List of Chinese monarchs

This list of Chinese monarchs includes rulers of China with various titles prior to the establishment of the Republic in 1912. From the Zhou dynasty until the Qin dynasty, rulers usually held the title "king" (Chinese: 王; pinyin: wáng). With the separation of China into different Warring States, this title had become so common that the unifier of China, the first Qin Emperor Qin Shihuang created a new title for himself, that of "emperor" (Chinese: 皇帝; pinyin: huángdì). The title of Emperor of China continued to be used for the remainder of China's imperial history, right down to the fall of the Qing dynasty in 1912.

While many other monarchs existed in and around China throughout its history, this list covers only those with a quasi-legitimate claim to the majority of China, or those who have traditionally been named in king-lists. The following list of Chinese monarchs is in no way comprehensive.

Chinese sovereigns were known by many different names, and how they should be identified is often confusing. Sometimes the same emperor is commonly known by two or three separate names, or the same name is used by emperors of different dynasties. The tables below do not necessarily include all of an emperor's names – for example, posthumous names could run to more than twenty characters and were rarely used in historical writing – but, where possible, the most commonly used name or naming convention has been indicated. Scholars also often use common terms to refer to some monarchs with special circumstances — "Modi" (末帝; "last emperor"), "Mozhu" (末主; "last lord"), "Houzhu" (後主; "later lord"), "Shaodi" (少帝; "young emperor"), "Shaozhu" (少主; "young lord"), "Feidi" (廢帝; "deposed emperor"), etc.; these terms are not temple names, posthumous names or regnal names.

In some cases, the regnal or era name is changed in the same year as the death of the previous sovereign; in other cases, the name change occurs in the subsequent year. Thus, the date given for the beginning of a reign may actually refer to the first full year of the sovereign's reign.

These tables may not necessarily represent the most recently updated information on Chinese monarchs; please check the page for the relevant dynasty for possible additional information.

Follow these links to see how they are related:

Family tree of Chinese monarchs (ancient) → Family tree of Chinese monarchs (Warring States period) → Chinese emperors family tree (early) → Chinese emperors family tree (middle) → Chinese emperors family tree (late)

Three Sovereigns and Five Emperors (三皇五帝) (2852–2070 BC)

Although it is ingrained in Chinese accounts that the earliest legendary rulers of China included three huáng (皇, generally translated "sovereign" or "august one") and five dì (帝, generally translated "emperor"), both terms denoting demigod status, their identities have differed between different sources, with some individuals, such as the Yellow Emperor, being regarded as either sovereign or emperor, depending on the source. The two characters would later be taken together by Qin Shi Huang to form the new title huángdì (皇帝, emperor), thus claiming legendary status for himself. They were perceived as admirable and loyal to the individual members that belonged to the emperor.

Note: These figures are considered to be legendary


Title	Name by which most commonly known	Reign (according to tradition)	In Chinese		Other names
Huang^1,4,5 / Di³	Youchao	3162–2962 BC	Yǒucháo	有巢	–
Huang/ Di³	Suiren	2962–2852 BC	Suìrén	燧人	–
Huang⁴ / Di³	Fuxi	2852–2737 BC	Fúxī	伏羲	–
Huang¹ / Di¹	*Yan Emperor and/or* Shennong**	2737–2698 BC	Yándì	炎帝	Shennong	神農
Huang⁵ / Di^1,2	Yellow Emperor	2698–2598 BC	Huángdì	黃帝	Xuanyuan	軒轅
Di²	Shaohao	2597–2514 BC	Shǎohào	少昊	Jintian	金天
Di^1,2	Zhuanxu	2514–2436 BC	Zhuānxū	顓頊	Gaoyang	高陽
Di¹	Emperor Ku	2436–2366 BC	Dìkù	帝嚳	Gaoxin	高辛
Di¹	Emperor Zhi	2366–2358 BC	Dìzhì	帝摯	Qingyang	青陽
Di¹	Emperor Yao (of Tang)	2356–2255 BC	Dìyáo or Táng Yáo	帝堯 / 唐堯	Yiqi, Taotang and Fangxun	伊祁、陶唐、放勳
Di¹	Emperor Shun (of Yu)	2255–2208 BC	Dìshùn or Yú Shùn	帝舜 / 虞舜	Yao, Youyu and Chonghua	姚、有虞、重華
1 — According to the Records of the Grand Historian. 2 — According to the Chu Ci. 3 — According to the Book of Rites. 4 — According to the Shangshu dazhuan (尚書大傳) and Baihu tongyi (白虎通義). 5 — According to the Diwang shiji (帝王世紀)

Xia dynasty (夏朝) (2070–1600 BC)

Chinese convention: use "Xia" + regnal name

Name by which most commonly known	Reign (according to tradition)	Regnal name¹		Other names
Yu the Great	2150–2106 BC	Yǔ	禹	–
Qi of Xia	2106–2077 BC	Qǐ	啟	–
Tai Kang	2077–2048 BC	Kāng	康	Tài Kāng	太康
Zhong Kang	2048–2036 BC	Kāng	康	Zhòng Kāng	仲康
Xiang of Xia	2036–2008 BC	Xiāng	相	–
Interregnum (about 40 years)
Shao Kang	1968–1946 BC	Kāng	康	Shào Kāng	少康
Zhu of Xia	1946–1929 BC	Zhù	杼	–
Huai of Xia	1929–1885 BC	Huái	槐	–
Mang of Xia	1885–1867 BC	Máng	芒	–
Xie of Xia	1867–1851 BC	Xiè	泄	–
Bu Jiang	1851–1792 BC	Jiàng	降	–
Jiong of Xia	1792–1771 BC	Jiōng	扃	–
Jin of Xia	1771–1750 BC	Jǐn	廑	Yìn Jiǎ	胤甲
Kong Jia	1750–1719 BC	Kǒng Jiǎ	孔甲	–
Gao of Xia	1719–1708 BC	Gāo	阜	–
Fa of Xia	1708–1689 BC	Fā	發	Hou Jin	后敬
Jie of Xia	1689–1658 BC	Jié	桀	Lǚ Guǐ	履癸

Shang dynasty (商朝) (1600–1046 BC)

Chinese convention: use posthumous name

Name by which most commonly known	Personal name		Reign (according to tradition)¹	Posthumous name		Temple name
Tang of Shang	Zi Lü	子履	1658–1629 BC	Tiān Yǐ	天乙	Tàizu	太祖
Wai Bing	Zi Shèng	子勝	1629–1627 BC	Wài Bǐng	外丙	–
Zhong Ren	Zi Yōng	子庸	1627–1623 BC	Zhōng Rén	中壬	–
Tai Jia	Zi Zhì	子至	1623–1611 BC	Tài Jiǎ	太甲	Tàizōng	太宗
Wo Ding	Zi Xuàn	子絢	1611–1592 BC	Wò Dīng	沃丁	–
Tai Geng	Zi Biàn	子辯	1592–1567 BC	Tài Gēng	太庚	–
Xiao Jia	Zi Gāo	子高	1567–1550 BC	Xiǎo Jiǎ	小甲	–
Yong Ji	Zi Zhòu	子伷	1550–1538 BC	Yōng Jǐ	雍己	–
Tai Wu	Zi Mì	子密	1538–1463 BC	Tài Wù	太戊	–
Zhong Ding	Zi Zhuāng	子莊	1463–1452 BC	Zhòng Dīng	仲丁	–
Wai Ren	Zi Fā	子發	1452–1437 BC	Wài Rén	外壬	–
He Dan Jia	Zi Zhěng	子整	1437–1428 BC	Hé Dān Jiǎ	河亶甲	–
Zu Ji	Zi Téng	子滕	1428–1409 BC	Zǔ Jǐ	祖己	Zhōngzōng	中宗
Zu Xin	Zi Dàn	子旦	1409–1393 BC	Zǔ Xīn	祖辛	–
Wo Jia	Zi Yú	子踰	1393–1368 BC	Wò Jiǎ	沃甲	–
Zu Ding	Zi Xīn	子新	1368–1336 BC	Zǔ Dīng	祖丁	–
Nan Geng	Zi Gēng	子更	1336–1307 BC	Nán Gēng	南庚	–
Yang Jia	Zi Hé	子和	1307–1290 BC	Yáng Jiǎ	陽甲	–
Pan Geng	Zi Xún	子旬	1290–1262 BC	Pán Gēng	盤庚	–
Xiao Xin	Zi Sòng	子颂	1262–1259 BC	Xiǎo Xīn	小辛	–
Xiao Yi	Zi Liǎn	子敛	1259–1250 BC	Xiǎo Yǐ	小乙	–
Wu Ding	Zi Zhāo	子昭	1250–1192 BC	Wǔ Dīng	武丁	Gāozōng	高宗
Zu Geng	Zi Yuè	子躍	1192–1185 BC	Zǔ Gēng	祖庚	–
Zu Jia	Zi Zài	子載	1185–1158 BC	Zǔ Jiǎ	祖甲	–
Lin Xin	Zi Xiān	子先	1158–1152 BC	Lǐn Xīn	廩辛	–
Geng Ding	Zi Xiāo	子囂	1152–1147 BC	Gēng Dīng	庚丁	–
Wu Yi	Zi Qú	子瞿	1147–1112 BC	Wǔ Yǐ	武乙	–
Wen Wu Ding	Zi Tuō	子托	1112–1102 BC	Wénwǔ Dīng/ Wén Dīng	文武丁 — 文丁	–
Di Yi	Zi Xiàn	子羡	1101–1076 BC	Dì Yǐ	帝乙	–
King Zhou of Shang	Zi Shòu	子受	1075–1046 BC	Dì Xīn	帝辛	–
1 — The dates provided here are those put forward by The Xia–Shang–Zhou Chronology Project, the work of scholars sponsored by the Chinese government which reported in 2000. They are given only as a guide.

Zhou dynasty (周朝) (1046–256 BC)

Chinese convention: use "Zhou" + posthumous name ("Wang" is the chinese term for "King")

Note: The first generally accepted date in Chinese history is 841 BC, the beginning of the Gonghe regency. All dates prior to this are the subject of often vigorous dispute.

Name by which most commonly known	Personal name		Reign¹	Posthumous name
Western Zhou (西周) (1046–771 BC)
King Wu of Zhou	Jī Fā	姬發	1046–1043 BC¹	King Wǔ	武王
King Cheng of Zhou	Jī Sòng	姬誦	1042–1021 BC¹	King Chéng	成王
King Kang of Zhou	Jī Zhāo	姬釗	1020–996 BC¹	King Kāng	康王
King Zhao of Zhou	Jī Xiá	姬瑕	995–977 BC¹	King Zhāo	昭王
King Mu of Zhou	Jī Mǎn	姬滿	976–922 BC¹	King Mù	穆王
King Gong of Zhou	Jī Yīhù	姬繄扈	922–900 BC¹	King Gōng	共王
King Yi of Zhou (Jian)	Jī Jiān	姬囏	899–892 BC¹	King Yì	懿王
King Xiao of Zhou	Jī Bìfāng	姬辟方	891–886 BC¹	King Xiào	孝王
King Yi of Zhou (Xie)	Jī Xiè	姬燮	885–878 BC¹	King Yí	夷王
King Li of Zhou	Jī Hú	姬胡	877–841 BC¹	King Lì	厲王
Gonghe Regency (共和) (841–827 BC)
King Xuan of Zhou	Jī Jìng	姬靜	827–782 BC	King Xuān	宣王
King You of Zhou	Jī Gōngshēng	姬宮湦	781–771 BC	King Yōu	幽王
Eastern Zhou (東周) (770–256 BC)
Spring and Autumn period (春秋時代) (770–476 BC)
King Ping of Zhou	Jī Yijiu	姬宜臼	770–720 BC	King Ping	平王
King Huan of Zhou	Jī Lin	姬林	719–697 BC	King Huan	桓王
King Zhuang of Zhou	Jī Tuo	姬佗	696–682 BC	King Zhuang	莊王
King Xi of Zhou	Jī Huqi	姬胡齊	681–677 BC	King Xi	釐王
King Hui of Zhou	Jī Lang	姬閬	676–652 BC	King Hui	惠王
King Xiang of Zhou	Jī Zheng	姬鄭	651–619 BC	King Xiang	襄王
King Qing of Zhou	Jī Renchen	姬壬臣	618–613 BC	King Qing	頃王
King Kuang of Zhou	Jī Ban	姬班	612–607 BC	King Kuang	匡王
King Ding of Zhou	Jī Yu	姬瑜	606–586 BC	King Ding	定王
King Jian of Zhou	Jī Yi	姬夷	585–572 BC	King Jian	簡王
King Ling of Zhou	Jī Xiexin	姬泄心	571–545 BC	King Ling	靈王
King Jing of Zhou (Gui)	Jī Gui	姬貴	544–521 BC	King Jing	景王
King Dao of Zhou	Jī Meng	姬猛	520 BC	King Dao	悼王
King Jing of Zhou (Gai)	Jī Gai	姬丐	519–476 BC	King Jing	敬王
Warring States period (戰國時代) (475–221 BC)
King Yuan of Zhou	Jī Ren	姬仁	475–469 BC	King Yuan	元王
King Zhending of Zhou	Jī Jie	姬介	468–442 BC	King Zhending	貞定王
King Ai of Zhou	Jī Quji	姬去疾	441 BC	King Ai	哀王
King Si of Zhou	Jī Shu	姬叔	441 BC	King Si	思王
King Kao of Zhou	Jī Wei	姬嵬	440–426 BC	King Kao	考王
King Weilie of Zhou	Jī Wu	姬午	425–402 BC	King Weilie	威烈王
King An of Zhou	Jī Jiao	姬驕	401–376 BC	King An	安王
King Lie of Zhou	Jī Xi	姬喜	375–369 BC	King Lie	烈王
King Xian of Zhou	Jī Bian	姬扁	368–321 BC	King Xian	顯王
King Shenjing of Zhou	Jī Ding	姬定	320–315 BC	King Shenjing	慎靚王
King Nan of Zhou	Jī Yan	姬延	314–256 BC	King Nan	赧王
1 — The dates provided here are those put forward by The Xia–Shang–Zhou Chronology Project, the work of scholars sponsored by the Chinese government which reported in 2000. They are given only as a guide.

After King Nan was deposed by Qin, Ji Jie (姬杰), Duke Wen of the vassal duchy of Eastern Zhou was proclaimed the new king of Zhou and claimed the title until his death in 249 BC. However, the King of Qin had taken possession of the Nine Tripod Cauldrons (九鼎), and Ji Jie's reign was not widely recognized. Historians generally considered the title of Son of Heaven to be vacant from 256 to 221 BC.

Qin dynasty (秦朝) (221–207 BC)

Chinese convention: use regnal name

Note: The State of Qin was founded in the 9th century BCE as a vassal of the Zhou dynasty. The Duke of Qin, Ying Si (嬴駟), declared himself king in 325 BC and was given the posthumous name King Huiwen of Qin (秦惠文王). In 256 BC, King Zhaoxiang of Qin ended the Zhou dynasty, and in 221 BC, Ying Zheng completed the conquest of the other states (kingdoms) and declared himself Qin Shi Huang, or "First Emperor of Qin." The unification of China under the Qin dynasty in 221 BC is usually considered to be the beginning of Imperial China.


