo European Culture London Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers ISBN 978 1 884964 98 5 Golden 2009 Abaev amp Bailey 1985 pp 801 803 Alemany 2000 p 3 Mayer Antun April 1935 Iasi Journal of the Zagreb Archaeological Museum Zagreb Croatia Archaeological Museum 16 1 ISSN 0350 7165 Schejbal Berislav 2004 Municipium Iasorum Aquae Balissae Situla Dissertationes Musei Nationalis Sloveniae Ljubljana Slovenia National Museum of Slovenia 2 99 129 ISSN 0583 4554 Ammianus XVII 13 1 Minns Ellis Hovell 2011 01 13 Scythians and Greeks A Survey of Ancient History and Archaeology on the North Coast of the Euxine from the Danube to the Caucasus ISBN 9781108024877 Macdonell A A and Keith A B 1912 The Vedic Index of Names and Subjects Map of the Median Empire showing Pactyans territory in what is now Afghanistan and Pakistan Link The History of Herodotus Chapter 7 Written 440 B C E Translated by George Rawlinson Piney com Archived from the original on 2012 02 05 Retrieved 2012 09 21 Sinor Denis 1 March 1990 The Cambridge History of Early Inner Asia Volume 1 Cambridge University Press p 153 ISBN 0 521 24304 1 Retrieved 29 May 2015 the K ang chii who were perhaps the Sogdians of Iranian stock Introduction to Old Iranian Archived from the original on 2018 09 24 Retrieved 2006 11 18 Persis ancient region Iran Persis ancient region Iran Persis ancient region Iran Persis ancient region Iran Encyclopedia Britannica Retrieved 2017 08 07 Persis ancient region Iran GOBL ROBERT Encyclopaedia Iranica Retrieved 2017 08 10 Turko Persia in Historical Perspective Robert L Canfield Cambridge University Press 2002 p 49 Macartney C A 1944 On the Greek Sources for the History of the Turks in the Sixth Century Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies University of London School of Oriental and African Studies 11 2 266 75 doi 10 1017 S0041977X00072451 ISSN 1474 0699 JSTOR 609313 the name Chyon originally that of an unrelated people was transferred later to the Huns owing to the similarity of sound Richard Nelson Frye Pre Islamic and early Islamic cultures in Central Asia in Turko Persia in historical perspective edited by Robert L Canfield Cambridge University Press 1991 pg 49 Just as later nomadic empires were confederations of many peoples we may tentatively propose that the ruling groups of these invaders were or at least included Turkic speaking tribesmen from the east and north although most probably the bulk of the people in the confederation of Chionites spoke an Iranian language This was the last time in the history of Central Asia that Iranian speaking nomads played any role hereafter all nomads would speak Turkic languages Sinor Denis 1 March 1990 The Cambridge History of Early Inner Asia Volume 1 Cambridge University Press p 300 ISBN 0 521 24304 1 Retrieved 29 May 2015 There is no consensus concerning the Hephthalite language though most scholars seem to think that it was Iranian Felix Wolfgang CHIONITES Encyclopaedia Iranica Bibliotheca Persica Press Retrieved 29 May 2015 CHIONITES a tribe of probable Iranian origin that was prominent in Bactria and Transoxania in late antiquity Macartney C A 1944 On the Greek Sources for the History of the Turks in the Sixth Century Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies University of London School of Oriental and African Studies 11 2 266 75 doi 10 1017 S0041977X00072451 ISSN 1474 0699 JSTOR 609313 the name Chyon originally that of an unrelated people was transferred later to the Huns owing to the similarity of sound Richard Nelson Frye Pre Islamic and early Islamic cultures in Central Asia in Turko Persia in historical perspective edited by Robert L Canfield Cambridge University Press 1991 pg 49 Just as later nomadic empires were confederations of many peoples we may tentatively propose that the ruling groups of these invaders were or at least included Turkic speaking tribesmen from the east and north although most probably the bulk of the people in the