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Fable

March 23, 2023

For other uses, see Fable (disambiguation). For a comparison of fable with other kinds of stories, see Traditional story.

Fable is a literary genre: a succinct fictional story, in prose or verse, that features animals, legendary creatures, plants, inanimate objects, or forces of nature that are anthropomorphized, and that illustrates or leads to a particular moral lesson (a "moral"), which may at the end be added explicitly as a concise maxim or saying.

Anthropomorphic cat guarding geese, Egypt, ca. 1120 BCE

A fable differs from a parable in that the latter excludes animals, plants, inanimate objects, and forces of nature as actors that assume speech or other powers of humankind. Conversely, an animal tale specifically includes talking animals as characters.

Usage has not always been so clearly distinguished. In the King James Version of the New Testament, "μῦθος" ("mythos") was rendered by the translators as "fable"[1] in the First Epistle to Timothy, the Second Epistle to Timothy, the Epistle to Titus and the First Epistle of Peter.[2]

A person who writes fables is a fabulist.

History

The fable is one of the most enduring forms of folk literature, spread abroad, modern researchers agree,[3] less by literary anthologies than by oral transmission. Fables can be found in the literature of almost every country.

Aesopic or Aesop's fable

The varying corpus denoted Aesopica or Aesop's Fables includes most of the best-known western fables, which are attributed to the legendary Aesop, supposed to have been a slave in ancient Greece around 550 BCE. When Babrius set down fables from the Aesopica in verse for a Hellenistic Prince "Alexander", he expressly stated at the head of Book II that this type of "myth" that Aesop had introduced to the "sons of the Hellenes" had been an invention of "Syrians" from the time of "Ninos" (personifying Nineveh to Greeks) and Belos ("ruler").[4] Epicharmus of Kos and Phormis are reported as having been among the first to invent comic fables.[5] Many familiar fables of Aesop include "The Crow and the Pitcher", "The Tortoise and the Hare" and "The Lion and the Mouse". In ancient Greek and Roman education, the fable was the first of the progymnasmata—training exercises in prose composition and public speaking—wherein students would be asked to learn fables, expand upon them, invent their own, and finally use them as persuasive examples in longer forensic or deliberative speeches. The need of instructors to teach, and students to learn, a wide range of fables as material for their declamations resulted in their being gathered together in collections, like those of Aesop.

Africa

African oral culture[6] has a rich story-telling tradition. As they have for thousands of years, people of all ages in Africa continue to interact with nature, including plants, animals and earthly structures such as rivers, plains, and mountains. Grandparents enjoy enormous respect in African societies and fill the new role of story-telling during retirement years. Children and, to some extent, adults are mesmerized by good story-tellers when they become animated in their quest to tell a good fable.

Joel Chandler Harris wrote African-American fables in the Southern context of slavery under the name of Uncle Remus. His stories of the animal characters Brer Rabbit, Brer Fox, and Brer Bear are modern examples of African-American story-telling, this though should not transcend critiques and controversies as to whether or not Uncle Remus was a racist or apologist for slavery. The Disney movie Song of the South introduced many of the stories to the public and others not familiar with the role that storytelling played in the life of cultures and groups without training in speaking, reading, writing, or the cultures to which they had been relocated to from world practices of capturing Africans and other indigenous populations to provide slave labor to colonized countries.