Name by which most commonly known	Personal name		Reign	Regnal name
Qin Shi Huang^1,2	Yíng Zhèng	嬴政	(246)² 221–210 BC	Qin Shi Huang	秦始皇
Qin Er Shi	Yíng Húhài	嬴胡亥	209–207 BC	Qin Er Shi	秦二世
Ziying³	Yíng Zǐyīng	嬴子嬰	207 BC	Qin San Shi	秦三世
1 — Zhaoxiang's reign as king of the State of Qin began in 306 BC before the fall of Zhou. Subsequently, in the absence of a Son of Heaven, historians conventionally used Qin regnal dates to refer to the years 255 to 222 BC. 2 — Qin Shi Huang began his reign as king of Qin 246 BC, but did not unite China and proclaim himself "Emperor" until 221 BC. 3 — Ziying is often referred to by his personal name and as king, rather than emperor, of Qin (秦王子嬰).

Han dynasty (漢朝) (202 BC–9 AD, 25–220 AD)

Chinese convention: use "Han" + posthumous name (apart from Liu Bang, who is known as "Han Gaozu")
Note that the posthumous names of many Han monarchs bear the character "xiao" (孝; "filial"), but this character is usually omitted by scholars when they are used (i.e. "Emperor Xiaowu" is normally known as "Emperor Wu")

Name by which most commonly known	Personal name		Reign	Era names and their corresponding range of years			Posthumous name		Temple name
Western Han (西漢) (202 BC–9 AD)
Emperor Gaozu of Han	Liu Bang	劉邦	202–195 BC	–			Emperor Gao	高皇帝	Taizu	太祖
Emperor Hui of Han	Liu Ying	劉盈	195–188 BC	(Empress Lü regency)¹			Emperor Xiaohui	孝惠皇帝	–
Emperor Qianshao of Han¹	Liu Gong	劉恭	188–184 BC	(Empress Lü regency)¹			–		–
Emperor Houshao of Han¹	Liu Hong	劉弘	184–180 BC	(Empress Lü regency)¹			–		–
Emperor Wen of Han	Liu Heng	劉恆	179–157 BC	Hòuyuán	後元	163–156 BC	Emperor Xiaowen	孝文皇帝	Taizong	太宗
Emperor Jing of Han	Liu Qi	劉啟	156–141 BC	Zhōngyuán	中元	149–143 BC	Emperor Xiaojing	孝景皇帝	–
Emperor Jing of Han	Liu Qi	劉啟	156–141 BC	Hòuyuán	後元	143–141 BC	Emperor Xiaojing	孝景皇帝	–
Emperor Wu of Han	Liu Che	劉徹	140–87 BC	Jiànyuán	建元	140–135 BC	Emperor Xiaowu	孝武皇帝	Shizong	世宗
				Yuánguāng	元光	134–129 BC
				Yuánshuò	元朔	128–123 BC
				Yuánshòu	元狩	122–117 BC
				Yuándǐng	元鼎	116–111 BC
				Yuánfēng	元封	110–105 BC
				Tàichū	太初	104–101 BC
				Tiānhàn	天漢	100–97 BC
				Tàishǐ	太始	96–93 BC
				Zhēnghé	征和	92–89 BC
				Hòuyuán	後元	88–87 BC
Emperor Zhao of Han	Liu Fuling	劉弗陵	86–74 BC	Shǐyuán	始元	86–80 BC	Emperor Xiaozhao	孝昭皇帝
				Yuánfèng	元鳳	80–75 BC
				Yuánpíng	元平	74 BC
Marquis of Haihun	Liu He	劉賀	74 BC	Yuánpíng	元平	74 BC	–		–
Emperor Xuan of Han	Liu Xun	劉詢	73–49 BC	Běnshǐ	本始	73–70 BC	Emperor Xiaoxuan	孝宣皇帝	Zhongzong	中宗
				Dìjié	地節	69–66 BC
				Yuánkāng	元康	65–61 BC
				Shénjué	神爵	61–58 BC
				Wǔfèng	五鳳	57–54 BC
				Gānlù	甘露	53–50 BC
				Huánglóng	黃龍	49 BC
Emperor Yuan of Han	Liu Shi	劉奭	48–33 BC	Chūyuán	初元	48–44 BCE	Emperor Xiaoyuan	孝元皇帝	Gaozong³	高宗³
				Yǒngguāng	永光	43–39 BC
				Jiànzhāo	建昭	38–34 BC
				Jìngníng	竟寧	33 BC
Emperor Cheng of Han	Liu Ao	劉驁	32–7 BC	Jiànshǐ	建始	32–28 BC	Emperor Xiaocheng	孝成皇帝	Tongzong³	統宗³
				Hépíng	河平	28–25 BC
				Yángshuò	陽朔	24–21 BC
				Hóngjiā	鴻嘉	20–17 BC
				Yǒngshǐ	永始	16–13 BC
				Yuányán	元延	12–9 BC
				Suīhé	綏和	8–7 BC
Emperor Ai of Han	Liu Xin	劉欣	6–1 BC	Jiànpíng	建平	6–3 BC	Emperor Xiao'ai	孝哀皇帝	–
Emperor Ai of Han	Liu Xin	劉欣	6–1 BC	Yuánshòu	元壽	2–1 BC	Emperor Xiao'ai	孝哀皇帝	–
Emperor Ping of Han	Liu Kan	劉衎	1 BC – 5 AD	Yuánshǐ	元始	1 BC – 5 AD	Emperor Xiaoping	孝平皇帝	Yuanzong³	元宗³
Ruzi Ying²	Liu Ying	劉嬰	6–8	Jùshè	居攝	6 AD – Oct. 8 AD	–		–
Ruzi Ying²	Liu Ying	劉嬰	6–8	Chūshǐ	初始	Nov. 8 AD – Dec. 8 AD	–		–
Interregnum (9 AD – 23 AD)
Gengshi Emperor	Liu Xuan	劉玄	23–25 AD	Gēngshǐ	更始	23–25 AD	–		–
Eastern Han (東漢) (25–220 AD)
Emperor Guangwu of Han	Liu Xiu	劉秀	25–57 AD	Jiànwǔ	建武	25–56 AD	Emperor Guangwu	光武皇帝	Shizu	世祖
Emperor Guangwu of Han	Liu Xiu	劉秀	25–57 AD	Jiànwǔzhōngyuán	建武中元	56–57 AD	Emperor Guangwu	光武皇帝	Shizu	世祖
Emperor Ming of Han	Liu Zhuang	劉莊	58–75 AD	Yǒngpíng	永平	58–75 AD	Emperor Xiaoming	孝明皇帝	Xianzong	顯宗
Emperor Zhang of Han	Liu Da	劉炟	76–88 AD	Jiànchū	建初	76–84 AD	Emperor Xiaozhang	孝章皇帝	Suzong	肅宗
				Yuánhé	元和	84–87 AD
				Zhānghé	章和	87–88 AD
Emperor He of Han	Liu Zhao	劉肇	89–105 AD	Yǒngyuán	永元	89–105 AD	Emperor Xiaohe	孝和皇帝	Muzong³	穆宗³
Emperor He of Han	Liu Zhao	劉肇	89–105 AD	Yuánxīng	元興	105 AD	Emperor Xiaohe	孝和皇帝	Muzong³	穆宗³
Emperor Shang of Han	Liu Long	劉隆	106 AD	Yánpíng	延平	9 months in 106 AD	Emperor Xiaoshang	孝殤皇帝	–
Emperor An of Han	Liu Hu	劉祜	106–125 AD	Yǒngchū	永初	107–113 AD	Emperor Xiao'an	孝安皇帝	Gongzong³	恭宗³
				Yuánchū	元初	114–120 AD
				Yǒngníng	永寧	120–121 AD
				Jiànguāng	建光	121–122 AD
				Yánguāng	延光	122–125 AD
Marquess of Beixiang	Liu Yi	劉懿	125 AD	Yánguāng	延光	122–125 AD	–		–
Emperor Shun of Han	Liu Bao	劉保	125–144 AD	Yǒngjiàn	永建	126–132 AD	Emperor Xiaoshun	孝順皇帝	Jingzong³	敬宗³
				Yángjiā	陽嘉	132–135 AD
				Yǒnghé	永和	136–141 AD
				Hàn'ān	漢安	142–144 AD
				Jiànkāng	建康	144 AD
Emperor Chong of Han	Liu Bing	劉炳	144–145 AD	Yōngxī	永嘉	145 AD	Emperor Xiaochong	孝沖皇帝	–
Emperor Zhi of Han	Liu Zuan	劉纘	145–146 AD	Běnchū	本初	146 AD	Emperor Xiaozhi	孝質皇帝	–
Emperor Huan of Han	Liu Zhi	劉志	146–168 AD	Jiànhé	建和	147–149 AD	Emperor Xiaohuan	孝桓皇帝	Weizong³	威宗³
				Hépíng	和平	150 AD
				Yuánjiā	元嘉	151–153 AD
				Yǒngxīng	永興	153–154 AD
				Yǒngshòu	永壽	155–158 AD
				Yánxī	延熹	158–167 AD
				Yǒngkāng	永康	167 AD
Emperor Ling of Han	Liu Hong	劉宏	168–189 AD	Jiànníng	建寧	168–172 AD	Emperor Xiaoling	孝靈皇帝	–
				Xīpíng	熹平	172–178 AD
				Guānghé	光和	178–184 AD
				Zhōngpíng	中平	184–189 AD
Prince of Hongnong	Liu Bian	劉辯	189 AD	Guīngxī	光熹	189 AD	–		–
Prince of Hongnong	Liu Bian	劉辯	189 AD	Zhàoníng	昭寧	189 AD	–		–
Emperor Xian of Han	Liu Xie	劉協	189–220 AD	Yǒnghàn	永漢	189 AD	Emperor Xiaoxian	孝獻皇帝	–
				Chūpíng	初平	190–193 AD
				Xīngpíng	興平	194–195 AD
				Jiàn'ān	建安	196–220 AD
				Yánkāng	延康	220 AD
1 — Emperors Qianshao and Houshao reigned as children and were subsequently deposed. Their reigns were completely dominated by Empress Dowager Lü (吕后, personal name: Lü Zhi, 吕雉), who is often listed in their place on lists of Han rulers and Sima Qian's Records of the Grand Historian. 2 — Ruzi was prince, rather than emperor of Han. Officially, the throne of emperor of Han was vacant during 6AD to 9AD. 3 — Temple name was subsequently withdrew.

Xin dynasty (新朝) (9–23 AD)

Chinese convention: use personal name

Name by which most commonly known	Personal name		Reign	Era names and their corresponding range of years			Posthumous name	Temple name
Wang Mang	Wang Mang	王莽	9–23 AD	Shǐjiànguó	始建國	9–13 AD	–	–
				Tiānfēng	天鳳	14–19 AD
				Dìhuáng	地皇	20–23 AD

Three Kingdoms (三國) (220–280 AD)

Chinese convention: use personal name

Cao Wei (曹魏) (220–266 AD)

Name by which most commonly known	Personal name		Courtesy name		Reign	Era names and their corresponding range of years			Posthumous name
Cao Pi	Cáo Pī	曹丕	Zihuan	子桓	220–226 AD	Huángchū	黃初	220–226 AD	Emperor Wen	文皇帝
Cao Rui	Cáo Ruì	曹叡	Yuanzhong	元仲	226–239 AD	Tàihé	太和	227–233 AD	Emperor Ming	明皇帝
						Qīnglóng	青龍	233–237 AD
						Jǐngchū	景初	237–239 AD
Cao Fang	Cáo Fāng	曹芳	Lanqing	蘭卿	239–254 AD	Zhèngshǐ	正始	240–249 AD	Duke Li	厲公
Cao Fang	Cáo Fāng	曹芳	Lanqing	蘭卿	239–254 AD	Jiāpíng	嘉平	249–254 AD	Duke Li	厲公
Cao Mao	Cáo Máo	曹髦	Yanshi	彥士	254–260 AD	Zhèngyuán	正元	254–256 AD	–
Cao Mao	Cáo Máo	曹髦	Yanshi	彥士	254–260 AD	Gānlù	甘露	256–260 AD	–
Cao Huan	Cáo Huàn	曹奐	Jingming	景明	260–266 AD	Jǐngyuán	景元	260–264 AD	Emperor Yuan	元皇帝
Cao Huan	Cáo Huàn	曹奐	Jingming	景明	260–266 AD	Xiánxī	咸熙	264–266 AD	Emperor Yuan	元皇帝

Shu Han (蜀漢) (221–263 AD)

Name by which most commonly known	Personal name		Courtesy name		Reign	Era names and their corresponding range of years			Posthumous name
Liu Bei	Liú Bèi	劉備	Xuande	玄德	221–223 AD	Zhāngwǔ	章武	221–223 AD	Emperor Zhaolie	昭烈皇帝
Liu Shan	Liú Shàn	劉禪	Gongsi	公嗣	223–263 AD	Jiànxīng	建興	223–237 AD	Emperor Xiaohuai	孝懷皇帝
						Yánxī	延熙	238–257 AD
						Jǐngyào	景耀	258–263 AD
						Yánxīng	炎興	263 AD

Eastern Wu (東吳) (222–280 AD)

Name by which most commonly known	Personal name		Courtesy name		Reign	Era names and their corresponding range of years			Posthumous name
Sun Quan	Sūn Quán	孫權	Zhongmou	仲謀	222–252 AD	Huángwǔ	黃武	222–229	Emperor Da	大皇帝
						Huánglóng	黃龍	229–231 AD
						Jiāhé	嘉禾	232–238 AD
						Chìwū	赤烏	238–251 AD
						Tàiyuán	太元	251–252 AD
						Shénfèng	神鳳	252 AD
Sun Liang	Sūn Liàng	孫亮	Ziming	子明	252–258	Jiànxīng	建興	252–253 AD	–
						Wǔfèng	五鳳	254–256 AD
						Tàipíng	太平	256–258 AD
Sun Xiu	Sūn Xiū	孫休	Zilie	子烈	258–264 AD	Yǒngān	永安	258–264 AD	Emperor Jing	景皇帝
Sun Hao	Sūn Hào	孫皓	Yuanzong	元宗	264–280 AD	Yuánxīng	元興	264–265 AD	–
						Gānlù	甘露	265–266 AD
						Bǎodǐng	寶鼎	266–269 AD
						Jiànhéng	建衡	269–271 AD
						Fènghuáng	鳳凰	272–274 AD
						Tiāncè	天冊	275–276 AD
						Tiānxǐ	天璽	276 AD
						Tiānjì	天紀	277–280 AD

Jin dynasty (晉朝) (266–420 AD)

Chinese convention: Use "Jin" + posthumous name

Note that the posthumous names of some Jin monarchs bore the character "xiao" (孝; "filial"), but this character is usually omitted by scholars when referencing these monarchs by their posthumous names (i.e. "Emperor Xiaohui" is normally known as "Emperor Hui")


