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List of Japanese inventions and discoveries

February 16, 2024

This is a list of Japanese inventions and discoveries. The Japanese have made contributions across a number of scientific and technological domains. In particular, the country has played a crucial role in the digital revolution since the 20th century, with many modern revolutionary and widespread technologies in fields such as electronics and robotics introduced by Japanese inventors and entrepreneurs.

Arts edit

Comic book
Adam L. Kern has suggested that kibyoshi, picture books from the late 18th century, may have been the world's first comic books. These graphical narratives share with modern manga humorous, satirical, and romantic themes.[1] Some works were mass-produced as serials using woodblock printing.[2]
Folding hand fan
In ancient Japan, the first hand fans were oval and rigid fans, influenced greatly by Chinese fans. The earliest visual depiction of fans in Japan dates back to the 6th century AD, with burial tomb paintings showed drawings of fans. The folding fan was invented in Japan, with dates ranging from the 6th to 9th centuries and later exported to East Asia, Southeast Asia, and the West. Such a flourishing trade involving Japanese hand fans existed in the Ming dynasty times, when folding fans almost absolutely displaced the old rigid type in China.[3][4]
Manga
The history of manga has origins in scrolls dating back to the 12th century, and it is believed they represent the basis for the right-to-left reading style. During the Edo period (1603–1867), Toba Ehon embedded the concept of manga.[5] The word itself first came into common usage in 1798,[6] with the publication of works such as Santō Kyōden's picturebook Shiji no yukikai (1798),[7][8] and in the early 19th century with such works as Aikawa Minwa's Manga hyakujo (1814) and the Hokusai Manga books (1814–1834).[9][1]
Revolving stage
Invented for the Kabuki theatre in Japan in the 18th century, the revolving stage was introduced into Western theater at the Residenz theatre in Munich in 1896 under the influence of japonism fever.[10]

Film and animation edit

See also: Cinema of Japan and Anime
Anime
Japanese animation, or anime, today widely popular both in Japan and abroad, began in the early 20th century.
Man with No Name
A stock character that originated with Akira Kurosawa's Yojimbo (1961), where the archetype was first portrayed by Toshirō Mifune. The archetype was adapted by Sergio Leone for his Spaghetti Western Dollars Trilogy (1964–1966), with Clint Eastwood playing the role of the "Man with No Name" in Japan. The first depiction of mecha Super Robots being piloted by a user from within a cockpit was introduced in the manga and anime series Mazinger Z by Go Nagai in 1972.[11]
Postcyberpunk animation/film
The first postcyberpunk media work in an animated/film format was Ghost in the Shell: Stand Alone Complex in 2002. It has been called "the most interesting, sustained postcyberpunk media work in existence."[12]
Steampunk animation
The earliest examples of steampunk animation are Hayao Miyazaki's anime works Future Boy Conan (1978),[13] Nausicaä of the Valley of the Wind (1984)[14] and Castle in the Sky (1986).[15][16]
Superflat
A postmodern art form, founded by the artist Takashi Murakami, which is influenced by manga and anime.[17]

Architecture edit

 
Nagoya Castle
See also: Japanese architecture
Japanese castle
Fortresses constructed primarily out of stone and wood used for military defence in strategic locations.[18]
Metabolism
A post-war Japanese architectural movement developed by a wide variety of Japanese architects including Kiyonori Kikutake, Kisho Kurokawa and Fumihiko Maki, Metabolism aimed to fuse ideas about architectural megastructures with those of organic biological growth.[19]
Tahōtō
Tahōtō is a form of Japanese pagoda found primarily at Esoteric Shingon and Tendai school Buddhist temples. Unlike most pagodas, it has two stories.[20]
Capsule hotel
The first capsule hotel in the world opened in 1979 and was the Capsule Inn Osaka, located in the Umeda district of Osaka, Japan and designed by Kisho Kurokawa. From there, it spread to other cities within Japan. Since then, the concept has further spread to various other territories, including Belgium, China, Hong Kong, Iceland, India, Indonesia, and Poland.

Atmospheric sciences edit

Downburst
Downbursts, strong ground-level wind systems that emanate from a point above and blow radially, were discovered by Ted Fujita.[21]
Fujita scale
The first scale designed to measure tornado intensity, the Fujita scale, was first introduced by Ted Fujita (in collaboration with Allen Pearson) in 1971. The scale was widely adopted throughout the world until the development of the Enhanced Fujita scale.[22]
Fujiwhara effect
The Fujiwhara effect is an atmospheric phenomenon where two nearby cyclonic vortices orbit each other and close the distance between the circulations of their corresponding low-pressure areas. The effect was first described by Sakuhei Fujiwhara in 1921.[23]
Microburst
The microburst was first discovered and identified as a small scale downburst affecting an area 4 km (2.5 mi) in diameter or less by Ted Fujita in 1974. Microbursts are recognized as capable of generating wind speeds higher than 270 km/h (170 mph). In addition, Fujita also discovered macrobursts and classified them as downbursts larger than 4 km (2.5 mi).[21]

Sports edit

Drifting competition
In 1988, Keiichi Tsuchiya alongside Option magazine founder and chief editor Daijiro Inada organised the first contest specifically for sliding a car sideways. In 1996, Option organized the first contest outside Japan[24] which began to spread to other countries.
Ekiden (Road Relay)
Gateball
Keirin
Started as a gambling sport in 1948 and became an Olympic sport in 2000.

Martial arts edit

See also: Japanese martial arts
 
All-Japan Judo Championships, 2007 men's final
Aikido
Aikido was created and developed by Morihei Ueshiba in first half of the 20th century.
Judo
It was created as a physical, mental and moral pedagogy in Japan, in 1882, by Kanō Jigorō.[25]
Jujutsu
Jujutsu, the "way of yielding", is a collective name for Japanese martial art styles including unarmed and armed techniques. Jujutsu evolved among the samurai of feudal Japan as a method for defeating an armed and armored opponent without weapons. Due to the ineffectiveness of striking against an armored opponent, the most efficient methods for neutralizing an enemy took the form of pins, joint locks, and throws. These techniques were developed around the principle of using an attacker's energy against him, rather than directly opposing it.[26]
Karate
It began as a common fighting system known as "ti" (or "te") among the pechin class of the Ryukyuans. There were few formal styles of ti, but rather many practitioners with their own methods. One surviving example is the Motobu-ryū school passed down from the Motobu family by Seikichi Uehara.[27] Early styles of karate are often generalized as Shuri-te, Naha-te, and Tomari-te, named after the three cities from which they emerged.[28]
Kendo
Ninjutsu
Developed by groups of people mainly from the Iga Province and Kōka, Shiga of Japan. Throughout history, many different schools (ryū) have taught their unique versions of ninjutsu. An example of these is the Togakure-ryū. This ryū was developed after a defeated samurai warrior called Daisuke Togakure escaped to the region of Iga. Later he came in contact with the warrior-monk Kain Doshi who taught him a new way of viewing life and the means of survival (ninjutsu).[29]
Okinawan martial arts
In the 14th century, when the three kingdoms on Okinawa (Chūzan, Hokuzan, and Nanzan) entered into a tributary relationship with the Ming dynasty of China, Chinese Imperial envoys and other Chinese arrived, some of whom taught Chinese Chuan Fa (Kempo) to the Okinawans. The Okinawans combined Chinese Chuan Fa with the existing martial art of Te to form Tō-de (唐手, Okinawan: Tū-dī, Tang hand), sometimes called Okinawa-te (沖縄手).[30] By the 18th century, different types of Te had developed in three different villages – Naha, Shuri, and Tomari. The styles were named Naha-te, Shuri-te, and Tomari-te, respectively. Practitioners from these three villages went on to develop modern karate.[31]

Sumo

According to the Nihon shoki, published in 720, the origin of sumo is the contest of strength between Nomi no Sukune and Taima no Kehaya in 26 B.C..[32] Haniwa of sumo wrestlers are made in the Kofun period (300-538).[33] The imperial family often watches sumo as a form of entertainment in the Heian period (794–1192). It has evolved over the centuries with professional sumo wrestlers appearing in the Edo period (1603–1868).[34] The word sumo is written with the Chinese characters or Kanji of "mutual bruising."[35]

Video games edit

 
Controller of the PlayStation 2, the best-selling video game console of all time
 
Playing Dance Dance Revolution, one of the most successful rhythm games
PlayStation
The first Sony PlayStation was invented by Ken Kutaragi. Research and development for the PlayStation began in 1990, headed by Kutaragi, a Sony engineer.[36]
Nintendo
Gunpei Yokoi was the creator of the Game Boy and Virtual Boy and worked on Famicom (and NES), the Metroid series, Game Boy Pocket and did extensive work on the system we know today as the Nintendo Entertainment System (called the FamiCom in Japan).[37]
Active Time Battle
Hiroyuki Ito introduced the "Active Time Battle" system in Final Fantasy IV (1991),[38] where the time-keeping system does not stop.[39] Square Co., Ltd. filed a United States patent application for the ATB system on March 16, 1992, under the title "Video game apparatus, method and device for controlling same" and was awarded the patent on February 21, 1995. On the battle screen, each character has an ATB meter that gradually fills, and the player is allowed to issue a command to that character once the meter is full.[40] The fact that enemies can attack or be attacked at any time is credited with injecting urgency and excitement into the combat system.[39]
Beat 'em up
The first game to feature fist fighting was Sega's boxing game Heavyweight Champ (1976), but it was Data East's fighting game Karate Champ (1984) which popularized martial arts themed games.[41] The same year, Hong Kong cinema-inspired Kung-Fu Master laid the foundations for scrolling beat 'em ups with its simple gameplay and multiple enemies.[41][42] Nekketsu Kōha Kunio-kun, released in 1986 in Japan, deviated from the martial arts themes of earlier games and introduced street brawling to the genre. Renegade (released the same year) added an underworld revenge plot that proved more popular with gamers than the principled combat sport of other games.[43] Renegade set the standard for future beat 'em up games as it introduced the ability to move both horizontally and vertically.[44]
Bullet hell
The bullet hell or danmaku genre began to emerge in the early 1990s as 2D developers needed to find a way to compete with 3D games which were becoming increasingly popular at the time. Toaplan's Batsugun (1993) is considered to be the ancestor of the modern bullet hell genre.[45] The Touhou Project series is one of the most popular bullet hell franchises.
Fighting game
Sega's black and white boxing game Heavyweight Champ was released in 1976 as the first video game to feature fist fighting.[46] However, Data East's Karate Champ from 1984 is credited with establishing and popularizing the one-on-one fighting game genre, and went on to influence Konami's Yie Ar Kung-Fu from 1985.[47] Yie Ar Kung Fu expanded on Karate Champ by pitting the player against a variety of opponents, each with a unique appearance and fighting style.[47][48] Capcom's Street Fighter (1987) introduced the use of special moves that could only be discovered by experimenting with the game controls. Street Fighter II (1991) established the conventions of the fighting game genre and, whereas previous games allowed players to combat computer-controlled fighters, Street Fighter II allowed players to play against each other.[49]
Platform game
Space Panic, a 1980 arcade release, is sometimes credited as the first platform game.[50] It was clearly an influence on the genre, with gameplay centered on climbing ladders between different floors, a common element in many early platform games. Donkey Kong, an arcade game created by Nintendo, released in July 1981, was the first game that allowed players to jump over obstacles and across gaps, making it the first true platformer.[51]
Psychological horror game
Silent Hill (1999) was praised for moving away survival horror games from B movie horror elements to the psychological style seen in art house or Japanese horror films,[52] due to the game's emphasis on a disturbing atmosphere rather than visceral horror.[53] The original Silent Hill is considered one of the scariest games of all time,[54] and the strong narrative from Silent Hill 2 in 2001 has made the series one of the most influential in the genre.[55] Fatal Frame from 2001 was a unique entry into the genre, as the player explores a mansion and takes photographs of ghosts in order to defeat them.[56][57]
Rhythm game
Dance Aerobics was released in 1987, and allowed players to create music by stepping on Nintendo's Power Pad peripheral. It has been called the first rhythm-action game in retrospect,[58] although the 1996 title PaRappa the Rapper has also been deemed the first rhythm game, whose basic template forms the core of subsequent games in the genre. In 1997, Konami's Beatmania sparked an emergent market for rhythm games in Japan. The company's music division, Bemani, released a number of music games over the next several years.
Scrolling platformer
The first platform game to use scrolling graphics was Jump Bug (1981), a simple platform-shooter developed by Alpha Denshi.[59] In August 1982, Taito released Jungle King,[60] which featured scrolling jump and run sequences that had players hopping over obstacles. Namco took the scrolling platformer a step further with the 1984 release Pac-Land. Pac-Land came after the genre had a few years to develop, and was an evolution of earlier platform games, aspiring to be more than a simple game of hurdle jumping, like some of its predecessors.[61] It closely resembled later scrolling platformers like Wonder Boy and Super Mario Bros. and was probably a direct influence on them. It also had multi-layered parallax scrolling.[62][63]
Shoot 'em up
Space Invaders is frequently cited as the "first" or "original" in the genre.[64][65] Space Invaders pitted the player against multiple enemies descending from the top of the screen at a constantly increasing speed.[65] As with subsequent shoot 'em ups of the time, the game was set in space as the available technology only permitted a black background. The game also introduced the idea of giving the player a number of "lives". Space Invaders was a massive commercial success, causing a coin shortage in Japan.[66][67] The following year, Namco's Galaxian took the genre further with more complex enemy patterns and richer graphics.[64][68]
Stealth game
The first stealth-based videogame was Hiroshi Suzuki's Manbiki Shounen (1979). The first commercially successful stealth game was Hideo Kojima's Metal Gear (1987), the first in the Metal Gear series. It was followed by Metal Gear 2: Solid Snake (1990) which significantly expanded the genre, and then Metal Gear Solid (1998).
Survival horror
The term survival horror was coined by Capcom's Resident Evil (1996) and definitely defined that genre.[69][70] The game was inspired by Capcom's earlier horror game Sweet Home (1989).[71] The earliest survival horror game was Nostromo, developed by Akira Takiguchi (a Tokyo University student and Taito contractor) for the PET 2001 and published by ASCII for the PC-6001 in 1981.[72]
Visual novel
The visual novel genre is a type of Interactive fiction developed in Japan in the early 1990s. As the name suggests, visual novels typically have limited interactivity, as most player interaction is restricted to clicking text and graphics.[73]