India

India has a rich tradition of fables, many derived from traditional stories and related to local natural elements. Indian fables often teach a particular moral.[7] In some stories the gods have animal aspects, while in others the characters are archetypal talking animals similar to those found in other cultures. Hundreds of fables were composed in ancient India during the first millennium BCE, often as stories within frame stories. Indian fables have a mixed cast of humans and animals. The dialogues are often longer than in fables of Aesop and often comical as the animals try to outwit one another by trickery and deceit. In Indian fables, humanity is not presented as superior to the animals. Prime examples of the fable in India are the Panchatantra and the Jataka tales. These included Vishnu Sarma's Panchatantra, the Hitopadesha, Vikram and The Vampire, and Syntipas' Seven Wise Masters, which were collections of fables that were later influential throughout the Old World. Ben E. Perry (compiler of the "Perry Index" of Aesop's fables) has argued controversially that some of the Buddhist Jataka tales and some of the fables in the Panchatantra may have been influenced by similar Greek and Near Eastern ones.[8] Earlier Indian epics such as Vyasa's Mahabharata and Valmiki's Ramayana also contained fables within the main story, often as side stories or back-story. The most famous folk stories from the Near East were the One Thousand and One Nights, also known as the Arabian Nights.

The Panchatantra is an ancient Indian assortment of fables. The earliest recorded work, ascribed to Vishnu Sharma, dates to around 300 BCE. The tales are likely much older than the compilation, having been passed down orally prior to the book's compilation. The word "Panchatantra" is a blend of the words "pancha" (which means "five" in Sanskrit) and "tantra" (which means "weave"). It implies weaving together multiple threads of narrative and moral lessons together to form a book.

Europe

 
Printed image of the fable of the blacksmith and the dog from the sixteenth century[9]

Fables had a further long tradition through the Middle Ages, and became part of European high literature. During the 17th century, the French fabulist Jean de La Fontaine (1621–1695) saw the soul of the fable in the moral—a rule of behavior. Starting with the Aesopian pattern, La Fontaine set out to satirize the court, the church, the rising bourgeoisie, indeed the entire human scene of his time.[10] La Fontaine's model was subsequently emulated by England's John Gay (1685–1732);[11] Poland's Ignacy Krasicki (1735–1801);[12] Italy's Lorenzo Pignotti (1739–1812)[13][verification needed] and Giovanni Gherardo de Rossi (1754–1827);[14][verification needed] Serbia's Dositej Obradović (1739–1811); Spain's Félix María de Samaniego (1745–1801)[15] and Tomás de Iriarte y Oropesa (1750–1791);[16][verification needed] France's Jean-Pierre Claris de Florian (1755–1794);[17] and Russia's Ivan Krylov (1769–1844).[18]

Modern era

In modern times, while the fable has been trivialized in children's books, it has also been fully adapted to modern adult literature. Felix Salten's Bambi (1923) is a Bildungsroman—a story of a protagonist's coming-of-age—cast in the form of a fable. James Thurber used the ancient fable style in his books Fables for Our Time (1940) and Further Fables for Our Time (1956), and in his stories "The Princess and the Tin Box" in The Beast in Me and Other Animals (1948) and "The Last Clock: A Fable for the Time, Such As It Is, of Man" in Lanterns and Lances (1961). Władysław Reymont's The Revolt (1922), a metaphor for the Bolshevik Revolution of 1917, described a revolt by animals that take over their farm in order to introduce "equality". George Orwell's Animal Farm (1945) similarly satirized Stalinist Communism in particular, and totalitarianism in general, in the guise of animal fable.

In the 21st century, the Neapolitan writer Sabatino Scia is the author of more than two hundred fables that he describes as "western protest fables". The characters are not only animals, but also things, beings, and elements from nature. Scia's aim is the same as in the traditional fable, playing the role of revealer of human society. In Latin America, the brothers Juan and Victor Ataucuri Garcia have contributed to the resurgence of the fable. But they do so with a novel idea: use the fable as a means of dissemination of traditional literature of that place. In the book "Fábulas Peruanas" 2015-09-23 at the Wayback Machine, published in 2003, they have collected myths, legends, and beliefs of Andean and Amazonian Peru, to write as fables. The result has been an extraordinary work rich in regional nuances. Here we discover the relationship between man and his origin, with nature, with its history, its customs and beliefs then become norms and values.[clarification needed][19]