confederation of Chionites spoke an Iranian language This was the last time in the history of Central Asia that Iranian speaking nomads played any role hereafter all nomads would speak Turkic languages Prichard Cowles James 1841 Ethnography of Europe 3d ed p433 1841 17 January 2015 Houlston amp Stoneman 1841 Retrieved 17 January 2015 Cimmerian Encyclopaedia Britannica Online Encyclopaedia Britannica Inc Retrieved 29 May 2015 The origin of the Cimmerians is obscure Linguistically they are usually regarded as Thracian or as Iranian or at least to have had an Iranian ruling class Jayarava Attwood Possible Iranian Origins for the Sakyas and Aspects of Buddhism Journal of the Oxford Centre for Buddhist Studies 2012 3 47 69 Christopher I Beckwith Greek Buddha Pyrrho s Encounter with Early Buddhism in Central Asia 2016 pp 1 21 See also Indian Antiquaries 52 part 2 1923 Indian Antiquaries 203 1923 p 54 Pracina Kamboja Jana aura Janapada Ancient Kamboja people and country 1981 pp 44 Dr Jiyalala Kamboja Dr Satyavrat Sastri cf also Dr J W McCrindle Ptolemy p 268 Scholars like V S Aggarwala etc locate the Kamboja country in Pamirs and Badakshan Ref A Grammatical Dictionary of Sanskrit Vedic 700 Complete Reviews 1953 p 48 Vasudeva Sharana Agrawala Surya Kanta Jacob Wackernagel Arthur Anthony Macdonell Peggy Melcher India India as Known to Paṇini A Study of the Cultural Material in the Ashṭadhyayi 1963 p 38 Vasudeva Sharana Agrawala India The North west India of the Second Century B C 1974 p 40 Mehta Vasishtha Dev Mohan Greeks in India The Greco Shunga period of Indian history or the North West India of the second century B C 1973 p 40 India and the Parama Kamboja further north in the Trans Pamirian territories See The Deeds of Harsha Being a Cultural Study of Baṇa s Harshacharita 1969 p 199 Vasudeva Sharana Agrawala Dr Michael Witzel also extends Kamboja including Kapisa Kabul valleys to Arachosia Kandahar See Persica 9 p 92 fn 81 Michael Witzel Cf Zoroastrian religion had probably originated in Kamboja land Bacteria Badakshan and the Kambojas spoke Avestan language Ref Bharatiya Itihaas Ki Rup Rekha p 229 231 Jaychandra Vidyalankar Bhartrya Itihaas ki Mimansa p 229 301 J C Vidyalankar Ancient Kamboja People and the Country 1981 p 217 221 J L Kamboj The Greeks in Bactria and India 1966 p 170 461 Dr William Woodthorpe Tarn The Indian Historical Quarterly 1963 p 291 Indian historical quarterly Vol XXV 3 1949 pp 190 92 Pracina Kamboja Jana aura Janapada Ancient Kamboja people and country 1981 p 44 147 155 Dr Jiyalala Kamboja Dr Satyavrat Sastri The name Afghan has evidently been derived from Asvakan the Assakenoi of Arrian Megasthenes and Arrian p 180 See also Alexander s Invasion of India p 38 J W McCrindle Even the name Afghan is Aryan being derived from Asvakayana an important clan of the Asvakas or horsemen who must have derived this title from their handling of celebrated breeds of horses See Imprints of Indian Thought and Culture abroad p 124 Vivekananda Kendra Prakashan Afghans are Assakani of the Greeks this word being the Sanskrit Ashvaka meaning horsemen Ref Sva 1915 p 113 Christopher Molesworth Birdwood Mahabharata 2 27 25 Ammianus XVII 13 1 Vernadsky 1959 p 24 Zhivko Voynikov Bulgaria SOME ANCIENT CHINESE NAMES IN EAST TURKESTAN AND CENTRAL ASIA AND THE TOCHARIAN QUESTION 1 Wei Lan Hai Li Hui Xu Wenkan 2013 The separate origins of the Tocharians and the Yuezhi Results from recent advances in archaeology and genetics in Research Gate A dictionary of Tocharian B by Douglas Q Adams Leiden Studies in Indo European 10 xxxiv 830 pp Rodopi Amsterdam Atlanta 1999 2 Sinor Denis 1997 Aspects of Altaic Civilization III Psychology Press p 237 ISBN 0 7007 0380 2 Retrieved 29 May 2015 it seems likely the Wu sun were an Indo European perhaps Iranian people Fan Ye Chronicle on the Western Regions from the Hou Hanshu transl John E Hill 2011 Based on a report by General Ban Yong to Emperor An 107 125 CE near the end of his reign