Name by which most commonly known	Personal name		Reign	Era names and their corresponding range of years			Posthumous name (Shi Hao 諡號)		Temple name
Western Jin (西晉) (266–316 AD)
Emperor Wu of Jin	Sīmǎ Yán	司馬炎	266–290 AD	Tàishǐ	泰始	266–274 AD	Emperor Wu	武皇帝	Shizu	世祖
				Xiánníng	咸寧	275–280 AD
				Tàikāng	太康	280–289 AD
				Tàixī	太熙	290 AD
Emperor Hui of Jin	Sīmǎ Zhōng	司馬衷	290–306 AD	Yǒngxī	永熙	290 AD	Emperor Xiaohui	孝惠皇帝	–
				Yǒngpīng	永平	291 AD
				Yuánkāng	元康	291–299 AD
				Yǒngkāng	永康	300–301 AD
				Yǒngníng	永寧	301–302 AD
				Tàiān	太安	302–303 AD
				Yǒngān	永安	304 AD
				Jiànwǔ	建武	304 AD
				Yǒngān	永安	304 AD
				Yǒngxīng	永興	304–306 AD
				Guāngxī	光熙	306 AD
Emperor Huai of Jin	Sīmǎ Chì	司馬熾	307–313 AD	Yǒngjiā	永嘉	307–313 AD	Emperor Xiaohuai	孝懷皇帝	–
Emperor Min of Jin	Sīmǎ Yè	司馬鄴	313–317 AD	Jiànxīng	建興	313–317 AD	Emperor Xiaomin	孝愍皇帝	–
Eastern Jin (東晉) (317–420 AD)
Emperor Yuan of Jin	Sīmǎ Ruì	司馬睿	317–322 AD	Jiànwǔ	建武	317–318 AD	Emperor Yuan	元皇帝	Zhōngzōng	中宗
				Dàxīng	大興	318–321 AD
				Yǒngchāng	永昌	321–322 AD
Emperor Míng of Jin	Sīmǎ Shào	司馬紹	322–325 AD	Yǒngchāng	永昌	322–323 AD	Emperor Ming	明皇帝	Suzu	肅祖
Emperor Míng of Jin	Sīmǎ Shào	司馬紹	322–325 AD	Tàiníng	太寧	323–325 AD	Emperor Ming	明皇帝	Suzu	肅祖
Emperor Cheng of Jin	Sīmǎ Yǎn	司馬衍	325–342 AD	Tàiníng	太寧	325 AD	Emperor Cheng	成皇帝	Xianzong	顯宗
				Xiánhé	咸和	326–334 AD
				Xiánkāng	咸康	335–342 AD
Emperor Kang of Jin	Sīmǎ Yuè	司馬岳	342–344 AD	Jiànyuán	建元	343–344 AD	Emperor Kang	康皇帝	–
Emperor Mu of Jin	Sima Dān	司馬聃	345–361 AD	Yǒnghé	永和	345–356 AD	Emperor Mu	穆皇帝	Xianzong	顯宗
Emperor Mu of Jin	Sima Dān	司馬聃	345–361 AD	Shēngpíng	升平	357–361 AD	Emperor Mu	穆皇帝	Xianzong	顯宗
Emperor Ai of Jin	Sīmǎ Pī	司馬丕	361–365 AD	Lónghé	隆和	362–363 AD	Emperor Ai	哀皇帝	–
Emperor Ai of Jin	Sīmǎ Pī	司馬丕	361–365 AD	Xīngníng	興寧	363–365 AD	Emperor Ai	哀皇帝	–
Emperor Fei of Jin	Sīmǎ Yì	司馬奕	365–371 AD	Tàihé	太和	365–371 AD	–		–
Emperor Jianwen of Jin	Sīmǎ Yù	司馬昱	371–372 AD	Xiánān	咸安	371–372 AD	Emperor Jianwen	簡文皇帝	Taizong	太宗
Emperor Xiaowu of Jin	Sīmǎ Yào	司馬曜	372–396 AD	Níngkāng	寧康	373–375 AD	Emperor Xiaowu	孝武皇帝	Lièzōng	烈宗
Emperor Xiaowu of Jin	Sīmǎ Yào	司馬曜	372–396 AD	Tàiyuán	太元	376–396 AD	Emperor Xiaowu	孝武皇帝	Lièzōng	烈宗
Emperor An of Jin	Sīmǎ Dézōng	司馬德宗	396–418 AD	Lóngān	隆安	397–401 AD	Emperor An	安皇帝	–
				Yuánxīng	元興	402–404 AD
				Yìxī	義熙	405–418 AD
Emperor Gong of Jin	Sīmǎ Déwén	司馬德文	419–420 AD	Yuánxī	元熙	419–420 AD	Emperor Gong	恭皇帝	–

Sixteen Kingdoms (十六國) (304–439 AD)

Chinese convention: use personal name

Han Zhao (漢趙) (304–329 AD)

Note: addressed separately in traditional texts as Han (漢) and Qian (Former) Zhao (前趙)

Personal name		Reign	Era names and their corresponding range of years			Posthumous name		Temple name
Northern Han (北漢) (304–318 AD)
Liu Yuan	劉淵	304–310 AD	Jiànxīng	建興	304–307 AD	Emperor Guangwen	光文皇帝	Gao Zu	高祖
			Yǒngfèng	永鳳	308 AD
			Héruì	河瑞	309 AD
			Guāngxīng	光興	310
Liu He	劉和	7 days in 310 AD				–		–
Liu Cong	劉聰	310–318 AD				Emperor Zhaowu	昭武皇帝	Lie Zong	烈宗
			Jiāpíng	嘉平	311–315 AD
			Jiànyuán	建元	316 AD
			Línjiā	麟嘉	317–318 AD
Liu Can	劉粲	a month and some days in 318 AD	Hànchāng (until renaming as Former Zhao)	漢昌	318 AD	Emperor Yin	隱皇帝	–
Former Zhao (前趙) (318–329 AD)
Liu Yao	劉曜	318–329 AD	Guāngchū (until conquest by Later Zhao)	光初	318–329 AD	–		–

Cheng Han (成漢) (304–347 AD)

Note: addressed separately in traditional texts as Cheng (成) and Han (漢)

Personal name		Reign	Era names and their corresponding range of years			Posthumous name		Temple name
Cheng (成) (304–338 AD)
Li Te	李特	303 AD	Jiànchū or Jǐngchū	建初 or 景初	303 AD	Emperor Jing	景皇帝	Shǐzu or Shìzu	始祖 or 世祖
Li Liu	李流	several months in 303 AD				Prince Wen of Qin	秦文王	–
Li Xiong	李雄	303–334 AD				Emperor Wu	武皇帝	Taizong	太宗
			Jiànxīng	建興	304–305 AD
			Yànpīng	晏平	306–310 AD
			Yùhéng	玉衡	311–334 AD
Li Ban	李班	7 months in 334 AD	Yùhéng	玉衡	311–334 AD	Emperor Ai	哀皇帝	–
Li Qi	李期	334–338 AD	Hànxīng	漢興	337–338 AD	Duke You	幽公	–
Han (漢) (338–347 AD)
Li Shou	李壽	338–343 AD	Hànxīng (漢興) 338–343 AD (continuation)	漢興	338–343 AD (continuation)	Emperor Zhaowen	昭文皇帝	Zhongzong	中宗
Li Shi	李勢	343–347	Tàihé	太和	344–345 AD	–		–
Li Shi	李勢	343–347	Jiāníng	嘉寧	346–347 AD (until conquest by Eastern Jin)	–		–

Later Zhao (後趙) (319–351 AD)

Personal name		Reign	Era names and their corresponding range of years			Posthumous name		Temple name
Shi Le	石勒	319–333 AD	Prince Zhao	趙王	319–327	Emperor Ming	明皇帝	Gaozu	高祖
			Tàihé	太和	328–329 AD
			Jiànpíng	建平	330–332 AD
			Yánxī	延熙	333 AD
Shi Hong	石弘	333–334 AD	Yánxī	延熙	333 AD	–		–
Shi Hong	石弘	333–334 AD	Jiànwǔ	建武	334 AD	–		–
Shi Hu	石虎	334–349	Jiànwǔ	建武	335–348 AD	Emperor Wu	武皇帝	Taizu	太祖
Shi Hu	石虎	334–349	Taìníng	太寧	349 AD	Emperor Wu	武皇帝	Taizu	太祖
Shi Shi	石世	73 days in 349 AD				–		–
Shi Zun	石遵	183 days in 349 AD				–		–
Shi Jian	石鑒	103 days within 349–350 AD	Qīnglóng	青龍	(changed mid-year)	–		–
Shi Zhi	石祗	350–351 AD	Yǒngníng	永寧	350–351 AD (until Ran Min's coup)	–		–

Former Liang (前涼) (320–376 AD)

Personal name		Reign	Era names and their corresponding range of years			Posthumous name		Temple name
Zhang Mao	張茂	320–324 AD	Jianxing	建興	320–354 AD	Prince Cheng	成王	–
Zhang Jun	張駿	324–346 AD				Prince Wen	文王	–
Zhang Chonghua	張重華	346–353 AD				Prince Huan	桓王	–
Zhang Yaoling	張曜靈	3 months (the ninth to the twelfth month) in 353 AD				Duke Ai	哀公	–
Zhang Zuo	張祚	353–355 AD				Prince Wei	威王	–
Zhang Zuo	張祚	353–355 AD	Heping	和平	354–355 AD	Prince Wei	威王	–
Zhang Xuanjing	張玄靚	355–363 AD	Jianxing	建興	355–361	Duke Jingdao or Prince Chong	敬悼公 or 沖王	–
Zhang Xuanjing	張玄靚	355–363 AD	Shengping	升平	361–376 AD	Duke Jingdao or Prince Chong	敬悼公 or 沖王	–
Zhang Tianxi	張天錫	364–376 AD	Shengping	升平	361–376 AD	Duke Dao	悼公	–

Former Yan (前燕) (337–370 AD)

Personal name		Reign	Era names and their corresponding range of years			Posthumous name		Temple name
Murong Huang	慕容皝	337–348 AD	Yànwáng	燕王	337–348 AD	Emperor Wenming	文明皇帝	Taizu	太祖
Murong Jun	慕容俊	348–360 AD	Yànyuán	燕元	349–351 AD	Emperor Jingzhao	景昭皇帝	Liezong	烈宗
			Yuánxǐ	元璽	352–357 AD
			Shēngpíng	升平	357 AD (as vassal of Jin)
			Guāngshòu	光壽	357–359 AD
Murong Wei	慕容暐	360–370 AD	Jiànxī	建熙	359–365 AD	Emperor You	幽皇帝	–
Murong Wei	慕容暐	360–370 AD	Jiànyuán	建元	366–370 AD	Emperor You	幽皇帝	–

Former Qin (前秦) (351–394 AD)

Personal name		Reign	Era names and their corresponding range of years			Posthumous name		Temple name
Fu Jian	苻健	351–355 AD	Huangshi	皇始	351–355 AD	Emperor Jingming	景明皇帝	Gaozu	高祖
Fu Sheng	苻生	355–357 AD	Shouguang	壽光	355–357 AD	Prince Li	厲王	–
Fu Jian	苻堅	357–385 AD	Yongxing	永興	357–359 AD	Emperor Xuanzhao	宣昭皇帝	Shizu	世祖
			Ganlu	甘露	359–364 AD
			Jianyuan	建元	365–385 AD
Fu Pi	苻丕	385–386 AD	Taian	太安	385–386 AD	Emperor Aiping	哀平皇帝	–
Fu Deng	苻登	386–394 AD	Taichu	太初	385–394 AD	Emperor Gao	高皇帝	Taizong	太宗
Fu Chong	苻崇	several months in 394 AD	Yanchu	延初	394 AD	–		–

Later Yan (後燕) (384–409 AD)

Personal name		Reign	Era names and their corresponding range of years			Posthumous name		Temple name
Murong Chui	慕容垂	384–396 AD	Yànwáng	燕王	384–385 AD	Emperor Chengwu	成武皇帝	Shizu	世祖
Murong Chui	慕容垂	384–396 AD	Jianxing	建興	386–396 AD	Emperor Chengwu	成武皇帝	Shizu	世祖
Murong Bao	慕容寶	396–398 AD	Yongkang	永康	396–398 AD	Emperor Huimin	惠愍皇帝	Liezong	烈宗
Murong Sheng	慕容盛	398–401 AD	Jianping	建平	398 AD	Emperor Zhaowu	昭武皇帝	Zhongzong	中宗
Murong Sheng	慕容盛	398–401 AD	Changle	長樂	399–401 AD	Emperor Zhaowu	昭武皇帝	Zhongzong	中宗
Murong Xi	慕容熙	401–407 AD	Guangshi	光始	401–406 AD	Emperor Zhaowen	昭文皇帝	–
Murong Xi	慕容熙	401–407 AD	Jianshi	建始	407 AD	Emperor Zhaowen	昭文皇帝	–

Later Qin (後秦) (384–417 AD)

Personal name		Reign	Era names and their corresponding range of years			Posthumous name		Temple name
Yao Chang	姚萇	384–393 AD	Baique	白雀	384–386 AD	Emperor Wuzhao	武昭皇帝	Taizu	太祖
Yao Chang	姚萇	384–393 AD	Jianchu	建初	386–393 AD	Emperor Wuzhao	武昭皇帝	Taizu	太祖
Yao Xing	姚興	394–416	Huangchu	皇初	394–399 AD	Emperor Wenhuan	文桓皇帝	Gaozu	高祖
Yao Xing	姚興	394–416	Hongshi	弘始	399–416 AD	Emperor Wenhuan	文桓皇帝	Gaozu	高祖
Yao Hong	姚泓	416–417 AD	Yonghe	永和	416–417 AD	–		–

Western Qin (西秦) (385–400 AD, 409–431 AD)

Personal name		Reign	Era names and their corresponding range of years			Posthumous name		Temple name
Qifu Guoren	乞伏國仁	385–388 AD	Jianyi	建義	385–388 AD	Prince Xuanlie	宣烈王	Liezu	烈祖
Qifu Qiangui	乞伏乾歸	388–400 AD	Taichu	太初	388–400 AD	Prince Wuyuan	武元王	Gaozu	高祖
Qifu Qiangui	乞伏乾歸	409–412 AD	Gengshi	更始	409–412 AD	Prince Wuyuan	武元王	Gaozu	高祖
Qifu Chipan	乞伏熾磐	412–428 AD	Yongkang	永康	412–419 AD	Prince Wenzhao	文昭王	Taizu	太祖
Qifu Chipan	乞伏熾磐	412–428 AD	Jianhong	建弘	420–428 AD	Prince Wenzhao	文昭王	Taizu	太祖
Qifu Mumo	乞伏暮末	428–431 AD	Yonghong	永弘	428–431 AD	–		–

Later Liang (後涼) (386–403 AD)

Personal name		Reign	Era names and their corresponding range of years			Posthumous name		Temple name
Lü Guang	呂光	386–399 AD	Taian	太安	386–389 AD	Emperor Yiwu	懿武皇帝	Taizu	太祖
			Linjia	麟嘉	389–396 AD
			Longfei	龍飛	396–399 AD
Lü Shao	呂紹	399 AD	Longfei	龍飛	396–399 AD	Prince Yin	隱王	–
Lü Zuan	呂纂	399–401 AD	Xianning	咸寧	399–401 AD	Emperor Ling	靈皇帝	–
Lü Long	呂隆	401–403 AD	Shending	神鼎	401–403 AD	–		–

Southern Liang (南涼) (397–414 AD)

Personal name		Reign	Era names and their corresponding range of years			Posthumous name		Temple name
Tufa Wugu	禿髮烏孤	397–399 AD	Taichu	太初	397–399 AD	Prince Wu	武王	Liezu	烈祖
Tufa Lilugu	禿髮利鹿孤	399–402 AD	Jianhe AD	建和	399–402 AD	Prince Kang	康王	–
Tufa Rutan	禿髮傉檀	402–414 AD	Hongchang	弘昌	402–404 AD	Prince Jǐng	景王	–
Tufa Rutan	禿髮傉檀	402–414 AD	Jiaping	嘉平)	409–414 AD	Prince Jǐng	景王	–

Northern Liang (北涼) (397–439 AD)

Note: The Northern Liang was re-established at Gaochang in 442 AD.