Fabulists

Classic

Modern

Notable fable collections

See also

See also: Category:Fabulists

Notes

  1. ^ For example, in First Timothy, "neither give heed to fables...", and "refuse profane and old wives' fables..." (1 Tim 1:4 and 4:4, respectively).
  2. ^ Strong's 3454. μύθος muthos moo’-thos; perhaps from the same as 3453 (through the idea of tuition); a tale, i.e. fiction ("myth"):—fable.
    "For we have not followed cunningly devised fables, when we made known unto you the power and coming of our Lord Jesus Christ, but were eyewitnesses of his majesty." (2nd Peter 1:16)
  3. ^ Enzyklopädie des Märchens (1977), see "Fabel", "Äsopica" etc.
  4. ^ Burkert 1992:121
  5. ^ P. W. Buckham, p. 245
  6. ^ Atim Oton (October 25, 2011). "Reaching African Children Through Fables and Animation". Huffingtonpost.com. Retrieved May 8, 2012.
  7. ^ Ohale, Nagnath (2020-05-25). "Indian Fables Stories - In Indian Culture Indian fables with morals". In Indian Culture. Retrieved 2020-07-16.
  8. ^ Ben E. Perry, "Introduction", p. xix, in Babrius and Phaedrus (1965)
  9. ^ "Fabel van de smid en de hond". lib.ugent.be. Retrieved 2020-09-28.
  10. ^ Translations of his 12 books of fables are available online at oaks.nvg.org
  11. ^ His two collections of 1727 and 1738 are available in one volume on Google Books at books.google.co.uk
  12. ^ His Bajki i przypowieści (Fables and Parables, 1779) are available online at ug.edu.pl
  13. ^ His Favole e Novelle (1785) is available on. da'torchi di R.di Napoli. 1830. Retrieved May 8, 2012 – via Internet Archive. pignotti favola.
  14. ^ Rossi, Giovanni Gherardo De (1790). His Favole (1788) is available on Google Books. Retrieved May 8, 2012.
  15. ^ 9 books of fables are available online in Spanish at amediavoz.com
  16. ^ His Fabulas Literarias are available on. 1816. Retrieved May 8, 2012 – via Internet Archive. Tomás de Iriarte y Oropesa fabulas.
  17. ^ His five books of fables are available online in French at shanaweb.net 2010-06-12 at the Wayback Machine
  18. ^ 5 books of fables are available online in English at friends-partners.org 2011-02-21 at the Wayback Machine
  19. ^ Juan y Víctor Ataucuri García, "Fábulas Peruanas", Gaviota Azul Editores, Lima, 2003 ISBN 9972-2561-0-3.
  20. ^ Kermode, Mark (30 July 2013). "The Devil's Backbone: The Past Is Never Dead . . ". The Criterion Collection. The Criterion Collection. Retrieved 25 June 2016. For those with a weakness for the beautiful monsters of modern cinema, del Toro has earned himself a reputation as the finest living exponent of fabulist film.

References

 
Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article "Fable".
 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Fables.
  • Buckham, Philip Wentworth (1827). Theatre of the Greeks. J. Smith. The Theatre of the Greeks.
  • King James Bible; New Testament (authorised).
  • DLR [David Lee Rubin]. "Fable in Verse", The New Princeton Encyclopedia of Poetry and Poetics.
  • Read fables by Aesop and La Fontaine

Further reading

  • Gish Jen (3 Jan 2011). "Three Modern Fables to Capture Your Imagination" (Audio with transcript). NPR : All Things Considered.
  • Tobias Carroll (29 Sep 2017). "The Challenge of Modern Fables: Ben Loory's Erudite Surrealism". Tor.com.
  • Robert Spencer Knotts. "Modern Fables". The Humanity Project.

