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Electronic dance music

Electronic dance music (EDM), also known as dance music, club music, or simply dance,[1] is a broad range of percussive electronic music genres made largely for nightclubs, raves, and festivals. It is generally produced for playback by DJs who create seamless selections of tracks, called a DJ mix, by segueing from one recording to another.[2] EDM producers also perform their music live in a concert or festival setting in what is sometimes called a live PA.

In the late 1980s and early 1990s, following the emergence of raving, pirate radio, PartyCrews, underground festivals and an upsurge of interest in club culture, EDM achieved mainstream popularity in Europe. However, rave culture was not as broadly popular in the United States; it was not typically seen outside of the regional scenes in New York City, Florida, the Midwest, and California. Although both electro and Chicago house music were influential both in Europe and the United States, mainstream media outlets and the record industry remained openly hostile to it. There was also a perceived association between EDM and drug culture, which led governments at state and city levels to enact laws and policies intended to halt the spread of rave culture.[3]

Subsequently, in the new millennium, the popularity of EDM increased globally, particularly in the United States and Australia. By the early 2010s, the term "electronic dance music" and the initialism "EDM" was being pushed by the American music industry and music press in an effort to rebrand American rave culture.[3] Despite the industry's attempt to create a specific EDM brand, the initialism remains in use as an umbrella term for multiple genres, including dance-pop, house, techno, electro and trance, as well as their respective subgenres.[4][5][6]

History

Various EDM genres have evolved over the last 40 years, for example; house, techno, drum and bass, dance-pop etc. Stylistic variation within an established EDM genre can lead to the emergence of what is called a subgenre. Hybridization, where elements of two or more genres are combined, can lead to the emergence of an entirely new genre of EDM.[4]

Precursors

In the late 1960s bands such as Silver Apples created electronic music intended for dancing.[7] Other early examples of music that influenced later electronic dance music include Jamaican dub music during the late 1960s to 1970s,[6] the synthesizer-based disco music of Italian producer Giorgio Moroder in the late 1970s, and the electropop of Kraftwerk and Yellow Magic Orchestra in the mid-to-late 1970s.[5]

Dub

Author Michael Veal considers dub music, a Jamaican music stemming from roots reggae and sound system culture that flourished between 1968 and 1985, to be one of the important precursors to contemporary electronic dance music.[8] Dub productions were remixed reggae tracks that emphasized rhythm, fragmented lyrical and melodic elements, and reverberant textures.[9] The music was pioneered by studio engineers, such as Sylvan Morris, King Tubby, Errol Thompson, Lee "Scratch" Perry, and Scientist.[8] Their productions included forms of tape editing and sound processing that Veal considers comparable to techniques used in musique concrète. Dub producers made improvised deconstructions of existing multi-track reggae mixes by using the studio mixing board as a performance instrument. They also foregrounded spatial effects such as reverb and delay by using auxiliary send routings creatively.[8] The Roland Space Echo, manufactured by Roland Corporation, was widely used by dub producers in the 1970s to produce echo and delay effects.[10]

Despite the limited electronic equipment available to dub pioneers such as King Tubby and Lee "Scratch" Perry, their experiments in remix culture were musically cutting-edge.[11] Ambient dub was pioneered by King Tubby and other Jamaican sound artists, using DJ-inspired ambient electronics, complete with drop-outs, echo, equalization and psychedelic electronic effects. It featured layering techniques and incorporated elements of world music, deep bass lines and harmonic sounds.[12] Techniques such as a long echo delay were also used.[13]

Hip hop

Hip hop music has had some influence in the development of electronic dance music since the 1970s.[citation needed] Inspired by Jamaican sound system culture Jamaican-American DJ Kool Herc introduced large bass heavy speaker rigs to the Bronx.[14] His parties are credited with having kick-started the New York City hip-hop movement in 1973.[14] A technique developed by DJ Kool Herc that became popular in hip hop culture was playing two copies of the same record on two turntables, in alternation, and at the point where a track featured a break. This technique was further used to manually loop a purely percussive break, leading to what was later called a break beat.[15]

Turntablism has origins in the invention of the direct-drive turntable,[16] by Shuichi Obata, an engineer at Matsushita (now Panasonic).[17] In 1969, Matsushita released it as the SP-10,[18] the first direct-drive turntable on the market,[19] and the first in their influential Technics series of turntables.[18] The most influential turntable was the Technics SL-1200,[20] which was developed in 1971 by a team led by Shuichi Obata at Matsushita, which then released it onto the market in 1972.[16] In the 1980s and 1990s hip-hop DJs used turntables as musical instruments in their own right and virtuosic use developed into a creative practice called turntablism.[20]

Disco

In 1974, George McCrae's early disco hit "Rock Your Baby" was one of the first records to use a drum machine,[21] an early Roland rhythm machine.[22] The use of drum machines in disco production was influenced by Sly and the Family Stone's "Family Affair" (1971), with its rhythm echoed in McCrae's "Rock Your Baby",[23] and Timmy Thomas' "Why Can't We Live Together" (1972).[24][22][23] Disco producer Biddu used synthesizers in several disco songs from 1976 to 1977, including "Bionic Boogie" from Rain Forest (1976),[25] "Soul Coaxing" (1977),[26] and Eastern Man and Futuristic Journey[27][28] (recorded from 1976 to 1977).[29]

Acts like Donna Summer, Chic, Earth, Wind, and Fire, Heatwave, and the Village People helped define the late 1970s disco sound. Giorgio Moroder and Pete Bellotte produced "I Feel Love" for Donna Summer in 1977. It became the first well-known disco hit to have a completely synthesized backing track. Other disco producers, most famously American producer Tom Moulton, grabbed ideas and techniques from dub music (which came with the increased Jamaican migration to New York City in the 1970s) to provide alternatives to the four-on-the-floor style that dominated.[30][31] During the early 1980s, the popularity of disco music sharply declined in the United States, abandoned by major US record labels and producers. Euro disco continued evolving within the broad mainstream pop music scene.[32]

Synth-pop

Synth-pop (short for 'synthesizer pop';[33] also called 'techno-pop')[34][35][36] is a subgenre of new wave music[37] that first became prominent in the late 1970s and features the synthesizer as the dominant musical instrument. It was prefigured in the 1960s and early 1970s by the use of synthesizers in progressive rock, electronic, art rock, disco, and particularly the "Krautrock" of bands like Kraftwerk. It arose as a distinct genre in Japan and the United Kingdom in the post-punk era as part of the new wave movement of the late 1970s to the mid-1980s.

Early synth-pop pioneers included Japanese group Yellow Magic Orchestra, and British bands Ultravox, the Human League and Berlin Blondes[citation needed]. The Human League used monophonic synthesizers to produce music with a simple and austere sound. After the breakthrough of Gary Numan in the UK Singles Chart in 1979, large numbers of artists began to enjoy success with a synthesizer-based sound in the early 1980s, including late-1970s debutants like Japan and Orchestral Manoeuvres in the Dark, and newcomers such as Depeche Mode and Eurythmics. In Japan, Yellow Magic Orchestra's success opened the way for synth-pop bands such as P-Model, Plastics, and Hikashu. The development of inexpensive polyphonic synthesizers, the definition of MIDI and the use of dance beats, led to a more commercial and accessible sound for synth-pop. This, its adoption by the style-conscious acts from the New Romantic movement, together with the rise of MTV, led to success for large numbers of British synth-pop acts (including Duran Duran and Spandau Ballet) in the United States.

The use of digital sampling and looping in popular music was pioneered by Japanese electronic music band Yellow Magic Orchestra (YMO).[38][39][40][41] Their approach to sampling was a precursor to the contemporary approach of constructing music by cutting fragments of sounds and looping them using computer technology.[40] "Computer Game/Firecracker" (1978) interpolated a Martin Denny melody,[42] and sampled Space Invaders[43] video game sounds.[42] Technodelic (1981) introduced the use of digital sampling in popular music, as the first album consisting of mostly samples and loops.[39][41] The album was produced using Toshiba-EMI's LMD-649 digital PCM sampler, which engineer Kenji Murata custom-built for YMO.[41][better source needed] The LMD-649 was also used for sampling by other Japanese synthpop artists in the early 1980s, including YMO-associated acts such as Chiemi Manabe[44] and Logic System.[45]

Dance music in the 1980s

The emergence of electronic dance music in the 1980s was shaped by the development of several new electronic musical instruments, particularly those from the Japanese Roland Corporation. The Roland TR-808 (often abbreviated as the "808") notably played an important role in the evolution of dance music,[46] after Afrika Bambaataa's "Planet Rock" (1982), made it very popular on dancefloors.[47] The track, which also featured the melody line from Kraftwerk's Trans-Europe Express, informed the development of electronic dance music,[48] and subgenres including Miami bass and Detroit techno, and popularized the 808 as a "fundamental element of futuristic sound".[49] According to Slate, "Planet Rock" "didn't so much put the 808 on the map so much as reorient an entire world of post-disco dance music around it".[50] The Roland TR-909, TB-303 and Juno-60 similarly influenced electronic dance music such as techno, house and acid.[51][52][53]

Post-disco

During the post-disco era that followed the backlash against "disco" which began in the mid to late 1979, which in the United States lead to civil unrest and a riot in Chicago known as the Disco Demolition Night,[13] an underground movement of "stripped-down" disco inspired music featuring "radically different sounds"[14] started to emerge on the East Coast.[15] [Note 1] This new scene was seen primarily in the New York metropolitan area and was initially led by the urban contemporary artists that were responding to the over-commercialization and subsequent demise of disco culture. The sound that emerged originated from P-Funk[18] the electronic side of disco, dub music, and other genres. Much of the music produced during this time was, like disco, catering to a singles-driven market.[14] At this time creative control started shifting to independent record companies, less established producers, and club DJs.[14] Other dance styles that began to become popular during the post-disco era include dance-pop,[19] [20] boogie,[14] electro, Hi-NRG, Italo disco, house,[19] [21] [22] [23] and techno.[22] [24] [25] [26] [27]

Electro

 
The instrument that provided electro's synthesized programmed drum beats, the Roland TR-808 drum machine.

In the early 1980s, electro (short for "electro-funk") emerged as a fusion of electro-pop, funk, and boogie. Also called electro-funk or electro-boogie, but later shortened to electro, cited pioneers include Ryuichi Sakamoto, Afrika Bambaataa,[54] Zapp,[55] D.Train,[56] and Sinnamon.[56] Early hip hop and rap combined with German and Japanese electropop influences such as Kraftwerk and Yellow Magic Orchestra inspired the birth of electro.[57] As the electronic sound developed, instruments such as the bass guitar and drums were replaced by synthesizers and most notably by iconic drum machines, particularly the Roland TR-808 and the Yamaha DX7.[58] Early uses of the TR-808 include several Yellow Magic Orchestra tracks in 1980–1981, the 1982 track "Planet Rock" by Afrika Bambaataa, and the 1982 song "Sexual Healing" by Marvin Gaye.[59] In 1982, producer Arthur Baker, with Afrika Bambaataa, released the seminal "Planet Rock", which was influenced by Yellow Magic Orchestra, used Kraftwerk samples, and had drum beats supplied by the TR-808. Planet Rock was followed later that year by another breakthrough electro record, "Nunk" by Warp 9. In 1983, Hashim created an electro-funk sound with "Al-Naafyish (The Soul)"[54] that influenced Herbie Hancock, resulting in his hit single "Rockit" the same year. The early 1980s were electro's mainstream peak. According to author Steve Taylor,[60] Afrika Bambaataa's Planet Rock serves as a "template for all interesting dance music since".[60]

House music

In the early 1980s, Chicago radio jocks The Hot Mix 5 and club DJs Ron Hardy and Frankie Knuckles played various styles of dance music, including older disco records (mostly Philly disco and Salsoul[61] tracks), electro funk tracks by artists such as Afrika Bambaataa,[62] newer Italo disco, B-Boy hip hop music by Man Parrish, Jellybean Benitez, Arthur Baker, and John Robie, and electronic pop music by Kraftwerk and Yellow Magic Orchestra. Some made and played their own edits of their favorite songs on reel-to-reel tape, and sometimes mixed in effects, drum machines, and other rhythmic electronic instrumentation. The hypnotic electronic dance song "On and On", produced in 1984 by Chicago DJ Jesse Saunders and co-written by Vince Lawrence, had elements that became staples of the early house sound, such as the Roland TB-303 bass synthesizer and minimal vocals as well as a Roland (specifically TR-808) drum machine and Korg (specifically Poly-61) synthesizer.

"On and On" is sometimes cited as the 'first house record',[63][64] though other examples from around that time, such as J.M. Silk's "Music is the Key" (1985), have also been cited.[65] House music quickly spread to American cities including New York City, and Newark, and Detroit—all of which developed their own regional scenes. In the mid-to-late 1980s, house music became popular in Europe as well as major cities in South America, and Australia.[66] Chicago House experienced some commercial success in Europe with releases such as "House Nation" by House Master Boyz and the Rude Boy of House (1987). Following this, a number of house inspired releases such as "Pump Up The Volume" by M|A|R|R|S (1987), "Theme from S'Express" by S'Express (1988), and "Doctorin' the House" by Coldcut (1988) entered the pop charts.