Personal name		Reign	Era names and their corresponding range of years			Posthumous name		Temple name
Duan Ye	段業	397–401 AD	Shenxi	神璽	397–399 AD	–		–
Duan Ye	段業	397–401 AD	Tianxi	天璽	399–401 AD	–		–
Juqu Mengxun	沮渠蒙遜	401–433 AD	Yongan	永安	401–412 AD	Prince Wuxuan	武宣王	Taizu	太祖
			Xuanshi	玄始	412–428 AD
			Chengxuan	承玄	428–430 AD
			Yihe	義和	430–433 AD
Juqu Mujian	沮渠牧犍	433–439 AD	Yonghe	永和	433–439 AD	Prince Ai	哀王	–
Juqu Wuhui	沮渠無諱	442–444 AD	Chengping	承平	442–443 AD	–		–
Juqu Wuhui	沮渠無諱	442–444 AD	Qianshou	乾壽	443–444 AD	–		–
Juqu Anzhou	沮渠安周	444–460 AD	Chengping	承平	444–460 AD	–		–

Southern Yan (南燕) (398–410 AD)

Personal name		Reign	Era names and their corresponding range of years			Posthumous name		Temple name
Murong De	慕容德	398–405 AD	Yanwang	燕王	398–400 AD	Emperor Xianwu	獻武皇帝	Shizong	世宗
Murong De	慕容德	398–405 AD	Jianping	建平	400–405 AD	Emperor Xianwu	獻武皇帝	Shizong	世宗
Murong Chao	慕容超	405–410 AD	Taishang	太上	405–410 AD	–		–

Western Liang (西涼) (400–421 AD)

Personal name		Reign	Era names and their corresponding range of years			Posthumous name		Temple name
Li Gao	李暠	400–417 AD	Gengzi	庚子	400–405 AD	Prince Wuzhao	武昭王	Taizu	太祖
Li Gao	李暠	400–417 AD	Jianchu	建初	406–416 AD	Prince Wuzhao	武昭王	Taizu	太祖
Li Xin	李歆	417–420 AD	Jiaxing	嘉興	417–420 AD	–		–
Li Xun	李恂	420–421 AD	Yongjian	永建	420–421 AD	–		–

Hu Xia (胡夏) (407–431 AD)

Personal name		Reign	Era names and their corresponding range of years			Posthumous name		Temple name
Helian Bobo	赫連勃勃	407–425 AD	Longsheng	龍升	407–413 AD	Emperor Wulie	武烈皇帝	Shizu	世祖
			Fengxiang	鳳翔	413–418 AD
			Changwu	昌武	418–419 AD
			Zhenxing	真興	419–425 AD
Helian Chang	赫連昌	425–428 AD	Chengguang	承光	425–428 AD	–		–
Helian Ding	赫連定	428–431 AD	Shengguang	勝光	425–428 AD	–		–

Northern Yan (北燕) (407–436 AD)

Personal name		Reign	Era names and their corresponding range of years			Posthumous name		Temple name
Gao Yun	高雲/慕容雲	407–409 AD	Zhengshi	正始	407–409 AD	Emperor Huiyi	惠懿皇帝	–
Feng Ba	馮跋	409–430 AD	Taiping	太平	409–430 AD	Emperor Wencheng	文成皇帝	Taizu	太祖
Feng Hong	馮弘	430–436 AD	Daxing	大興	430–436 AD	Emperor Zhaocheng	昭成皇帝	–

Other sovereignties traditionally not counted among the Sixteen Kingdoms

Convention: use personal name

Ran Wei (冉魏) (350–352 AD)

Note: addressed as Wei in traditional texts

Personal name		Reign	Era names (and their corresponding range of years)			Posthumous name
Ran Min	冉閔	350–352 AD	Yongxing	永興	350–352 AD	Heavenly King Wudao or Emperor Ping	武悼天王 or 平皇帝

Western Yan (西燕) (384–394 AD)

Personal name		Reign	Era names (and their corresponding range of years)			Posthumous name
Murong Hong	慕容泓	384 AD	Yanxing	燕興	384–385 AD	Emperor Liewen	烈文皇帝
Murong Chong	慕容沖	384–386 AD	Yanxing	燕興	384–385 AD	Emperor Liewen	烈文皇帝
Murong Chong	慕容沖	384–386 AD	Gengshi	更始	385–386 AD	Emperor Wei	威皇帝
Duan Sui	段隨	386 AD	Changping	昌平	386 AD	–
Murong Yi	慕容顗	386 AD	Jianming	建明	386 AD	–
Murong Yao	慕容瑤	386 AD	Jianping	建平	386 AD	–
Murong Zhong	慕容忠	386 AD	Jianwu	建武	386	–
Murong Yong	慕容永	386–394 AD	Zhongxing	中興	386–394 AD	–

Western Shu (西蜀) (405–413 AD)

Personal name		Reign	Era names (and their corresponding range of years)			Posthumous name
Qiao Zong	譙縱	405–413 AD	–			–

Tiefu tribe (匈奴鐵弗部) (mid 3rd century–391 AD)

Personal name		Reign	Era names (and their corresponding range of years)	Posthumous name
Liu Qubei	劉去卑	mid-3rd century	–	–
Liu Gaoshengyuan	劉誥升爰	mid-3rd century – late 3rd century	–	–
Liu Hu	劉虎	early 4th century (309?) – 341 AD	–	–
Liu Wuheng	劉務恒	341–356 AD	–	–
Liu Eloutou	劉閼陋頭	356–358 AD	–	–
Liu Xiwuqi	劉悉勿祈	358–359 AD	–	–
Liu Weichen	劉衛辰	359–391 AD	–	–

Yuwen tribe (鮮卑宇文部) (late 3rd century–345 AD)

Personal name		Reign	Era names (and their corresponding range of years)	Posthumous name
Yuwen Mohuai	宇文莫槐	late 3rd century – 293 AD	–	–
Yuwen Puhui or Yuwen Pubo	宇文普回 or 宇文普撥	293 AD – late 3rd century	–	–
Yuwen Qiubuqin	宇文丘不勤	late 3rd century	–	–
Yuwen Mogui	宇文莫圭	late 3rd century (299?) – early 4th century (302?)	–	–
Yuwen Xiduguan	宇文悉獨官	early 3rd century	–	–
Yuwen Qidegui	宇文乞得歸	early 3rd century – 333 AD	–	–
Yuwen Yidougui	宇文逸豆歸	333–345 AD	–	–

Duan tribe (鮮卑段部) (303–338 AD)

Personal name		Reign	Era names (and their corresponding range of years)	Posthumous name
Duan Wuwuchen	段務勿塵	303 – 310 or 311 AD	–	–
Duan Jilujuan	段疾陸眷	310 or 311 – 318 AD	–	–
Duan Shefuchen	段涉復辰	318 AD	–	–
Duan Pidi	段匹磾	318–321 AD	–	–
Duan Mopei	段末柸	318–325 AD	–	–
Duan Ya	段牙	325 AD	–	–
Duan Liao	段遼	326–338 AD	–	–

Chouchi (仇池) (296–371 AD, 385–443 AD)

Personal name		Reign	Era names (and their corresponding range of years)			Posthumous name
Former Chouchi (前仇池) (296–371 AD)
Yang Teng	楊騰	late 2nd century – early 3rd century	–			–
Yang Ju	楊駒	early 3rd century	–			–
Yang Qianwan	楊千萬	early 3rd century – mid-3rd century	–			–
Yang Feilong	楊飛龍	mid-3rd century – late 3rd century	–			–
Yang Maosou	楊茂搜	late 3rd century – 317 AD	–			–
Yang Nandi	楊難敵	317–334 AD	–			–
Yang Yi	楊毅	334–337 AD	–			–
Yang Chu	楊初	337–355 AD	–			–
Yang Guo	楊國	355–356 AD	–			–
Yang Jun	楊俊	356–360 AD	–			–
Yang Shi	楊世	360–370 AD	–			–
Yang Cuan	楊篡	370–371 AD	–			–
Later Chouchi (後仇池) (385–473 AD)
Yang Ding	楊定	385–394 AD	–			King Wǔ	武王
Yang Sheng	楊盛	394–425 AD	–			King Huìwén	惠文王
Yang Xuan	楊玄	425–429 AD	–			King Xiàozhāo	孝昭王
Yang Baozong	楊保宗	429 and 443 AD	–			–
Yang Nandang	楊難當	429–441 AD	Jianyi	建義	436–440 AD	–
Yang Baochi	楊保熾	442–443 AD	–			–
Yang Wende	楊文德	443–454 AD	–			–
Yang Yuanhe	楊元和	455–466 AD	–			–
Yang Sengsi	楊僧嗣	466–473 AD	–			–

Wuxing (武興) (473–506 AD, 534–555 AD)

Personal name		Reign	Era names (and their corresponding range of years)	Posthumous name
Yang Wendu	楊文度	473–477 AD	–	–
Yang Wenhong	楊文弘	477–482 AD	–	–
Yang Houqi	楊後起	482–486 AD	–	–
Yang Jishi	楊集始	482–503 AD	–	King An	安王
Yang Shaoxian	楊紹先	503–506 AD, 534–535 AD	–	–
Yang Zhihui¹	楊智慧	535–545 AD	–	–
Yang Bixie¹	楊辟邪	545–553 AD	–	–
1 — Yang Zhihui and Yang Bixie could be the same person.

Yinping (陰平) (477 AD–mid-6th century)

Personal name		Reign	Era names (and their corresponding range of years)	Posthumous name
Yang Guangxiang	楊廣香	477–483?	–	–
Yang Jiong	楊炯	483–495 AD	–	–
Yang Chongzu	楊崇祖	495-before 502 AD	–	–
Yang Mengsun	楊孟孫	before 502–511 AD	–	–
Yang Ding	楊定	511- ?	–	–

Tuoba tribe (鮮卑拓拔部) (219–376 AD) & Dai (代) (310–376 AD)

Personal name		Reign	Era names (and their corresponding range of years)			Posthumous name
Tuoba Liwei³	拓拔力微	219–277 AD	–			Emperor Shényuán	神元皇帝
Tuoba Xilu	拓拔悉鹿	277–286 AD	–			Emperor Zhāng	章皇帝
Tuoba Chuo	拓拔綽	286–293 AD	–			Emperor Píng	平皇帝
Tuoba Fu	拓拔弗	293–294 AD	–			Emperor Sī	思皇帝
Tuoba Luguan	拓拔祿官	294–307 AD	–			Emperor Zhāo	昭皇帝
Tuoba Yituo	拓拔猗㐌	295–305 AD	–			Emperor Huán	桓皇帝
Tuoba Yilu	拓拔猗盧	295–316 AD	–			Emperor Mù	穆皇帝
Tuoba Liugen	拓跋六根	316 AD	–			–
Tuoba Pugen	拓拔普根	316 AD	–			–
Tuoba Shisheng	拓跋始生	316 AD	–			–
Tuoba Yulü	拓拔鬱律	316–321 AD	–			Emperor Píngwén	平文皇帝
Tuoba Heru	拓拔賀傉	321–325 AD	–			Emperor Huì	惠皇帝
Tuoba Hena	拓拔紇那	325–329 AD and 335–337 AD	–			Emperor Yáng	煬皇帝
Tuoba Yihuai	拓拔翳槐	329–335 AD and 337–338 AD	–			Emperor Liè	烈皇帝
Tuoba Shiyijian	拓拔什翼健	338–376 AD	Jianguo	建國	338–376 AD	Emperor Zhāochéng	昭成皇帝
1 — All chieftains were revered as emperors in Weishu and Beishi which they never were. They were denoted here as king (wáng) (王) which was inherited by all successors of Tuoba Yi Lu. 2 — The Tuoba clan was the ruling family of Northern Wei dynasty, founded by Tuoba Gui. Hence the Table of Northern Wei dynasty will start with him, not as a continuation of this table. 3 — Tuoba Liwei had the temple name Shizu (始祖). He was the only chieftain before Tuoba Gui revered with a temple name

Northern and Southern Dynasties (南北朝) (386–589 AD)

Northern dynasties (北朝) (386–581 AD)

Chinese convention: use dynasty name + posthumous name

Northern Wei (北魏) (386–535 AD)


Name by which most commonly known	Personal name		Reign	Era names and their corresponding range of years			Posthumous name
Emperor Daowu of Northern Wei	Tuoba Gui	拓拔珪	386–409	Dengguo	登國	386–396	Emperor Daowu	道武皇帝
				Huangsh	皇始	396–398
				Tianxing	天興	398–404
				Tianci	天賜	404–409
Emperor Mingyuan of Northern Wei	Tuoba Si	拓拔嗣	409–423	Yongxing	永興	409–413	Emperor Mingyuan	明元皇帝
				Shenrui	神瑞	414–416
				Taichang	泰常	416–423
Emperor Taiwu of Northern Wei	Tuoba Tao	拓拔燾	424–452	Shiguang	始光	424–428	Emperor Taiwu	太武皇帝
				Shenjia	神䴥	428–431
				Yanhe	延和	432–434
				Taiyan	太延	435–440
				Taipingzhenjun	太平真君	440–451
				Zhengping	正平	451–452
Tuoba Yu	Tuoba Yu	拓拔余	452	Chengping	承平	452	Prince Yin	隱王
Emperor Wencheng of Northern Wei	Tuoba Jun	拓拔濬	452–465	Xingan	興安	452–454	Emperor Wencheng	文成皇帝
				Xingguang	興光	454–455
				Tai'an	太安	455–459
				Heping	和平	460–465
Emperor Xianwen of Northern Wei	Tuoba Hong	拓拔弘	466–471	Tian'an	天安	466–467	Emperor Xianwen	獻文皇帝
Emperor Xianwen of Northern Wei	Tuoba Hong	拓拔弘	466–471	Huangxing	皇興	467–471	Emperor Xianwen	獻文皇帝
Emperor Xiaowen of Northern Wei	Yuan¹ Hong (Tuoba Hong)	元宏 (拓跋宏)	471–499	Yanxing	延興	471–476	Emperor Xiaowen	孝文皇帝
				Chengming	承明	476
				Taihe	太和	477–499
Emperor Xuanwu of Northern Wei	Yuan Ke	元恪	499–515	Jingming	景明	500–503	Emperor Xuanwu	宣武皇帝
				Zhengshi	正始	504–508
				Yongping	永平	508–512
				Yanchang	延昌	512–515
Emperor Xiaoming of Northern Wei	Yuan Xu	元詡	516–528	Xiping	熙平	516–518	Emperor Xiaoming	孝明皇帝
				Shengui	神龜	518–520
				Zhengguang	正光	520–525
				Xiaochang	孝昌	525–527
				Wutai	武泰	528
Yuan Zhao	Yuan Zhao	元釗	528	–			–
Emperor Xiaozhuang of Northern Wei	Yuan Ziyou	元子攸	528–530	Jianyi	建義	528	Emperor Xiaozhuang	孝莊皇帝
Emperor Xiaozhuang of Northern Wei	Yuan Ziyou	元子攸	528–530	Yong'an	永安	528–530	Emperor Xiaozhuang	孝莊皇帝
Yuan Ye	Yuan Ye	元曄	530–531	Jianming (建明) 530–531	建明	530–531	–
Emperor Jiemin of Northern Wei	Yuan Gong	元恭	531–532	Putai (普泰) 531–532	普泰	531–532	Emperor Jiemin	節閔皇帝
Yuan Lang	Yuan Lang	元朗	531–532	Zhongxing (中興) 531–532	中興	531–532	–
Emperor Xiaowu of Northern Wei	Yuan Xiu	元脩	532–535	Taichang	太昌	532	Emperor Xiaowu	孝武皇帝
				Yongxing	永興	532
				Yongxi	永熙	532–535
1 – The Tuoba family changed their family name to 元 (yuán) during the reign of the Emperor Xiaowen in 496 so that is reflected in the table as well.