Philosophy edit

See also: Japanese philosophy
Lean manufacturing
A generic process management philosophy derived mostly from the Toyota Production System (TPS) (hence the term Toyotism is also prevalent) and identified as "Lean" only in the 1990s.[74][75]

Biology, chemistry, and biomedical science edit

 
Image from "Surgical Casebook" (Kishitsu geryō zukan) by Hanaoka Seishu
Agar
Agar was discovered in Japan around 1658 by Mino Tarōzaemon.[76]
Aspergillus oryzae
The genome for Aspergillus oryzae was sequenced and released by a consortium of Japanese biotechnology companies,[77] in late 2005.[78]
CRISPR
Yoshizumi Ishino discovered CRISPR in 1987.[79]
Dementia with Lewy bodies
First described in 1976 by psychiatrist Kenji Kosaka.[80] Kosaka was awarded the Asahi Prize in 2013 for his discovery.[81]
Ephedrine synthesis
Ephedrine in its natural form, known as má huáng (麻黄) in traditional Chinese medicine, had been documented in China since the Han dynasty.[82] However, it was not until 1885 that the chemical synthesis of ephedrine was first accomplished by Japanese organic chemist Nagai Nagayoshi.
Epinephrine (Adrenaline)
Japanese chemist Jōkichi Takamine and his assistant Keizo Uenaka first discovered epinephrine in 1900.[83][84] In 1901 Takamine successfully isolated and purified the hormone from the adrenal glands of sheep and oxen.[85]
Esophagogastroduodenoscope
Mutsuo Sugiura was a Japanese engineer famous for being the first to develop a Gastro-camera (a present-day Esophagogastroduodenoscope). His story was illustrated in the NHK TV documentary feature, "Project X: Challengers: The Development of a Gastro-camera Wholly Made in Japan". Sugiura graduated from Tokyo Polytechnic University in 1938 and then joined Olympus Corporation. While working at this company, he first developed an esophagogastroduodenoscope in 1950.
Frontier molecular orbital theory
Kenichi Fukui developed and published a paper on Frontier molecular orbital theory in 1952.[86]
General anesthesia
Hanaoka Seishū was the first surgeon in the world who used the general anaesthesia in surgery, in 1804, and who dared to operate on cancers of the breast and oropharynx, to remove necrotic bone, and to perform amputations of the extremities in Japan.[87]
Immunoglobulin E (IgE)
Immunoglobulin E is a type of antibody only found in mammals. IgE was simultaneously discovered in 1966-7 by two independent groups:[88] Kimishige Ishizaka's team at the Children's Asthma Research Institute and Hospital in Denver, Colorado,[89] and by Gunnar Johansson and Hans Bennich in Uppsala, Sweden.[90] Their joint paper was published in April 1969.[91]
Induced pluripotent stem cell
The induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSCs) is a kind of pluripotent stem cell which can be created using a mature cell. iPSCs technology was developed by Shinya Yamanaka and his lab workers in 2006.[92]
Methamphetamine
 
Chemical structure of methamphetamine
Methamphetamine was first synthesized from ephedrine in Japan in 1894 by chemist Nagayoshi Nagai.[93] In 1919, methamphetamine hydrochloride was synthesized by pharmacologist Akira Ogata.[94]
Nihonium
Element 113. Named after Nihon, the local name for Japan.
Okazaki fragment
Okazaki fragments are short, newly synthesized DNA fragments that are formed on the lagging template strand during DNA replication. They are complementary to the lagging template strand, together forming short double-stranded DNA sections. A series of experiments led to the discovery of Okazaki fragments. The experiments were conducted during the 1960s by Reiji Okazaki, Tsuneko Okazaki, Kiwako Sakabe, and their colleagues during their research on DNA replication of Escherichia coli.[95] In 1966, Kiwako Sakabe and Reiji Okazaki first showed that DNA replication was a discontinuous process involving fragments.[96] The fragments were further investigated by the researchers and their colleagues through their research including the study on bacteriophage DNA replication in Escherichia coli.[97][98]
Photocatalysis
Akira Fujishima discovered photocatalysis occurring on the surface of titanium dioxide in 1967.[99]
Pulse oximetry
Pulse oximetry was developed in 1972, by Takuo Aoyagi and Michio Kishi, bioengineers, at Nihon Kohden using the ratio of red to infrared light absorption of pulsating components at the measuring site. Susumu Nakajima, a surgeon, and his associates first tested the device in patients, reporting it in 1975.[100]
Portable electrocardiograph
Taro Takemi built the first portable electrocardiograph in 1937.[101]
Statin
The statin class of drugs was first discovered by Akira Endo, a Japanese biochemist working for the pharmaceutical company Sankyo. Mevastatin was the first discovered member of the statin class.[102]
Takadiastase
A form of diastase which results from the growth, development and nutrition of a distinct microscopic fungus known as Aspergillus oryzae. Jōkichi Takamine developed the method first used for its extraction in the late 19th century.[103]
Thiamine (Vitamin B1)
Thiamine was the first of the water-soluble vitamins to be described,[104] leading to the discovery of more such trace compounds essential for survival and to the notion of vitamin. It was not until 1884 that Kanehiro Takaki (1849–1920) attributed beriberi to insufficient nitrogen intake (protein deficiency). In 1910, Japanese scientist Umetaro Suzuki succeeded in extracting a water-soluble complex of micronutrients from rice bran and named it aberic acid. He published this discovery in a Japanese scientific journal.[105] The Polish biochemist Kazimierz Funk later proposed the complex be named "Vitamine" (a portmanteau of "vital amine") in 1912.[106]
Urushiol
Urushiol, a mixture of alkyl catechols, was discovered by Rikou Majima. Majima also discovered that Urushiol was an allergen which gave members of the genus Toxicodendron, such as poison ivy and poison oak, their skin-irritating properties.[107]
Vectorcardiography
Taro Takemi invented the vectorcardiograph in 1939.[101]

Finance edit

Futures contract
The first futures exchange market was the Dōjima Rice Exchange in Japan in the 1730s.[108]
Candlestick chart
Candlestick charts have been developed in the 18th century by Munehisa Homma, a Japanese rice trader of financial instruments. They were introduced to the Western world by Steve Nison in his book, Japanese Candlestick Charting Techniques.

Food and food science edit

 
Instant noodles before boiling
Instant noodle
Invented by Momofuku Ando, a Taiwanese-Japanese inventor, in 1958.[109]
Monosodium glutamate
Invented and patented by Kikunae Ikeda.[110]
Umami
Umami as a separate taste was first identified in 1908 by Kikunae Ikeda of the Tokyo Imperial University while researching the strong flavor in seaweed broth.[111]
Fortune cookie
Although popular in Western Chinese restaurants, fortune cookies did not originate in China and are in fact rare there. They most likely originated from cookies made by Japanese immigrants to the United States in the late 19th or early 20th century. The Japanese version had a fortune, but not lucky numbers, and was commonly eaten with tea.[112]

Mathematics edit

See also: Japanese mathematics
 
A page from Seki Kōwa's Katsuyo Sampo (1712), tabulating binomial coefficients and Bernoulli numbers
Bernoulli number
Studied by Seki Kōwa and published after his death, in 1712. Jacob Bernoulli independently developed the concept in the same period, though his work was published a year later.[113][114][115]
Determinant
In Japan, determinants were introduced to study elimination of variables in systems of higher-order algebraic equations. They used it to give shorthand representation for the resultant. The determinant as an independent function was first studied by Seki Kōwa in 1683.[115][116]
Elimination theory
In 1683 (Kai-Fukudai-no-Hō), Seki Kōwa came up with elimination theory, based on resultant.[116] To express resultant, he developed the notion of determinant.[116]
Hironaka's example
Hironaka's example is a non-Kähler complex manifold that is a deformation of Kähler manifolds discovered by Heisuke Hironaka.[117]
Itô calculus
Developed by Kiyosi Itô throughout the 20th century, Itô calculus extends calculus to stochastic processes such as Brownian motion (Wiener process). Its basic concept is the Itô integral, and among the most important results is a change of variable formula known as Itô's lemma. Itô calculus is widely applied in various fields, but is perhaps best known for its use in mathematical finance.[118]
Iwasawa theory and the Main conjecture of Iwasawa theory
Initially created by Kenkichi Iwasawa, Iwasawa theory was originally developed as a Galois module theory of ideal class groups. The main conjecture of Iwasawa theory is a deep relationship between p-adic L-functions and ideal class groups of cyclotomic fields, proved by Iwasawa[119] for primes satisfying the Kummer–Vandiver conjecture and proved for all primes by Mazur and Wiles.[120][121]
Resultant
In 1683 (Kai-Fukudai-no-Hō), Seki Kōwa came up with elimination theory, based on resultant. To express resultant, he developed the notion of determinant.[116]
Sangaku
Japanese geometrical puzzles in Euclidean geometry on wooden tablets created during the Edo period (1603–1867) by members of all social classes. The Dutch Japanologist Isaac Titsingh first introduced sangaku to the West when he returned to Europe in the late 1790s after more than twenty years in the Far East.[122]
Soddy's hexlet
Irisawa Shintarō Hiroatsu analyzed Soddy's hexlet in a Sangaku in 1822 and was the first person to do so.[123]
Takagi existence theorem
Takagi existence theorem was developed by Teiji Takagi in isolation during World War I. He presented it at the International Congress of Mathematicians in 1920.[124]

Physics edit

Cabibbo–Kobayashi–Maskawa matrix

Building off the work of Nicola Cabibbo, Makoto Kobayashi and Toshihide Maskawa introduced the Cabibbo–Kobayashi–Maskawa matrix which introduced for three generations of quarks. In 2008, Kobayashi and Maskawa shared one half of the Nobel Prize in Physics "for the discovery of the origin of the broken symmetry which predicts the existence of at least three families of quarks in nature".[125]
Nagaoka model (first Saturnian model of the atom)
In 1904, Hantaro Nagaoka proposed the first planetary model of the atom as an alternative to J. J. Thomson's plum pudding model. Ernest Rutherford and Niels Bohr would later develop the more viable Bohr model in 1913.[126]
Sakata model
The Sakata model was a precursor to the quark model proposed by Shoichi Sakata in 1956.[127][128]

Technology edit

See also: Science and technology in Japan
Airsoft
Airsoft originated in Japan, then spread to Hong Kong and China in the late 1970s.[129] The inventor of the first airsoft gun is Tanio Kobayashi.
Blue laser
In 1992 Japanese inventor Shuji Nakamura invented the first efficient blue LED.[130]
Camera phone
The world's first camera phone (it also had a real-time-video-call functionality. It could send an email with a picture), the VP-210, was developed by Kyocera in 1999.[131]
Digital microscope
Japanese company Hirox created the first ever digital microscope. A variation of a traditional microscope using optics and a digital camera to output an image to a monitor.
TV Watch
The world's first TV watch, the TV-Watch, was developed by Seiko in 1982.[132]
Japanese typewriter
The first typewriter to be based on the Japanese writing system was invented by Kyota Sugimoto in 1929.[133]
KS steel
Magnetic resistant steel that is three times more resistant than tungsten steel, invented by Kotaro Honda.[134]
MKM steel
MKM steel, an alloy containing nickel and aluminum, was developed in 1931 by the Japanese metallurgist Tokuhichi Mishima.[135][136]
Neodymium magnet
Neodymium magnets were invented independently in 1982 by General Motors (GM) and Sumitomo Special Metals.[137]
 
QR code for the URL of the English Wikipedia mobile main page
Double-coil bulb
In 1921, Junichi Miura created the first double-coil bulb using a coiled coil tungsten filament while working for Hakunetsusha (a predecessor of Toshiba). At the time, machinery to mass-produce coiled coil filaments did not exist. Hakunetsusha developed a method to mass-produce coiled coil filaments by 1936.[138]
QR code
The QR code, a type of matrix barcode, was invented by Denso Wave in 1994.[139]
Tactile paving
The original tactile paving was developed by Seiichi Miyake in 1965.[140] The paving was first introduced in a street in Okayama city, Japan, in 1967. Its use gradually spread in Japan and then around the world.