The electronic instrumentation and minimal arrangement of Charanjit Singh's Synthesizing: Ten Ragas to a Disco Beat (1982), an album of Indian ragas performed in a disco style, anticipated the sounds of acid house music, but it is not known to have had any influence on the genre prior to the album's rediscovery in the 21st century.[67][68][69]

Techno, acid house, rave

 
Roland TB-303: The bass line synthesizer that was used prominently in acid house.

In the mid 1980s house music thrived on the small Balearic Island of Ibiza, Spain. The Balearic sound was the spirit of the music emerging from the island at that time; the combination of old vinyl rock, pop, reggae, and disco records paired with an "anything goes" attitude made Ibiza a hub of drug-induced musical experimentation.[70] A club called Amnesia, whose resident DJ, Alfredo Fiorito, pioneered Balearic house, was the center of the scene.[71] Amnesia became known across Europe and by the mid to late 1980s it was drawing people from all over the continent.[72]

By 1988, house music had become the most popular form of club music in Europe, with acid house developing as a notable trend in the UK and Germany in the same year.[73] In the UK an established warehouse party subculture, centered on the British African-Caribbean sound system scene fueled underground after-parties that featured dance music exclusively. Also in 1988, the Balearic party vibe associated with Ibiza's DJ Alfredo was transported to London, when Danny Rampling and Paul Oakenfold opened the clubs Shoom and Spectrum, respectively. Both places became synonymous with acid house, and it was during this period that MDMA gained prominence as a party drug. Other important UK clubs included Back to Basics in Leeds, Sheffield's Leadmill and Music Factory, and The Haçienda in Manchester, where Mike Pickering and Graeme Park's spot, Nude, was an important proving ground for American underground dance music.[Note 1][74] The success of house and acid house paved the way for Detroit Techno, a style that was initially supported by a handful of house music clubs in Chicago, New York, and Northern England, with Detroit clubs catching up later.[75] The term Techno first came into use after a release of a 10 Records/Virgin Records compilation titled Techno: The Dance Sound of Detroit in 1988.[76]

One of the first Detroit productions to receive wider attention was Derrick May's "Strings of Life" (1987), which, together with May's previous release, "Nude Photo" (1987), helped raise techno's profile in Europe, especially the UK and Germany, during the 1987–1988 house music boom (see Second Summer of Love).[77] It became May's best-known track, which, according to Frankie Knuckles, "just exploded. It was like something you can't imagine, the kind of power and energy people got off that record when it was first heard. Mike Dunn says he has no idea how people can accept a record that doesn't have a bassline."[78] According to British DJ Mark Moore, "Strings of Life" led London club-goers to accept house: "because most people hated house music and it was all rare groove and hip hop...I'd play 'Strings of Life' at the Mudd Club and clear the floor".[79][Note 2] By the late 1980s interest in house, acid house and techno escalated in the club scene and MDMA-fueled club-goers, who were faced with a 2 a.m. closing time in the UK, started to seek after-hours refuge at all-night warehouse parties. Within a year, in summer 1989, up to 25,000 people at a time were attending commercially organised underground parties called raves.[1]

Dance music in the 1990s

Trance

Trance emerged from the rave scene in the United Kingdom in the late 1980s and developed further during the early 1990s in Germany before spreading throughout the rest of Europe, as a more melodic offshoot from techno and house.[citation needed] At the same time trance music was developing in Europe, the genre was also gathering a following in the Indian state of Goa.[81] Trance is mostly instrumental, although vocals can be mixed in: typically they are performed by mezzo-soprano to soprano female soloists, often without a traditional verse/chorus structure. Structured vocal form in trance music forms the basis of the vocal trance subgenre, which has been described as "grand, soaring, and operatic" and "ethereal female leads floating amongst the synths".[82][83] Trance music is broken into a number of subgenres including acid trance, classic trance, hard trance, progressive trance,[84] and uplifting trance.[84][citation needed] Uplifting trance is also known as "anthem trance", "epic trance",[84] "commercial trance", "stadium trance", or "euphoric trance",[85] and has been strongly influenced by classical music in the 1990s[84] and 2000s by leading artists such as Ferry Corsten, Armin Van Buuren, Tiësto, Push, Rank 1 and at present with the development of the subgenre "orchestral uplifting trance" or "uplifting trance with symphonic orchestra" by such artists as Andy Blueman, Ciro Visone, Soundlift, Arctic Moon, Sergey Nevone&Simon O'Shine etc. Closely related to Uplifting Trance is Euro-trance, which has become a general term for a wide variety of highly commercialized European dance music. Several subgenres are crossovers with other major genres of electronic music. For instance, Tech trance is a mixture of trance and techno, and Vocal trance "combines [trance's] progressive elements with pop music".[84] The dream trance genre originated in the mid-1990s, with its popularity then led by Robert Miles.

AllMusic states on progressive trance: "the progressive wing of the trance crowd led directly to a more commercial, chart-oriented sound since trance had never enjoyed much chart action in the first place. Emphasizing the smoother sound of Eurodance or house (and occasionally more reminiscent of Jean-Michel Jarre than Basement Jaxx), Progressive Trance became the sound of the world's dance floors by the end of the millennium. Critics ridiculed its focus on predictable breakdowns and relative lack of skill to beat-mix, but progressive trance was caned by the hottest DJ."[86]

Breakbeat hardcore, jungle, drum and bass

By the early 1990s, a style of music developed within the rave scene that had an identity distinct from American house and techno. This music, much like hip-hop before it, combined sampled syncopated beats or breakbeats, other samples from a wide range of different musical genres, and, occasionally, samples of music, dialogue, and effects from films and television programmes. Relative to earlier styles of dance music such as house and techno, so-called 'rave music' tended to emphasise bass sounds and use faster tempos, or beats per minute (BPM). This subgenre was known as "hardcore" rave, but from as early as 1991, some musical tracks made up of these high-tempo breakbeats, with heavy basslines and samples of older Jamaican music, were referred to as "jungle techno", a genre influenced by Jack Smooth and Basement Records, and later just "jungle", which became recognized as a separate musical genre popular at raves and on pirate radio in Britain. It is important to note when discussing the history of drum & bass that prior to jungle, rave music was getting faster and more experimental.

By 1994, jungle had begun to gain mainstream popularity, and fans of the music (often referred to as junglists) became a more recognisable part of youth subculture. The genre further developed, incorporating and fusing elements from a wide range of existing musical genres, including the raggamuffin sound, dancehall, MC chants, dub basslines, and increasingly complex, heavily edited breakbeat percussion. Despite the affiliation with the ecstasy-fuelled rave scene, Jungle also inherited some associations with violence and criminal activity, both from the gang culture that had affected the UK's hip-hop scene and as a consequence of jungle's often aggressive or menacing sound and themes of violence (usually reflected in the choice of samples). However, this developed in tandem with the often positive reputation of the music as part of the wider rave scene and dance hall-based Jamaican music culture prevalent in London. By 1995, whether as a reaction to, or independently of this cultural schism, some jungle producers began to move away from the ragga-influenced style and create what would become collectively labelled, for convenience, as drum and bass.[87]

Dance music in the 21st century

Dubstep

Dubstep is a genre of electronic dance music that originated in South London in the late 1990s. It is generally characterized by sparse, syncopated rhythmic patterns with bass lines that contain prominent sub-bass frequencies. The style emerged as an offshoot of UK garage, drawing on a lineage of related styles such as 2-step, dub reggae, jungle, broken beat, and grime.[88][89] In the United Kingdom, the origins of the genre can be traced back to the growth of the Jamaican sound system party scene in the early 1980s.[89][90]

The earliest known dubstep releases date back to 1998, and were usually featured as B-sides of 2-step garage single releases. These tracks were darker, more experimental remixes with less emphasis on vocals, and attempted to incorporate elements of breakbeat and drum and bass into 2-step. In 2001, this and other strains of dark garage music began to be showcased and promoted at London's nightclub Plastic People, at the "Forward" night (sometimes stylised as FWD>>), which went on to be considered influential to the development of dubstep. The term "dubstep" in reference to a genre of music began to be used around 2002 by labels such as Big Apple, Ammunition, and Tempa, by which time stylistic trends used in creating these remixes started to become more noticeable and distinct from 2-step and grime.[91]

Electro house

Electro house is a form of house music characterized by a prominent bassline or kick drum and a tempo between 125 and 135 beats per minute, usually 128.[92][93][94] Its origins were influenced by electro.[citation needed] The term has been used to describe the music of many DJ Mag Top 100 DJs, including Dimitri Vegas & Like Mike, Hardwell, Skrillex,[95][96] and Steve Aoki.[97] Italian DJ Benny Benassi, with his track "Satisfaction" released in 2002, is seen as the forerunner of electro-house who brought it to the mainstream.[98] By the mid-2000s, electro-house saw an increase in popularity, with hits such as the Tom Neville remix of Studio B's "I See Girls" in 2005 (UK #11). In November 2006, electro-house tracks "Put Your Hands Up for Detroit" by Fedde Le Grand and the D. Ramirez remix of "Yeah Yeah" by Bodyrox and Luciana held the number one and number two spots, respectively, on the UK top 40 singles chart.[99] Since then, electro-house producers such as Feed Me, Knife Party, The M Machine, Porter Robinson, Yasutaka Nakata[100] and Dada Life have emerged.

Trap music (EDM)

Trap music (EDM) originated from techno, dub, and Dutch House, but also from Southern hip hop in the late 2000s and early 2010s. This form of trap music can be simplified by these three features: "1/3 hip hop (tempo and song structure are similar, most tracks are usually between 70–110 bpm) – with vocals sometimes being pitched down, 1/3 dance music – high-pitched Dutch synth work, Hardstyle sampling, as well as a plethora of trap remixes of popular EDM songs, and 1/3 dub (low-frequency focus and strong emphasis on repetitiveness throughout a song)".[101] Some of the artist that popularized this genre, along with several others, would-be producers such as RL Grime with the tracks "Core" and "Scylla" released in 2014, Flosstradamus with their "Hdynation Radio" album released in 2015 and Carnage (DJ) with his track "Turn Up" released in 2012.[101] Trap music in this connotation was characterized by "soulful synths, 808s, the pan flute, sharp snares and long, syrup-slurred vowels" which created dirty and aggressive beats resulting in "dark melodies". Trap is now mainly used to create remixes of already existing songs.[102][101]

Terminology

In 1980 English producer Richard James Burgess, and his band Landscape, used the term on the sleeve of the single "European Man": "Electronic Dance Music... EDM; computer programmed to perfection for your listening pleasure." In response to a question about being credited with coining the term New Romantic Burgess has stated that: "Initially I was using three terms – Futurist, Electronic Dance Music (the Landscape singles have EDM printed on them) and New Romantic."[103][104]

Writing in The Guardian, journalist Simon Reynolds noted that the American music industry's adoption of the term EDM in the late 2000s was an attempt to re-brand US "rave culture" and differentiate it from the 1990s rave scene. It has been described as an era of electronic music, being described in a MixMag article as being "the drop-heavy, stadium-filling, fist-pumping, chart-topping, massively commercial main stage sound that conquered America...possibly somewhere between electro and progressive house, directed by Michael Bay, and like many music genres, trying to pin it down exactly is like trying to grab a fistful of water".[105] In the UK, "dance music" or "dance" are more common terms for EDM.[4] What is widely perceived to be "club music" has changed over time; it now includes different genres and may not always encompass EDM. Similarly, "electronic dance music" can mean different things to different people. Both "club music" and "EDM" seem vague, but the terms are sometimes used to refer to distinct and unrelated genres (club music is defined by what is popular, whereas EDM is distinguished by musical attributes).[96] Though Billboard debuted a "dance" chart in 1974, the larger US music industry did not create music charts until the late 1990s.[93] In July 1995, Nervous Records and Project X Magazine hosted the first awards ceremony, calling it the "Electronic Dance Music Awards".[Note 4]

Production

 
A typical home studio setup for EDM production with computer, audio interface and various MIDI instruments.