with a few later additions 20 December 2015 History of Central Asia Early Eastern Peoples Encyclopaedia Britannica Online Encyclopaedia Britannica Inc Retrieved 1 June 2015 in the second half of the 2nd century bce the Xiongnu at the height of their power had expelled from their homeland in western Gansu China a people probably of Iranian stock known to the Chinese as the Yuezhi and called Tokharians in Greek sources Ancient Iran The movement of Iranian peoples Encyclopaedia Britannica Online Encyclopaedia Britannica Inc Retrieved 29 May 2015 At the end of the 3rd century there began in Chinese Turkistan a long migration of the Yuezhi an Iranian people who invaded Bactria about 130 bc putting an end to the Greco Bactrian kingdom there In the 1st century bc they created the Kushan dynasty whose rule extended from Afghanistan to the Ganges River and from Russian Turkistan to the estuary of the Indus Wei Lan Hai Li Hui Xu Wenkan 2013 The separate origins of the Tocharians and the Yuezhi Results from recent advances in archaeology and genetics in Research Gate 3 Lebedynsky 2007 p 131harvnb error no target CITEREFLebedynsky2007 help Macmillan Education 2016 p 369harvnb error no target CITEREFMacmillan Education2016 help From that time until the HAN dynasty the Ordos steppe was the home of semi nomadic Indo European peoples whose culture can be regarded as an eastern province of a vast Eurasian continuum of Scytho Siberian cultures Harmatta 1992 p 348harvnb error no target CITEREFHarmatta1992 help From the first millennium b c we have abundant historical archaeological and linguistic sources for the location of the territory inhabited by the Iranian peoples In this period the territory of the northern Iranians they being equestrian nomads extended over the whole zone of the steppes and the wooded steppes and even the semi deserts from the Great Hungarian Plain to the Ordos in northern China https en unesco org silkroad sites silkroad files knowledge bank article 4 20Indo European 20indications 20of 20Turkic 20ancestral 20home 20 20Copy pdf dead link IRAN v PEOPLES OF IRAN 2 Pre Islamic Encyclopaedia Iranica www iranicaonline org Retrieved 2020 01 23 udiger Schmitt in Encyclopaedia Iranica s v Caspians Harmatta Janos January 1 1994 History of Civilizations of Central Asia History of Civilizations of Central Asia The Development of Sedentary and Nomadic Civilizations 700 B C to A D 250 Conclusion UNESCO p 488 ISBN 9231028464 Retrieved 29 May 2015 Their royal tribes and kings shan yii bore Iranian names and all the Hsiung nu words noted by the Chinese can be explained from an Iranian language of Saka type It is therefore clear that the majority of Hsiung nu tribes spoke an Eastern Iranian language Literature EditH Bailey ARYA Philology of ethnic epithet of Iranian people in Encyclopaedia Iranica v pp 681 683 Online Edition Link A Shapur Shahbazi Iraj the eponymous hero of the Iranians in their traditional history in Encyclopaedia Iranica Online Edition Link R Curzon The Iranian Peoples of the Caucasus ISBN 0 7007 0649 6 Jahanshah Derakhshani Die Arier in den nahostlichen Quellen des 3 und 2 Jahrtausends v Chr 2nd edition 1999 ISBN 964 90368 6 5 The Arians in the Middle Eastern sources of the 3rd and 2nd Millennia BC Richard Frye Persia Zurich 1963 Wei Lan Hai Li Hui Xu Wenkan 2013 The separate origins of the Tocharians and the Yuezhi Results from recent advances in archaeology and genetics in Research Gate 4 External links Edit 5 Source texts of ancient Greek and Roman authors 6 Strabo s work The Geography Geographica Book 11 Chapters 6 to 13 and Book 15 Chapters 2 and 3 are about regions dwelt by ancient Iranian peoples and tribes each region has a chapter List of Globally Famous People of Iran M I T Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title List of ancient Iranian peoples amp oldid 1134606912, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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