Eastern Wei (東魏) (534–550 AD)


Name by which most commonly known	Personal name		Reign	Era names and their corresponding range of years			Posthumous name
Emperor Xiaojing of Eastern Wei	Yuan Shanjian	元善見	534–550	Tianping	天平	534–537	Emperor Xiaojing	孝靜皇帝
				Yuanxiang	元象	538–539
				Xinghe	興和	539–542
				Wuding	武定	543–550

Western Wei (西魏) (535–557 AD)


Name by which most commonly known	Personal name		Reign	Era names and their corresponding range of years			Posthumous name
Emperor Wen of Western Wei	Yuan Baoju	元寶炬	535–551	Datong	大統	535–551	Emperor Wen	文皇帝
Emperor Fei of Western Wei	Yuan Qin	元欽	552–554	–			–
Emperor Gong of Western Wei	Tuoba Kuo	拓拔廓	554–557	–			Emperor Gong	恭皇帝

Northern Qi (北齊) (550–577 AD)

Name by which most commonly known	Personal name		Reigns	Era names and their corresponding range of years			Posthumous name
Emperor Wenxuan of Northern Qi	Gao Yang	高洋	550–559	Tianbao	天保	550–559	Emperor Wenxuan	文宣皇帝
Emperor Fei of Northern Qi	Gao Yin	高殷	559–560	Qianming	乾明	560	–
Emperor Xiaozhao of Northern Qi	Gao Yan	高演	560–561	Huangjian	皇建	560–561	Emperor Xiaozhao	孝昭皇帝
Emperor Wucheng of Northern Qi	Gao Zhan	高湛	561–565	Taining	太寧	561–562	Emperor Wucheng	武成皇帝
Emperor Wucheng of Northern Qi	Gao Zhan	高湛	561–565	Heqing	河清	562–565	Emperor Wucheng	武成皇帝
Gao Wei	Gao Wei	高緯	565–577	Tiantong	天統	565–569	–
				Wuping	武平	570–576
				Longhua	隆化	576
Gao Heng	Gao Heng	高恆	577	Chengguang	承光	577	–
Gao Shaoyi	Gao Shaoyi	高紹義	577–579?	–			–

Northern Zhou (北周) (557–581 AD)

Name by which most commonly known	Personal name		Reigns	Era names and their corresponding range of years			Posthumous name
Emperor Xiaomin of Northern Zhou	Yuwen Jue	宇文覺	557	–			Emperor Xiaomin	孝閔皇帝
Emperor Ming of Northern Zhou	Yuwen Yu	宇文毓	557–560	Wucheng	武成	559–560	Emperor Ming or Emperor Xiaoming	明皇帝 or 孝明皇帝
Emperor Wu of Northern Zhou	Yuwen Yong	宇文邕	561–578	Baoding	保定	560–565	Emperor Wu	武皇帝
				Tianhe	天和	566–572
				Jiande	建德	572–578
				Xuanzheng	宣政	578
Emperor Xuan of Northern Zhou	Yuwen Yun	宇文贇	578–579	Dacheng	大成	579	Emperor Xuan	宣皇帝
Emperor Jing of Northern Zhou	Yuwen Chan	宇文闡	579–581	Daxiang	大象	579–581	Emperor Jing	靜皇帝
Emperor Jing of Northern Zhou	Yuwen Chan	宇文闡	579–581	Dading	大定	581	Emperor Jing	靜皇帝

Southern dynasties (南朝) (420–589 AD)

Chinese convention: use dynasty name + posthumous name

Liu Song (劉宋) (420–479 AD)

Name by which most commonly known	Personal name		Reign	Era names and their corresponding range of years			Posthumous name
Emperor Wu of Liu Song	Liu Yu	劉裕	420–422	Yongchu	永初	420–422	Emperor Wu	武皇帝
Emperor Shao of Liu Song	Liu Yifu	劉義符	423–424	Jingping	景平	423–424	–
Emperor Wen of Liu Song	Liu Yilong	劉義隆	424–453	Yuanjia	元嘉	424–453	Emperor Wen	文皇帝
Emperor Xiaowu of Liu Song	Liu Jun	劉駿	454–464	Xiaojian	元嘉	454–456	Emperor Xiaowu	孝武皇帝
Emperor Xiaowu of Liu Song	Liu Jun	劉駿	454–464	Daming	大明	457–464	Emperor Xiaowu	孝武皇帝
Emperor Qianfei of Liu Song	Liu Ziye	劉子業	465	Yongguang	永光	465	–
Emperor Qianfei of Liu Song	Liu Ziye	劉子業	465	Jinghe	景和	465	–
Emperor Ming of Liu Song	Liu Yu	劉彧	465–472	Taishi	泰始	465–471	Emperor Ming	明皇帝
Emperor Ming of Liu Song	Liu Yu	劉彧	465–472	Taiyu	泰豫	472	Emperor Ming	明皇帝
Emperor Houfei of Liu Song	Liu Yu	劉昱	473–477	Yuanhui	元徽	473–477	Prince Cangwu	蒼梧王
Emperor Shun of Liu Song	Liu Zhun	劉準	477–479	Shengming	昇明	477–479	Emperor Shun	順皇帝

Southern Qi (南齊) (479–502 AD)

Name by which most commonly known	Personal name		Reign	Era names and their corresponding range of years			Posthumous name
Emperor Gao of Southern Qi	Xiao Daocheng	蕭道成	479–482	Jianyuan	建元	479–482	Emperor Gao	高皇帝
Emperor Wu of Southern Qi	Xiao Ze	蕭賾	482–493	Yongming	永明	483–493	Emperor Wu	武皇帝
Xiao Zhaoye	Xiao Zhaoye	蕭昭業	493–494	Longchang	隆昌	494	–
Xiao Zhaowen	Xiao Zhaowen	蕭昭文	494	Yanxing	延興	494	Prince Gong	恭王
Emperor Ming of Southern Qi	Xiao Luan	蕭鸞	494–498	Jianwu	建武	494–498	Emperor Ming	明皇帝
Emperor Ming of Southern Qi	Xiao Luan	蕭鸞	494–498	Yongtai	永泰	498	Emperor Ming	明皇帝
Xiao Baojuan	Xiao Baojuan	蕭寶卷	499–501	Yongyuan	永元	499–501	Marquess Yang	煬侯
Emperor He of Southern Qi	Xiao Baorong	蕭寶融	501–502	Zhongxing	中興	501–502	Emperor He	和皇帝

Liang dynasty (梁朝) (502–557 AD)

Name by which most commonly known	Personal name		Reign	Era names and their corresponding range of years			Posthumous name
Emperor Wu of Liang	Xiao Yan	蕭衍	502–549	Tianjian	天監	502–519	Emperor Wu	武皇帝
				Putong	普通	520–527
				Datong	大通	527–529
				Zhongdatong	中大通	529–534
				Datong	大同	535–546
				Zhongdatong	中大同	546–547
				Taiqing	太清	547–549
Emperor Jianwen of Liang	Xiao Gang	蕭綱	549–551	Dabao	大寶	550–551	Emperor Jianwen	簡文皇帝
Xiao Dong	Xiao Dong	蕭棟	551–552	Tianzheng	天正	551–552	–
Emperor Yuan of Liang	Xiao Yi	蕭繹	552–555	Chengsheng	承聖	552–555	Emperor Xiaoyuan	孝元皇帝
Xiao Yuanming	Xiao Yuanming	蕭淵明	555	Tiancheng	天成	555	Emperor Min	閔皇帝
Emperor Jing of Liang	Xiao Fangzhi	蕭方智	555–557	Shaotai	紹泰	555–556	Emperor Jing	敬皇帝
Emperor Jing of Liang	Xiao Fangzhi	蕭方智	555–557	Taiping	太平	556–557	Emperor Jing	敬皇帝
Western Liang (西梁) (555–587 AD)
Emperor Xuan of Western Liang	Xiao Cha	蕭詧	555–562	Dading	大定	555–562	Emperor Xuan	宣皇帝
Emperor Ming of Western Liang	Xiao Kui	蕭巋	562–585	Tianbao	天保	562–585	Emperor Xiaoming	孝明皇帝
Emperor Jing of Western Liang	Xiao Cong	蕭琮	585–587	Guangyun	廣運	562–585	Emperor Xiaojing	孝靖皇帝

Chen dynasty (陳朝) (557–589 AD)

Name by which most commonly known	Personal name		Reign	Era names and their corresponding range of years			Posthumous name
Emperor Wu of Chen	Chen Baxian	陳霸先	557–559	Yongding	永定	557–559	Emperor Wu	武皇帝
Emperor Wen of Chen	Chen Qian	陳蒨	559–566	Tianjia	天嘉	560–566	Emperor Wen	文皇帝
Emperor Wen of Chen	Chen Qian	陳蒨	559–566	Tiankang	天康	566	Emperor Wen	文皇帝
Emperor Fei of Chen	Chen Bozong	陳伯宗	566–568	Guangda	光大	566–568	–
Emperor Xuan of Chen	Chen Xu	陳頊	569–582	Taijian	太建	569–582	Emperor Xiaoxuan	孝宣皇帝
Chen Shubao	Chen Shubao	陳叔寶	583–589	Zhide	至德	583–586	–
Chen Shubao	Chen Shubao	陳叔寶	583–589	Zhenming	禎明	587–589	–

Sui dynasty (隋朝) (581–619 AD)

Chinese convention: use "Sui" + posthumous name


Name by which most commonly known	Personal name		Reign	Era names and their corresponding range of years			Posthumous name
Emperor Wen of Sui	Yáng Jiān	楊堅	4 March 581 - 13 August 604 AD	Kāihuáng	開皇	581–600	Emperor Wen	文皇帝
Emperor Wen of Sui	Yáng Jiān	楊堅	4 March 581 - 13 August 604 AD	Rénshòu	仁壽	601–604	Emperor Wen	文皇帝
Emperor Yang of Sui	Yáng Guǎng	楊廣	605–617	Dàyè	大業	605–617	Emperor Yang	煬皇帝
Yang You¹	Yáng Yòu	楊侑	617–618	Yìníng	義寧	617–618	Emperor Gong	恭皇帝
Yang Hao²	Yáng Hào	楊浩	618	Huángtài	皇泰	618–619	–
Yang Tong³	Yáng Tóng	楊侗	618–619	Huángtài	皇泰	618–619	Emperor Gong	恭皇帝
1 — Declared emperor by Li Yuan (the later Emperor Gaozu of Tang), implying a retirement for Emperor Yang (whom he "honoured" as Taishang Huang, or retired emperor) at the western capital Daxing (Chang'an), but only the commanderies under Li's control recognized this change; for the other commanderies under Sui control, Emperor Yang was still regarded as emperor, not as retired emperor. Now generally regarded as a legitimate emperor, due to his recognition by Li Yuan. 2 — Declared emperor by Yuwen Huaji, the general under whose leadership the plot to kill Emperor Yang was carried out, but killed by him later in 618; Yuwen Huaji then declared himself emperor of a brief Xu (許) state. As Yang Hao was completely under Yuwen's control and only "reigned" briefly, he is not usually regarded as a legitimate emperor. 3 — After news of Emperor Yang's death in 618 reached Daxing and the eastern capital Luoyang, Li Yuan deposed Emperor Gong and took the throne himself, establishing Tang dynasty, but the Sui officials at Luoyang declared Emperor Gong's brother Yang Tong (later also known as Emperor Gong) emperor. The legitimacy of his reign is disputed.

Tang dynasty (唐朝) (618–690 AD, 705–907 AD)

Chinese convention: use "Tang" + temple name (except for Emperor Shang and Emperor Ai; Emperor Xuanzong (唐玄宗) is sometimes referred as Emperor Ming of Tang Dynasty (唐明皇))


Name by which most commonly known	Personal name		Reign	Era names (and the corresponding range of years)			Posthumous name		Temple name (Miao Hao 庙号)
Emperor Gaozu of Tang	Lǐ Yuān	李渊	618–626	Wude	武德	618–626	Emperor Shenyao Dasheng Daguang Xiao	神堯大聖大光孝皇帝	Gaozu	高祖
Emperor Taizong of Tang	Lǐ Shìmín	李世民	627–649	Zhenguan	貞觀	627–649	Emperor Wenwu Dasheng Daguang Xiao	文武大聖大廣孝皇帝	Taizong	太宗
Emperor Gaozong of Tang	Lǐ Zhì	李治	650–683	Yonghui	永徽	650–655	Emperor Tianhuang Dasheng Dahong Xiao	天皇大聖大弘孝皇帝	Gaozong	高宗
				Xianqing	顯慶	656–661
				Longshuo	龍朔	661–663
				Linde	麟德	664–665
				Qianfeng	乾封	666–668
				Zongzhang	總章	668–670
				Xianheng	咸亨	670–674
				Shangyuan	上元	674–676
				Yifeng	儀鳳	676–679
				Tiaolu	調露	679–680
				Yonglong	永隆	680–681
				Kaiyao	開耀	681–682
				Yongchun	永淳	682–683
				Hongdao	弘道	683
Emperor Zhongzong of China	Li Xian or Li Zhe	李显 or 李哲	684 and 705–710	Sisheng	嗣聖	684	Emperor Dahe Dasheng Dazhao Xiao	大和大聖大昭孝皇帝	Zhongzong	中宗
				Shenlong	神龍	705–707
				Jinglong	景龍	707–710
Emperor Ruizong of Tang	Li Dan	李旦	684–690 and 710–712	Wenming	文明	684–690	Emperor Xuanzhen Dasheng Daxing Xiao	玄真大聖大興孝皇帝	Ruizong	睿宗
				Jingyun	景雲	710–711
				Taiji	太極	712
				Yanhe	延和	712
Interregnum (690–705)
Emperor Shang of Tang	Li Chongmao	李重茂	710	Tanglong	唐隆	710	Emperor Shang	殤皇帝	–
Emperor Xuanzong of Tang	Li Longji	李隆基	712–756	Xiantian	先天	712–713	Emperor Zhidao Dasheng Daming Xiao	至道大聖大明孝皇帝	Xuanzong	玄宗
				Kaiyuan	開元	713–741
				Tianbao	天寶	742–756
Emperor Suzong of Tang	Li Heng	李亨	756–762	Jide	至德	756–758	Emperor Wenming Wude Dasheng Daxuan Xiao	文明武德大聖大宣孝皇帝	Suzong	肅宗
				Qianyuan	乾元	758–760
				Shangyuan	上元	760–761
Emperor Daizong of Tang	Li Yu	李豫	762–779	Baoying	寶應	762–763	Emperor Ruiwen Xiaowu	睿文孝武皇帝	Daizong	代宗
				Guangde	廣德	763–764
				Yongtai	永泰	765–766
				Dali	大曆	766–779
Emperor Dezong of Tang	Li Gua	李适	780–805	Jianzhong	建中	780–783	Emperor Shenwu Xiaowen	神武孝文皇帝	Dezong	德宗
				Xingyuan	興元	784
				Zhenyuan	貞元	785–805
Emperor Shunzong of Tang	Li Song	李誦	805	Yongzhen	永貞	805	Emperor Zhide Hongdao Dasheng Da'an Xiao	至德弘道大聖大安孝皇帝	Shunzong	順宗
Emperor Xianzong of Tang	Li Chun	李純	806–820	Yuanhe	元和	806–820	Emperor Zhaowen Zhangwu Dasheng Zhishen Xiao	昭文章武大聖至神孝皇帝	Xianzong	憲宗
Emperor Muzong of Tang	Li Heng	李恆	821–824	Changqing	長慶	821–824	Emperor Ruisheng Wenhui Xiao	睿聖文惠孝皇帝	Muzong	穆宗
Emperor Jingzong of Tang	Li Zhan	李湛	824–826	Baoli	寶曆	824–826	Emperor Ruiwu Zhaomin Xiao	睿武昭愍孝皇帝	Jingzong	敬宗
Emperor Wenzong of Tang	Li Ang	李昂	826–840	Baoli	寶曆	824–826	Emperor Yuansheng Zhaoxian Xiao	元聖昭獻孝皇帝	Wenzong	文宗
				Dahe or Taihe	大和 or 太和	827–835
				Kaicheng	開成	836–840
Emperor Wuzong of Tang	Li Yan	李炎	840–846	Huichang	會昌	841–846	Emperor Zhidao Zhaosu Xiao	至道昭肅孝皇帝	Wuzong	武宗
Emperor Xuanzong of Tang	Li Chen	李忱	846–859	Dachong	大中	847–859	Emperor Yuansheng Zhiming Chengwu Xianwen Ruizhi Zhangren Shencong Yidao Daxiao	元聖至明成武獻文睿智章仁神聰懿道大孝皇帝	Xuanzong	宣宗
Emperor Yizong of Tang	Li Cui	李漼	859–873	Dachong	大中	847–859	Emperor Zhaosheng Gonghui Xiao	昭聖恭惠孝皇帝	Yizong	懿宗
Emperor Yizong of Tang	Li Cui	李漼	859–873	Xiantong	咸通	860–874	Emperor Zhaosheng Gonghui Xiao	昭聖恭惠孝皇帝	Yizong	懿宗
Emperor Xizong of Tang	Li Xuan	李儇	873–888	Xiantong	咸通	860–874	Emperor Huisheng Gongding Xiao	惠聖恭定孝皇帝	Xizong	僖宗
				Qianfu	乾符	874–879
				Guangming	廣明	880–881
				Zhonghe	中和	881–885
				Guangqi	光啟	885–888
				Wende	文德	888
Emperor Zhaozong of Tang	Li Ye	李曄	888–904	Longji	龍紀	889	Emperor Shengmu Jingwen Xiao	聖穆景文孝皇帝	Zhaozong	昭宗
				Dashun	大順	890–891
				Jingfu	景福	892–893
				Qianning	乾寧	894–898
				Guanghua	光化	898–901
				Tianfu	天復	901–904
				Tianyou	天佑	904
Emperor Ai of Tang	Li Zhu	李柷	904–907	Tianyou	天佑	904–907	Emperor Ai or Emperor Zhaoxuan Guanglie Xiao	哀皇帝 or 昭宣光烈孝皇帝	Jingzong	景宗