Electronic dance music is generally composed and produced in a recording studio with specialized equipment such as samplers, synthesizers, effects units and MIDI controllers all set up to interact with one another using the MIDI protocol. In the genre's early days, hardware electronic musical instruments were used and the focus in production was mainly on manipulating MIDI data as opposed to manipulating audio signals. Since the late 1990s, the use of software has increased. A modern electronic music production studio generally consists of a computer running a digital audio workstation (DAW), with various plug-ins installed such as software synthesizers and effects units, which are controlled with a MIDI controller such as a MIDI keyboard. This setup is generally sufficient to complete entire productions, which are then ready for mastering.[106]

Ghost production

A ghost producer is a hired music producer in a business arrangement who produces a song for another DJ/artist that releases it as their own,[107] typically under a contract which prevents them from identifying themselves as a personnel of the song.[108] Ghost producers receive a simple fee or royalty payments for their work and are often able to work in their preference of not having the intense pressure of fame and the lifestyle of an internationally recognized DJ.[107] A ghost producer may increase their notability in the music industry by acquainting with established "big name" DJs and producers.[107] Producers like Martin Garrix and Porter Robinson are often noted for their ghost production work for other producers while David Guetta and Steve Aoki are noted for their usage of ghost producers in their songs whereas DJs like Tiësto have been openly crediting their producers in an attempt to avoid censure and for transparency.[109]

Many ghost producers sign agreements that prevent them from working for anyone else or establishing themselves as a solo artist.[110] Such non-disclosure agreements are often noted as predatory because ghost producers, especially teenage producers, do not have an understanding of the music industry.[110] London producer Mat Zo has alleged that DJs who hire ghost producers "have pretended to make their own music and [left] us actual producers to struggle".[111]

Bedroom production

A bedroom producer is an independent musician who creates electronic music on their laptop or in a home studio. Unlike in traditional recording studios, bedroom producers typically use low-cost, accessible software and equipment which can lead to music being created completely "in the box," with no external hardware.[112]

Popularization

United States

Initially, the popularization of electronic dance music was associated with European rave and club culture and it achieved limited popular exposure in America. By the mid-to-late 1990s this began to change as the American music industry made efforts to market a range of dance genres as "electronica".[113] At the time, a wave of electronic music bands from the UK, including The Prodigy, The Chemical Brothers, Fatboy Slim and Underworld, had been prematurely associated with an "American electronica revolution".[114][115] But rather than finding mainstream success, many established EDM acts were relegated to the margins of the US industry.[114] In 1998 Madonna's Ray of Light, an album heavily influenced by club music trends and produced with British producer William Orbit, brought dance music to the attention of popular music listeners.[116][117] In the late 1990s, despite US media interest in dance music re-branded as electronica, American house and techno producers continued to travel abroad to establish their careers as DJs and producers.[114] According to New York Times journalist Kelefa Sanneh, Aaliyah's 2000 single "Try Again" "helped smuggle the innovative techniques of electronic dance music onto the American pop charts"[118]

By the mid-2000s, Dutch producer Tiësto was bringing worldwide popular attention to EDM after providing a soundtrack to the entry of athletes during the opening ceremony of the 2004 Summer Olympics — an event which The Guardian deemed as one of the 50 most important events in dance music.[119] In 2003, the influence of dance music on American radio resulted in Billboard creating the first-ever Dance/Mix Show Airplay chart.[120] By 2005, the prominence of dance music in North American popular culture had markedly increased. According to Spin, Daft Punk's performance at Coachella in 2006 was the "tipping point" for EDM—it introduced the duo to a new generation of "rock kids".[114] As noted by Entertainment Weekly, Justin Timberlake's "SexyBack" helped introduce EDM sounds to top 40 radio, as it brought together variations of electronic dance music with the singer's R&B sounds.[121][122] In 2009, French house musician David Guetta began to gain prominence in mainstream pop music thanks to several crossover hits on Top 40 charts such as "When Love Takes Over" with Kelly Rowland,[123] as well as his collaborations with US pop and hip hop acts such as Akon ("Sexy Bitch") and The Black Eyed Peas ("I Gotta Feeling").[124] The music sharing website SoundCloud, as well as the video sharing website YouTube, also helped fuel interest in electronic music. Dubstep producer Skrillex popularized a harsher sound dubbed "Brostep", which had drawn comparisons to the aggression and tone of heavy metal.[3][125][126][127]

With the increasing popularity of electronic dance music, promoters and venues realized that DJs could generate larger profits than traditional musicians; Diplo explained that "a band plays [for] 45 minutes; DJs can play for four hours. Rock bands—there's a few headliner dudes that can play 3,000–4,000-capacity venues, but DJs play the same venues, they turn the crowd over two times, people buy drinks all night long at higher prices—it's a win-win."[114] Electronic music festivals, such as Electric Daisy Carnival (EDC) in Las Vegas and Ultra Music Festival in Miami also grew in size, placing an increased emphasis on visual experiences, and DJs who had begun to attain a celebrity status.[3][125] Other major acts that gained prominence, including Avicii and Swedish House Mafia, toured major venues such as arenas and stadiums rather than playing clubs; in December 2011, Swedish House Mafia became the first electronic music act to sell out New York City's Madison Square Garden.[125]

In 2011, Spin declared a "new rave generation" led by acts like David Guetta, Deadmau5, and Skrillex.[114] In January 2013, Billboard introduced a new EDM-focused Dance/Electronic Songs chart, tracking the top 50 electronic songs based on sales, radio airplay, club play, and online streaming.[128] According to Eventbrite, EDM fans are more likely to use social media to discover and share events or gigs. They also discovered that 78% of fans say they are more likely to attend an event if their peers do, compared to 43% of fans in general. EDM has many young and social fans.[129] By late 2011, Music Trades was describing electronic dance music as the fastest-growing genre in the world.[130] Elements of electronic music also became increasingly prominent in pop music.[114] Radio and television also contributed to dance music's mainstream acceptance.[131]

US Corporate Interest

Corporate consolidation in the EDM industry began in 2012—especially in terms of live events. In June 2012, media executive Robert F. X. Sillerman—founder of what is now Live Nation—re-launched SFX Entertainment as an EDM conglomerate, and announced his plan to invest $1 billion to acquire EDM businesses. His acquisitions included regional promoters and festivals (including ID&T, which organises Tomorrowland), two nightclub operators in Miami, and Beatport, an online music store which focuses on electronic music.[132][133] Live Nation also acquired Cream Holdings and Hard Events, and announced a "creative partnership" with EDC organizers Insomniac Events in 2013 that would allow it to access its resources whilst remaining an independent company;[134] Live Nation CEO Michael Rapino described EDM as the "[new] rock 'n' roll".[113][135][136]

US radio conglomerate iHeartMedia, Inc. (formerly Clear Channel Media and Entertainment) also made efforts to align itself with EDM. In January 2014 It hired noted British DJ and BBC Radio 1 personality Pete Tong to produce programming for its "Evolution" dance radio brand,[137] and announced a partnership with SFX to co-produce live concerts and EDM-oriented original programming for its top 40 radio stations. iHeartMedia president John Sykes explained that he wanted his company's properties to be the "best destination [for EDM]".[138][139]

Major brands have also used the EDM phenomena as a means of targeting millennials[140][141][142][143] and EDM songs and artists have increasingly been featured in television commercials and programs.[144] Avicii's manager Ash Pournouri compared these practices to the commercialization of hip-hop in the early 2000s.[144] Heineken has a marketing relationship with the Ultra Music Festival, and has incorporated Dutch producers Armin van Buuren and Tiësto into its ad campaigns. Anheuser-Busch has a similar relationship as beer sponsor of SFX Entertainment events.[144] In 2014, 7 Up launched "7x7Up"—a multi-platform EDM-based campaign that included digital content, advertising featuring producers, and branded stages at both Ultra and Electric Daisy Carnival.[140][145][146] Wireless carrier T-Mobile US entered into an agreement with SFX to become the official wireless sponsor of its events, and partnered with Above & Beyond to sponsor its 2015 tour.[141]

In August 2015, SFX began to experience declines in its value,[147] and a failed bid by CEO Sillerman to take the company private. The company began looking into strategic alternatives that could have resulted in the sale of the company.[148][149] In October 2015, Forbes declared the possibility of an EDM "bubble", in the wake of the declines at SFX Entertainment, slowing growth in revenue, the increasing costs of organizing festivals and booking talent, as well as an oversaturation of festivals in the eastern and western United States. Insomniac CEO Pasquale Rotella felt that the industry would weather the financial uncertainty of the overall market by focusing on "innovation" and entering into new markets.[150] Despite forecasts that interest in popular EDM would wane, in 2015 it was estimated to be a £5.5bn industry in the US, up by 60% compared to 2012 estimates.[151]

SFX emerged from bankruptcy in December 2016 as LiveStyle, under the leadership of Randy Phillips, a former executive of AEG Live.[152][153] The company began to slowly divest its live music assets in 2018, including selling its stakes in Rock in Rio (which it had bought as part of an attempted Las Vegas edition of the festival),[154][155] and later other SFX-owned promoters such as ID&T[156][157] and React Presents.[158] Phillips stepped down as CEO in 2019 to pursue other projects.[159]

Criticism of over-commercialization

Following the popularization of EDM in America a number of producers and DJs, including Carl Cox, Steve Lawler, and Markus Schulz, raised concerns that the perceived over-commercialisation of dance music had impacted the art of DJing. Cox saw the "press-play" approach taken by newer EDM DJs as unrepresentative of what he called a "DJ ethos".[125] Writing in Mixmag, DJ Tim Sheridan argued that "push-button DJs" who use auto-sync and play pre-recorded sets of "obvious hits" resulted in a situation overtaken by "the spectacle, money and the showbiz".[160]

Some house producers openly admitted that "commercial" EDM needed further differentiation and creativity. Avicii, whose 2013 album True featured songs incorporating elements of bluegrass, such as lead single "Wake Me Up", stated that most EDM lacked "longevity".[161] Deadmau5 criticized the homogenization of popular EDM, and suggested that it "all sounds the same". During the 2014 Ultra Music Festival, Deadmau5 made critical comments about up-and-coming EDM artist Martin Garrix and later played an edited version of Garrix's "Animals" remixed to the melody of "Old McDonald Had a Farm". Afterwards, Tiësto criticized Deadmau5 on Twitter for "sarcastically" mixing Avicii's "Levels" with his own "Ghosts 'n' Stuff" (in reference to being a last-minute substitution for Avicii on the festival schedule due to a medical issue), to which Deadmau5 asked whether playing a song "sarcastically" involved "sneer[ing] while hitting the sync button".[162][163][164][165]

In May 2014, the NBC comedy series Saturday Night Live parodied the stereotypes of EDM culture and push-button DJs in a Digital Short titled When Will the Bass Drop?. It featured a DJ who goes about performing everyday activities—playing a computer game, frying eggs, collecting money—who then presses a giant "BASS" button, which explodes the heads of concertgoers.[166][167][168]

After years of rapid growth, the American popular EDM market started to wane in 2016 when a number of artists famous for producing so-called 'big room' electro-house started to diversify stylistically. This development was directly referenced by two such DJs – David Guetta and Showtek – in a techno-influenced single released in April 2016 titled 'The Death of EDM'.[169] By the end of the 2010s, EDM's position as the dominant force in mainstream popular music began to plateau as it became displaced by other styles.[105][170]

International

In May 2015, the International Music Summit's Business Report estimated that the global electronic music industry had reached nearly $6.9 billion in value; the count included music sales, events revenue (including nightclubs and festivals), the sale of DJ equipment and software, and other sources of revenue. The report also identified several emerging markets for electronic dance music, including East Asia, India, and South Africa, credited primarily to investment by domestic, as well as American and European interests. A number of major festivals also began expanding into Latin America.[171]

In Ghana, West Africa, an artist named Djsky introduced EDM in 2015–present and organised successful festivals and events such as Hey Ibiza, Sunset music Festival, Sky show and more.[172][173][174][175] In an interview with WatsUp TV, Djsky revealed he was the first to introduce Electronic Music Dance into Ghana music.[176][177]

In Ethiopia EDM has become part of mainstream music after the 2018 breakthrough of a young artist named Rophnan which incorporated EDM sound with traditional rhythms and melodies.[178] In his shows, tens of thousands of youth were packing stadiums across the country and radios started to play the emerging genre.[179][180]

China is a market where EDM had initially made relatively few inroads; although promoters believed that the mostly instrumental music would remove a metaphorical language barrier, the growth of EDM in China was hampered by the lack of a prominent rave culture in the country as in other regions, as well as the popularity of domestic Chinese pop over foreign artists. Former Universal Music executive Eric Zho, inspired by the US growth, made the first significant investments in electronic music in China, including the organisation of Shanghai's inaugural Storm festival in 2013, the reaching of a title sponsorship deal for the festival with Anheuser-Busch's Budweiser brand, a local talent search, and organising collaborations between EDM producers and Chinese singers, such as Avicii and Wang Leehom's "Lose Myself". In the years following, a larger number of EDM events began to appear in China, and Storm itself was also preceded by a larger number of pre-parties in 2014 than its inaugural year. A new report released during the inaugural International Music Summit China in October 2015 revealed that the Chinese EDM industry was experiencing modest gains, citing the larger number of events (including new major festival brands such as Modern Sky and YinYang), a 6% increase in the sales of electronic music in the country, and the significant size of the overall market. Zho also believed that the country's "hands-on" political climate, as well as investments by China into cultural events, helped in "encouraging" the growth of EDM in the country.[181][182]

Social impact

Festivals

 
An EDM festival in 2013 in Plainfeld, Austria with over 100,000 attendees,[183] exhibiting the large crowds and dramatic lighting common at such events since the early 2000s.[3]