Audio technology edit

 
Sony Discman D121
CD player
Sony released the world's first CD Player, called the CDP-101,[141] in 1982, using a slide-out tray design for the Compact Disc.
Physical modelling synthesis
The first commercially available physical modelling synthesizer was Yamaha's VL-1 in 1994.[142]
Commercial digital recording
Commercial digital recording was pioneered in Japan by NHK and Nippon Columbia, also known as Denon, in the 1960s. The first commercial digital recordings were released in 1971.[143]
Karaoke
There are various disputes about who first invented the name karaoke (a Japanese word meaning "empty orchestra"). One claim is that the karaoke styled machine was invented by Japanese musician Daisuke Inoue[144] in Kobe, Japan, in 1971.[145][146]
Portable CD player
Sony's Discman, released in 1984, was the first portable CD player.[147]
Perpendicular recording
Perpendicular recording was first demonstrated in the late 19th century by Danish scientist Valdemar Poulsen, who was also the first person to demonstrate that sound could be recorded magnetically. There weren't many advances in perpendicular recording until 1976 when Dr. Shun-ichi Iwasaki (president of the Tohoku Institute of Technology in Japan) verified the distinct density advantages in perpendicular recording. Then in 1978, Dr. T. Fujiwara began an intensive research and development program at the Toshiba Corporation that eventually resulted in the perfection of floppy disk media optimized for perpendicular recording and the first commercially available magnetic storage devices using the technique.[148]
Digital audio tape recorder
In 1971, Heitaro Nakajima resigned from his post as head of NHK's Technical Research Laboratories and joined Sony. Four years earlier at NHK, Nakajima had commenced work on the digitization of sound and within two years had developed the first digital audio tape recorder.[149]
Direct-drive turntable
Invented by Shuichi Obata, an engineer at Matsushita (now Panasonic),[150] based in Osaka.[151] In 1969, Matsushita released it as the SP-10, the first in their influential Technics series of turntables.[152] The Technics SL-1100, released in 1971, was adopted by early hip hop DJs for turntablism,[152] and the SL-1200 is still widely used by dance and hip hop DJs.[151]
Fully programmable drum machine
The Roland TR-808, also known as the 808, introduced by Roland in 1980, was the first fully programmable drum machine. It was the first drum machine with the ability to program an entire percussion track from beginning to end, complete with breaks and rolls.[153] Created by Ikutaro Kakehashi, the 808 has been fundamental to hip hop music and electronic dance music since the 1980s,[154] making it one of the most influential inventions in popular music.[155][156]
Phaser effects pedal
In 1968, Shin-ei's Uni-Vibe effects pedal, designed by audio engineer Fumio Mieda, incorporated phase shift and chorus effects, soon becoming favorite effects of guitarists such as Jimi Hendrix and Robin Trower.[157]
Vowel-Consonant synthesis
A type of hybrid Digital-analogue synthesis first employed by the early Casiotone keyboards in the early 1980s.

Batteries edit

Lithium-ion battery
Akira Yoshino invented the modern li-ion battery in 1985. In 1991, Sony and Asahi Kasei released the first commercial lithium-ion battery using Yoshino's design.[158]
Dry cell
The world's first dry-battery was invented in Japan during the Meiji Era. The inventor was Sakizou Yai. The company Yai founded no longer exists[159]

Calculators edit

Pocket calculator
The first portable calculators appeared in Japan in 1970, and were soon marketed around the world. These included the Sanyo ICC-0081 "Mini Calculator", the Canon Pocketronic, and the Sharp QT-8B "micro Compet". Sharp put in great efforts in size and power reduction and introduced in January 1971 the Sharp EL-8, also marketed as the Facit 1111, which was close to being a pocket calculator. It weighed about one pound, had a vacuum fluorescent display, and rechargeable NiCad batteries. The first truly pocket-sized electronic calculator was the Busicom LE-120A "HANDY", which was marketed early in 1971.[160]

Cameras edit

Digital single-lens reflex camera
On August 25, 1981 Sony unveiled a prototype of the first still video camera, the Sony Mavica. This camera was an analog electronic camera that featured interchangeable lenses and a SLR viewfinder. At photokina in 1986, Nikon revealed a prototype analog electronic still SLR camera, the Nikon SVC, the first digital SLR. The prototype body shared many features with the N8008.[161]
Portapak
In 1967, Sony unveiled the first self-contained video tape analog recording system that was portable.[162]

Chindōgu edit

Main article: Chindōgu

Chindōgu is the Japanese art of inventing ingenious everyday gadgets that, on the face of it, seem like an ideal solution to a particular problem. However, Chindōgu has a distinctive feature: anyone actually attempting to use one of these inventions would find that it causes so many new problems, or such significant social embarrassment, that effectively it has no utility whatsoever. Thus, Chindōgu are sometimes described as "unuseless" – that is, they cannot be regarded as 'useless' in an absolute sense, since they do actually solve a problem; however, in practical terms, they cannot positively be called "useful." The term "Chindōgu" was coined by Kenji Kawakami.

Domestic appliances edit

Bladeless fan
The first bladeless fan was patented by Toshiba in 1981.[163]
 
Electric rice cooker
Bread machine
The bread machine was developed and released in Japan in 1986 by the Matsushita Electric Industrial Company.
Electric rice cooker
Invented by designers at the Toshiba Corporation in the late 1940s.[164]
RFIQin
An automatic cooking device, invented by Mamoru Imura and patented in 2007.[165][166]
Inverter Air Conditioner
Created by Toshiba in 1981 as an alternative to the standard home window Air conditioner, With the difference being in the compressor that is able to cool or warm a room to the intended temperature as quickly as possible while efficiently maintaining the desired temperature unlike standard AC units in which the compressor frequently turns off. Inverter AC units do not turn off only operating at a certain consistent speed while also being able to adjust its regularity.[167]

Electronics edit

 
Sony U-matic cassette recorder tape
Avalanche photodiode
Invented by Jun-ichi Nishizawa in 1952.[168]
Continuous wave semiconductor laser
Invented by Izuo Hayashi and Morton B. Panish in 1970. This led directly to the light sources in fiber-optic communication, laser printers, barcode readers, and optical disc drives, technologies that were commercialized by Japanese entrepreneurs.[169]: 252 


Fiber-optic communication
While working at Tohoku University, Jun-ichi Nishizawa proposed the use of optical fibers for optical communication, in 1963.[170] Nishizawa invented other technologies that contributed to the development of optical fiber communications, such as the graded-index optical fiber as a channel for transmitting light from semiconductor lasers.[171][172] Izuo Hayashi's invention of the continuous wave semiconductor laser in 1970 led directly to light sources in fiber-optic communication, commercialized by Japanese entrepreneurs.[169]
Glass integrated circuit
Shunpei Yamazaki invented an integrated circuit made entirely from glass and with an 8-bit central processing unit.[173]
JFET (junction gate field-effect transistor)
The first type of JFET was the static induction transistor (SIT), invented by Japanese engineers Jun-ichi Nishizawa and Y. Watanabe in 1950. The SIT is a type of JFET with a short channel length.[174]
Laptop
Despite that Adam Osborne announced the "first laptop/notebook" called Osborne 1 but it is now called a luggable portable computer along with other portable computers such as IBM 5100.[175][176] Yukio Yokozawa, an employee for Suwa Seikosha, a branch of Seiko (now Seiko Epson), invented the first laptop/notebook computer in July 1980, receiving a patent for the invention.[177] Seiko's notebook computer, known as the HC-20 in Japan, was announced in 1981.[178] In North America, Epson introduced it as the Epson HX-20 in 1981, at the COMDEX computer show in Las Vegas, where it drew significant attention for its portability.[179] It had a mass-market release in July 1982, as the HC-20 in Japan[178] and as the Epson HX-20 in North America.[180] It was the first notebook-sized handheld computer,[181][178][180] the size of an A4 notebook and weighing 1.6 kg (3.5 lb).[178] In 1983, the Sharp PC-5000[182] and Ampere WS-1 laptops from Japan featured a modern clamshell design.[183][184]


Microcomputer for Automotive Engine
Toshiba developed a close relationship with Ford for the supply of rectifier diodes for automobile AC alternators. In March 1971, Ford unexpectedly sent a set bulky specifications asking Toshiba to join a project to make an electronic engine control (EEC) in response to US Clean Air Act (sometimes known as the Muskie Act).[185]
Microprocessor
The concept of a single-chip microprocessor central processing unit (CPU) was conceived in a 1968 meeting in Japan between Sharp engineer Tadashi Sasaki and a software engineering researcher from Nara Women's College. Sasaki discussed the microprocessor concept with Busicom and Intel in 1968.[186] The first commercial microprocessor, the 4-bit Intel 4004, began with the "Busicom Project"[187] in 1968 as Masatoshi Shima's three-chip CPU design,[188][187] which was simplified down to a single-chip microprocessor, designed from 1969 to 1970 by Intel's Marcian Hoff and Federico Faggin and Busicom's Masatoshi Shima, and commercially released in 1971.[187][189]
Parametron
Eiichi Goto invented the parametron in 1954 as an alternative to the vacuum tube. Early Japanese computers used parametrons until they were superseded by transistors.[190]
PIN diode/photodiode
Invented by Jun-ichi Nishizawa and his colleagues in 1950.[191]
Plastic central processing unit
Shunpei Yamazaki invented a central processing unit made entirely from plastic.[173]
Quantum flux parametron
Eiichi Goto invented the quantum flux parametron in 1986 using superconducting Josephson junctions on integrated circuits as an improvement over existing parametron technology.[190]
Radio-controlled wheel transmitter
Futaba introduced the FP-T2F in 1974 that was the first to use a steering wheel onto a box transmitter.[192] KO Propo introduced the EX-1 in 1981 that integrated a wheel with a pistol grip with its trigger acting as the throttle. This became one of the two types of radio controlled transmitters currently for surface use.[193][194]
Semiconductor laser
Invented by Jun-ichi Nishizawa in 1957.[168][195]
Solid-state maser
Invented by Jun-ichi Nishizawa in 1955.[168]
Static induction transistor
Invented by Jun-ichi Nishizawa and Y. Watanabe in 1950.[196]
Stored-program transistor computer
The ETL Mark III began development in 1954,[197] and was completed in 1956, created by the Electrotechnical Laboratory.[198] It was the first stored-program transistor computer.[198][199][200]
Switching circuit theory
From 1934 to 1936, NEC engineer Akira Nakashima introduced switching circuit theory in a series of papers showing that two-valued Boolean algebra, which he discovered independently, can describe the operation of switching circuits.[201][202][203][204]
Videocassette recorder
The first machines (the VP-1100 videocassette player and the VO-1700 videocassette recorder) to use the first videocassette format, U-matic, were introduced by Sony in 1971.[205]

Game controllers edit

D-pad
In 1982, Nintendo's Gunpei Yokoi elaborated on the idea of a circular pad, shrinking it and altering the points into the familiar modern "cross" design for control of on-screen characters in their Donkey Kong handheld game. It came to be known as the "D-pad".[206] The design proved to be popular for subsequent Game & Watch titles. This particular design was patented. In 1984, the Japanese company Epoch created a handheld game system called the Epoch Game Pocket Computer. It featured a D-pad, but it was not popular for its time and soon faded. Initially intended to be a compact controller for the Game & Watch handheld games alongside the prior non-connected style pad, Nintendo realized that Gunpei's design would also be appropriate for regular consoles, and Nintendo made the D-pad the standard directional control for the hugely successful Nintendo Entertainment System under the name "+Control Pad".
Motion-sensing controller
Invented by Nintendo for the Wii, the Wii Remote is the first controller with motion-sensing capability. It was a candidate for Time's Best Invention of 2006.[207]