Wu Zhou (武周) (690–705 AD)

Name by which most commonly known	Personal Name		Reign	Era names and their corresponding range of years			Regnal name (Zun Hao 尊號)		Posthumous name		Temple name
Wu Zetian	Wǔ Zhào	武曌	690–705	Tianshou	天授	690–692	Empress Regnant Tiance Jinlun Shengshen	天冊金輪聖神皇帝	Empress Consort Zetian Shunsheng¹	則天順聖皇后¹	–
				Ruyi	如意	692
				Changshou	長壽	692–694
				Yanzai	延載	694
				Zhengsheng	證聖	695
				Tiancewansui	天冊萬歲	695–696
				Wansuidengfeng	萬歲登封	696
				Wansuitongtian	萬歲通天	696–697
				Shengong	神功	697
				Shengli	聖曆	698–700
				Jiushi	久視	700
				Dazu	大足	701
				Chang'an	長安	701–705
1 — While Wu Zetian was empress regnant from 690 to 705, she was posthumously honored as empress consort of the Emperor Gaozong of Tang.

Huang Qi (黃齊) (881–884 AD)

Name by which most commonly known	Personal Name		Reign	Era names and their corresponding range of years			Temple name
Huang Chao	Huang Chao	黃巢	881–884	Wángbà	王霸	878–880	–
Huang Chao	Huang Chao	黃巢	881–884	Jīntǒng	金統	881–884	–

Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms (五代十國) (907–979 AD)

Five Dynasties (五代) (907–960 AD)

Chinese convention: name of dynasty + temple name or posthumous name

Later Liang (後梁) (907–923 AD)

Personal Name		Reign	Posthumous name		Era names and their corresponding range of years			Temple name
Zhū Wēn	朱溫	907–912	Emperor Shenwu Yuansheng Xiao	神武元聖孝皇帝	Kaīpíng	開平	907–911	Taizu	太祖
Zhū Wēn	朱溫	907–912	Emperor Shenwu Yuansheng Xiao	神武元聖孝皇帝	Qiánhuà	乾化	911–912	Taizu	太祖
Zhu Yougui	朱友珪	912–913	–		Qiánhuà	乾化	912–913	–
Zhu Yougui	朱友珪	912–913	–		Fengli	鳳曆	913	–
Zhū Zhèn	朱瑱	913–923	–		Qiánhuà	乾化	913–915	–
					Zhēnmíng	貞明	915–921
					Lóngdé	龍德	921–923

Later Tang (後唐) (923–937 AD)

Personal Name		Reign	Posthumous name		Era names and their corresponding range of years			Temple name
Lǐ Cúnxù	李存勗	923–926	Emperor Guangsheng Shenmin Xiao	光聖神閔孝皇帝	Tongguang	同光	923–926	Zhuangzong	莊宗
Lǐ Sìyuán or Lǐ Dǎn	李嗣源 or 李亶	926–933	Emperor Shengde Hewu Qinxiao	聖德和武欽孝皇帝	Tiancheng	天成	926–930	Mingzong	明宗
Lǐ Sìyuán or Lǐ Dǎn	李嗣源 or 李亶	926–933	Emperor Shengde Hewu Qinxiao	聖德和武欽孝皇帝	Changxing	長興	930–933	Mingzong	明宗
Lǐ Cónghòu	李從厚	933–934	Emperor Min	閔皇帝	Yingshun	應順	933–934	–
Lǐ Cóngkē	李從珂	934–937	–		Qingtai	清泰	934–936	–

Later Jin (後晉) (936–947 AD)

Personal Name		Reign	Posthumous name		Era names and their corresponding range of years			Temple name
Shi Jingtang	石敬瑭	936–942	Emperor Shengwen Zhangwu Mingde Xiao	聖文章武明德孝皇帝	Tianfu	天福	936–944	Gaozu	高祖
Shi Chonggui	石重貴	942–947	Emperor Chu	出皇帝	Tianfu	天福	936–944	–
Shi Chonggui	石重貴	942–947	Emperor Chu	出皇帝	Kaiyun	開運	944–947	–

Later Han (後漢) (947–951 AD)

Personal Name		Reign	Posthumous name		Era names and their corresponding range of years			Temple name
Liu Zhiyuan	劉知遠	947–948	Emperor Ruiwen Shengwu Zhaosu Xiao	睿文聖武昭肅孝皇帝	Tianfu	天福	947	Gaozu	高祖
Liu Chengyou	劉承祐	948–951	Emperor Yin	隱皇帝	Qianyou	乾祐	948–951	–

Later Zhou (後周) (951–960 AD)

Personal Name		Reign	Posthumous name		Era names and their corresponding range of years			Temple name
Guo Wei	郭威	951–954	Emperor Shengshen Gongsu Wenwu Xiao	聖神恭肅文武孝皇帝	Guangshun	廣順	951–954	Taizu	太祖
Chai Rong	柴榮	954–959	Emperor Ruiwu Xiaowen	睿武孝文皇帝	Xiande	顯德	954–960	Shizong	世宗
Chai Zongxun	柴宗訓	959–960	Emperor Gong	恭皇帝	Xiande	顯德	954–960	–

Ten Kingdoms (十國) (907–979 AD)

Chinese convention: use personal names, noted otherwise

Former Shu (前蜀) (907–925 AD)

Personal Name		Reign	Posthumous name		Era names and their corresponding range of years			Temple name
Wang Jian	王建	907–918	Emperor Shenwu Shengwen Xiaode Minghui	神武圣文孝德明惠皇帝	Tianfu	天復	907	Gaozu	高祖
					Wucheng	武成	908–910
					Yongping	永平	911–915
					Tongzheng	通正	916
					Tianhan	天漢	917
					Guangtian	光天	918
Wang Zongyan	王宗衍	918–925	–		Qiande	乾德	918–925	–
Wang Zongyan	王宗衍	918–925	–		Xiankang	咸康	925	–

Yang Wu (楊吳) (907–937 AD)

Personal Name		Reign	Posthumous name		Era names and their corresponding range of years			Temple name
Yang Xingmi	楊行密	904–905	Emperor Wu	武皇帝	Tianyou	天祐	904–919	Taizu	太祖
Yang Wo	楊渥	905–908	Emperor Jing	景皇帝				Liezong	烈宗
Yang Longyan	楊隆演	908–921	Emperor Xuan	宣皇帝				Gaozu	高祖
Yang Longyan	楊隆演	908–921	Emperor Xuan	宣皇帝	Wuyi	武義	919–921	Gaozu	高祖
Yang Pu	楊溥	921–937	Emperor Rui	睿皇帝	Shunyi	順義	921–927	–
					Qianzhen	乾貞	927–929
					Dahe	大和	929–935
					Tianzuo	天祚	935–937

Ma Chu (馬楚) (907–951 AD)

Personal Name		Reign	Posthumous name		Era names and their corresponding range of years	Temple name
Ma Yin	馬殷	897–930	King Wumu	武穆王	–	–
Ma Xisheng	馬希聲	930–932	–		–	–
Ma Xifan	馬希範	932–947	King Wenzhao	文昭王	–	–
Ma Xiguang	馬希廣	947–950	–		–	–
Ma Xi'e	馬希萼	950	King Gongxiao	恭孝王	–	–
Ma Xichong	馬希崇	950–951	–		–	–

Wuyue (吳越) (907–978 AD)

Personal Name		Reign	Posthumous name		Era names and their corresponding range of years			Temple name
Qian Liu	錢鏐	904–932	King Wusu	武肅王	Tianbao	天寶	908–923	Taizu	太祖
					Baoda	寶大	923–925
					Baozheng	寶正	925–932
Qian Yuanguan	錢元瓘	932–941	King Wenmu	文穆王	–			Shizong	世宗
Qian Hongzuo	錢弘佐	941–947	King Zhongxian	忠獻王	–			Chengzong	成宗
Qian Hongzong	錢弘倧	947	King Zhongxun	忠遜王	–			–
Qian Chu (Qian Hongchu)	錢俶 (錢弘俶)	947–978	King Zhongyi	忠懿王	–			–

Min (閩) (909–945 AD) & Yin (殷) (943–945 AD)

Personal Name		Reign	Posthumous name		Era names and their corresponding range of years			Temple name
Wang Shenzhi	王審知	909–925	Emperor Zhaowu Xiao	昭武孝皇帝	–			Taizu	太祖
Wang Yanhan	王延翰	925–926	–		–			–
Wang Yanjun	王延鈞	926–935	Emperor Qisu Mingxiao	齊肅明孝皇帝	Longqi	龍啟	933–935	Huizong	惠宗
Wang Yanjun	王延鈞	926–935	Emperor Qisu Mingxiao	齊肅明孝皇帝	Yonghe	永和	935	Huizong	惠宗
Wang Jipeng	王繼鵬	935–939	Emperor Shengshen Yingrui Wenming Guangwu Yingdao Dahong Xiao	聖神英睿文明廣武應道大弘孝皇帝	Tongwen	通文	936–939	Kangzong	康宗
Wang Yanxi	王延羲	939–944	Emperor Ruiwen Guangwu Mingsheng Yuande Longdao Daxiao	睿文廣武明聖元德隆道大孝皇帝	Yonglong	永隆	939–944	Jingzong	景宗
Wang Yanzheng	王延政	943–945	Prince Gongyi	恭懿王	Tiande	天德	943–945	–

Southern Han (南漢) (917–971 AD)

Personal Name		Reign	Posthumous name		Era names and their corresponding range of years			Temple name
Liú Yán or Liú Yǎn	劉巖 or 劉龑	917–925	Emperor Tianhuang Da	天皇大帝	Qiánhēng	乾亨	917–925	Gaozu	高祖
					Báilóng	白龍	925–928
					Dàyǒu	大有	928–941
Liú Bīn	劉玢	941–943	Emperor Shang	殤皇帝	Guāngtiān	光天	941–943	–
Liú Shèng	劉晟	943–958	Emperor Wenwu Guangsheng Mingxiao	文武光圣明孝皇帝	Yìngqián	應乾	943	Zhongzong	中宗
Liú Shèng	劉晟	943–958	Emperor Wenwu Guangsheng Mingxiao	文武光圣明孝皇帝	Qiánhé	乾和	943–958	Zhongzong	中宗
Liú Chǎng	劉鋹	958–971	–		Dàbǎo	大寶	958–971	–

Jingnan (荊南) (924–963 AD)

Personal Name		Reign	Posthumous name		Era names and their corresponding range of years	Temple name
Gao Jixing	高季興	909–928	King Wuxin	武信王	–	–
Gao Conghui	高從誨	928–948	King Wenxian	文獻王	–	–
Gao Baorong	高寶融	948–960	King Zhenyi	貞懿王	–	–
Gao Baoxu	高寶勗	960–962	–		–	–
Gao Jichong	高繼沖	962–963	–		–	–

Later Shu (後蜀) (934–965 AD)

Personal Name		Reign	Posthumous name		Era names and their corresponding range of years			Temple name
Meng Zhixiang	孟知祥	934	Emperor Wenwu Shengde Yinglie Mingxiao	文武聖德英烈明孝皇帝	Mingde	明德	934–938	Gaozu	高祖
Meng Chang	孟昶	938–965	Prince Gongxiao	恭孝王	Guangzheng	廣政	938–965	–

Southern Tang (南唐) (937–976 AD)

Chinese convention for this dynasty only: Use Nan (Southern) Tang + "Qianzhu" (lit. "first lord"), "Zhongzhu" (lit. "middle lord") or "Houzhu" (lit. "last lord").