In the 1980s, electronic dance music was often played at illegal underground rave parties held in secret locations, for example, warehouses, abandoned aircraft hangars, fields and any other large, open areas. In the 1990s and 2000s, aspects of the underground rave culture of the 1980s and early 1990s began to evolve into legitimate, organized EDM concerts and festivals. Major festivals often feature a large number of acts representing various EDM genres spread across multiple stages. Festivals have placed a larger emphasis on visual spectacles as part of their overall experiences, including elaborate stage designs with underlying thematics, complex lighting systems, laser shows, and pyrotechnics. Rave fashion also evolved among attendees, which The Guardian described as having progressed from the 1990s "kandi raver" to "[a] slick and sexified yet also kitschy-surreal image midway between Venice Beach and Cirque du Soleil, Willy Wonka and a gay pride parade".[3][125][145] These events differed from underground raves by their organized nature, often taking place at major venues, and with measures to ensure the health and safety of attendees.[184] MTV's Rawley Bornstein described electronic music as "the new rock and roll",[185] as has Lollapalooza organizer Perry Farrell.[186]

 
Spectrum Dance Music Festival, 2016

Ray Waddell of Billboard noted that festival promoters have done an excellent job at branding.[185] Larger festivals have been shown to have positive economic impacts on their host cities[184] the 2014 Ultra Music Festival brought 165,000 attendees—and over $223 million—to the Miami/South Florida region's economy.[146] The inaugural edition of TomorrowWorld—a U.S.-based version of Belgium's Tomorrowland festival, brought $85.1 million to the Atlanta area—as much revenue as its hosting of the NCAA Final Four (the semi-final and national championship games of the NCAA Division I men's basketball tournament) earlier in the year.[187] EDC Las Vegas boosted the Clark County economy by $350.3 million in 2015 alone, with over 405,000 attendees across three days (June 19–21).[188]

The popularity of EDM and festivals also led some multi-genre festivals not strongly associated with electronic music, such as Coachella and Lollapalooza, to add more electronic acts to their lineup. They often play EDM-specific stages, but major acts such as Deadmau5 and Calvin Harris have made overall headlining appearances on the main stages of Lollapalooza and Coachella respectively—placements that are typically associated with rock and alternative acts.[189][190]Russell Smith of The Globe and Mail felt that the commercial festival industry was an antithesis to the original principles of the rave subculture, citing "the expensive tickets, the giant corporate sponsors, the crass bro culture—shirtless muscle boys who cruise the stadiums, tiny popular girls in bikinis who ride on their shoulders – not to mention the sappy music itself."[191] Drug-related incidents, as well as other complaints surrounding the behaviour of their attendees, have contributed to negative perceptions and opposition to electronic music events by local authorities.[191][192]

After Ultra Music Festival 2014, where a crowd of gatecrashers trampled a security guard on its first day, Miami's city commissioners considered banning the festival from being held in the city, citing the trampling incident, lewd behavior, and complaints by downtown residents of being harassed by attendees. The commissioners voted to allow Ultra to continue being held in Miami due to its positive economic effects, under the condition that its organizers address security, drug usage and lewd behavior by attendees.[193][194][195] In 2018, after continued concerns, the commissioners voted to bar the festival from being held in Bayfront Park and downtown Miami,[196][197][198] but subsequently approved a proposal to move the event to one of Miami's barrier islands, Virginia Key.[199] Following the festival, which was impacted by transportation issues (as there is only one vehicular link between Virginia Key and mainland Miami) and other problems, Ultra pulled out of the agreement, and negotiated an agreement to return to Bayfront Park.[200][201] The UK Jungle and Drum and Bass focused record label, Hospital Records, runs a festival called Hospitality[202] in clubs and other locations scattered around the UK and other countries with big EDM influence. These events are usually concerts from artists on the record's roster of musicians.

Covid-19 Impact

Due to the Covid-19 pandemic, cancellation of festivals, accompanied by the restrictions on social distancing has negatively impacted economic activity of festivals and the music industry.[203] Festivals are required to have regulations on health and safety, as well as deal with crisis and risk management, since they are at high risk due to the mass of people that attend. As a result, it has become normal for festivals or performances to be streamed online.[203]

During 2020, all large EDM music festivals were postponed or canceled due to the Covid-19 pandemic. On March 4, 2020, Ultra Miami was the first electronic dance music festival to cancel an event since the event could not conform to the state’s capacity rules and county’s safety protocols and regulations.[204] On April 21, 2020, Electric Forest music festival in Rothbury, Michigan rescheduled their event on June 25–27, 2020 to June 2021 due to health concerns.[205] On July 9, 2020, New York City Mayor Bill de Blasio decided that all sizeable events will be suspended through September 30.[206] As a result, Electric Zoo 2020, which takes place on Randall’s Island in New York City during Labor Day Weekend, fully canceled their 2020 event.

Electric Daisy Carnival Las Vegas (EDC), the biggest dance music festival in North America, was scheduled to happen on May 15–17, 2020. In April, EDC postponed their May event to October 2–4, 2020, and later declared on August 2 that EDC Las Vegas 2020 would be officially canceled.[207] Instead, EDC CEO Pasquale Rotella announced the celebration of EDC’s 25th anniversary on May 21–23, 2021.[208] On April 9th 2021, EDC had not yet released their lineup and Covid-19 safety protocols for the event happening in May 2021.[209] On April 20th, 2021, Rotella postponed the festival to October 22–24, 2021.[210]

The cancellations of these events economically hurt the music industry and the companies that run these events. EDC 2020 originally sold out of the 200,000 tickets for their first event, but offered full returns for those who couldn’t make it to new dates.[211] Electric Zoo included an incentive for customers to keep their ticket by providing an extra $50 for General Admission tickets and $100 for VIP tickets to spend on merchandise and food on festival grounds.[212]  Most music festival companies offered to rollover the ticket to their next event or give full refunds to those who could not attend, but ultimately lost a lot of customers due to the uncertainty of Covid-19.[203]

Association with recreational drug use

Dance music has a long association with recreational drug use,[213] particularly with a wide range of drugs that have been categorized under the name "club drugs". Russell Smith noted that the association of drugs and music subcultures was by no means exclusive to electronic music, citing previous examples of music genres that were associated with certain drugs, such as psychedelic rock and LSD, disco music and cocaine, and punk music and heroin.[191]

 
Pictured above is what the drug ecstasy commonly looks like, though there are many different shapes and forms.

Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), also known as ecstasy, "E", or "Molly", is often considered the drug of choice within the rave culture and is also used at clubs, festivals and house parties.[214] In the rave environment, the sensory effects from the music and lighting are often highly synergistic with the drug. The psychedelic amphetamine quality of MDMA offers multiple reasons for its appeals to users in the "rave" setting. Some users enjoy the feeling of mass communion from the inhibition-reducing effects of the drug, while others use it as party fuel because of the drug's stimulatory effects.[215] Another drug para-Methoxyamphetamine (4-MA) also known as pink ecstasy, PMA, "Death" or "Dr. Death", it is similar to MDMA but they can take up to an hour to produce effects, which can result in hyperthermia and subsequently, organ failure. People who take PMA are often mistaken for it being identified as MDMA.[216][217]

MDMA is occasionally known for being taken in conjunction with psychedelic drugs. The more common combinations include MDMA combined with LSD, MDMA combined with DMT, MDMA with psilocybin mushrooms, and MDMA with the dissociative drug ketamine. Many users use mentholated products while taking MDMA for its cooling sensation while experiencing the drug's effects. Examples include menthol cigarettes, Vicks VapoRub, NyQuil,[218] and lozenges.

The incidence of nonmedical ketamine has increased in the context of raves and other parties.[219] However, its emergence as a club drug differs from other club drugs (e.g. MDMA) due to its anesthetic properties (e.g., slurred speech, immobilization) at higher doses;[220] in addition, there are reports of ketamine being sold as "ecstasy".[221] The use of ketamine as part of a "postclubbing experience" has also been documented.[222] Ketamine's rise in the dance culture was rapid in Hong Kong by the end of the 1990s.[220] Before becoming a federally controlled substance in the United States in 1999, ketamine was available as diverted pharmaceutical preparations and as a pure powder sold in bulk quantities from domestic chemical supply companies.[223] Much of the current ketamine diverted for nonmedical use originates in China and India.[223]

Drug-related deaths at electronic dance music events

A number of deaths attributed to apparent drug use have occurred at major electronic music concerts and festivals. The Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum blacklisted Insomniac Events after an underaged attendee died from "complications of ischemic encephalopathy due to methylenedioxymethamphetamine intoxication" during Electric Daisy Carnival 2010; as a result, the event was re-located to Las Vegas the following year.[224][184][225][226][227] Drug-related deaths during Electric Zoo 2013 in New York City, United States, and Future Music Festival Asia 2014 in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, prompted the final day of both events to be cancelled,[226][228] while Life in Color cancelled a planned event in Malaysia out of concern for the incident, and other drug-related deaths that occurred at the A State of Trance 650 concerts in Jakarta, Indonesia.[229][230][231]

In September 2016, the city of Buenos Aires, Argentina banned all electronic music events, pending future legislation, after five drug-related deaths and four injuries at a Time Warp Festival event in the city in April 2016. The ban forced electronic band Kraftwerk to cancel a planned concert in the city, despite arguing that there were dissimilarities between a festival and their concerts.[232][233]

Industry awards

Organization Award(s) Year(s) Notes
BRIT Awards British Dance Act 1994–2004 The BRIT awards in the UK introduced a "British Dance Act" category in 1994, first won by M People. Although dance acts had featured in the awards in previous years, this was the first year dance music was given its own category. More recently the award was removed as was "Urban" and "Rock" and other genres as the awards removed Genre-based awards and moved to more generalised artist-focused awards.
Grammy Awards Best Dance/Electronic Recording 1998–present Most recently won (2021) by Rüfüs Du Sol for "Alive".[234]
Best Dance/Electronic Music Album 2005–present Most recently won (2021) by Black Coffee for Subconsciously.[234]
DJ Mag Top 100 DJs poll 1991–present The British dance music magazine DJ Mag publishes a yearly listing of the top 100 DJs in the world; from 1991 to 1996 the Top 100 poll were ranked by the magazine's journalists; in 1997 the poll became a public vote. The current number one as of the 2021 list is David Guetta.[235]
DJ Awards Best DJ Award 1998–present The only global DJ awards event that nominates and awards international DJ's in 11 categories held annually in Ibiza, Spain, winners selected by a public vote[236] and one of the most important.[237]
Winter Music Conference (WMC) IDMA: International Dance Music Awards 1998–present [238]
Project X Magazine Electronic Dance Music Awards 1995 Readers of Project X magazine voted for the winners of the first (and only) "Electronic Dance Music Awards".[239] In a ceremony organized by the magazine and Nervous Records, award statues were given to Winx, The Future Sound of London, Moby, Junior Vasquez, Danny Tenaglia, DJ Keoki, TRIBAL America Records and Moonshine Records.[239]
American Music Awards Favorite Dance/Electronic Artist 2012–present Most recently won (2021) by Marshmello.[240]
World Music Awards Favorite Electronic Dance Music Artist 2006–present
(on hiatus)
Most recently won (2014) by Calvin Harris.[241]

See also

(alphabetical)

Notes

  1. ^ Fikentscher (2000), p. 5, in discussing the definition of underground dance music as it relates to post-disco music in America, states that: "The prefix 'underground' does not merely serve to explain that the associated type of music—and its cultural context—are familiar only to a small number of informed persons. Underground also points to the sociological function of the music, framing it as one type of music that to have meaning and continuity is kept away, to a large degree, from mainstream society, mass media, and those empowered to enforce prevalent moral and aesthetic codes and values."
  2. ^ "Although it can now be heard in Detroit's leading clubs, the local area has shown a marked reluctance to get behind the music. It has been in clubs like the Powerplant (Chicago), The World (New York), The Hacienda (Manchester), Rock City (Nottingham), and Downbeat (Leeds) where the techno sound has found most support. Ironically, the only Detroit club which really championed the sound was a peripatetic party night called Visage, which unromantically shared its name with one of Britain's oldest new romantic groups".[80]

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Bibliography

  • Brewster, Bill (2006). Last Night a DJ Saved My Life. London: Headline. Retrieved November 3, 2022.
  • Butler, Mark Jonathan (2006). Unlocking the Groove: Rhythm, Meter, and Musical Design in Electronic Dance Music. Indiana University Press. ISBN 9780253346629.
  • Collins, Nick; Schedel, Margaret; Wilson, Scott (2013). Electronic Music. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-107-24454-2.
  • Cosgrove (1988).[full citation needed],
  • Fikentscher, Kai (2000). 'You Better Work'!: Underground Dance Music in New York. Hanover, NH: Wesleyan University Press. ISBN 9780819564047.
  • Joe-Laidler, K.; Hunt, G. (June 1, 2008). "Sit down to float: The cultural meaning of ketamine use in Hong Kong". Addiction Research & Theory. 16 (3): 259–271. doi:10.1080/16066350801983673. PMC 2744071. PMID 19759834.
  • Koskoff, Ellen (2004). Music Cultures in the United States: an Introduction. Routledge. ISBN 9780415965897.
  • Rietveld, Hillegonda C. (1998). This is Our House: House Music, Cultural Spaces, and Technologies. Popular Cultural Studies. Vol. 13. Ashgate. ISBN 9781857422429.
  • Graham St John, editor. Weekend Societies: Electronic Dance Music Festivals and Event-Cultures, 2017, Bloomsbury Academic
  • Trynka, Paul; Bacon, Tony, eds. (1996). Rock Hardware. Balafon Books. ISBN 978-0-87930-428-7.