Printing edit

Hydrographics
Hydrographics, also known variously as immersion printing, water transfer printing, water transfer imaging, hydro dipping, or cubic printing has an somewhat fuzzy history. Three different Japanese companies are given credit for its invention. Taica Corporation claims to have invented cubic printing in 1974. However, the earliest hydrographic patent was filed by Motoyasu Nakanishi of Kabushiki Kaisha Cubic Engineering in 1982.[208]

Robotics edit

Android
Waseda University initiated the WABOT project in 1967, and in 1972 completed the WABOT-1, the world's first full-scale humanoid intelligent robot.[209] Its limb control system allowed it to walk with the lower limbs, and to grip and transport objects with hands, using tactile sensors. Its vision system allowed it to measure distances and directions to objects using external receptors, artificial eyes and ears. And its conversation system allowed it to communicate with a person in Japanese, with an artificial mouth. This made it the first android.[210][211]
Actroid
 
DER-01, a Japanese actroid (an android intended to be very visually similar to humans)
DER 01 was developed by a Japanese research group, The Intelligent Robotics Lab, directed by Hiroshi Ishiguro at Osaka University, and Kokoro Co., Ltd. The Actroid is a humanoid robot with strong visual human-likeness developed by Osaka University and manufactured by Kokoro Company Ltd. (the animatronics division of Sanrio). It was first unveiled at the 2003 International Robot Exposition in Tokyo, Japan. The Actroid woman is a pioneer example of a real machine similar to imagined machines called by the science fiction terms android or gynoid, so far used only for fictional robots. It can mimic such lifelike functions as blinking, speaking, and breathing. The "Repliee" models are interactive robots with the ability to recognise and process speech and respond in kind.[212][213][214]
Karakuri puppet
Karakuri puppets (からくり人形, karakuri ningyō) are traditional Japanese mechanized puppets or automata, originally made from the 17th century to the 19th century. The word karakuri means "mechanisms" or "trick".[215] The dolls' gestures provided a form of entertainment. Three main types of karakuri exist. Butai karakuri (舞台からくり, stage karakuri) were used in theatre. Zashiki karakuri (座敷からくり, tatami room karakuri) were small and used in homes. Dashi karakuri (山車からくり, festival car karakuri) were used in religious festivals, where the puppets were used to perform reenactments of traditional myths and legends.
Robotic exoskeleton for motion support (medicine)
The first HAL prototype was proposed by Yoshiyuki Sankai, a professor at Tsukuba University.[216] Fascinated with robots since he was in the third grade, Sankai had striven to make a robotic suit in order "to support humans." In 1989, after receiving his Ph.D. in robotics, he began the development of HAL. Sankai spent three years, from 1990 to 1993, mapping out the neurons that govern leg movement. It took him and his team an additional four years to make a prototype of the hardware.[217]

Space exploration edit

Interplanetary solar sail spacecraft
IKAROS the world's first successful interplanetary solar sail spacecraft was launched by JAXA on 21 May 2010.[218]

Storage technology edit

 
Betamax (top) and VHS (bottom) tapes were respectively created by Japanese companies Sony and JVC.
Blu-ray Disc (along with other nations)
After Shuji Nakamura's invention of practical blue laser diodes,[219] Sony started two projects applying the new diodes: UDO (Ultra Density Optical) and DVR Blue (together with Pioneer), a format of rewritable discs which would eventually become the Blu-ray Disc.[220] The Blu-ray Disc Association was founded by Massachusetts Institute of Technology along with nine companies: five from Japan, two from Korea, one from the Netherlands and one from France.
Compact Disc (also Dutch company Philips)
The compact disc was jointly developed by Philips (Joop Sinjou) and Sony (Toshitada Doi). Sony first publicly demonstrated an optical digital audio disc in September 1976. In September 1978, they demonstrated an optical digital audio disc with a 150 minute playing time, and with specifications of 44,056 Hz sampling rate, 16-bit linear resolution, cross-interleaved error correction code, that were similar to those of the Compact Disc they introduced in 1982.[221]
Digital video disc (also Dutch company Philips)
The DVD, first developed in 1995, resulted from a cooperation between three Japanese companies (Sony, Toshiba and Panasonic) and one Dutch company (Philips).
Flash memory
Flash memory (both NOR and NAND types) was invented by Dr. Fujio Masuoka while working for Toshiba c. 1980.[222][223]
Betamax
Betamax was an analog videocassette magnetic tape marketed to consumers released by Sony on May 10, 1975.[224]
VHS (Video Home System)
The VHS was invented in 1973 by Yuma Shiraishi and Shizuo Takano who worked for JVC.[225]
Helical scan
Norikazu Sawazaki invented a prototype helical scan video tape recorder in 1953.[226] In 1959, Toshiba released the first commercial helical scan video tape recorder.[227]

Television edit

All-electronic television
In 1926, Kenjiro Takayanagi invented the world's first all-electronic television, preceding Philo T. Farnsworth by several months.[228] By 1927, Takayanagi improved the resolution to 100 lines, which was not surpassed until 1931.[229] By 1928, he was the first to transmit human faces in halftones. His work had an influence on the later work of Vladimir K. Zworykin.[230]
Aperture grille
One of two major cathode ray tube (CRT) display technologies, along with the older shadow mask. Aperture grille was introduced by Sony with their Trinitron television in 1968.[231]
Color plasma display
The world's first color plasma display was produced by Fujitsu in 1989.[232]
Handheld television
In 1970, Panasonic released the first television that was small enough to fit in a large pocket, the Panasonic IC TV MODEL TR-001. It featured a 1.5-inch display, along with a 1.5-inch speaker.[233]
LCD television
The first LCD televisions were invented as handheld televisions in Japan. In 1980, Hattori Seiko's R&D group began development on color LCD pocket televisions.[234] In 1982, Seiko Epson released the first LCD television, the Epson TV Watch, a wristwatch equipped with an active-matrix LCD television.[235][180] In 1983, Casio released a handheld LCD television, the Casio TV-10.[236]
LED-backlit LCD
The world's first LED-backlit LCD television was Sony's Qualia 005, released in 2004.[237]
Laser TV

World's first HD laser TV was produced by Mitsubishi Electric in 2008.[238]

Textiles edit

Automatic power loom with a non-stop shuttle-change motion
Sakichi Toyoda invented numerous weaving devices. His most famous invention was the automatic power loom in which he implemented the principle of Jidoka (autonomation or autonomous automation). It was the 1924 Toyoda Automatic Loom, Type G, a completely automatic high-speed loom featuring the ability to change shuttles without stopping and dozens of other innovations. At the time it was the world's most advanced loom, delivering a dramatic improvement in quality and a twenty-fold increase in productivity.This loom automatically stopped when it detected a problem such as thread breakage.[239]
Vinylon
The second man-made fiber to be invented, after nylon. It was first developed by Ichiro Sakurada, H. Kawakami, and Korean scientist Ri Sung-gi at the Takatsuki chemical research center in 1939 in Japan.[240][241]

Timekeeping edit

 
2A Seiko quartz wristwatch using the chronograph function (movement 7T92)
Automatic quartz
The first watch to combine self-winding with a crystal oscillator for timekeeping was unveiled by Seiko in 1986.[242]
Myriad year clock
The Myriad year clock (万年自鳴鐘 Mannen Jimeishou, lit. Ten-Thousand Year Self-ringing Bell), was a universal clock designed by the Japanese inventor Hisashige Tanaka in 1851. It belongs to the category of Japanese clocks called Wadokei.[243]
Quartz wristwatch
The world's first quartz wristwatch was revealed in 1967: the prototype of the Astron revealed by Seiko in Japan, where it was in development since 1958. It was eventually released to the public in 1969.[244]
Spring Drive
A watch movement which was first conceived by Yoshikazu Akahane working for Seiko in 1977 and was patented in 1982. It features a true continuously sweeping second hand, rather than the traditional beats per time unit, as seen with traditional mechanical and most quartz watches.[245]

Transportation edit

Bullet train
The world's first high volume capable (initially 12 car maximum) "high-speed train" was Japan's Tōkaidō Shinkansen, which officially opened in October 1964, with construction commencing in April 1959.[246] The 0 Series Shinkansen, built by Kawasaki Heavy Industries, achieved maximum passenger service speeds of 210 km/h (130 mph) on the Tokyo–Nagoya–Kyoto–Osaka route, with earlier test runs hitting top speeds in 1963 at 256 km/h.[246]
Electronically controlled continuously variable transmission
In early 1987, Subaru launched the Justy in Tokyo with an electronically-controlled continuously variable transmission (ECVT) developed by Fuji Heavy Industries, which owns Subaru.[247]
Self-driving car
The first self-driving car that did not rely upon rails or wires under the road is designed by the Tsukuba Mechanical Engineering Laboratory in 1977. The car was equipped with two cameras that used analog computer technology for signal processing.[248][249]
Hybrid electric vehicle
The first commercial hybrid vehicle was the Toyota Prius launched in 1997.[250]
Hydrogen car
In 2014, Toyota launched the first production hydrogen fuel cell vehicle, the Toyota Mirai.[251] The Mirai has a range of 312 miles (502 km) and takes about five minutes to refuel. The initial sale price was roughly 7 million yen ($69,000).
Kei car
A category of small automobiles, including passenger cars, vans, and pickup trucks. They are designed to exploit local tax and insurance relaxations, and in more rural areas are exempted from the requirement to certify that adequate parking is available for the vehicle.[252][253]
Rickshaw
A two or three-wheeled passenger cart seating one or two people that serves as a mode of human-powered transport pulled by a runner draws a two-wheeled cart. The rickshaws was invented in Japan around 1869,[254][255] after the lifting of a ban on wheeled vehicles from the Tokugawa period (1603–1868),[256] and at the beginning of a rapid period of technical advancement across the Japanese archipelago.[255][257]
Spiral escalator
Mitsubishi Electric unveiled the world's first practical spiral escalator in 1985. Spiral escalators have the advantage of taking up less space than their conventional counterparts.[258]
Inverter-Controlled High-Speed Gearless Elevator
The insulated gate bipolar transistors (IGBTs) realized increased switching frequency and reduced magnetic noise in the motor, which eliminated the need for a filter circuit and resulted in a more compact system. The IGBT also allowed the development of a small, highly integrated and highly sophisticated all-digital control device, consisting of the combination of a high-speed processor, specially customized gate arrays, and a circuit capable of controlling large currents of several kHz. Today, the inverter-controlled gearless drive system is applied in high-speed elevators worldwide.[259]
Personal watercraft
Kawasaki were the first to develop stand-up personall watercraft under their trademark Jet Ski. While experimentation with personal watercraft preceded this. The Jet Ski was the first commercially successful and practical PWC.[260]

Military edit

Amphibious assault ship
Imperial Japanese Army Akitsu maru is regarded as the first of the kind.
Dock landing ship
Imperial Japanese Army Shinshu maru is regarded as the first of the kind.
Fire balloon
A fire balloon, or balloon bomb, was an experimental weapon launched by Japan from 1944 to 1945, during World War II.[261]
Diesel-powered tank
The world's first diesel-powered tank, this distinction goes to Japanese Type 89B I-Go Otsu, produced with a diesel engine from 1934 onwards.
 