March 23, 2023
fable, other, uses, disambiguation, comparison, fable, with, other, kinds, stories, traditional, story, literary, genre, succinct, fictional, story, prose, verse, that, features, animals, legendary, creatures, plants, inanimate, objects, forces, nature, that, . For other uses see Fable disambiguation For a comparison of fable with other kinds of stories see Traditional story Fable is a literary genre a succinct fictional story in prose or verse that features animals legendary creatures plants inanimate objects or forces of nature that are anthropomorphized and that illustrates or leads to a particular moral lesson a moral which may at the end be added explicitly as a concise maxim or saying Anthropomorphic cat guarding geese Egypt ca 1120 BCE A fable differs from a parable in that the latter excludes animals plants inanimate objects and forces of nature as actors that assume speech or other powers of humankind Conversely an animal tale specifically includes talking animals as characters Usage has not always been so clearly distinguished In the King James Version of the New Testament mῦ8os mythos was rendered by the translators as fable 1 in the First Epistle to Timothy the Second Epistle to Timothy the Epistle to Titus and the First Epistle of Peter 2 A person who writes fables is a fabulist Contents 1 History 1 1 Aesopic or Aesop s fable 1 2 Africa 1 3 India 1 4 Europe 1 5 Modern era 2 Fabulists 3 Classic 4 Modern 5 Notable fable collections 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References 9 Further readingHistory EditThe fable is one of the most enduring forms of folk literature spread abroad modern researchers agree 3 less by literary anthologies than by oral transmission Fables can be found in the literature of almost every country Aesopic or Aesop s fable Edit The varying corpus denoted Aesopica or Aesop s Fables includes most of the best known western fables which are attributed to the legendary Aesop supposed to have been a slave in ancient Greece around 550 BCE When Babrius set down fables from the Aesopica in verse for a Hellenistic Prince Alexander he expressly stated at the head of Book II that this type of myth that Aesop had introduced to the sons of the Hellenes had been an invention of Syrians from the time of Ninos personifying Nineveh to Greeks and Belos ruler 4 Epicharmus of Kos and Phormis are reported as having been among the first to invent comic fables 5 Many familiar fables of Aesop include The Crow and the Pitcher The Tortoise and the Hare and The Lion and the Mouse In ancient Greek and Roman education the fable was the first of the progymnasmata training exercises in prose composition and public speaking wherein students would be asked to learn fables expand upon them invent their own and finally use them as persuasive examples in longer forensic or deliberative speeches The need of instructors to teach and students to learn a wide range of fables as material for their declamations resulted in their being gathered together in collections like those of Aesop Africa Edit African oral culture 6 has a rich story telling tradition As they have for thousands of years people of all ages in Africa continue to interact with nature including plants animals and earthly structures such as rivers plains and mountains Grandparents enjoy enormous respect in African societies and fill the new role of story telling during retirement years Children and to some extent adults are mesmerized by good story tellers when they become animated in their quest to tell a good fable Joel Chandler Harris wrote African American fables in the Southern context of slavery under the name of Uncle Remus His stories of the animal characters Brer Rabbit Brer Fox and Brer Bear are modern examples of African American story telling this though should not transcend critiques and controversies as to whether or not Uncle Remus was a racist or apologist for slavery The Disney movie Song of the South introduced many of the stories to the public and others not familiar with the role that storytelling played in the life of cultures and groups without training in speaking reading writing or the cultures