Further reading

  • Hewitt, Michael. Music Theory for Computer Musicians. 1st Ed. U.S. Cengage Learning, 2008. ISBN 978-1-59863-503-4
  • "Electronic dance music glossary" by Moby for USA Today (December 13, 2011)
  • Simplified guide to the various EDM genres with sample tracks: "An Idiot's Guide to EDM Genres"
  • Vice Magazine. 2013. Rave Culture, a handy guide for middle America: "Explaining Rave Culture to Americans"
  • from "BeatExplorers"

electronic, dance, music, also, known, dance, music, club, music, simply, dance, broad, range, percussive, electronic, music, genres, made, largely, nightclubs, raves, festivals, generally, produced, playback, create, seamless, selections, tracks, called, segu. Electronic dance music EDM also known as dance music club music or simply dance 1 is a broad range of percussive electronic music genres made largely for nightclubs raves and festivals It is generally produced for playback by DJs who create seamless selections of tracks called a DJ mix by segueing from one recording to another 2 EDM producers also perform their music live in a concert or festival setting in what is sometimes called a live PA In the late 1980s and early 1990s following the emergence of raving pirate radio PartyCrews underground festivals and an upsurge of interest in club culture EDM achieved mainstream popularity in Europe However rave culture was not as broadly popular in the United States it was not typically seen outside of the regional scenes in New York City Florida the Midwest and California Although both electro and Chicago house music were influential both in Europe and the United States mainstream media outlets and the record industry remained openly hostile to it There was also a perceived association between EDM and drug culture which led governments at state and city levels to enact laws and policies intended to halt the spread of rave culture 3 Subsequently in the new millennium the popularity of EDM increased globally particularly in the United States and Australia By the early 2010s the term electronic dance music and the initialism EDM was being pushed by the American music industry and music press in an effort to rebrand American rave culture 3 Despite the industry s attempt to create a specific EDM brand the initialism remains in use as an umbrella term for multiple genres including dance pop house techno electro and trance as well as their respective subgenres 4 5 6 Contents 1 History 1 1 Precursors 1 1 1 Dub 1 1 2 Hip hop 1 1 3 Disco 1 1 4 Synth pop 1 2 Dance music in the 1980s 1 2 1 Post disco 1 2 2 Electro 1 2 3 House music 1 2 4 Techno acid house rave 1 3 Dance music in the 1990s 1 3 1 Trance 1 3 2 Breakbeat hardcore jungle drum and bass 1 4 Dance music in the 21st century 1 4 1 Dubstep 1 4 2 Electro house 1 4 3 Trap music EDM 2 Terminology 3 Production 3 1 Ghost production 3 2 Bedroom production 4 Popularization 4 1 United States 4 1 1 US Corporate Interest 4 1 2 Criticism of over commercialization 4 2 International 5 Social impact 5 1 Festivals 5 2 Covid 19 Impact 5 3 Association with recreational drug use 5 3 1 Drug related deaths at electronic dance music events 6 Industry awards 7 See also 8 Notes 9 References 9 1 Bibliography 10 Further readingHistory EditSee also Electronic music and History of DJing Various EDM genres have evolved over the last 40 years for example house techno drum and bass dance pop etc Stylistic variation within an established EDM genre can lead to the emergence of what is called a subgenre Hybridization where elements of two or more genres are combined can lead to the emergence of an entirely new genre of EDM 4 Precursors Edit See also P Funk In the late 1960s bands such as Silver Apples created electronic music intended for dancing 7 Other early examples of music that influenced later electronic dance music include Jamaican dub music during the late 1960s to 1970s 6 the synthesizer based disco music of Italian producer Giorgio Moroder in the late 1970s and the electropop of Kraftwerk and Yellow Magic Orchestra in the mid to late 1970s 5 Dub Edit Main article Dub music See also Sound system Jamaican and Deejay Jamaican Author Michael Veal considers dub music a Jamaican music stemming from roots reggae and sound system culture that flourished between 1968 and 1985 to be one of the important precursors to contemporary electronic dance music 8 Dub productions were remixed reggae tracks that emphasized rhythm fragmented lyrical and melodic elements and reverberant textures 9 The music was pioneered by studio engineers such as Sylvan Morris King Tubby Errol Thompson Lee Scratch Perry and Scientist 8 Their productions included forms of tape editing and sound processing that Veal considers comparable to techniques used in musique concrete Dub producers made improvised deconstructions of existing multi track reggae mixes by using the studio mixing board as a performance instrument They also foregrounded spatial effects such as reverb and delay by using auxiliary send routings creatively 8 The Roland Space Echo manufactured by Roland Corporation was widely used by dub producers in the 1970s to produce echo and delay effects 10 Despite the limited electronic equipment available to dub pioneers such as King Tubby and Lee Scratch Perry their experiments in remix culture were musically cutting edge 11 Ambient dub was pioneered by King Tubby and other Jamaican sound artists using DJ inspired ambient electronics complete with drop outs echo equalization and psychedelic electronic effects It featured layering techniques and incorporated elements of world music deep bass lines and harmonic sounds 12 Techniques such as a long echo delay were also used 13 Hip hop Edit Main article Hip hop music See also Rapping and Turntablism Hip hop music has had some influence in the development of electronic dance music since the 1970s citation needed Inspired by Jamaican sound system culture Jamaican American DJ Kool Herc introduced large bass heavy speaker rigs to the Bronx 14 His parties are credited with having kick started the New York City hip hop movement in 1973 14 A technique developed by DJ Kool Herc that became popular in hip hop culture was playing two copies of the same record on two turntables in alternation and at the point where a track featured a break This technique was further used to manually loop a purely percussive break leading to what was later called a break beat 15 Turntablism has origins in the invention of the direct drive turntable 16 by Shuichi Obata an engineer at Matsushita now Panasonic 17 In 1969 Matsushita released it as the SP 10 18 the first direct drive turntable on the market 19 and the first in their influential Technics series of turntables 18 The most influential turntable was the Technics SL 1200 20 which was developed in 1971 by a team led by Shuichi Obata at Matsushita which then released it onto the market in 1972 16 In the 1980s and 1990s hip hop DJs used turntables as musical instruments in their own right and virtuosic use developed into a creative practice called turntablism 20 Disco Edit Main article Disco See also Euro disco Italo disco and Hi NRG In 1974 George McCrae s early disco hit Rock Your Baby was one of the first records to use a drum machine 21 an early Roland rhythm machine 22 The use of drum machines in disco production was influenced by Sly and the Family Stone s Family Affair 1971 with its rhythm echoed in McCrae s Rock Your Baby 23 and Timmy Thomas Why Can t We Live Together 1972 24 22 23 Disco producer Biddu used synthesizers in several disco songs from 1976 to 1977 including Bionic Boogie from Rain Forest 1976 25 Soul Coaxing 1977 26 and Eastern Man and Futuristic Journey 27 28 recorded from 1976 to 1977 29 Acts like Donna Summer Chic Earth Wind and Fire Heatwave and the Village People helped define the late 1970s disco sound Giorgio Moroder and Pete Bellotte produced I Feel Love for Donna Summer in 1977 It became the first well known disco hit to have a completely synthesized backing track Other disco producers most famously American producer Tom Moulton grabbed ideas and techniques from dub music which came with the increased Jamaican migration to New York City in the 1970s to provide alternatives to the four on the floor style that dominated 30 31 During the early 1980s the popularity of disco music sharply declined in the United States abandoned by major US record labels and producers Euro disco continued evolving within the broad mainstream pop music scene 32 Synth pop Edit Main article Synth pop See also New wave music Electropop Minimal wave and City pop Synth pop short for synthesizer pop 33 also called techno pop 34 35 36 is a subgenre of new wave music 37 that first became prominent in the late 1970s and features the synthesizer as the dominant musical instrument It was prefigured in the 1960s and early 1970s by the use of synthesizers in progressive rock electronic art rock disco and particularly the Krautrock of bands like Kraftwerk It arose as a distinct genre in Japan and the United Kingdom in the post punk era as part of the new wave movement of the late 1970s to the mid 1980s Early synth pop pioneers included Japanese group Yellow Magic Orchestra and British bands Ultravox the Human League and Berlin Blondes citation needed The Human League used monophonic synthesizers to produce music with a simple and austere sound After the breakthrough of Gary Numan in the UK Singles Chart in 1979 large numbers of artists began to enjoy success with a synthesizer based sound in the early 1980s including late 1970s debutants like Japan and Orchestral Manoeuvres in the Dark and newcomers such as Depeche Mode and Eurythmics In Japan Yellow Magic Orchestra s success opened the way for synth pop bands such as P Model Plastics and Hikashu The development of inexpensive polyphonic synthesizers the definition of MIDI and the use of dance beats led to a more commercial and accessible sound for synth pop This its adoption by the style conscious acts from the New Romantic movement together with the rise of MTV led to success for large numbers of British synth pop acts including Duran Duran and Spandau Ballet in the United States The use of digital sampling and looping in popular music was pioneered by Japanese electronic music band Yellow Magic Orchestra YMO 38 39 40 41 Their approach to sampling was a precursor to the contemporary approach of constructing music by cutting fragments of sounds and looping them using computer technology 40 Computer Game Firecracker 1978 interpolated a Martin Denny melody 42 and sampled Space Invaders 43 video game sounds 42 Technodelic 1981 introduced the use of digital sampling in popular music as the first album consisting of mostly samples and loops 39 41 The album was produced using Toshiba EMI s LMD 649 digital PCM sampler which engineer Kenji Murata custom built for YMO 41 better source needed The LMD 649 was also used for sampling by other Japanese synthpop artists in the early 1980s including YMO associated acts such as Chiemi Manabe 44 and Logic System 45 Dance music in the 1980s Edit See also New school hip hop Miami bass Freestyle music Hip house Latin house and Industrial dance music The emergence of electronic dance music in the 1980s was shaped by the development of several new electronic musical instruments particularly those from the Japanese Roland Corporation The Roland TR 808 often abbreviated as the 808 notably played an important role in the evolution of dance music 46 after Afrika Bambaataa s Planet Rock 1982 made it very popular on dancefloors 47 The track which also featured the melody line from Kraftwerk s Trans Europe Express informed the development of electronic dance music 48 and subgenres including Miami bass and Detroit techno and popularized the 808 as a fundamental element of futuristic sound 49 According to Slate Planet Rock didn t so much put the 808 on the map so much as reorient an entire world of post disco dance music around it 50 The Roland TR 909 TB 303 and Juno 60 similarly influenced electronic dance music such as techno house and acid 51 52 53 Post disco Edit Main article Post disco See also Boogie genre During the post disco era that followed the backlash against disco which began in the mid to late 1979 which in the United States lead to civil unrest and a riot in Chicago known as the Disco Demolition Night 13 an underground movement of stripped down disco inspired music featuring radically different sounds 14 started to emerge on the East Coast 15 Note 1 This new scene was seen primarily in the New York metropolitan area and was initially led by the urban contemporary artists that were responding to the over commercialization and subsequent demise of disco culture The sound that emerged originated from P Funk 18 the electronic side of disco dub music and other genres Much of the music produced during this time was like disco catering to a singles driven market 14 At this time creative control started shifting to independent record companies less established producers and club DJs 14 Other dance styles that began to become popular during the post disco era include dance pop 19 20 boogie 14 electro Hi NRG Italo disco house 19 21 22 23 and techno 22 24 25 26 27 Electro Edit Main article Electro music The instrument that provided electro s synthesized programmed drum beats the Roland TR 808 drum machine In the early 1980s electro short for electro funk emerged as a fusion of electro pop funk and boogie Also called electro funk or electro boogie but later shortened to electro cited pioneers include Ryuichi Sakamoto Afrika Bambaataa 54 Zapp 55 D Train 56 and Sinnamon 56 Early hip hop and rap combined with German and Japanese electropop influences such as Kraftwerk and Yellow Magic Orchestra inspired the birth of electro 57 As the electronic sound developed instruments such as the bass guitar and drums were replaced by synthesizers and most notably by iconic drum machines particularly the Roland TR 808 and the Yamaha DX7 58 Early uses of the TR 808 include several Yellow Magic Orchestra tracks in 1980 1981 the 1982 track Planet Rock by Afrika Bambaataa and the 1982 song Sexual Healing by Marvin Gaye 59 In 1982 producer Arthur Baker with Afrika Bambaataa released the seminal Planet Rock which was influenced by Yellow Magic Orchestra used Kraftwerk samples and had drum beats supplied by the TR 808 Planet Rock was followed later that year by another breakthrough electro record Nunk by Warp 9 In 1983 Hashim created an electro funk sound with Al Naafyish The Soul 54 that influenced Herbie Hancock resulting in his hit single Rockit the same year The early 1980s were electro s mainstream peak According to author Steve Taylor 60 Afrika Bambaataa s Planet Rock serves as a template for all interesting dance music since 60 House music Edit Main article House music See also Chicago house Garage house and Deep house In the early 1980s Chicago radio jocks The Hot Mix 5 and club DJs Ron Hardy and Frankie Knuckles played various styles of dance music including older disco records mostly Philly disco and Salsoul 61 tracks electro funk tracks by artists such as Afrika Bambaataa 62 newer Italo disco B Boy hip hop music by Man Parrish Jellybean Benitez Arthur Baker and John Robie and electronic pop music by Kraftwerk and Yellow Magic Orchestra Some made and played their own edits of their favorite songs on reel to reel tape and sometimes mixed in effects drum machines and other rhythmic electronic instrumentation The hypnotic electronic dance song On and On produced in 1984 by Chicago DJ Jesse Saunders and co written by Vince Lawrence had elements that became staples of the early house sound such as the Roland TB 303 bass synthesizer and minimal vocals as well as a Roland specifically TR 808 drum machine and Korg specifically Poly 61 