Katana
Katana
The katana were traditional Japanese swords used by samurai warriors of ancient and feudal Japan. The swords originated in the Muromachi period (1392–1573) as a result of changing battle conditions requiring faster response times. The katana facilitated this by being worn with the blade facing up, which allowed the samurai to draw their blade and slash at their enemy in a single motion. Previously, the curved sword of the samurai was worn with the blade facing down. The ability to draw and cut in one motion also became increasingly useful in the daily life of the samurai.[262]
Shuriken
The shuriken was invented during the Gosannen War as a concealed weapon, primarily for the purpose of distracting a target.[263]

Wireless transmission edit

Meteor burst communications
The first observation of interaction between meteors and radio propagation was reported by Hantaro Nagaoka in 1929.[264]
Yagi antenna
The Yagi-Uda antenna was invented in 1926 by Shintaro Uda of Tohoku Imperial University, Sendai, Japan, with the collaboration of Hidetsugu Yagi, also of Tohoku Imperial University. Yagi published the first English-language reference on the antenna in a 1928 survey article on short wave research in Japan and it came to be associated with his name. However, Yagi always acknowledged Uda's principal contribution to the design, and the proper name for the antenna is, as above, the Yagi-Uda antenna (or array).[265]

Writing and correction implements edit

 
Model B in Pink
Correction tape
Correction tape was invented in 1989 by the Japanese product manufacturer Seed. It is an alternative to correction fluid.[266]
Gel pen
The gel pen was invented in 1984 by the Sakura Color Products Corporation of Osaka.[267]
Rollerball pen
The first rollerball pen was invented in 1963 by the Japanese company Ohto.[268]

Other edit

Artificial snowflake
The first artificial snowflake was created by Ukichiro Nakaya in 1936, three years after his first attempt.[269]
Canned coffee
Canned coffee was invented in 1965 by Miura Yoshitake, a coffee shop owner in Hamada, Shimane Prefecture, Japan.[270]
Emoji
The first emoji was created in 1998 or 1999 in Japan by Shigetaka Kurita.[271]
Fake food
Simulated food was invented after Japan's surrender ending World War II in 1945. Westerners traveling to Japan had trouble reading Japanese menus and in response, Japanese artisans and candlemakers created wax food so foreigners could easily order something that looked appetizing.[272]
Go, modern rules of
Though the game originated in China, free opening of the game as it is played globally began in the 16th century Japan.
Imageboard
The first imageboards were created in Japan. Later imageboards such as 2chan would be created.[273]
Yoshizawa–Randlett system
The Yoshizawa–Randlett system is a diagramming system used for origami models. It was first developed by Akira Yoshizawa in 1954. It was later improved upon by Samuel Randlett and Robert Harbin.[274]
Textboard
Textboards like imageboards were invented in Japan. However, unlike imageboards, textboards are relatively unknown outside Japan.[273]