Personal Name		Reign	Posthumous name		Era names and their corresponding range of years			Temple name
Li Bian	李昪	937–943	Emperor Guangwen Suwu Xiaogao	光文肅武孝高皇帝	Shengyuan	昇元	937–943	Liezu	烈祖
Li Jing	李璟	943–961	Emperor Mingdao Chongde Wenxuan Xiao	明道崇德文宣孝皇帝	Baoda	保大	943–958	Yuanzong	元宗
					Jiaotai	交泰	958
					Zhongxing	中興	958
Li Yu	李煜	961–976	–		–			–

Northern Han (北漢) (951–979 AD)

Personal Name		Reign	Posthumous name		Era names and their corresponding range of years			Temple name
Liu Min	劉旻	951–954	Emperor Shenwu	神武皇帝	Qianyou	乾祐	951–957	Shizu	世祖
Liu Chengjun	劉承鈞	954–968	Emperor Xiaohe	孝和皇帝	Qianyou	乾祐	951–957	Ruizong	睿宗
Liu Chengjun	劉承鈞	954–968	Emperor Xiaohe	孝和皇帝	Tianhui	天會	957–968	Ruizong	睿宗
Liu Ji'en	劉繼恩	970	–		–			–
Liu Jiyuan	劉繼元	970–982	Emperor Yingwu	英武皇帝	Guangyun	廣運	970–982	–

Independent regimes during Ten Kingdoms

(local independent regimes during Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period traditionally not counted in the Ten Kingdoms)

Qingyuan Jiedushi (清源節度使) (949–978 AD)

Personal name		Name of posts		Period on post
Liu Congxiao	留從效	Commander-in-Chief of Quanzhang	泉漳都指揮使	945–962
Liu Shaozi	留紹鎡	Regent of Quanzhang	泉漳留守	962
Zhang Hansi	張漢思	Military Commissioner of Quanzhang	泉漳節度使	962–963
Chen Hongjin	陳洪進	Military Commissioner of Quanzhang	泉漳節度使	963–978

Wuping Jiedushi (武平節度使) (950–963 AD)

Personal name		Name of posts		Period on post
Liu Yan	劉言	Military Commissioner of Wuping	武平節度使	950–953
Wang Kui or Wang Jinkui	王逵 or 王進逵	Military Commissioner of Wuping	武平節度使	953–956
Zhou Xingfeng	周行逢	Military Commissioner of Hunan	湖南節度使	956–962
Zhou Baoquan	周保權	Military Commissioner of Hunan	湖南節度使	962–963

Liao dynasty (遼朝) (916–1125 AD)

Chinese convention: use "Liao" + temple name except Liao Tianzuodi who is referred using "Liao" + regnal name


Name by which most commonly known	Personal name		Reign	Posthumous name		Era names (and their corresponding range of years)			Temple name
Emperor Taizu of Liao	Yēlǜ Ābǎojī	耶律阿保機	916–926	Emperor Dasheng Daming Shenlie Tian	大聖大明神烈天皇帝	Shence	神冊	916–922	Taizu	太祖
						Tianzan	天贊	922–926
						Tianxian	天顯	926
Emperor Taizong of Liao	Yēlǜ Déguāng	耶律德光	926–947	Emperor Xiaowu Huiwen	孝武惠文皇帝	Tianxian	天顯	927–938	Taizong	太宗
						Huitong	會同	938–947
						Datong	大同	947
Emperor Shizong of Liao	Yēlǜ Ruǎn	耶律阮	947–951	Emperor Xiaohe Zhuangxian	孝和莊憲皇帝	Tianlu	天祿	947–951	Shizong	世宗
Emperor Muzong of Liao	Yēlǜ Jǐng	耶律璟	951–969	Emperor Xiao'an Jingzheng	孝安敬正皇帝	Yingli	應曆	951–969	Muzong	穆宗
Emperor Jingzong of Liao	Yēlǜ Xián	耶律賢	969–982	Emperor Xiaocheng Kangjing	孝成康靖皇帝	Baoning	保寧	969–979	Jingzong	景宗
Emperor Jingzong of Liao	Yēlǜ Xián	耶律賢	969–982	Emperor Xiaocheng Kangjing	孝成康靖皇帝	Qianheng	乾亨	979–982	Jingzong	景宗
Emperor Shengzong of Liao	Yēlǜ Lóngxù	耶律隆緒	982–1031	Emperor Wenwu Daxiao Xuan	文武大孝宣皇帝	Qianheng	乾亨	982	Shengzong	聖宗
						Tonghe	統和	983–1012
						Kaitai	開泰	1012–1021
						Taiping	太平	1021–1031
Emperor Xingzong Liao	Yēlǜ Zōngzhēn	耶律宗真	1031–1055	Emperor Shensheng Xiaozhang	神聖孝章皇帝	Jingfu	景福	1031–1032	Xingzong	興宗
Emperor Xingzong Liao	Yēlǜ Zōngzhēn	耶律宗真	1031–1055	Emperor Shensheng Xiaozhang	神聖孝章皇帝	Chongxi	重熙	1032–1055	Xingzong	興宗
Emperor Daozong of Liao	Yēlǜ Hóngjī	耶律洪基	1055–1101	Emperor Rensheng Daxiao Wen	仁聖大孝文皇帝	Qingning	清寧	1055–1064	Daozong	道宗
						Xianyong	咸雍	1065–1074
						Taikang or Dakang	太康 or 大康	1075–1084
						Da'an	大安	1085–1094
						Shouchang or Shoulong	壽昌 or 壽隆	1095–1101
Emperor Tianzuo of Liao¹	Yēlǜ Yánxǐ	耶律延禧	1101–1125	–		Qiantong	乾統	1101–1110	–
						Tianqing	天慶	1111–1120
						Baoda	保大	1121–1125
1 — "Emperor Tianzuo" was the regnal name (尊號) of Yelü Yanxi.

Northern Liao (北遼) (1122–1123 AD)

Chinese convention: use personal name or "Northern Liao" + temple name


Name by which most commonly known	Personal name		Reign	Posthumous name		Era names (and their corresponding range of years)			Temple name
Yelü Chun	Yelü Chun	耶律淳	1122	Emperor Xiaozhang	孝章皇帝	Jianfu	建福	1122	Xuanzong	宣宗
Xiao Puxiannü (regent)	Xiao Puxiannü	蕭普賢女	1122–1123	–		Dexing	德興	1122–1123	–

Western Liao (西遼) (1124–1218 AD)

Chinese convention: use personal name or "Western Liao" + posthumous name


Name by which most commonly known	Personal name		Reign	Posthumous name		Era names (and their corresponding range of years)			Temple name
Yelü Dashi	Yēlǜ Dàshí or Yēlǜ Dáshí¹	耶律大石 or 耶律達實	1124–1144	Emperor Tianyou Wulie	天祐武烈皇帝	Yanqing	延慶	1124 or 1125–1134	Dezong	德宗
Yelü Dashi	Yēlǜ Dàshí or Yēlǜ Dáshí¹	耶律大石 or 耶律達實	1124–1144	Emperor Tianyou Wulie	天祐武烈皇帝	Kangguo	康國	1134–1144	Dezong	德宗
Xiao Tabuyan (regent)	Xiāo Tǎbùyān	蕭塔不煙	1144–1150	Empress Consort Gantian	感天皇后	Xianqing	咸清	1144–1150	–
Yelü Yilie	Yēlǜ Yíliè	耶律夷列	1150–1164	–		Shaoxing or Xuxing²	紹興 or 續興	1150–1164	Renzong	仁宗
Yelü Pusuwan (regent)	Yēlǜ Pǔsùwán	耶律普速完	1164–1178	Empress Dowager Chengtian	承天太后	Chongfu (崇福 Chóngfú) 1164–1178	崇福	1164–1178	–
Yelü Zhilugu	Yēlǜ Zhílǔgǔ	耶律直魯古	1178–1211	–		Tianxi (天禧 Tiānxī) 1178–1218	天禧	1178–1218	–
Kuchlug	Qūchūlǜ	屈出律	1211–1218	–		–			–
1 — "Dashi" might be the Chinese title "Taishi", meaning "vizier"; or, it could mean "Stone" in Turkish, as the Chinese transliteration suggests. 2 — Recently discovered Western Liao coins have the era name "Xuxing", suggesting that the era name "Shaoxing" recorded in Chinese sources may be incorrect.^[1]

Dongdan (東丹) (926–952 AD)


Name by which most commonly known	Personal name		Reign	Posthumous name		Era names (and their corresponding range of years)			Temple name
Yelü Bei	Yelü Bei	耶律倍	926–930	Emperor Wenxian Qinyi	文獻欽義皇帝	Ganlu	甘露	926–936	Yizong	義宗
Empress Consort Duanshun	Lady Xiao (name unknown) (regent)	蕭氏	930–940	Empress Consort Duanshun	端順皇后	Ganlu	甘露	926–936	–
Emperor Shizong of Liao (same person as the third Liao emperor)	Yelü Ruan	耶律阮	940–947	Emperor Xiaohe Zhuangxian	孝和莊憲皇帝	–			–
Yelü Anduan	Yelü Anduan	耶律安端	947–952	–		–			–

Song dynasty (宋朝) (960–1279 AD)

Chinese convention: use "Song" + temple name or posthumous name (except last emperor who was revered as Song Di Bing (宋帝昺 Sòng Dì Bǐng))


Name by which most commonly known	Personal name		Reign	Posthumous name		Era names and their corresponding range of years			Temple name
Northern Song (北宋) (960–1127 AD)
Emperor Taizu of Song	Zhao Kuangyin	趙匡胤	960–976	Emperor Qiyun Liji Yingwu Ruiwen Shende Shenggong Zhiming Daxiao	啟運立極英武睿文神德聖功至明大孝皇帝	Jianlong	建隆	960–963	Taizu	太祖
						Qiande	乾德	963–968
						Kaibao	開寶	968–976
Emperor Taizong of Song	Zhao Kuangyi or Zhao Guangyi or Zhao Jiong	趙匡義 or 趙光義 or 趙炅	976–997	Emperor Zhiren Yingdao Shengong Shengde Wenwu Ruilie Daming Guangxiao	至仁應道神功聖德文武睿烈大明廣孝皇帝	Taipingxingguo	太平興國	976–984	Taizong	太宗
						Yongxi	雍熙	984–987
						Duangong	端拱	988–989
						Chunhua	淳化	990–994
						Zhidao	至道	995–997
Emperor Zhenzong of Song	Zhao Heng	趙恆	997–1022	Emperor Yingfu Jigu Shengong Rangde Wenming Wuding Zhangsheng Yuanxiao	應符稽古神功讓德文明武定章聖元孝皇帝	Xianping	咸平	998–1003	Zhenzong	真宗
						Jingde	景德	1004–1007
						Dazhongxiangfu	大中祥符	1008–1016
						Tianxi	天禧	1017–1021
						Qianxing	乾興	1022
Emperor Renzong of Song	Zhao Zhen	趙禎	1022–1063	Emperor Titian Fadao Jigong Quande Shenwen Shengwu Ruizhe Mingxiao	體天法道極功全德神文聖武睿哲明孝皇帝	Tiansheng	天聖	1023–1032	Renzong	仁宗
						Mingdao	明道	1032–1033
						Jingyou	景祐	1034–1038
						Baoyuan	寶元	1038–1040
						Kangding	康定	1040–1041
						Qingli	慶曆	1041–1048
						Huangyou	皇祐	1049–1054
						Zhihe	至和	1054–1056
						Jiayou	嘉祐	1056–1063
Emperor Yingzong of Song	Zhao Shu	趙曙	1063–1067	Emperor Tiqian Yingli Longgong Shengde Xianwen Suwu Ruisheng Xuanxiao	體乾應曆隆功盛德憲文肅武睿聖宣孝皇帝	Zhiping	治平	1064–1067	Yingzong	英宗
Emperor Shenzong of Song	Zhao Xu	趙頊	1067–1085	Emperor Tiyuan Xiandao Fagu Lixian Dide Wanggong Yingwen Liewu Qinren Shengxiao	體元顯道法古立憲帝德王功英文烈武欽仁聖孝皇帝	Xining	熙寧	1068–1077	Shenzong	神宗
Emperor Shenzong of Song	Zhao Xu	趙頊	1067–1085		體元顯道法古立憲帝德王功英文烈武欽仁聖孝皇帝	Yuanfeng	元豐	1078–1085	Shenzong	神宗
Emperor Zhezong of Song	Zhao Xu	趙煦	1085–1100	Emperor Xianyuan Jidao Shede Yanggong Qinwen Ruiwu Qisheng Zhaoxiao	憲元繼道世德揚功欽文睿武齊聖昭孝皇帝	Yuanyou	元祐	1086–1094	Zhezong	哲宗
						Shaosheng	紹聖	1094–1098
						Yuanfu	元符	1098–1100
Emperor Huizong of Song	Zhao Ji	趙佶	1100–1125	Emperor Tishen Hedao Junlie Xungong Shengwen Rende Cixian Xianxiao	體神合道駿烈遜功聖文仁德慈憲顯孝皇帝	Jianzhongjingguo	建中靖國	1101	Huizong	徽宗
						Chongning	崇寧	1102–1106
						Daguan	大觀	1107–1110
						Zhenghe	政和	1111–1118
						Chonghe	重和	1118–1119
						Xuanhe	宣和	1119–1125
Emperor Qinzong of Song	Zhao Huan	趙桓	1126–1127	Emperor Gongwen Shunde Renxiao	恭文順德仁孝皇帝	Jingkang	靖康	1125–1127	Qinzong	欽宗
Southern Song (南宋) (1127–1279 AD)
Emperor Gaozong of Song	Zhao Gou	趙構	1127–1162	Emperor Shouming Zhongxing Quangong Zhide Shengshen Wuwen Zhaoren Xianxiao	受命中興全功至德聖神武文昭仁憲孝皇帝	Jianyan	建炎	1127–1130	Gaozong	高宗
Emperor Gaozong of Song	Zhao Gou	趙構	1127–1162		受命中興全功至德聖神武文昭仁憲孝皇帝	Shaoxing	紹興	1131–1162	Gaozong	高宗
Emperor Xiaozong of Song	Zhao Shen	趙昚	1162–1189	Emperor Shaotong Tongdao Guande Zhaogong Zhewen Shenwu Mingsheng Chengxiao	紹統同道冠德昭功哲文神武明聖成孝皇帝	Longxing	隆興	1163–1164	Xiaozong	孝宗
						Qiandao	乾道	1165–1173
						Chunxi	淳熙	1174–1189
Emperor Guangzong of Song	Zhao Dun	趙惇	1189–1194	Emperor Xundao Xianren Minggong Maode Wenwen Shunwu Shengzhe Cixiao	循道憲仁明功茂德溫文順武聖哲慈孝皇帝	Shaoxi	紹熙	1190–1194	Guangzong	光宗
Emperor Ningzong of Song	Zhao Kuo	趙擴	1194–1224	Emperor Fatian Beidao Chunde Maogong Renwen Zhewu Shengrui Gongxiao	法天備道純德茂功仁文哲武聖睿恭孝皇帝	Qingyuan	慶元	1195–1200	Ningzong	寧宗
						Jiatai	嘉泰	1201–1204
						Kaixi	開禧	1205–1207
						Jiading	嘉定	1208–1224
Emperor Lizong of Song	Zhao Yun	趙昀	1224–1264	Emperor Jiandao Beide Dagong Fuxing Liewen Renwu Shengming Anxiao	建道備德大功復興烈文仁武聖明安孝皇帝	Baoqing	寶慶	1225–1227	Lizong	理宗
						Shaoding	紹定	1228–1233
						Duanping	端平	1234–1236
						Jiaxi	嘉熙	1237–1240
						Chunyou	淳祐	1241–1252
						Baoyou	寶祐	1253–1258
						Kaiqing	開慶	1259
						Jingding	景定	1260–1264
Emperor Duzong of Song	Zhao Qi	趙禥	1264–1274	Emperor Duanwen Mingwu Jingxiao	端文明武景孝皇帝	Xianchun	咸淳	1265–1274	Duzong	度宗
Emperor Gong of Song	Zhao Xian	趙顯	1274–1276	–		Deyou	德祐	1275–1276	–
Emperor Duanzong of Song	Zhao Shi	趙昰	1276–1278	Emperor Yuwen Zhaowu Minxiao	裕文昭武愍孝皇帝	Jingyan	景炎	1276–1278	Duanzong	端宗
Zhao Bing	Zhao Bing	趙昺	1278–1279	–		Xiangxing	祥興	1278–1279	–