synthesizer On and On is sometimes cited as the first house record 63 64 though other examples from around that time such as J M Silk s Music is the Key 1985 have also been cited 65 House music quickly spread to American cities including New York City and Newark and Detroit all of which developed their own regional scenes In the mid to late 1980s house music became popular in Europe as well as major cities in South America and Australia 66 Chicago House experienced some commercial success in Europe with releases such as House Nation by House Master Boyz and the Rude Boy of House 1987 Following this a number of house inspired releases such as Pump Up The Volume by M A R R S 1987 Theme from S Express by S Express 1988 and Doctorin the House by Coldcut 1988 entered the pop charts The electronic instrumentation and minimal arrangement of Charanjit Singh s Synthesizing Ten Ragas to a Disco Beat 1982 an album of Indian ragas performed in a disco style anticipated the sounds of acid house music but it is not known to have had any influence on the genre prior to the album s rediscovery in the 21st century 67 68 69 Techno acid house rave Edit Main articles Techno and Acid house See also Detroit techno Electronic body music Balearic house and Second Summer of Love Roland TB 303 The bass line synthesizer that was used prominently in acid house In the mid 1980s house music thrived on the small Balearic Island of Ibiza Spain The Balearic sound was the spirit of the music emerging from the island at that time the combination of old vinyl rock pop reggae and disco records paired with an anything goes attitude made Ibiza a hub of drug induced musical experimentation 70 A club called Amnesia whose resident DJ Alfredo Fiorito pioneered Balearic house was the center of the scene 71 Amnesia became known across Europe and by the mid to late 1980s it was drawing people from all over the continent 72 By 1988 house music had become the most popular form of club music in Europe with acid house developing as a notable trend in the UK and Germany in the same year 73 In the UK an established warehouse party subculture centered on the British African Caribbean sound system scene fueled underground after parties that featured dance music exclusively Also in 1988 the Balearic party vibe associated with Ibiza s DJ Alfredo was transported to London when Danny Rampling and Paul Oakenfold opened the clubs Shoom and Spectrum respectively Both places became synonymous with acid house and it was during this period that MDMA gained prominence as a party drug Other important UK clubs included Back to Basics in Leeds Sheffield s Leadmill and Music Factory and The Hacienda in Manchester where Mike Pickering and Graeme Park s spot Nude was an important proving ground for American underground dance music Note 1 74 The success of house and acid house paved the way for Detroit Techno a style that was initially supported by a handful of house music clubs in Chicago New York and Northern England with Detroit clubs catching up later 75 The term Techno first came into use after a release of a 10 Records Virgin Records compilation titled Techno The Dance Sound of Detroit in 1988 76 One of the first Detroit productions to receive wider attention was Derrick May s Strings of Life 1987 which together with May s previous release Nude Photo 1987 helped raise techno s profile in Europe especially the UK and Germany during the 1987 1988 house music boom see Second Summer of Love 77 It became May s best known track which according to Frankie Knuckles just exploded It was like something you can t imagine the kind of power and energy people got off that record when it was first heard Mike Dunn says he has no idea how people can accept a record that doesn t have a bassline 78 According to British DJ Mark Moore Strings of Life led London club goers to accept house because most people hated house music and it was all rare groove and hip hop I d play Strings of Life at the Mudd Club and clear the floor 79 Note 2 By the late 1980s interest in house acid house and techno escalated in the club scene and MDMA fueled club goers who were faced with a 2 a m closing time in the UK started to seek after hours refuge at all night warehouse parties Within a year in summer 1989 up to 25 000 people at a time were attending commercially organised underground parties called raves 1 Dance music in the 1990s Edit See also Progressive house Tech house Minimal techno Trance music Intelligent dance music Eurodance Ghetto house Hardcore electronic dance music genre Big beat and Digital hardcore Trance Edit Main article Trance music See also Goa trance Psychedelic trance Progressive trance and Uplifting trance Trance emerged from the rave scene in the United Kingdom in the late 1980s and developed further during the early 1990s in Germany before spreading throughout the rest of Europe as a more melodic offshoot from techno and house citation needed At the same time trance music was developing in Europe the genre was also gathering a following in the Indian state of Goa 81 Trance is mostly instrumental although vocals can be mixed in typically they are performed by mezzo soprano to soprano female soloists often without a traditional verse chorus structure Structured vocal form in trance music forms the basis of the vocal trance subgenre which has been described as grand soaring and operatic and ethereal female leads floating amongst the synths 82 83 Trance music is broken into a number of subgenres including acid trance classic trance hard trance progressive trance 84 and uplifting trance 84 citation needed Uplifting trance is also known as anthem trance epic trance 84 commercial trance stadium trance or euphoric trance 85 and has been strongly influenced by classical music in the 1990s 84 and 2000s by leading artists such as Ferry Corsten Armin Van Buuren Tiesto Push Rank 1 and at present with the development of the subgenre orchestral uplifting trance or uplifting trance with symphonic orchestra by such artists as Andy Blueman Ciro Visone Soundlift Arctic Moon Sergey Nevone amp Simon O Shine etc Closely related to Uplifting Trance is Euro trance which has become a general term for a wide variety of highly commercialized European dance music Several subgenres are crossovers with other major genres of electronic music For instance Tech trance is a mixture of trance and techno and Vocal trance combines trance s progressive elements with pop music 84 The dream trance genre originated in the mid 1990s with its popularity then led by Robert Miles AllMusic states on progressive trance the progressive wing of the trance crowd led directly to a more commercial chart oriented sound since trance had never enjoyed much chart action in the first place Emphasizing the smoother sound of Eurodance or house and occasionally more reminiscent of Jean Michel Jarre than Basement Jaxx Progressive Trance became the sound of the world s dance floors by the end of the millennium Critics ridiculed its focus on predictable breakdowns and relative lack of skill to beat mix but progressive trance was caned by the hottest DJ 86 Breakbeat hardcore jungle drum and bass Edit Main articles Jungle music Drum and bass and Breakbeat hardcore See also History of drum and bass UK garage Breakbeat and Breakcore By the early 1990s a style of music developed within the rave scene that had an identity distinct from American house and techno This music much like hip hop before it combined sampled syncopated beats or breakbeats other samples from a wide range of different musical genres and occasionally samples of music dialogue and effects from films and television programmes Relative to earlier styles of dance music such as house and techno so called rave music tended to emphasise bass sounds and use faster tempos or beats per minute BPM This subgenre was known as hardcore rave but from as early as 1991 some musical tracks made up of these high tempo breakbeats with heavy basslines and samples of older Jamaican music were referred to as jungle techno a genre influenced by Jack Smooth and Basement Records and later just jungle which became recognized as a separate musical genre popular at raves and on pirate radio in Britain It is important to note when discussing the history of drum amp bass that prior to jungle rave music was getting faster and more experimental By 1994 jungle had begun to gain mainstream popularity and fans of the music often referred to as junglists became a more recognisable part of youth subculture The genre further developed incorporating and fusing elements from a wide range of existing musical genres including the raggamuffin sound dancehall MC chants dub basslines and increasingly complex heavily edited breakbeat percussion Despite the affiliation with the ecstasy fuelled rave scene Jungle also inherited some associations with violence and criminal activity both from the gang culture that had affected the UK s hip hop scene and as a consequence of jungle s often aggressive or menacing sound and themes of violence usually reflected in the choice of samples However this developed in tandem with the often positive reputation of the music as part of the wider rave scene and dance hall based Jamaican music culture prevalent in London By 1995 whether as a reaction to or independently of this cultural schism some jungle producers began to move away from the ragga influenced style and create what would become collectively labelled for convenience as drum and bass 87 Dance music in the 21st century Edit See also Bass music Crunk Trap music Trap music EDM Footwork genre Electroclash Hardstyle Moombahton and Microgenres Dubstep Edit Main article Dubstep Dubstep is a genre of electronic dance music that originated in South London in the late 1990s It is generally characterized by sparse syncopated rhythmic patterns with bass lines that contain prominent sub bass frequencies The style emerged as an offshoot of UK garage drawing on a lineage of related styles such as 2 step dub reggae jungle broken beat and grime 88 89 In the United Kingdom the origins of the genre can be traced back to the growth of the Jamaican sound system party scene in the early 1980s 89 90 The earliest known dubstep releases date back to 1998 and were usually featured as B sides of 2 step garage single releases These tracks were darker more experimental remixes with less emphasis on vocals and attempted to incorporate elements of breakbeat and drum and bass into 2 step In 2001 this and other strains of dark garage music began to be showcased and promoted at London s nightclub Plastic People at the Forward night sometimes stylised as FWD gt gt which went on to be considered influential to the development of dubstep The term dubstep in reference to a genre of music began to be used around 2002 by labels such as Big Apple Ammunition and Tempa by which time stylistic trends used in creating these remixes started to become more noticeable and distinct from 2 step and grime 91 Electro house Edit Main article Electro house Electro house is a form of house music characterized by a prominent bassline or kick drum and a tempo between 125 and 135 beats per minute usually 128 92 93 94 Its origins were influenced by electro citation needed The term has been used to describe the music of many DJ Mag Top 100 DJs including Dimitri Vegas amp Like Mike Hardwell Skrillex 95 96 and Steve Aoki 97 Italian DJ Benny Benassi with his track Satisfaction released in 2002 is seen as the forerunner of electro house who brought it to the mainstream 98 By the mid 2000s electro house saw an increase in popularity with hits such as the Tom Neville remix of Studio B s I See Girls in 2005 UK 11 In November 2006 electro house tracks Put Your Hands Up for Detroit by Fedde Le Grand and the D Ramirez remix of Yeah Yeah by Bodyrox and Luciana held the number one and number two spots respectively on the UK top 40 singles chart 99 Since then electro house producers such as Feed Me Knife Party The M Machine Porter Robinson Yasutaka Nakata 100 and Dada Life have emerged Trap music EDM Edit Main article Trap music EDM Trap music EDM originated from techno dub and Dutch House but also from Southern hip hop in the late 2000s and early 2010s This form of trap music can be simplified by these three features 1 3 hip hop tempo and song structure are similar most tracks are usually between 70 110 bpm with vocals sometimes being pitched down 1 3 dance music high pitched Dutch synth work Hardstyle sampling as well as a plethora of trap remixes of popular EDM songs and 1 3 dub low frequency focus and strong emphasis on repetitiveness throughout a song 101 Some of the artist that popularized this genre along with several others would be producers such as RL Grime with the tracks Core and Scylla released in 2014 Flosstradamus with their Hdynation Radio album released in 2015 and Carnage DJ with his track Turn Up released in 2012 101 Trap music in this connotation was characterized by soulful synths 808s the pan flute sharp snares and long syrup slurred vowels which created dirty and aggressive beats resulting in dark melodies Trap is now mainly used to create remixes of already existing songs 102 101 Terminology EditIn 1980 English producer Richard James Burgess and his band Landscape used the term on the sleeve of the single European Man Electronic Dance Music EDM computer programmed to perfection for your listening pleasure In response to a question about being credited with coining the term New Romantic Burgess has stated that Initially I was using three terms Futurist Electronic Dance Music the Landscape singles have EDM printed on them and New Romantic 103 104 Writing in The Guardian journalist Simon Reynolds noted that the American music industry s adoption of the term EDM in the late 2000s was an attempt to re brand US rave culture and differentiate it from the 1990s rave scene It has been described as an era of electronic music being described in a MixMag article as being the drop heavy stadium filling fist pumping chart topping massively commercial main stage sound that conquered America possibly somewhere between electro and progressive house directed by Michael Bay and like many music genres trying to pin it down exactly is like trying to grab a fistful of water 105 In the UK dance music or dance are more common terms for EDM 4 What is widely perceived to be club music has changed over time it now includes different genres and may not always encompass EDM Similarly electronic dance music can mean different things to different people Both club music and EDM seem vague but the terms are sometimes used to refer to distinct and unrelated genres club music is defined by what is popular whereas EDM is distinguished by musical attributes 96 Though Billboard debuted a dance chart in 1974 the larger US music industry did not create music charts until the late 1990s 93 In July 1995 Nervous Records and Project X Magazine hosted the first awards ceremony calling it the Electronic Dance Music Awards Note 4 Production Edit A typical home studio setup for EDM production with computer audio interface and various MIDI instruments Electronic dance music is generally composed and produced in a recording studio with specialized equipment such as samplers synthesizers effects units and MIDI controllers all set up to interact with one another using the MIDI protocol In the genre s early days hardware electronic musical instruments were used and the focus in production was mainly on manipulating MIDI data as opposed to manipulating audio signals Since the late 1990s the use of software has increased A modern electronic music production studio generally consists of a computer running a digital audio workstation DAW with various plug ins installed such as software synthesizers and effects units which are