See also edit

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February 16, 2024
list, japanese, inventions, discoveries, this, list, japanese, inventions, discoveries, japanese, have, made, contributions, across, number, scientific, technological, domains, particular, country, played, crucial, role, digital, revolution, since, 20th, centu. This is a list of Japanese inventions and discoveries The Japanese have made contributions across a number of scientific and technological domains In particular the country has played a crucial role in the digital revolution since the 20th century with many modern revolutionary and widespread technologies in fields such as electronics and robotics introduced by Japanese inventors and entrepreneurs Contents 1 Arts 1 1 Film and animation 1 2 Architecture 2 Atmospheric sciences 3 Sports 3 1 Martial arts 4 Video games 5 Philosophy 6 Biology chemistry and biomedical science 7 Finance 8 Food and food science 9 Mathematics 10 Physics 11 Technology 11 1 Audio technology 11 2 Batteries 11 3 Calculators 11 4 Cameras 11 5 Chindōgu 11 6 Domestic appliances 11 7 Electronics 11 8 Game controllers 11 9 Printing 11 10 Robotics 11 11 Space exploration 11 12 Storage technology 11 13 Television 11 14 Textiles 11 15 Timekeeping 11 16 Transportation 11 17 Military 11 18 Wireless transmission 11 19 Writing and correction implements 12 Other 13 See also 14 ReferencesArts editComic book Adam L Kern has suggested that kibyoshi picture books from the late 18th century may have been the world s first comic books These graphical narratives share with modern manga humorous satirical and romantic themes 1 Some works were mass produced as serials using woodblock printing 2 Folding hand fan In ancient Japan the first hand fans were oval and rigid fans influenced greatly by Chinese fans The earliest visual depiction of fans in Japan dates back to the 6th century AD with burial tomb paintings showed drawings of fans The folding fan was invented in Japan with dates ranging from the 6th to 9th centuries and later exported to East Asia Southeast Asia and the West Such a flourishing trade involving Japanese hand fans existed in the Ming dynasty times when folding fans almost absolutely displaced the old rigid type in China 3 4 Manga The history of manga has origins in scrolls dating back to the 12th century and it is believed they represent the basis for the right to left reading style During the Edo period 1603 1867 Toba Ehon embedded the concept of manga 5 The word itself first came into common usage in 1798 6 with the publication of works such as Santō Kyōden s picturebook Shiji no yukikai 1798 7 8 and in the early 19th century with such works as Aikawa Minwa s Manga hyakujo 1814 and the Hokusai Manga books 1814 1834 9 1 Revolving stage Invented for the Kabuki theatre in Japan in the 18th century the revolving stage was introduced into Western theater at the Residenz theatre in Munich in 1896 under the influence of japonism fever 10 Film and animation edit See also Cinema of Japan and Anime Anime Japanese animation or anime today widely popular both in Japan and abroad began in the early 20th century Man with No Name A stock character that originated with Akira Kurosawa s Yojimbo 1961 where the archetype was first portrayed by Toshirō Mifune The archetype was adapted by Sergio Leone for his Spaghetti Western Dollars Trilogy 1964 1966 with Clint Eastwood playing the role of the Man with No Name in Japan The first depiction of mecha Super Robots being piloted by a user from within a cockpit was introduced in the manga and anime series Mazinger Z by Go Nagai in 1972 11 Postcyberpunk animation film The first postcyberpunk media work in an animated film format was Ghost in the Shell Stand Alone Complex in 2002 It has been called the most interesting sustained postcyberpunk media work in existence 12 Steampunk animation The earliest examples of steampunk animation are Hayao Miyazaki s anime works Future Boy Conan 1978 13 Nausicaa of the Valley of the Wind 1984 14 and Castle in the Sky 1986 15 16 Superflat A postmodern art form founded by the artist Takashi Murakami which is influenced by manga and anime 17 Architecture edit nbsp Nagoya CastleSee also Japanese architecture Japanese castle Fortresses constructed primarily out of stone and wood used for military defence in strategic locations 18 Metabolism A post war Japanese architectural movement developed by a wide variety of Japanese architects including Kiyonori Kikutake Kisho Kurokawa and Fumihiko Maki Metabolism aimed to fuse ideas about architectural megastructures with those of organic biological growth 19 Tahōtō Tahōtō is a form of Japanese pagoda found primarily at Esoteric Shingon and Tendai school Buddhist temples Unlike most pagodas it has two stories 20 Capsule hotel The first capsule hotel in the world opened in 1979 and was the Capsule Inn Osaka located in the Umeda district of Osaka Japan and designed by Kisho Kurokawa From there it spread to other cities within Japan Since then the concept has further spread to various other territories including Belgium China Hong Kong Iceland India Indonesia and Poland Atmospheric sciences editDownburst Downbursts strong ground level wind systems that emanate from a point above and blow radially were discovered by Ted Fujita 21 Fujita scale The first scale designed to measure tornado intensity the Fujita scale was first introduced by Ted Fujita in collaboration with Allen Pearson in 1971 The scale was widely adopted throughout the world until the development of the Enhanced Fujita scale 22 Fujiwhara effect The Fujiwhara effect is an atmospheric phenomenon where two nearby cyclonic vortices orbit each other and close the distance between the circulations of their corresponding low pressure areas The effect was first described by Sakuhei Fujiwhara in 1921 23 Microburst The microburst was first discovered and identified as a small scale downburst affecting an area 4 km 2 5 mi in diameter or less by Ted Fujita in 1974 Microbursts are recognized as capable of generating wind speeds higher than 270 km h 170 mph In addition Fujita also discovered macrobursts and classified them as downbursts larger than 4 km 2 5 mi 21 Sports editDrifting competition In 1988 Keiichi Tsuchiya alongside Option magazine founder and chief editor Daijiro Inada organised the first contest specifically for sliding a car sideways In 1996 Option organized the first contest outside Japan 24 which began to spread to other countries Ekiden Road Relay GateballKeirin Started as a gambling sport in 1948 and became an Olympic sport in 2000 Martial arts edit See also Japanese martial arts nbsp All Japan Judo Championships 2007 men s finalAikido Aikido was created and developed by Morihei Ueshiba in first half of the 20th century Judo It was created as a physical mental and moral pedagogy in Japan in 1882 by Kanō Jigorō 25 Jujutsu Jujutsu the way of yielding is a collective name for Japanese martial art styles including unarmed and armed techniques Jujutsu evolved among the samurai of feudal Japan as a method for defeating an armed and armored opponent without weapons Due to the ineffectiveness of striking against an armored opponent the most efficient methods for neutralizing an enemy took the form of pins joint locks and throws These techniques were developed around the principle of using an attacker s energy against him rather than directly opposing it 26 Karate It began as a common fighting system known as ti or te among the pechin class of the Ryukyuans There were few formal styles of ti but rather many practitioners with their own methods One surviving example is the Motobu ryu school passed down from the Motobu family by Seikichi Uehara 27 Early styles of karate are often generalized as Shuri te Naha te and Tomari te named after the three cities from which they emerged 28 KendoNinjutsu Developed by groups of people mainly from the Iga Province and Kōka Shiga of Japan Throughout history many different schools ryu have taught their unique versions of ninjutsu An example of these is the Togakure ryu This ryu was developed after a defeated samurai warrior called Daisuke Togakure escaped to the region of Iga Later he came in contact with the warrior monk Kain Doshi who taught him a new way of viewing life and the means of survival ninjutsu 29 Okinawan martial arts In the 14th century when the three kingdoms on Okinawa Chuzan Hokuzan and Nanzan entered into a tributary relationship with the Ming dynasty of China Chinese Imperial envoys and other Chinese arrived some of whom taught Chinese Chuan Fa Kempo to the Okinawans The Okinawans combined Chinese Chuan Fa with the existing martial art of Te to form Tō de 唐手 Okinawan Tu di Tang hand sometimes called Okinawa te 沖縄手 30 By the 18th century different types of Te had developed in three different villages Naha Shuri and Tomari The styles were named Naha te Shuri te and Tomari te respectively Practitioners from these three villages went on to develop modern karate 31 Sumo According to the Nihon shoki published in 720 the origin of sumo is the contest of strength between Nomi no Sukune and Taima no Kehaya in 26 B C 32 Haniwa of sumo wrestlers are made in the Kofun period 300 538 33 The imperial family often watches sumo as a form of entertainment in the Heian period 794 1192 It has evolved over the centuries with professional sumo wrestlers appearing in the Edo period 1603 1868 34 The word sumo is written with the Chinese characters or Kanji of mutual bruising 35 Video games edit nbsp Controller of the PlayStation 2 the best selling video game console of all time nbsp Playing Dance Dance Revolution one of the most successful rhythm gamesPlayStation The first Sony PlayStation was invented by Ken Kutaragi Research and development for the PlayStation began in 1990 headed by Kutaragi a Sony engineer 36 Nintendo Gunpei Yokoi was the creator of the Game Boy and Virtual Boy and worked on Famicom and NES the Metroid series Game Boy Pocket and did extensive work on the system we know today as the Nintendo Entertainment System called the FamiCom in Japan 37 Active Time Battle Hiroyuki Ito introduced the Active Time Battle system in Final Fantasy IV 1991 38 where the time keeping system does not stop 39 Square Co Ltd filed a United States patent application for the ATB system on March 16 1992 under the title Video game apparatus method and device for controlling same and was awarded the patent on February 21 1995 On the battle screen each character has an ATB meter that gradually fills and the player is allowed to issue a command to that character once the meter is full 40 The fact that enemies can attack or be attacked at any time is credited with injecting urgency and excitement into the combat system 39 Beat em up The first game to feature fist fighting was Sega s boxing game Heavyweight Champ 1976 but it was Data East s fighting game Karate Champ 1984 which popularized martial arts themed games 41 The same year Hong Kong cinema inspired Kung Fu Master laid the foundations for scrolling beat em ups with its simple gameplay and multiple enemies 41 42 Nekketsu Kōha Kunio kun released in 1986 in Japan deviated from the martial arts themes of earlier games and introduced street brawling to the genre Renegade released the same year added an underworld revenge plot that proved more popular with gamers than the principled combat sport of other games 43 Renegade set the standard for future beat em up games as it introduced the ability to move both horizontally and vertically 44 Bullet hell The bullet hell or danmaku genre began to emerge in the early 1990s as 2D developers needed to find a way to compete with 3D games which were becoming increasingly popular at the time Toaplan s Batsugun 1993 is considered to be the ancestor of the modern bullet hell genre 45 The Touhou Project series is one of the most popular bullet hell franchises Fighting game Sega s black and white boxing game Heavyweight Champ was released in 1976 as the first video game to feature fist fighting 46 However Data East s Karate Champ from 1984 is credited with establishing and popularizing the one on one fighting game genre and went on to influence Konami s Yie Ar Kung Fu from 1985 47 Yie Ar Kung Fu expanded on Karate Champ by pitting the player against a variety of opponents each with a unique appearance and fighting style 47 48 Capcom s Street Fighter 1987 introduced the use of special moves that could only be discovered by experimenting with the game controls Street Fighter II 1991 established the conventions of the fighting game genre and whereas previous games allowed players to combat computer controlled fighters Street Fighter II allowed players to play against each other 49 Platform game Space Panic a 1980 arcade release is sometimes credited as the first platform game 50 It was clearly an influence on the genre with gameplay centered on climbing ladders between different floors a common element in many early platform games Donkey Kong an arcade game created by Nintendo released in July 1981 was the first game that allowed players to jump over obstacles and across gaps making it the first true platformer 51 Psychological horror game Silent Hill 1999 was praised for moving away survival horror games from B movie horror elements to the psychological style seen in art house or Japanese horror films 52 due to the game s emphasis on a disturbing atmosphere rather than visceral horror 53 The original Silent Hill is considered one of the scariest games of all time 54 and the strong narrative from Silent Hill 2 in 2001 has made the series one of the most influential in the genre 55 Fatal Frame from 2001 was a unique entry into the genre as the player explores a mansion and takes photographs of ghosts in order to defeat them 56 57 Rhythm game Dance Aerobics was released in 1987 and allowed players to create music by stepping on Nintendo s Power Pad peripheral It has been called the first rhythm action game in retrospect 58 although the 1996 title PaRappa the Rapper has also been deemed the first rhythm game whose basic template forms the core of subsequent games in the genre In 1997 Konami s Beatmania sparked an emergent market for rhythm games in Japan The company s music division Bemani released a number of music games over the next several years Scrolling platformer The first platform game to use scrolling graphics was Jump Bug 1981 a simple platform shooter developed by Alpha Denshi 59 In August 1982 Taito released Jungle King 60 which featured scrolling jump and run sequences that had players hopping over obstacles Namco took the scrolling platformer a step further with the 1984 release Pac Land Pac Land came after the genre had a few years to develop and was an evolution of earlier platform games aspiring to be more than a simple game of hurdle jumping like some of its predecessors 61 It closely resembled later scrolling platformers like Wonder Boy and Super Mario Bros and was probably a direct influence on them It also had multi layered parallax scrolling 62 63 Shoot em up Space Invaders is frequently cited as the first or original in the genre 64 65 Space Invaders pitted the player against multiple enemies descending from the top of the screen at a constantly increasing speed 65 As with subsequent shoot em ups of the time the game was set in space as the available technology only permitted a black background The game also introduced the idea of giving the player a number of lives Space Invaders was a massive commercial success causing a coin shortage in Japan 66 67 The following year Namco s Galaxian took the genre further with more complex enemy patterns and richer graphics 64 68 Stealth game The first stealth based videogame was Hiroshi Suzuki s Manbiki Shounen 1979 The first commercially successful stealth game was Hideo Kojima s Metal Gear 1987 the first in the Metal Gear series It was followed by Metal Gear 2 Solid Snake 1990 which significantly expanded the genre and then Metal Gear Solid 1998 Survival horror The term survival horror was coined by Capcom s Resident Evil 1996 and definitely defined that genre 69 70 The game was inspired by Capcom s earlier horror game Sweet Home 1989 71 The earliest survival horror game was Nostromo developed by Akira Takiguchi a Tokyo University student and Taito contractor for the PET 2001 and published by ASCII for the PC 6001 in 1981 72 Visual novel The visual novel genre is a type of Interactive fiction developed in Japan in the early 1990s As the name suggests visual novels typically have limited interactivity as most player interaction is restricted to clicking text and graphics 73 Philosophy editSee also Japanese philosophy Lean manufacturing A generic process management philosophy derived mostly from the Toyota Production System TPS hence the term Toyotism is also prevalent and identified as Lean only in the 1990s 74 75 Biology chemistry and biomedical science edit nbsp Image from Surgical Casebook Kishitsu geryō zukan by Hanaoka SeishuAgar Agar was discovered in Japan around 1658 by Mino Tarōzaemon 76 Aspergillus oryzae The genome for Aspergillus oryzae was sequenced and released by a consortium of Japanese biotechnology companies 77 in late 2005 78 CRISPR Yoshizumi Ishino discovered CRISPR in 1987 79 Dementia with Lewy bodies First described in 1976 by psychiatrist Kenji Kosaka 80 Kosaka was awarded the Asahi Prize in 2013 for his discovery 81 Ephedrine synthesis Ephedrine in its natural form known as ma huang 麻黄 in traditional Chinese medicine had been documented in China since the Han dynasty 82 However it was not until 1885 that the chemical synthesis of ephedrine was first accomplished by Japanese organic chemist Nagai Nagayoshi Epinephrine Adrenaline Japanese chemist Jōkichi Takamine and his assistant Keizo Uenaka first discovered epinephrine in 1900 83 84 In 1901 Takamine successfully isolated and purified the hormone from the adrenal glands of sheep and oxen 85 Esophagogastroduodenoscope Mutsuo Sugiura was a Japanese engineer famous for being the first to develop a Gastro camera a present day Esophagogastroduodenoscope His story was illustrated in the NHK TV documentary feature Project X Challengers The Development of a Gastro camera Wholly Made in Japan Sugiura graduated from Tokyo Polytechnic University in 1938 and then joined Olympus Corporation While working at this company he first developed an esophagogastroduodenoscope in 1950 Frontier molecular orbital theory Kenichi Fukui developed and published a paper on Frontier molecular orbital theory in 1952 86 General anesthesia Hanaoka Seishu was the first surgeon in the world who used the general anaesthesia in surgery in 1804 and who dared to operate on cancers of the breast and oropharynx to remove necrotic bone and to perform amputations of the extremities in Japan 87 Immunoglobulin E IgE Immunoglobulin E is a type of antibody only found in mammals IgE was simultaneously discovered in 1966 7 by two independent groups 88 Kimishige Ishizaka s team at