to which they had been relocated to from world practices of capturing Africans and other indigenous populations to provide slave labor to colonized countries India Edit India has a rich tradition of fables many derived from traditional stories and related to local natural elements Indian fables often teach a particular moral 7 In some stories the gods have animal aspects while in others the characters are archetypal talking animals similar to those found in other cultures Hundreds of fables were composed in ancient India during the first millennium BCE often as stories within frame stories Indian fables have a mixed cast of humans and animals The dialogues are often longer than in fables of Aesop and often comical as the animals try to outwit one another by trickery and deceit In Indian fables humanity is not presented as superior to the animals Prime examples of the fable in India are the Panchatantra and the Jataka tales These included Vishnu Sarma s Panchatantra the Hitopadesha Vikram and The Vampire and Syntipas Seven Wise Masters which were collections of fables that were later influential throughout the Old World Ben E Perry compiler of the Perry Index of Aesop s fables has argued controversially that some of the Buddhist Jataka tales and some of the fables in the Panchatantra may have been influenced by similar Greek and Near Eastern ones 8 Earlier Indian epics such as Vyasa s Mahabharata and Valmiki s Ramayana also contained fables within the main story often as side stories or back story The most famous folk stories from the Near East were the One Thousand and One Nights also known as the Arabian Nights The Panchatantra is an ancient Indian assortment of fables The earliest recorded work ascribed to Vishnu Sharma dates to around 300 BCE The tales are likely much older than the compilation having been passed down orally prior to the book s compilation The word Panchatantra is a blend of the words pancha which means five in Sanskrit and tantra which means weave It implies weaving together multiple threads of narrative and moral lessons together to form a book Europe Edit Printed image of the fable of the blacksmith and the dog from the sixteenth century 9 Fables had a further long tradition through the Middle Ages and became part of European high literature During the 17th century the French fabulist Jean de La Fontaine 1621 1695 saw the soul of the fable in the moral a rule of behavior Starting with the Aesopian pattern La Fontaine set out to satirize the court the church the rising bourgeoisie indeed the entire human scene of his time 10 La Fontaine s model was subsequently emulated by England s John Gay 1685 1732 11 Poland s Ignacy Krasicki 1735 1801 12 Italy s Lorenzo Pignotti 1739 1812 13 verification needed and Giovanni Gherardo de Rossi 1754 1827 14 verification needed Serbia s Dositej Obradovic 1739 1811 Spain s Felix Maria de Samaniego 1745 1801 15 and Tomas de Iriarte y Oropesa 1750 1791 16 verification needed France s Jean Pierre Claris de Florian 1755 1794 17 and Russia s Ivan Krylov 1769 1844 18 Modern era Edit In modern times while the fable has been trivialized in children s books it has also been fully adapted to modern adult literature Felix Salten s Bambi 1923 is a Bildungsroman a story of a protagonist s coming of age cast in the form of a fable James Thurber used the ancient fable style in his books Fables for Our Time 1940 and Further Fables for Our Time 1956 and in his stories The Princess and the Tin Box in The Beast in Me and Other Animals 1948 and The Last Clock A Fable for the Time Such As It Is of Man in Lanterns and Lances 1961 Wladyslaw Reymont s The Revolt 1922 a metaphor for the Bolshevik Revolution of 1917 described a revolt by animals that take over their farm in order to introduce equality George Orwell s Animal Farm 1945 similarly satirized Stalinist Communism in particular and totalitarianism in general in the guise of animal fable In the 21st century the Neapolitan writer Sabatino Scia is the author of more than two hundred fables that he describes as western protest fables The characters are not only animals but also things beings and elements from nature