controlled with a MIDI controller such as a MIDI keyboard This setup is generally sufficient to complete entire productions which are then ready for mastering 106 Ghost production Edit A ghost producer is a hired music producer in a business arrangement who produces a song for another DJ artist that releases it as their own 107 typically under a contract which prevents them from identifying themselves as a personnel of the song 108 Ghost producers receive a simple fee or royalty payments for their work and are often able to work in their preference of not having the intense pressure of fame and the lifestyle of an internationally recognized DJ 107 A ghost producer may increase their notability in the music industry by acquainting with established big name DJs and producers 107 Producers like Martin Garrix and Porter Robinson are often noted for their ghost production work for other producers while David Guetta and Steve Aoki are noted for their usage of ghost producers in their songs whereas DJs like Tiesto have been openly crediting their producers in an attempt to avoid censure and for transparency 109 Many ghost producers sign agreements that prevent them from working for anyone else or establishing themselves as a solo artist 110 Such non disclosure agreements are often noted as predatory because ghost producers especially teenage producers do not have an understanding of the music industry 110 London producer Mat Zo has alleged that DJs who hire ghost producers have pretended to make their own music and left us actual producers to struggle 111 Bedroom production Edit A bedroom producer is an independent musician who creates electronic music on their laptop or in a home studio Unlike in traditional recording studios bedroom producers typically use low cost accessible software and equipment which can lead to music being created completely in the box with no external hardware 112 Popularization EditUnited States Edit See also Beacham Theater Late Night era 1988 1994 Aahz Initially the popularization of electronic dance music was associated with European rave and club culture and it achieved limited popular exposure in America By the mid to late 1990s this began to change as the American music industry made efforts to market a range of dance genres as electronica 113 At the time a wave of electronic music bands from the UK including The Prodigy The Chemical Brothers Fatboy Slim and Underworld had been prematurely associated with an American electronica revolution 114 115 But rather than finding mainstream success many established EDM acts were relegated to the margins of the US industry 114 In 1998 Madonna s Ray of Light an album heavily influenced by club music trends and produced with British producer William Orbit brought dance music to the attention of popular music listeners 116 117 In the late 1990s despite US media interest in dance music re branded as electronica American house and techno producers continued to travel abroad to establish their careers as DJs and producers 114 According to New York Times journalist Kelefa Sanneh Aaliyah s 2000 single Try Again helped smuggle the innovative techniques of electronic dance music onto the American pop charts 118 By the mid 2000s Dutch producer Tiesto was bringing worldwide popular attention to EDM after providing a soundtrack to the entry of athletes during the opening ceremony of the 2004 Summer Olympics an event which The Guardian deemed as one of the 50 most important events in dance music 119 In 2003 the influence of dance music on American radio resulted in Billboard creating the first ever Dance Mix Show Airplay chart 120 By 2005 the prominence of dance music in North American popular culture had markedly increased According to Spin Daft Punk s performance at Coachella in 2006 was the tipping point for EDM it introduced the duo to a new generation of rock kids 114 As noted by Entertainment Weekly Justin Timberlake s SexyBack helped introduce EDM sounds to top 40 radio as it brought together variations of electronic dance music with the singer s R amp B sounds 121 122 In 2009 French house musician David Guetta began to gain prominence in mainstream pop music thanks to several crossover hits on Top 40 charts such as When Love Takes Over with Kelly Rowland 123 as well as his collaborations with US pop and hip hop acts such as Akon Sexy Bitch and The Black Eyed Peas I Gotta Feeling 124 The music sharing website SoundCloud as well as the video sharing website YouTube also helped fuel interest in electronic music Dubstep producer Skrillex popularized a harsher sound dubbed Brostep which had drawn comparisons to the aggression and tone of heavy metal 3 125 126 127 With the increasing popularity of electronic dance music promoters and venues realized that DJs could generate larger profits than traditional musicians Diplo explained that a band plays for 45 minutes DJs can play for four hours Rock bands there s a few headliner dudes that can play 3 000 4 000 capacity venues but DJs play the same venues they turn the crowd over two times people buy drinks all night long at higher prices it s a win win 114 Electronic music festivals such as Electric Daisy Carnival EDC in Las Vegas and Ultra Music Festival in Miami also grew in size placing an increased emphasis on visual experiences and DJs who had begun to attain a celebrity status 3 125 Other major acts that gained prominence including Avicii and Swedish House Mafia toured major venues such as arenas and stadiums rather than playing clubs in December 2011 Swedish House Mafia became the first electronic music act to sell out New York City s Madison Square Garden 125 In 2011 Spin declared a new rave generation led by acts like David Guetta Deadmau5 and Skrillex 114 In January 2013 Billboard introduced a new EDM focused Dance Electronic Songs chart tracking the top 50 electronic songs based on sales radio airplay club play and online streaming 128 According to Eventbrite EDM fans are more likely to use social media to discover and share events or gigs They also discovered that 78 of fans say they are more likely to attend an event if their peers do compared to 43 of fans in general EDM has many young and social fans 129 By late 2011 Music Trades was describing electronic dance music as the fastest growing genre in the world 130 Elements of electronic music also became increasingly prominent in pop music 114 Radio and television also contributed to dance music s mainstream acceptance 131 US Corporate Interest Edit Corporate consolidation in the EDM industry began in 2012 especially in terms of live events In June 2012 media executive Robert F X Sillerman founder of what is now Live Nation re launched SFX Entertainment as an EDM conglomerate and announced his plan to invest 1 billion to acquire EDM businesses His acquisitions included regional promoters and festivals including ID amp T which organises Tomorrowland two nightclub operators in Miami and Beatport an online music store which focuses on electronic music 132 133 Live Nation also acquired Cream Holdings and Hard Events and announced a creative partnership with EDC organizers Insomniac Events in 2013 that would allow it to access its resources whilst remaining an independent company 134 Live Nation CEO Michael Rapino described EDM as the new rock n roll 113 135 136 US radio conglomerate iHeartMedia Inc formerly Clear Channel Media and Entertainment also made efforts to align itself with EDM In January 2014 It hired noted British DJ and BBC Radio 1 personality Pete Tong to produce programming for its Evolution dance radio brand 137 and announced a partnership with SFX to co produce live concerts and EDM oriented original programming for its top 40 radio stations iHeartMedia president John Sykes explained that he wanted his company s properties to be the best destination for EDM 138 139 Major brands have also used the EDM phenomena as a means of targeting millennials 140 141 142 143 and EDM songs and artists have increasingly been featured in television commercials and programs 144 Avicii s manager Ash Pournouri compared these practices to the commercialization of hip hop in the early 2000s 144 Heineken has a marketing relationship with the Ultra Music Festival and has incorporated Dutch producers Armin van Buuren and Tiesto into its ad campaigns Anheuser Busch has a similar relationship as beer sponsor of SFX Entertainment events 144 In 2014 7 Up launched 7x7Up a multi platform EDM based campaign that included digital content advertising featuring producers and branded stages at both Ultra and Electric Daisy Carnival 140 145 146 Wireless carrier T Mobile US entered into an agreement with SFX to become the official wireless sponsor of its events and partnered with Above amp Beyond to sponsor its 2015 tour 141 In August 2015 SFX began to experience declines in its value 147 and a failed bid by CEO Sillerman to take the company private The company began looking into strategic alternatives that could have resulted in the sale of the company 148 149 In October 2015 Forbes declared the possibility of an EDM bubble in the wake of the declines at SFX Entertainment slowing growth in revenue the increasing costs of organizing festivals and booking talent as well as an oversaturation of festivals in the eastern and western United States Insomniac CEO Pasquale Rotella felt that the industry would weather the financial uncertainty of the overall market by focusing on innovation and entering into new markets 150 Despite forecasts that interest in popular EDM would wane in 2015 it was estimated to be a 5 5bn industry in the US up by 60 compared to 2012 estimates 151 SFX emerged from bankruptcy in December 2016 as LiveStyle under the leadership of Randy Phillips a former executive of AEG Live 152 153 The company began to slowly divest its live music assets in 2018 including selling its stakes in Rock in Rio which it had bought as part of an attempted Las Vegas edition of the festival 154 155 and later other SFX owned promoters such as ID amp T 156 157 and React Presents 158 Phillips stepped down as CEO in 2019 to pursue other projects 159 Criticism of over commercialization Edit Following the popularization of EDM in America a number of producers and DJs including Carl Cox Steve Lawler and Markus Schulz raised concerns that the perceived over commercialisation of dance music had impacted the art of DJing Cox saw the press play approach taken by newer EDM DJs as unrepresentative of what he called a DJ ethos 125 Writing in Mixmag DJ Tim Sheridan argued that push button DJs who use auto sync and play pre recorded sets of obvious hits resulted in a situation overtaken by the spectacle money and the showbiz 160 Some house producers openly admitted that commercial EDM needed further differentiation and creativity Avicii whose 2013 album True featured songs incorporating elements of bluegrass such as lead single Wake Me Up stated that most EDM lacked longevity 161 Deadmau5 criticized the homogenization of popular EDM and suggested that it all sounds the same During the 2014 Ultra Music Festival Deadmau5 made critical comments about up and coming EDM artist Martin Garrix and later played an edited version of Garrix s Animals remixed to the melody of Old McDonald Had a Farm Afterwards Tiesto criticized Deadmau5 on Twitter for sarcastically mixing Avicii s Levels with his own Ghosts n Stuff in reference to being a last minute substitution for Avicii on the festival schedule due to a medical issue to which Deadmau5 asked whether playing a song sarcastically involved sneer ing while hitting the sync button 162 163 164 165 In May 2014 the NBC comedy series Saturday Night Live parodied the stereotypes of EDM culture and push button DJs in a Digital Short titled When Will the Bass Drop It featured a DJ who goes about performing everyday activities playing a computer game frying eggs collecting money who then presses a giant BASS button which explodes the heads of concertgoers 166 167 168 After years of rapid growth the American popular EDM market started to wane in 2016 when a number of artists famous for producing so called big room electro house started to diversify stylistically This development was directly referenced by two such DJs David Guetta and Showtek in a techno influenced single released in April 2016 titled The Death of EDM 169 By the end of the 2010s EDM s position as the dominant force in mainstream popular music began to plateau as it became displaced by other styles 105 170 International Edit In May 2015 the International Music Summit s Business Report estimated that the global electronic music industry had reached nearly 6 9 billion in value the count included music sales events revenue including nightclubs and festivals the sale of DJ equipment and software and other sources of revenue The report also identified several emerging markets for electronic dance music including East Asia India and South Africa credited primarily to investment by domestic as well as American and European interests A number of major festivals also began expanding into Latin America 171 In Ghana West Africa an artist named Djsky introduced EDM in 2015 present and organised successful festivals and events such as Hey Ibiza Sunset music Festival Sky show and more 172 173 174 175 In an interview with WatsUp TV Djsky revealed he was the first to introduce Electronic Music Dance into Ghana music 176 177 In Ethiopia EDM has become part of mainstream music after the 2018 breakthrough of a young artist named Rophnan which incorporated EDM sound with traditional rhythms and melodies 178 In his shows tens of thousands of youth were packing stadiums across the country and radios started to play the emerging genre 179 180 China is a market where EDM had initially made relatively few inroads although promoters believed that the mostly instrumental music would remove a metaphorical language barrier the growth of EDM in China was hampered by the lack of a prominent rave culture in the country as in other regions as well as the popularity of domestic Chinese pop over foreign artists Former Universal Music executive Eric Zho inspired by the US growth made the first significant investments in electronic music in China including the organisation of Shanghai s inaugural Storm festival in 2013 the reaching of a title sponsorship deal for the festival with Anheuser Busch s Budweiser brand a local talent search and organising collaborations between EDM producers and Chinese singers such as Avicii and Wang Leehom s Lose Myself In the years following a larger number of EDM events began to appear in China and Storm itself was also preceded by a larger number of pre parties in 2014 than its inaugural year A new report released during the inaugural International Music Summit China in October 2015 revealed that the Chinese EDM industry was experiencing modest gains citing the larger number of events including new major festival brands such as Modern Sky and YinYang a 6 increase in the sales of electronic music in the country and the significant size of the overall market Zho also believed that the country s hands on political climate as well as investments by China into cultural events helped in encouraging the growth of EDM in the country 181 182 Social impact EditFestivals Edit Main article List of electronic music festivals An EDM festival in 2013 in Plainfeld Austria with over 100 000 attendees 183 exhibiting the large crowds and dramatic lighting common at such events since the early 2000s 3 In the 1980s electronic dance music was often played at illegal underground rave parties held in secret locations for example warehouses abandoned aircraft hangars fields and any other large open areas In the 1990s and 2000s aspects of the underground rave culture of the 1980s and early 1990s began to