the Children s Asthma Research Institute and Hospital in Denver Colorado 89 and by Gunnar Johansson and Hans Bennich in Uppsala Sweden 90 Their joint paper was published in April 1969 91 Induced pluripotent stem cell The induced pluripotent stem cell iPSCs is a kind of pluripotent stem cell which can be created using a mature cell iPSCs technology was developed by Shinya Yamanaka and his lab workers in 2006 92 Methamphetamine nbsp Chemical structure of methamphetamineMethamphetamine was first synthesized from ephedrine in Japan in 1894 by chemist Nagayoshi Nagai 93 In 1919 methamphetamine hydrochloride was synthesized by pharmacologist Akira Ogata 94 Nihonium Element 113 Named after Nihon the local name for Japan Okazaki fragment Okazaki fragments are short newly synthesized DNA fragments that are formed on the lagging template strand during DNA replication They are complementary to the lagging template strand together forming short double stranded DNA sections A series of experiments led to the discovery of Okazaki fragments The experiments were conducted during the 1960s by Reiji Okazaki Tsuneko Okazaki Kiwako Sakabe and their colleagues during their research on DNA replication of Escherichia coli 95 In 1966 Kiwako Sakabe and Reiji Okazaki first showed that DNA replication was a discontinuous process involving fragments 96 The fragments were further investigated by the researchers and their colleagues through their research including the study on bacteriophage DNA replication in Escherichia coli 97 98 Photocatalysis Akira Fujishima discovered photocatalysis occurring on the surface of titanium dioxide in 1967 99 Pulse oximetry Pulse oximetry was developed in 1972 by Takuo Aoyagi and Michio Kishi bioengineers at Nihon Kohden using the ratio of red to infrared light absorption of pulsating components at the measuring site Susumu Nakajima a surgeon and his associates first tested the device in patients reporting it in 1975 100 Portable electrocardiograph Taro Takemi built the first portable electrocardiograph in 1937 101 Statin The statin class of drugs was first discovered by Akira Endo a Japanese biochemist working for the pharmaceutical company Sankyo Mevastatin was the first discovered member of the statin class 102 Takadiastase A form of diastase which results from the growth development and nutrition of a distinct microscopic fungus known as Aspergillus oryzae Jōkichi Takamine developed the method first used for its extraction in the late 19th century 103 Thiamine Vitamin B1 Thiamine was the first of the water soluble vitamins to be described 104 leading to the discovery of more such trace compounds essential for survival and to the notion of vitamin It was not until 1884 that Kanehiro Takaki 1849 1920 attributed beriberi to insufficient nitrogen intake protein deficiency In 1910 Japanese scientist Umetaro Suzuki succeeded in extracting a water soluble complex of micronutrients from rice bran and named it aberic acid He published this discovery in a Japanese scientific journal 105 The Polish biochemist Kazimierz Funk later proposed the complex be named Vitamine a portmanteau of vital amine in 1912 106 Urushiol Urushiol a mixture of alkyl catechols was discovered by Rikou Majima Majima also discovered that Urushiol was an allergen which gave members of the genus Toxicodendron such as poison ivy and poison oak their skin irritating properties 107 Vectorcardiography Taro Takemi invented the vectorcardiograph in 1939 101 Finance editFutures contract The first futures exchange market was the Dōjima Rice Exchange in Japan in the 1730s 108 Candlestick chart Candlestick charts have been developed in the 18th century by Munehisa Homma a Japanese rice trader of financial instruments They were introduced to the Western world by Steve Nison in his book Japanese Candlestick Charting Techniques Food and food science edit nbsp Instant noodles before boilingInstant noodle Invented by Momofuku Ando a Taiwanese Japanese inventor in 1958 109 Monosodium glutamate Invented and patented by Kikunae Ikeda 110 Umami Umami as a separate taste was first identified in 1908 by Kikunae Ikeda of the Tokyo Imperial University while researching the strong flavor in seaweed broth 111 Fortune cookie Although popular in Western Chinese restaurants fortune cookies did not originate in China and are in fact rare there They most likely originated from cookies made by Japanese immigrants to the United States in the late 19th or early 20th century The Japanese version had a fortune but not lucky numbers and was commonly eaten with tea 112 Mathematics editSee also Japanese mathematics nbsp A page from Seki Kōwa s Katsuyo Sampo 1712 tabulating binomial coefficients and Bernoulli numbersBernoulli number Studied by Seki Kōwa and published after his death in 1712 Jacob Bernoulli independently developed the concept in the same period though his work was published a year later 113 114 115 Determinant In Japan determinants were introduced to study elimination of variables in systems of higher order algebraic equations They used it to give shorthand representation for the resultant The determinant as an independent function was first studied by Seki Kōwa in 1683 115 116 Elimination theory In 1683 Kai Fukudai no Hō Seki Kōwa came up with elimination theory based on resultant 116 To express resultant he developed the notion of determinant 116 Hironaka s example Hironaka s example is a non Kahler complex manifold that is a deformation of Kahler manifolds discovered by Heisuke Hironaka 117 Ito calculus Developed by Kiyosi Ito throughout the 20th century Ito calculus extends calculus to stochastic processes such as Brownian motion Wiener process Its basic concept is the Ito integral and among the most important results is a change of variable formula known as Ito s lemma Ito calculus is widely applied in various fields but is perhaps best known for its use in mathematical finance 118 Iwasawa theory and the Main conjecture of Iwasawa theory Initially created by Kenkichi Iwasawa Iwasawa theory was originally developed as a Galois module theory of ideal class groups The main conjecture of Iwasawa theory is a deep relationship between p adic L functions and ideal class groups of cyclotomic fields proved by Iwasawa 119 for primes satisfying the Kummer Vandiver conjecture and proved for all primes by Mazur and Wiles 120 121 Resultant In 1683 Kai Fukudai no Hō Seki Kōwa came up with elimination theory based on resultant To express resultant he developed the notion of determinant 116 Sangaku Japanese geometrical puzzles in Euclidean geometry on wooden tablets created during the Edo period 1603 1867 by members of all social classes The Dutch Japanologist Isaac Titsingh first introduced sangaku to the West when he returned to Europe in the late 1790s after more than twenty years in the Far East 122 Soddy s hexlet Irisawa Shintarō Hiroatsu analyzed Soddy s hexlet in a Sangaku in 1822 and was the first person to do so 123 Takagi existence theorem Takagi existence theorem was developed by Teiji Takagi in isolation during World War I He presented it at the International Congress of Mathematicians in 1920 124 Physics editCabibbo Kobayashi Maskawa matrix Building off the work of Nicola Cabibbo Makoto Kobayashi and Toshihide Maskawa introduced the Cabibbo Kobayashi Maskawa matrix which introduced for three generations of quarks In 2008 Kobayashi and Maskawa shared one half of the Nobel Prize in Physics for the discovery of the origin of the broken symmetry which predicts the existence of at least three families of quarks in nature 125 Nagaoka model first Saturnian model of the atom In 1904 Hantaro Nagaoka proposed the first planetary model of the atom as an alternative to J J Thomson s plum pudding model Ernest Rutherford and Niels Bohr would later develop the more viable Bohr model in 1913 126 Sakata model The Sakata model was a precursor to the quark model proposed by Shoichi Sakata in 1956 127 128 Technology editSee also Science and technology in Japan Airsoft Airsoft originated in Japan then spread to Hong Kong and China in the late 1970s 129 The inventor of the first airsoft gun is Tanio Kobayashi Blue laser In 1992 Japanese inventor Shuji Nakamura invented the first efficient blue LED 130 Camera phone The world s first camera phone it also had a real time video call functionality It could send an email with a picture the VP 210 was developed by Kyocera in 1999 131 Digital microscope Japanese company Hirox created the first ever digital microscope A variation of a traditional microscope using optics and a digital camera to output an image to a monitor TV Watch The world s first TV watch the TV Watch was developed by Seiko in 1982 132 Japanese typewriter The first typewriter to be based on the Japanese writing system was invented by Kyota Sugimoto in 1929 133 KS steel Magnetic resistant steel that is three times more resistant than tungsten steel invented by Kotaro Honda 134 MKM steel MKM steel an alloy containing nickel and aluminum was developed in 1931 by the Japanese metallurgist Tokuhichi Mishima 135 136 Neodymium magnet Neodymium magnets were invented independently in 1982 by General Motors GM and Sumitomo Special Metals 137 nbsp QR code for the URL of the English Wikipedia mobile main pageDouble coil bulb In 1921 Junichi Miura created the first double coil bulb using a coiled coil tungsten filament while working for Hakunetsusha a predecessor of Toshiba At the time machinery to mass produce coiled coil filaments did not exist Hakunetsusha developed a method to mass produce coiled coil filaments by 1936 138 QR code The QR code a type of matrix barcode was invented by Denso Wave in 1994 139 Tactile paving The original tactile paving was developed by Seiichi Miyake in 1965 140 The paving was first introduced in a street in Okayama city Japan in 1967 Its use gradually spread in Japan and then around the world Audio technology edit nbsp Sony Discman D121CD player Sony released the world s first CD Player called the CDP 101 141 in 1982 using a slide out tray design for the Compact Disc Physical modelling synthesis The first commercially available physical modelling synthesizer was Yamaha s VL 1 in 1994 142 Commercial digital recording Commercial digital recording was pioneered in Japan by NHK and Nippon Columbia also known as Denon in the 1960s The first commercial digital recordings were released in 1971 143 Karaoke There are various disputes about who first invented the name karaoke a Japanese word meaning empty orchestra One claim is that the karaoke styled machine was invented by Japanese musician Daisuke Inoue 144 in Kobe Japan in 1971 145 146 Portable CD player Sony s Discman released in 1984 was the first portable CD player 147 Perpendicular recording Perpendicular recording was first demonstrated in the late 19th century by Danish scientist Valdemar Poulsen who was also the first person to demonstrate that sound could be recorded magnetically There weren t many advances in perpendicular recording until 1976 when Dr Shun ichi Iwasaki president of the Tohoku Institute of Technology in Japan verified the distinct density advantages in perpendicular recording Then in 1978 Dr T Fujiwara began an intensive research and development program at the Toshiba Corporation that eventually resulted in the perfection of floppy disk media optimized for perpendicular recording and the first commercially available magnetic storage devices using the technique 148 Digital audio tape recorder In 1971 Heitaro Nakajima resigned from his post as head of NHK s Technical Research Laboratories and joined Sony Four years earlier at NHK Nakajima had commenced work on the digitization of sound and within two years had developed the first digital audio tape recorder 149 Direct drive turntable Invented by Shuichi Obata an engineer at Matsushita now Panasonic 150 based in Osaka 151 In 1969 Matsushita released it as the SP 10 the first in their influential Technics series of turntables 152 The Technics SL 1100 released in 1971 was adopted by early hip hop DJs for turntablism 152 and the SL 1200 is still widely used by dance and hip hop DJs 151 Fully programmable drum machine The Roland TR 808 also known as the 808 introduced by Roland in 1980 was the first fully programmable drum machine It was the first drum machine with the ability to program an entire percussion track from beginning to end complete with breaks and rolls 153 Created by Ikutaro Kakehashi the 808 has been fundamental to hip hop music and electronic dance music since the 1980s 154 making it one of the most influential inventions in popular music 155 156 Phaser effects pedal In 1968 Shin ei s Uni Vibe effects pedal designed by audio engineer Fumio Mieda incorporated phase shift and chorus effects soon becoming favorite effects of guitarists such as Jimi Hendrix and Robin Trower 157 Vowel Consonant synthesis A type of hybrid Digital analogue synthesis first employed by the early Casiotone keyboards in the early 1980s Batteries edit Lithium ion battery Akira Yoshino invented the modern li ion battery in 1985 In 1991 Sony and Asahi Kasei released the first commercial lithium ion battery using Yoshino s design 158 Dry cell The world s first dry battery was invented in Japan during the Meiji Era The inventor was Sakizou Yai The company Yai founded no longer exists 159 Calculators edit Pocket calculator The first portable calculators appeared in Japan in 1970 and were soon marketed around the world These included the Sanyo ICC 0081 Mini Calculator the Canon Pocketronic and the Sharp QT 8B micro Compet Sharp put in great efforts in size and power reduction and introduced in January 1971 the Sharp EL 8 also marketed as the Facit 1111 which was close to being a pocket calculator It weighed about one pound had a vacuum fluorescent display and rechargeable NiCad batteries The first truly pocket sized electronic calculator was the Busicom LE 120A HANDY which was marketed early in 1971 160 Cameras edit Digital single lens reflex camera On August 25 1981 Sony unveiled a prototype of the first still video camera the Sony Mavica This camera was an analog electronic camera that featured interchangeable lenses and a SLR viewfinder At photokina in 1986 Nikon revealed a prototype analog electronic still SLR camera the Nikon SVC the first digital SLR The prototype body shared many features with the N8008 161 Portapak In 1967 Sony unveiled the first self contained video tape analog recording system that was portable 162 Chindōgu edit Main article Chindōgu Chindōgu is the Japanese art of inventing ingenious everyday gadgets that on the face of it seem like an ideal solution to a particular problem However Chindōgu has a distinctive feature anyone actually attempting to use one of these inventions would find that it causes so many new problems or such significant social embarrassment that effectively it has no utility whatsoever Thus Chindōgu are sometimes described as unuseless that is they cannot be regarded as useless in an absolute sense since they do actually solve a problem however in practical terms they cannot positively be called useful The term Chindōgu was coined by Kenji Kawakami Domestic appliances edit Bladeless fan The first bladeless fan was patented by Toshiba in 1981 163 nbsp Electric rice cookerBread machine The bread machine was developed and released in Japan in 1986 by the Matsushita Electric Industrial Company Electric rice cooker Invented by designers at the Toshiba Corporation in the late 1940s 164 RFIQin An automatic cooking device invented by Mamoru Imura and patented in 2007 165 166 Inverter Air Conditioner Created by Toshiba in 1981 as an alternative to the standard home window Air conditioner With the difference being in the compressor that is able to cool or warm a room to the intended temperature as quickly as possible while efficiently maintaining the desired temperature unlike standard AC units in which the compressor frequently turns off Inverter AC units do not turn off only operating at a certain consistent speed while also being able to adjust its regularity 167 Electronics edit nbsp Sony U matic cassette recorder tapeAvalanche photodiode Invented by Jun ichi Nishizawa in 1952 168 Continuous wave semiconductor laser Invented by Izuo Hayashi and Morton B Panish in 1970 This led directly to the light sources in fiber optic communication laser printers barcode readers and optical disc drives technologies that were commercialized by Japanese entrepreneurs 169 252 Fiber optic communication While working at Tohoku University Jun ichi Nishizawa proposed the use of optical fibers for optical communication in 1963 170 Nishizawa invented other technologies that contributed to the development of optical fiber communications such as the graded index optical fiber as a channel for transmitting light from semiconductor lasers 171 172 Izuo Hayashi s invention of the continuous wave semiconductor laser in 1970 led directly to light sources in fiber optic communication commercialized by Japanese entrepreneurs 169 Glass integrated circuit Shunpei Yamazaki invented an integrated circuit made entirely from glass and with an 8 bit central processing unit 173 JFET junction gate field effect transistor The first type of JFET was the static induction transistor SIT invented by Japanese engineers Jun ichi Nishizawa and Y Watanabe in 1950 The SIT is a type of JFET with a short channel length 174 Laptop Despite that Adam Osborne announced the first laptop notebook called Osborne 1 but it is now called a luggable portable computer along with other portable computers such as IBM 5100 175 176 Yukio Yokozawa an employee for Suwa Seikosha a branch of Seiko now Seiko Epson invented the first laptop notebook computer in July 1980 receiving a patent for the invention 177 Seiko s notebook computer known as the HC 20 in Japan was announced in 1981 178 In North America Epson introduced it as the Epson HX 20 in 1981 at the COMDEX computer show in Las Vegas where it drew significant attention for its portability 179 It had a mass market release in July 1982 as the HC 20 in Japan 178 and as the Epson HX 20 in North America 180 It was the first notebook sized handheld computer 181 178 180 the size of an A4 notebook and weighing 1 6 kg 3 5 lb 178 In 1983 the Sharp PC 5000 182 and Ampere WS 1 laptops from Japan featured a modern clamshell design 183 184 Microcomputer for Automotive Engine Toshiba developed a close relationship with Ford for the supply of rectifier diodes for automobile AC alternators In March 1971 Ford unexpectedly sent a set bulky specifications asking Toshiba to join a project to make an electronic engine control EEC in response to US Clean Air Act sometimes known as the Muskie Act 185 Microprocessor The concept of a single chip microprocessor central processing unit CPU was conceived in a 1968 meeting in Japan between Sharp engineer Tadashi Sasaki and a software engineering researcher from Nara Women s College Sasaki discussed the microprocessor concept with