Scia s aim is the same as in the traditional fable playing the role of revealer of human society In Latin America the brothers Juan and Victor Ataucuri Garcia have contributed to the resurgence of the fable But they do so with a novel idea use the fable as a means of dissemination of traditional literature of that place In the book Fabulas Peruanas Archived 2015 09 23 at the Wayback Machine published in 2003 they have collected myths legends and beliefs of Andean and Amazonian Peru to write as fables The result has been an extraordinary work rich in regional nuances Here we discover the relationship between man and his origin with nature with its history its customs and beliefs then become norms and values clarification needed 19 Fabulists Edit Aesop by Velazquez Vyasa Valmiki Jean de La Fontaine Sulkhan Saba Orbeliani John Gay Christian Furchtegott Gellert Gotthold Ephraim Lessing Ignacy Krasicki Dositej Obradovic Felix Maria de Samaniego Tomas de Iriarte y Oropesa Jean Pierre Claris de Florian Ivan Krylov Hans Christian Andersen Ambrose Bierce Joel Chandler Harris Wladyslaw Reymont Felix Salten Don Marquis James Thurber George OrwellClassic EditAesop mid 6th century BCE author s of Aesop s Fables Vishnu Sarma ca 200 BCE author of the anthropomorphic political treatise and fable collection the Panchatantra Bidpai ca 200 BCE author of Sanskrit Hindu and Pali Buddhist animal fables in verse and prose sometimes derived from Jataka tales Syntipas ca 100 BCE Indian philosopher reputed author of a collection of tales known in Europe as The Story of the Seven Wise Masters Gaius Julius Hyginus Hyginus Latin author native of Spain or Alexandria ca 64 BCE 17 CE author of Fabulae Phaedrus 15 BCE 50 CE Roman fabulist by birth a Macedonian Nizami Ganjavi Persian 1141 1209 Walter of England 12th century Anglo Norman poet published Aesop s Fables in distichs c 1175 Marie de France 12th century Jalal ad Din Muhammad Balkhi Persian 1207 1273 Vardan Aygektsi died 1250 Armenian priest and fabulist Berechiah ha Nakdan Berechiah the Punctuator or Grammarian 13th century author of Jewish fables adapted from Aesop s Fables Robert Henryson Scottish 15th century author of The Morall Fabillis of Esope the Phrygian Leonardo da Vinci Italian 1452 1519 Biernat of Lublin Polish 1465 after 1529 Jean de La Fontaine French 1621 1695 Sulkhan Saba Orbeliani Georgian 1658 1725 author of The Book of Wisdom and Lies Bernard de Mandeville English 1670 1733 author of The Fable of the Bees John Gay English 1685 1732 Christian Furchtegott Gellert German 1715 1769 Gotthold Ephraim Lessing German 1729 1781 Ignacy Krasicki Polish 1735 1801 author of Fables and Parables 1779 and New Fables published 1802 Dositej Obradovic Serbian 1739 1811 Felix Maria de Samaniego Spanish 1745 1801 best known for The Ant and the Cicade Tomas de Iriarte Spanish 1750 91 Jean Pierre Claris de Florian French 1755 94 author of Fables published 1802 Ivan Dmitriev Russia 1760 1837 Ivan Krylov Russian 1769 1844 Hans Christian Andersen Danish 1805 1875 Modern EditLeo Tolstoy 1828 1910 Rafael Pombo 1833 1912 Colombian fabulist poet writer Ambrose Bierce 1842 1914 Joel Chandler Harris 1848 1908 Sholem Aleichem 1859 1916 George Ade 1866 1944 Fables in Slang etc Wladyslaw Reymont 1868 1925 Felix Salten 1869 1945 Don Marquis 1878 1937 author of the fables of archy and mehitabel Franz Kafka 1883 1924 Damon Runyon 1884 1946 James Thurber 1894 1961 Fables for Our Time and Further Fables for Our Time George Orwell 1903 1950 Dr Seuss 1904 1991 Isaac Bashevis Singer 1904 1991 Nankichi Niimi 1913 1943 Japanese author and poet Sergey Mikhalkov 1913 2009 Soviet author of children s books Pierre Gamarra 1919 2009 Richard Adams 1920 2016 author of Watership Down Jose Saramago 1922 2010 Portuguese writer author of Ensaio sobre a cegueira Italo Calvino 1923 1985 Cosmicomics etc Arnold Lobel 1933 87 author of Fables winner 1981 Caldecott Medal Ramsay Wood born 1943 author of Kalila and Dimna Fables of Friendship and Betrayal Bill Willingham born 1956 author of Fables graphic novels David Sedaris born 1956 author of Squirrel Seeks Chipmunk Hayao Miyazaki born 1941 Japanese filmmaker director of