evolve into legitimate organized EDM concerts and festivals Major festivals often feature a large number of acts representing various EDM genres spread across multiple stages Festivals have placed a larger emphasis on visual spectacles as part of their overall experiences including elaborate stage designs with underlying thematics complex lighting systems laser shows and pyrotechnics Rave fashion also evolved among attendees which The Guardian described as having progressed from the 1990s kandi raver to a slick and sexified yet also kitschy surreal image midway between Venice Beach and Cirque du Soleil Willy Wonka and a gay pride parade 3 125 145 These events differed from underground raves by their organized nature often taking place at major venues and with measures to ensure the health and safety of attendees 184 MTV s Rawley Bornstein described electronic music as the new rock and roll 185 as has Lollapalooza organizer Perry Farrell 186 Spectrum Dance Music Festival 2016 Ray Waddell of Billboard noted that festival promoters have done an excellent job at branding 185 Larger festivals have been shown to have positive economic impacts on their host cities 184 the 2014 Ultra Music Festival brought 165 000 attendees and over 223 million to the Miami South Florida region s economy 146 The inaugural edition of TomorrowWorld a U S based version of Belgium s Tomorrowland festival brought 85 1 million to the Atlanta area as much revenue as its hosting of the NCAA Final Four the semi final and national championship games of the NCAA Division I men s basketball tournament earlier in the year 187 EDC Las Vegas boosted the Clark County economy by 350 3 million in 2015 alone with over 405 000 attendees across three days June 19 21 188 The popularity of EDM and festivals also led some multi genre festivals not strongly associated with electronic music such as Coachella and Lollapalooza to add more electronic acts to their lineup They often play EDM specific stages but major acts such as Deadmau5 and Calvin Harris have made overall headlining appearances on the main stages of Lollapalooza and Coachella respectively placements that are typically associated with rock and alternative acts 189 190 Russell Smith of The Globe and Mail felt that the commercial festival industry was an antithesis to the original principles of the rave subculture citing the expensive tickets the giant corporate sponsors the crass bro culture shirtless muscle boys who cruise the stadiums tiny popular girls in bikinis who ride on their shoulders not to mention the sappy music itself 191 Drug related incidents as well as other complaints surrounding the behaviour of their attendees have contributed to negative perceptions and opposition to electronic music events by local authorities 191 192 After Ultra Music Festival 2014 where a crowd of gatecrashers trampled a security guard on its first day Miami s city commissioners considered banning the festival from being held in the city citing the trampling incident lewd behavior and complaints by downtown residents of being harassed by attendees The commissioners voted to allow Ultra to continue being held in Miami due to its positive economic effects under the condition that its organizers address security drug usage and lewd behavior by attendees 193 194 195 In 2018 after continued concerns the commissioners voted to bar the festival from being held in Bayfront Park and downtown Miami 196 197 198 but subsequently approved a proposal to move the event to one of Miami s barrier islands Virginia Key 199 Following the festival which was impacted by transportation issues as there is only one vehicular link between Virginia Key and mainland Miami and other problems Ultra pulled out of the agreement and negotiated an agreement to return to Bayfront Park 200 201 The UK Jungle and Drum and Bass focused record label Hospital Records runs a festival called Hospitality 202 in clubs and other locations scattered around the UK and other countries with big EDM influence These events are usually concerts from artists on the record s roster of musicians Covid 19 Impact Edit Due to the Covid 19 pandemic cancellation of festivals accompanied by the restrictions on social distancing has negatively impacted economic activity of festivals and the music industry 203 Festivals are required to have regulations on health and safety as well as deal with crisis and risk management since they are at high risk due to the mass of people that attend As a result it has become normal for festivals or performances to be streamed online 203 During 2020 all large EDM music festivals were postponed or canceled due to the Covid 19 pandemic On March 4 2020 Ultra Miami was the first electronic dance music festival to cancel an event since the event could not conform to the state s capacity rules and county s safety protocols and regulations 204 On April 21 2020 Electric Forest music festival in Rothbury Michigan rescheduled their event on June 25 27 2020 to June 2021 due to health concerns 205 On July 9 2020 New York City Mayor Bill de Blasio decided that all sizeable events will be suspended through September 30 206 As a result Electric Zoo 2020 which takes place on Randall s Island in New York City during Labor Day Weekend fully canceled their 2020 event Electric Daisy Carnival Las Vegas EDC the biggest dance music festival in North America was scheduled to happen on May 15 17 2020 In April EDC postponed their May event to October 2 4 2020 and later declared on August 2 that EDC Las Vegas 2020 would be officially canceled 207 Instead EDC CEO Pasquale Rotella announced the celebration of EDC s 25th anniversary on May 21 23 2021 208 On April 9th 2021 EDC had not yet released their lineup and Covid 19 safety protocols for the event happening in May 2021 209 On April 20th 2021 Rotella postponed the festival to October 22 24 2021 210 The cancellations of these events economically hurt the music industry and the companies that run these events EDC 2020 originally sold out of the 200 000 tickets for their first event but offered full returns for those who couldn t make it to new dates 211 Electric Zoo included an incentive for customers to keep their ticket by providing an extra 50 for General Admission tickets and 100 for VIP tickets to spend on merchandise and food on festival grounds 212 Most music festival companies offered to rollover the ticket to their next event or give full refunds to those who could not attend but ultimately lost a lot of customers due to the uncertainty of Covid 19 203 Association with recreational drug use Edit See also Club drug Party pills MDMA 2C B 4 MA Cannabis Cocaine GHB DMT LSD Ketamine Amphetamine Benzylpiperazine and Benzodiazepine Dance music has a long association with recreational drug use 213 particularly with a wide range of drugs that have been categorized under the name club drugs Russell Smith noted that the association of drugs and music subcultures was by no means exclusive to electronic music citing previous examples of music genres that were associated with certain drugs such as psychedelic rock and LSD disco music and cocaine and punk music and heroin 191 Pictured above is what the drug ecstasy commonly looks like though there are many different shapes and forms Methylenedioxymethamphetamine MDMA also known as ecstasy E or Molly is often considered the drug of choice within the rave culture and is also used at clubs festivals and house parties 214 In the rave environment the sensory effects from the music and lighting are often highly synergistic with the drug The psychedelic amphetamine quality of MDMA offers multiple reasons for its appeals to users in the rave setting Some users enjoy the feeling of mass communion from the inhibition reducing effects of the drug while others use it as party fuel because of the drug s stimulatory effects 215 Another drug para Methoxyamphetamine 4 MA also known as pink ecstasy PMA Death or Dr Death it is similar to MDMA but they can take up to an hour to produce effects which can result in hyperthermia and subsequently organ failure People who take PMA are often mistaken for it being identified as MDMA 216 217 MDMA is occasionally known for being taken in conjunction with psychedelic drugs The more common combinations include MDMA combined with LSD MDMA combined with DMT MDMA with psilocybin mushrooms and MDMA with the dissociative drug ketamine Many users use mentholated products while taking MDMA for its cooling sensation while experiencing the drug s effects Examples include menthol cigarettes Vicks VapoRub NyQuil 218 and lozenges The incidence of nonmedical ketamine has increased in the context of raves and other parties 219 However its emergence as a club drug differs from other club drugs e g MDMA due to its anesthetic properties e g slurred speech immobilization at higher doses 220 in addition there are reports of ketamine being sold as ecstasy 221 The use of ketamine as part of a postclubbing experience has also been documented 222 Ketamine s rise in the dance culture was rapid in Hong Kong by the end of the 1990s 220 Before becoming a federally controlled substance in the United States in 1999 ketamine was available as diverted pharmaceutical preparations and as a pure powder sold in bulk quantities from domestic chemical supply companies 223 Much of the current ketamine diverted for nonmedical use originates in China and India 223 Drug related deaths at electronic dance music events Edit A number of deaths attributed to apparent drug use have occurred at major electronic music concerts and festivals The Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum blacklisted Insomniac Events after an underaged attendee died from complications of ischemic encephalopathy due to methylenedioxymethamphetamine intoxication during Electric Daisy Carnival 2010 as a result the event was re located to Las Vegas the following year 224 184 225 226 227 Drug related deaths during Electric Zoo 2013 in New York City United States and Future Music Festival Asia 2014 in Kuala Lumpur Malaysia prompted the final day of both events to be cancelled 226 228 while Life in Color cancelled a planned event in Malaysia out of concern for the incident and other drug related deaths that occurred at the A State of Trance 650 concerts in Jakarta Indonesia 229 230 231 In September 2016 the city of Buenos Aires Argentina banned all electronic music events pending future legislation after five drug related deaths and four injuries at a Time Warp Festival event in the city in April 2016 The ban forced electronic band Kraftwerk to cancel a planned concert in the city despite arguing that there were dissimilarities between a festival and their concerts 232 233 Industry awards EditOrganization Award s Year s NotesBRIT Awards British Dance Act 1994 2004 The BRIT awards in the UK introduced a British Dance Act category in 1994 first won by M People Although dance acts had featured in the awards in previous years this was the first year dance music was given its own category More recently the award was removed as was Urban and Rock and other genres as the awards removed Genre based awards and moved to more generalised artist focused awards Grammy Awards Best Dance Electronic Recording 1998 present Most recently won 2021 by Rufus Du Sol for Alive 234 Best Dance Electronic Music Album 2005 present Most recently won 2021 by Black Coffee for Subconsciously 234 DJ Mag Top 100 DJs poll 1991 present The British dance music magazine DJ Mag publishes a yearly listing of the top 100 DJs in the world from 1991 to 1996 the Top 100 poll were ranked by the magazine s journalists in 1997 the poll became a public vote The current number one as of the 2021 list is David Guetta 235 DJ Awards Best DJ Award 1998 present The only global DJ awards event that nominates and awards international DJ s in 11 categories held annually in Ibiza Spain winners selected by a public vote 236 and one of the most important 237 Winter Music Conference WMC IDMA International Dance Music Awards 1998 present 238 Project X Magazine Electronic Dance Music Awards 1995 Readers of Project X magazine voted for the winners of the first and only Electronic Dance Music Awards 239 In a ceremony organized by the magazine and Nervous Records award statues were given to Winx The Future Sound of London Moby Junior Vasquez Danny Tenaglia DJ Keoki TRIBAL America Records and Moonshine Records 239 American Music Awards Favorite Dance Electronic Artist 2012 present Most recently won 2021 by Marshmello 240 World Music Awards Favorite Electronic Dance Music Artist 2006 present on hiatus Most recently won 2014 by Calvin Harris 241 See also Edit alphabetical Beatport Dance music Drop music Freetekno Latin freestyle List of electronic dance music venues List of electronic music genres Rave music Remix Sampling music Timeline of electronic music genresNotes Edit Fikentscher 2000 p 5 in discussing the definition of underground dance music as it relates to post disco music in America states that The prefix underground does not merely serve to explain that the associated type of music and its cultural context are familiar only to a small number of informed persons Underground also points to the sociological function of the music framing it as one type of music that to have meaning and continuity is kept away to a large degree from mainstream society mass media and those empowered to enforce prevalent moral and aesthetic codes and values Although it can now be heard in Detroit s leading clubs the local area has shown a marked reluctance to get behind the music It has been in clubs like the Powerplant Chicago The World New York The Hacienda Manchester Rock City Nottingham and Downbeat Leeds where the techno sound has found most support Ironically the only Detroit club which really championed the sound was a 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Times October 13 2014 Archived from the original on October 13 2014 Retrieved February 22 2018 Bibliography Edit Brewster Bill 2006 Last Night a DJ Saved My Life London Headline Retrieved November 3 2022 Butler Mark Jonathan 2006 Unlocking the Groove Rhythm Meter and Musical Design in Electronic Dance Music Indiana University Press ISBN 9780253346629 Collins Nick Schedel Margaret Wilson Scott 2013 Electronic Music Cambridge University Press ISBN 978 1 107 24454 2 Cosgrove 1988 full citation needed Fikentscher Kai 2000 You Better Work Underground Dance Music in New York Hanover NH Wesleyan University Press ISBN 9780819564047 Joe Laidler K Hunt G June 1 2008 Sit down to float The cultural meaning of ketamine use in Hong Kong Addiction Research amp Theory 16 3 259 271 doi 10 1080 16066350801983673 PMC 2744071 PMID 19759834 Koskoff Ellen 2004 Music Cultures in the United States an Introduction Routledge ISBN 9780415965897 Rietveld Hillegonda C 1998 This is Our House House Music Cultural Spaces and Technologies Popular Cultural Studies Vol 13 Ashgate ISBN 9781857422429 Graham St John editor Weekend Societies Electronic Dance Music Festivals and Event Cultures 2017 Bloomsbury Academic Trynka Paul Bacon Tony eds 1996 Rock Hardware Balafon Books ISBN 978 0 87930 428 7 Further reading EditHewitt Michael Music Theory for Computer Musicians 1st Ed U S Cengage Learning 2008 ISBN 978 1 59863 503 4 Electronic dance music glossary by Moby for USA Today December 13 2011 Simplified guide to the various EDM genres with sample tracks An Idiot s Guide to EDM Genres Vice Magazine 2013 Rave Culture a handy guide for middle America Explaining Rave Culture to Americans Beat Explorers Dance Music Guide from BeatExplorers Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Electronic dance music amp oldid 1137159941, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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