Busicom and Intel in 1968 186 The first commercial microprocessor the 4 bit Intel 4004 began with the Busicom Project 187 in 1968 as Masatoshi Shima s three chip CPU design 188 187 which was simplified down to a single chip microprocessor designed from 1969 to 1970 by Intel s Marcian Hoff and Federico Faggin and Busicom s Masatoshi Shima and commercially released in 1971 187 189 Parametron Eiichi Goto invented the parametron in 1954 as an alternative to the vacuum tube Early Japanese computers used parametrons until they were superseded by transistors 190 PIN diode photodiode Invented by Jun ichi Nishizawa and his colleagues in 1950 191 Plastic central processing unit Shunpei Yamazaki invented a central processing unit made entirely from plastic 173 Quantum flux parametron Eiichi Goto invented the quantum flux parametron in 1986 using superconducting Josephson junctions on integrated circuits as an improvement over existing parametron technology 190 Radio controlled wheel transmitter Futaba introduced the FP T2F in 1974 that was the first to use a steering wheel onto a box transmitter 192 KO Propo introduced the EX 1 in 1981 that integrated a wheel with a pistol grip with its trigger acting as the throttle This became one of the two types of radio controlled transmitters currently for surface use 193 194 Semiconductor laser Invented by Jun ichi Nishizawa in 1957 168 195 Solid state maser Invented by Jun ichi Nishizawa in 1955 168 Static induction transistor Invented by Jun ichi Nishizawa and Y Watanabe in 1950 196 Stored program transistor computer The ETL Mark III began development in 1954 197 and was completed in 1956 created by the Electrotechnical Laboratory 198 It was the first stored program transistor computer 198 199 200 Switching circuit theory From 1934 to 1936 NEC engineer Akira Nakashima introduced switching circuit theory in a series of papers showing that two valued Boolean algebra which he discovered independently can describe the operation of switching circuits 201 202 203 204 Videocassette recorder The first machines the VP 1100 videocassette player and the VO 1700 videocassette recorder to use the first videocassette format U matic were introduced by Sony in 1971 205 Game controllers edit D pad In 1982 Nintendo s Gunpei Yokoi elaborated on the idea of a circular pad shrinking it and altering the points into the familiar modern cross design for control of on screen characters in their Donkey Kong handheld game It came to be known as the D pad 206 The design proved to be popular for subsequent Game amp Watch titles This particular design was patented In 1984 the Japanese company Epoch created a handheld game system called the Epoch Game Pocket Computer It featured a D pad but it was not popular for its time and soon faded Initially intended to be a compact controller for the Game amp Watch handheld games alongside the prior non connected style pad Nintendo realized that Gunpei s design would also be appropriate for regular consoles and Nintendo made the D pad the standard directional control for the hugely successful Nintendo Entertainment System under the name Control Pad Motion sensing controller Invented by Nintendo for the Wii the Wii Remote is the first controller with motion sensing capability It was a candidate for Time s Best Invention of 2006 207 Printing edit Hydrographics Hydrographics also known variously as immersion printing water transfer printing water transfer imaging hydro dipping or cubic printing has an somewhat fuzzy history Three different Japanese companies are given credit for its invention Taica Corporation claims to have invented cubic printing in 1974 However the earliest hydrographic patent was filed by Motoyasu Nakanishi of Kabushiki Kaisha Cubic Engineering in 1982 208 Robotics edit Android Waseda University initiated the WABOT project in 1967 and in 1972 completed the WABOT 1 the world s first full scale humanoid intelligent robot 209 Its limb control system allowed it to walk with the lower limbs and to grip and transport objects with hands using tactile sensors Its vision system allowed it to measure distances and directions to objects using external receptors artificial eyes and ears And its conversation system allowed it to communicate with a person in Japanese with an artificial mouth This made it the first android 210 211 Actroid nbsp DER 01 a Japanese actroid an android intended to be very visually similar to humans DER 01 was developed by a Japanese research group The Intelligent Robotics Lab directed by Hiroshi Ishiguro at Osaka University and Kokoro Co Ltd The Actroid is a humanoid robot with strong visual human likeness developed by Osaka University and manufactured by Kokoro Company Ltd the animatronics division of Sanrio It was first unveiled at the 2003 International Robot Exposition in Tokyo Japan The Actroid woman is a pioneer example of a real machine similar to imagined machines called by the science fiction terms android or gynoid so far used only for fictional robots It can mimic such lifelike functions as blinking speaking and breathing The Repliee models are interactive robots with the ability to recognise and process speech and respond in kind 212 213 214 Karakuri puppet Karakuri puppets からくり人形 karakuri ningyō are traditional Japanese mechanized puppets or automata originally made from the 17th century to the 19th century The word karakuri means mechanisms or trick 215 The dolls gestures provided a form of entertainment Three main types of karakuri exist Butai karakuri 舞台からくり stage karakuri were used in theatre Zashiki karakuri 座敷からくり tatami room karakuri were small and used in homes Dashi karakuri 山車からくり festival car karakuri were used in religious festivals where the puppets were used to perform reenactments of traditional myths and legends Robotic exoskeleton for motion support medicine The first HAL prototype was proposed by Yoshiyuki Sankai a professor at Tsukuba University 216 Fascinated with robots since he was in the third grade Sankai had striven to make a robotic suit in order to support humans In 1989 after receiving his Ph D in robotics he began the development of HAL Sankai spent three years from 1990 to 1993 mapping out the neurons that govern leg movement It took him and his team an additional four years to make a prototype of the hardware 217 Space exploration edit Interplanetary solar sail spacecraft IKAROS the world s first successful interplanetary solar sail spacecraft was launched by JAXA on 21 May 2010 218 Storage technology edit nbsp Betamax top and VHS bottom tapes were respectively created by Japanese companies Sony and JVC Blu ray Disc along with other nations After Shuji Nakamura s invention of practical blue laser diodes 219 Sony started two projects applying the new diodes UDO Ultra Density Optical and DVR Blue together with Pioneer a format of rewritable discs which would eventually become the Blu ray Disc 220 The Blu ray Disc Association was founded by Massachusetts Institute of Technology along with nine companies five from Japan two from Korea one from the Netherlands and one from France Compact Disc also Dutch company Philips The compact disc was jointly developed by Philips Joop Sinjou and Sony Toshitada Doi Sony first publicly demonstrated an optical digital audio disc in September 1976 In September 1978 they demonstrated an optical digital audio disc with a 150 minute playing time and with specifications of 44 056 Hz sampling rate 16 bit linear resolution cross interleaved error correction code that were similar to those of the Compact Disc they introduced in 1982 221 Digital video disc also Dutch company Philips The DVD first developed in 1995 resulted from a cooperation between three Japanese companies Sony Toshiba and Panasonic and one Dutch company Philips Flash memory Flash memory both NOR and NAND types was invented by Dr Fujio Masuoka while working for Toshiba c 1980 222 223 Betamax Betamax was an analog videocassette magnetic tape marketed to consumers released by Sony on May 10 1975 224 VHS Video Home System The VHS was invented in 1973 by Yuma Shiraishi and Shizuo Takano who worked for JVC 225 Helical scan Norikazu Sawazaki invented a prototype helical scan video tape recorder in 1953 226 In 1959 Toshiba released the first commercial helical scan video tape recorder 227 Television edit All electronic television In 1926 Kenjiro Takayanagi invented the world s first all electronic television preceding Philo T Farnsworth by several months 228 By 1927 Takayanagi improved the resolution to 100 lines which was not surpassed until 1931 229 By 1928 he was the first to transmit human faces in halftones His work had an influence on the later work of Vladimir K Zworykin 230 Aperture grille One of two major cathode ray tube CRT display technologies along with the older shadow mask Aperture grille was introduced by Sony with their Trinitron television in 1968 231 Color plasma display The world s first color plasma display was produced by Fujitsu in 1989 232 Handheld television In 1970 Panasonic released the first television that was small enough to fit in a large pocket the Panasonic IC TV MODEL TR 001 It featured a 1 5 inch display along with a 1 5 inch speaker 233 LCD television The first LCD televisions were invented as handheld televisions in Japan In 1980 Hattori Seiko s R amp D group began development on color LCD pocket televisions 234 In 1982 Seiko Epson released the first LCD television the Epson TV Watch a wristwatch equipped with an active matrix LCD television 235 180 In 1983 Casio released a handheld LCD television the Casio TV 10 236 LED backlit LCD The world s first LED backlit LCD television was Sony s Qualia 005 released in 2004 237 Laser TVWorld s first HD laser TV was produced by Mitsubishi Electric in 2008 238 Textiles edit Automatic power loom with a non stop shuttle change motion Sakichi Toyoda invented numerous weaving devices His most famous invention was the automatic power loom in which he implemented the principle of Jidoka autonomation or autonomous automation It was the 1924 Toyoda Automatic Loom Type G a completely automatic high speed loom featuring the ability to change shuttles without stopping and dozens of other innovations At the time it was the world s most advanced loom delivering a dramatic improvement in quality and a twenty fold increase in productivity This loom automatically stopped when it detected a problem such as thread breakage 239 Vinylon The second man made fiber to be invented after nylon It was first developed by Ichiro Sakurada H Kawakami and Korean scientist Ri Sung gi at the Takatsuki chemical research center in 1939 in Japan 240 241 Timekeeping edit nbsp 2A Seiko quartz wristwatch using the chronograph function movement 7T92 Automatic quartz The first watch to combine self winding with a crystal oscillator for timekeeping was unveiled by Seiko in 1986 242 Myriad year clock The Myriad year clock 万年自鳴鐘 Mannen Jimeishou lit Ten Thousand Year Self ringing Bell was a universal clock designed by the Japanese inventor Hisashige Tanaka in 1851 It belongs to the category of Japanese clocks called Wadokei 243 Quartz wristwatch The world s first quartz wristwatch was revealed in 1967 the prototype of the Astron revealed by Seiko in Japan where it was in development since 1958 It was eventually released to the public in 1969 244 Spring Drive A watch movement which was first conceived by Yoshikazu Akahane working for Seiko in 1977 and was patented in 1982 It features a true continuously sweeping second hand rather than the traditional beats per time unit as seen with traditional mechanical and most quartz watches 245 Transportation edit Bullet train The world s first high volume capable initially 12 car maximum high speed train was Japan s Tōkaidō Shinkansen which officially opened in October 1964 with construction commencing in April 1959 246 The 0 Series Shinkansen built by Kawasaki Heavy Industries achieved maximum passenger service speeds of 210 km h 130 mph on the Tokyo Nagoya Kyoto Osaka route with earlier test runs hitting top speeds in 1963 at 256 km h 246 Electronically controlled continuously variable transmission In early 1987 Subaru launched the Justy in Tokyo with an electronically controlled continuously variable transmission ECVT developed by Fuji Heavy Industries which owns Subaru 247 Self driving car The first self driving car that did not rely upon rails or wires under the road is designed by the Tsukuba Mechanical Engineering Laboratory in 1977 The car was equipped with two cameras that used analog computer technology for signal processing 248 249 Hybrid electric vehicle The first commercial hybrid vehicle was the Toyota Prius launched in 1997 250 Hydrogen car In 2014 Toyota launched the first production hydrogen fuel cell vehicle the Toyota Mirai 251 The Mirai has a range of 312 miles 502 km and takes about five minutes to refuel The initial sale price was roughly 7 million yen 69 000 Kei car A category of small automobiles including passenger cars vans and pickup trucks They are designed to exploit local tax and insurance relaxations and in more rural areas are exempted from the requirement to certify that adequate parking is available for the vehicle 252 253 Rickshaw A two or three wheeled passenger cart seating one or two people that serves as a mode of human powered transport pulled by a runner draws a two wheeled cart The rickshaws was invented in Japan around 1869 254 255 after the lifting of a ban on wheeled vehicles from the Tokugawa period 1603 1868 256 and at the beginning of a rapid period of technical advancement across the Japanese archipelago 255 257 Spiral escalator Mitsubishi Electric unveiled the world s first practical spiral escalator in 1985 Spiral escalators have the advantage of taking up less space than their conventional counterparts 258 Inverter Controlled High Speed Gearless Elevator The insulated gate bipolar transistors IGBTs realized increased switching frequency and reduced magnetic noise in the motor which eliminated the need for a filter circuit and resulted in a more compact system The IGBT also allowed the development of a small highly integrated and highly sophisticated all digital control device consisting of the combination of a high speed processor specially customized gate arrays and a circuit capable of controlling large currents of several kHz Today the inverter controlled gearless drive system is applied in high speed elevators worldwide 259 Personal watercraft Kawasaki were the first to develop stand up personall watercraft under their trademark Jet Ski While experimentation with personal watercraft preceded this The Jet Ski was the first commercially successful and practical PWC 260 Military edit Amphibious assault ship Imperial Japanese Army Akitsu maru is regarded as the first of the kind Dock landing ship Imperial Japanese Army Shinshu maru is regarded as the first of the kind Fire balloon A fire balloon or balloon bomb was an experimental weapon launched by Japan from 1944 to 1945 during World War II 261 Diesel powered tank The world s first diesel powered tank this distinction goes to Japanese Type 89B I Go Otsu produced with a diesel engine from 1934 onwards nbsp KatanaKatana The katana were traditional Japanese swords used by samurai warriors of ancient and feudal Japan The swords originated in the Muromachi period 1392 1573 as a result of changing battle conditions requiring faster response times The katana facilitated this by being worn with the blade facing up which allowed the samurai to draw their blade and slash at their enemy in a single motion Previously the curved sword of the samurai was worn with the blade facing down The ability to draw and cut in one motion also became increasingly useful in the daily life of the samurai 262 Shuriken The shuriken was invented during the Gosannen War as a concealed weapon primarily for the purpose of distracting a target 263 Wireless transmission edit Meteor burst communications The first observation of interaction between meteors and radio propagation was reported by Hantaro Nagaoka in 1929 264 Yagi antenna The Yagi Uda antenna was invented in 1926 by Shintaro Uda of Tohoku Imperial University Sendai Japan with the collaboration of Hidetsugu Yagi also of Tohoku Imperial University Yagi published the first English language reference on the antenna in a 1928 survey article on short wave research in Japan and it came to be associated with his name However Yagi always acknowledged Uda s principal contribution to the design and the proper name for the antenna is as above the Yagi Uda antenna or array 265 Writing and correction implements edit nbsp Model B in PinkCorrection tape Correction tape was invented in 1989 by the Japanese product manufacturer Seed It is an alternative to correction fluid 266 Gel pen The gel pen was invented in 1984 by the Sakura Color Products Corporation of Osaka 267 Rollerball pen The first rollerball pen was invented in 1963 by the Japanese company Ohto 268 Other editArtificial snowflake The first artificial snowflake was created by Ukichiro Nakaya in 1936 three years after his first attempt 269 Canned coffee Canned coffee was invented in 1965 by Miura Yoshitake a coffee shop owner in Hamada Shimane Prefecture Japan 270 Emoji The first emoji was created in 1998 or 1999 in Japan by Shigetaka Kurita 271 Fake food Simulated food was invented after Japan s surrender ending World War II in 1945 Westerners traveling to Japan had trouble reading Japanese menus and in response Japanese artisans and candlemakers created wax food so foreigners could easily order something that looked appetizing 272 Go modern rules of Though the game originated in China free opening of the game as it is played globally began in the 16th century Japan Imageboard The first imageboards were created in Japan Later imageboards such as 2chan would be created 273 Yoshizawa Randlett system The Yoshizawa Randlett system is a diagramming system used for origami models It was first developed by Akira Yoshizawa in 1954 It was later improved upon by Samuel Randlett and Robert Harbin 274 Textboard Textboards like imageboards were invented in Japan However unlike imageboards textboards are relatively unknown outside Japan 273 See also editHistory of science and technology in Japan History of typography in East Asia List of automotive superlatives list of first by Japanese cars List of Chinese inventions List of Chinese discoveries List of Korean inventions and discoveries List of Taiwanese inventions and discoveries Science and technology in Japan Ten Japanese Great Inventors List of Vietnamese inventions and discoveries List of Singaporean inventions and discoveriesReferences edit a b Kern Adam 2006 Manga from the Floating World Comicbook Culture and the Kibyōshi of Edo Japan Cambridge Harvard University Press pp 139 144 Fig 3 3 ISBN 978 0 674 02266 9 Manga anime rooted in Japanese history The Indianapolis Star August 2 1997 Powers Martin 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