Spirited Away Guillermo del Toro 20 born 1964 Mexican filmmaker director of Pan s Labyrinth Pendleton Ward born 1982 American animator creator of Adventure TimeNotable fable collections EditAesop s Fables by Aesop Jataka tales Panchatantra by Vishnu Sarma Baital Pachisi also known as Vikram and The Vampire Hitopadesha A Book of Wisdom and Lies by Sulkhan Saba Orbeliani Seven Wise Masters by Syntipas One Thousand and One Nights also known as Arabian Nights ca 800 900 Fables 1668 1694 by Jean de La Fontaine Fables and Parables 1779 by Ignacy Krasicki Fairy Tales 1837 by Hans Christian Andersen Uncle Remus His Songs and His Sayings 1881 by Joel Chandler Harris Fantastic Fables 1899 by Ambrose Bierce Fables for Our Time 1940 by James Thurber 99 Fables 1960 by William March Collected Fables 2000 by Ambrose Bierce edited by S T Joshi Kalila wa DimnaSee also Edit Novels portal Children s literature portalSee also Category Fabulists Allegory Animal tale Anthropomorphism Apologia Apologue The Blind Man and the Lame Fabel Fables Fairy tale Fantastique Ghost story Parable Proverb Wisdom The Wolf and the Lamb Notes Edit For example in First Timothy neither give heed to fables and refuse profane and old wives fables 1 Tim 1 4 and 4 4 respectively Strong s 3454 my8os muthos moo thos perhaps from the same as 3453 through the idea of tuition a tale i e fiction myth fable For we have not followed cunningly devised fables when we made known unto you the power and coming of our Lord Jesus Christ but were eyewitnesses of his majesty 2nd Peter 1 16 Enzyklopadie des Marchens 1977 see Fabel Asopica etc Burkert 1992 121 P W Buckham p 245 Atim Oton October 25 2011 Reaching African Children Through Fables and Animation Huffingtonpost com Retrieved May 8 2012 Ohale Nagnath 2020 05 25 Indian Fables Stories In Indian Culture Indian fables with morals In Indian Culture Retrieved 2020 07 16 Ben E Perry Introduction p xix in Babrius and Phaedrus 1965 Fabel van de smid en de hond lib ugent be Retrieved 2020 09 28 Translations of his 12 books of fables are available online at oaks nvg org His two collections of 1727 and 1738 are available in one volume on Google Books at books google co uk His Bajki i przypowiesci Fables and Parables 1779 are available online at ug edu pl HisFavole e Novelle 1785 is available on da torchi di R di Napoli 1830 Retrieved May 8 2012 via Internet Archive pignotti favola Rossi Giovanni Gherardo De 1790 HisFavole 1788 is available on Google Books Retrieved May 8 2012 9 books of fables are available online in Spanish at amediavoz com HisFabulas Literariasare available on 1816 Retrieved May 8 2012 via Internet Archive Tomas de Iriarte y Oropesa fabulas His five books of fables are available online in French at shanaweb net Archived 2010 06 12 at the Wayback Machine 5 books of fables are available online in English at friends partners org Archived 2011 02 21 at the Wayback Machine Juan y Victor Ataucuri Garcia Fabulas Peruanas Gaviota Azul Editores Lima 2003 ISBN 9972 2561 0 3 Kermode Mark 30 July 2013 The Devil s Backbone The Past Is Never Dead The Criterion Collection The Criterion Collection Retrieved 25 June 2016 For those with a weakness for the beautiful monsters of modern cinema del Toro has earned himself a reputation as the finest living exponent of fabulist film References Edit Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica article Fable Wikimedia Commons has media related to Fables Buckham Philip Wentworth 1827 Theatre of the Greeks J Smith The Theatre of the Greeks King James Bible New Testament authorised DLR David Lee Rubin Fable in Verse The New Princeton Encyclopedia of Poetry and Poetics Read fables by Aesop and La FontaineFurther reading EditGish Jen 3 Jan 2011 Three Modern Fables to Capture Your Imagination Audio with transcript NPR All Things Considered Tobias Carroll 29 Sep 2017 The Challenge of Modern Fables Ben Loory s Erudite Surrealism Tor com Robert Spencer Knotts Modern Fables The Humanity Project Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Fable amp oldid 1138877286, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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