Dali Kingdom (大理) (937–1094 AD, 1096–1253 AD)


Name by which most commonly known	Personal name		Reign	Posthumous name		Era names (and their corresponding range of years)			Temple name
Former Dali (前大理) (937–1094 AD)
Duan Siping	Duan Siping	段思平	937–944	Emperor Shengshen Wenwu	聖神文武皇帝	Wende	文德	938–?	Taizu	太祖
Duan Siping	Duan Siping	段思平	937–944	Emperor Shengshen Wenwu	聖神文武皇帝	Shenwu	神武	?–944	Taizu	太祖
Duan Siying	Duan Siying	段思英	944–945	–		Wenjing	文經	945	–
Duan Siliang	Duan Siliang	段思良	945–952	Emperor Shengci Wenwu	聖慈文武皇帝	Zhizhi	至治	946–951	–
Duan Sicong	Duan Sicong	段思聰	952–968	Emperor Zhidao Guangci	至道廣慈皇帝	Mingde	明德	952–?	–
						Guangde	廣德	?–967
						Shunde	順德	968
Duan Sushun	Duan Sushun	段素順	968–985	Emperor Yingdao	應道皇帝	Mingzheng	明政	969–985	–
Duan Suying	Duan Suying	段素英	985–1009	Emperor Zhaoming	昭明皇帝	Guangming	廣明	986–?	–
						Mingying	明應	?
						Mingtong	明統	?
						Mingsheng	明聖	?
						Mingzhi	明治	?
Duan Sulian	Duan Sulian	段素廉	1009–1022	Emperor Xuansu	宣肅皇帝	Mingqi	明啟	1010–1022	–
Duan Sulong	Duan Sulong	段素隆	1022–1026	Emperor Bingyi	秉義皇帝	Mingtong	明通	1023–1026	–
Duan Suzhen	Duan Suzhen	段素真	1026–1041	Emperor Shengde	聖德皇帝	Zhengzhi	正治	1027–1041	–
Duan Suxing	Duan Suxing	段素興	1041–1044	–		Shengming	聖明	1042–?	–
Duan Suxing	Duan Suxing	段素興	1041–1044	–		Tianming	天明	?–1044	–
Duan Silian	Duan Silian	段思廉	1044–1075	Emperor Xiaode	孝德皇帝	Bao'an	保安	1045–1052	Xingzong	興宗
						Zheng'an	政安	1053–?
						Zhengde	正德	?
						Baode	保德	?–1074
						Minghou	明侯	?
Duan Lianyi	Duan Lianyi	段廉義	1075–1080	–		Shangde	上德	1076	–
Duan Shouhui	Duan Shouhui	段壽輝	1080–1081	–		Shangming	上明	1081	–
Duan Zhengming	Duan Zhengming	段正明	1081–1094	Emperor Baoding	保定皇帝	Baoli	保立	1082	–
						Jian'an	建安	1083–1091
						Tianyou	天祐	1091–1094
Later Dali (後大理) (1096–1253 AD)
Duan Zhengchun	Duan Zhengchun	段正淳	1096–1108	Emperor Wen'an	文安皇帝	Tianshou	天授	1096	Zhongzong	中宗
						Mingkai	明開	1097–1103
						Tianzheng	天政	1103–1104
						Wen'an	文安	1104–1108
Duan Zhengyan	Duan Zhengyan	段正嚴	1108–1147	Emperor Xuanren	宣仁皇帝	Rixin	日新	1109–1110	Xianzong	憲宗
						Wenzhi	文治	1110–?
						Yongjia	永嘉	?–1128
						Baotian	保天	1129–1137
						Guangyun	廣運	1138–1147
Duan Zhengxing	Duan Zhengxing	段正興	1147–1171	Emperor Zhengkang	正康皇帝	Yongzhen	永貞	1148	Jingzong	景宗
						Dabao	大寶	1149–1156
						Longxing	龍興	1157–1161
						Shengming	盛明	1162–?
						Jiande	建德	?–1171
Duan Zhixing	Duan Zhixing	段智興	1171–1200	Emperor Gongji	功極皇帝	Lizhen	利貞	1172–1174	Xuanzong	宣宗
						Shengde	盛德	1176–1180
						Jiahui	嘉會	1181–1184
						Yuanheng	元亨	1185–1195
						Ding'an	定安	1195–1200
Duan Zhilian	Duan Zhilian	段智廉	1200–1204	Emperor Hengtian	亨天皇帝	Fengli	鳳曆	1200–?	Yingzong	英宗
Duan Zhilian	Duan Zhilian	段智廉	1200–1204	Emperor Hengtian	亨天皇帝	Yuanshou	元壽	?–1204	Yingzong	英宗
Duan Zhixiang	Duan Zhixiang	段智祥	1204–1238	–		Tiankai	天開	1205–1225	Shenzong	神宗
						Tianfu	天輔	1226
						Tianshou	仁壽	1227–1238
Duan Xiangxing	Duan Xiangxing	段祥興	1238–1251	Emperor Xiaoyi	孝義皇帝	Daolong	道隆	1239–1251	–
Duan Xingzhi	Duan Xingzhi	段興智	1251–1254	–		Tianding	天定	1251–1254	–

Western Xia (西夏) (1038–1227 AD)

Chinese convention: use "Western Xia" + temple name (or use personal name)

The Tangut names for about half of the Western Xia eras are known from Tangut texts or monumental inscriptions, or from Western Xia coins.


Name by which most commonly known	Personal Name		Reign	Posthumous name		Era names and their corresponding range of years			Temple name
Emperor Jǐngzōng of Western Xia	Lǐ Yuánhào	李元昊	1032–1048	Emperor Wǔliè	武烈皇帝	Xiǎndào	顯道	1032–1034	Jǐngzōng	景宗
						Kāiyùn	開運	1034
						Guǎngpíng	廣平	1035–1036
						Dàqìng	大慶	1036–1038
						Tiānshòulǐfǎyánzuò	天授禮法延祚	1038–1048
Emperor Yìzōng of Western Xia	Lǐ Liàngzuò	李諒祚	1048–1067	Emperor Zhāoyīng	昭英皇帝	Yánsìníngguó	延嗣寧國	1048–1049	Yìzōng	毅宗
						Tiānyòuchuíshèng	天祐垂聖	1050–1052
						Fúshèngchéngdào	福聖承道	1053–1056
						Duǒdū	奲都	1057–1063
						Gǒnghuà	拱化	1063–1067
Emperor Huìzōng of Western Xia	Lǐ Bǐngcháng	李秉常	1067–1086	Emperor Kāngjìng	康靖皇帝	Qiándào	乾道	1067–1069	Huìzōng	惠宗
						Tiāncìlǐshèngguóqìng	天賜禮盛國慶	1070–1074
						Dà'ān	大安 𘜶𗵐	1075–1085
						Tiān'ānlǐdìng	天安禮定 𘓺𗪚𗅲𗧯	1085–1086
Emperor Chóngzōng of Western Xia	Lǐ Qiánshùn	李乾順	1086–1139	Emperor Shèngwén	聖文皇帝	Tiānyízhìpíng	天儀治平	1086–1089	Chóngzōng	崇宗
						Tiānyòumín'ān	天祐民安 𘓺𗼕𘂀𗴴	1090–1097
						Yǒng'ān	永安	1098–1100
						Zhēnguān	貞觀 𗣼𘝯	1101–1113
						Yōngníng	雍寧 𗖠𗪚	1114–1118
						Yuándé	元德 𗣼𗪘	1119–1127
						Zhèngdé	正德 𗣼𘇚	1127–1134
						Dàdé	大德 𘜶𗣼	1135–1139
Emperor Rénzōng of Western Xia	Lǐ Rénxiào	李仁孝	1139–1193	Emperor Shengde	聖德皇帝	Dàqìng	大慶 𘜶𘅝	1139–1143	Rénzōng	仁宗
						Rénqìng	人慶 𗸦𘅝	1144–1148
						Tiānshèng	天盛 𘓺𘃸	1149–1170
						Qiányòu	乾祐 𘀗𘑨	1170–1193
Emperor Huánzōng of Western Xia	Lǐ Chúnyòu	李純佑	1193–1206	Emperor Zhāojiǎn	昭簡皇帝	Tiānqìng	天慶 𘓺𘅝	1193–1206	Huánzōng	桓宗
Emperor Xiāngzōng of Western Xia	Lǐ Ānquán	李安全	1206–1211	Emperor Jingmu	敬穆皇帝	Yīngtiān	應天	1206–1209	Xiāngzōng	襄宗
Emperor Xiāngzōng of Western Xia	Lǐ Ānquán	李安全	1206–1211	Emperor Jingmu	敬穆皇帝	Huángjiàn	皇建 𘓺𘚪	1210–1211	Xiāngzōng	襄宗
Emperor Shénzōng of Western Xia	Lǐ Zūnxū	李遵頊	1211–1223	Emperor Yīngwén	英文皇帝	Guāngdìng	光定 𗪚𗏴	1211–1223	Shénzōng	神宗
Emperor Xiànzōng of Western Xia	Lǐ Déwàng	李德旺	1223–1226	Emperor Xiao'ai	孝哀皇帝	Qiándìng	乾定	1223–1226	Xiànzōng	獻宗
Emperor Mò of Western Xia	Lǐ Xiàn	李晛	1226–1227	–		Bǎoyì	寶義	1226–1227	–

Jin dynasty (金朝) (1115–1234 AD)

Chinese convention: use "Jin" + temple name or posthumous name in Chinese

**Jin dynasty 1115–1234**
Name by which most commonly known	Personal name		Reign	Era names and their corresponding range of years			Posthumous name		Temple name
Emperor Taizu of Jin	Āgǔdǎ or Wányán Mǐn	阿骨打 or 完顏旻	1115–1123	Shōuguó	收國	1115–1116	Emperor Yingqian Xingyun Zhaode Dinggong Renming Zhuangxiao Dasheng Wuyuan	應乾興運昭德定功仁明莊孝大聖武元皇帝	Tàizǔ	太祖
Emperor Taizu of Jin	Āgǔdǎ or Wányán Mǐn	阿骨打 or 完顏旻	1115–1123	Tiānfǔ	天輔	1117–1123		應乾興運昭德定功仁明莊孝大聖武元皇帝	Tàizǔ	太祖
Emperor Taizong of Jin	Wúqǐmǎi or Wányán Shèng	吳乞買 or 完顏晟	1123–1134	Tiānhuì	天會	1123–1134	Emperor Tiyuan Yingyun Shide Zhaogong Zhehui Rensheng Wenlie	體元應運世德昭功哲惠仁聖文烈皇帝	Tàizōng	太宗
Emperor Xizong of Jin	Hélá or Wányán Dǎn	合剌 or 完顏亶	1135–1149	Tiānhuì	天會	1135–1138	Emperor Hongji Zuanwu Zhuangjing Xiaocheng	弘基纘武莊靖孝成皇帝	Xīzōng	熙宗
				Tiānjuàn	天眷	1138–1141
				Huángtǒng	皇統	1141–1149
Wanyan Liang	Dígǔnǎi or Wányán Liàng	迪古乃 or 完顏亮	1149–1161	Tiāndé	天德	1149–1153	Prince Yáng	煬王	–
				Zhènyuán	貞元	1153–1156
				Zhènglóng	正隆	1156–1161
Emperor Shizong of Jin	Wūlù or Wányán Yōng	烏祿 or 完顏雍	1161–1189	Dàdìng	大定	1161–1189	Emperor Guangtian Xingyun Wende Wugong Shengming Renxiao	光天興運文德武功聖明仁孝皇帝	Shìzōng	世宗
Emperor Zhangzong of Jin	Mádágě or Wányán Jǐng	麻達葛 or 完顏璟	1190–1208	Míngchāng	明昌	1190–1196	Emperor Xiantian Guangyun Renwen Yiwu Shensheng Yingxiao	憲天光運仁文義武神聖英孝皇帝	Zhāngzōng	章宗
				Chéng'ān	承安	1196–1200
				Tàihé	泰和	1200–1208
Wanyan Yongji	Wányán Yǒngjì	完顏永濟	1209–1213	Dà'ān	大安	1209–1212	Prince Shào	紹王	–
				Chóngqìng	崇慶	1212–1213
				Zhìníng	至寧	1213
Emperor Xuanzong of Jin	Wúdúbǔ or Wányán Xú	吾睹補 or 完顏珣	1213–1223	Zhēnyòu	貞祐	1213–1217	Emperor Jitian Xingtong Shudao Qinren Yingwu Shengxiao	繼天興統述道勤仁英武聖孝皇帝	Xuānzōng	宣宗
				Xīngdìng	興定	1217–1222
				Yuánguāng	元光	1222–1223
Emperor Aizong of Jin	Níngjiǎsù or Wányán Shǒuxù	寧甲速 or 完顏守緒	1224–1234	Zhèngdà	正大	1224–1232	Emperor Zhuang	莊皇帝	Āizōng	哀宗
				Kāixīng	開興	1232
				Tiānxīng	天興	1232–1234
Emperor Mo of Jin	Hūdūn or Wányán Chénglín	呼敦 or 完顏承麟	1234	–			–		–

Yuan dynasty (元朝) (1271–1368 AD)

Chinese convention: for rulers before Kublai Khan use given name (e.g. Temüjin) or Khan names, use "Yuan" + temple name or posthumous name after

Note:
1) The Mongol Great Khans before Khublai were only declared Yuan emperors after the creation of Yuan dynasty in 1271
2) To non-Chinese readers, usually the khan names are the most familiar names.
3) Timur or Temür means the same Mongolian words but Temür will be used for avoiding confusion with Timur the lame (Tamerlane).


Khan Name	Personal name		Reign	Era names and their corresponding range of years			Regnal name (Zun Hao 尊號)		Posthumous name		Temple name
Genghis Khan	Borjigin Temüjin	孛兒只斤鐵木真	1206–1227	–			–		Emperor Fatian Qiyun Shengwu	法天啟運聖武皇帝	Tàizǔ	太祖
Tolui	Borjigin Tolui	孛兒只斤拖雷	1228	–			–		Emperor Rensheng Jingxiang	仁聖景襄皇帝	Ruìzōng	睿宗
Ögedei Khan	Borjigin Ögedei	孛兒只斤窩闊台	1229–1241	–			–		Emperor Yingwen	英文皇帝	Tàizōng	太宗
Güyük Khan	Borjigin Güyük	孛兒只斤貴由	1246–1248	–			–		Emperor Jianping	簡平皇帝	Dìngzōng	定宗
Möngke Khan	Borjigin Möngke	孛兒只斤蒙哥	1251–1259	–			–		Emperor Huansu	桓肅皇帝	Xiànzōng	憲宗
Kublai Khan	Borjigin Kublai	孛兒只斤忽必烈	1260–1294	Zhōngtǒng	中統	1260–1264	Emperor Xiantian Shudao Renwen Yiwu Daguang Xiao	憲天述道仁文義武大光孝皇帝	Emperor Shengde Shengong Wenwu	聖德神功文武皇帝	Shìzǔ	世祖
Kublai Khan	Borjigin Kublai	孛兒只斤忽必烈	1260–1294	Zhìyuán	至元	1264–1294	Emperor Xiantian Shudao Renwen Yiwu Daguang Xiao	憲天述道仁文義武大光孝皇帝	Emperor Shengde Shengong Wenwu	聖德神功文武皇帝	Shìzǔ	世祖
Temür Khan	Borjigin Temür	孛兒只斤鐵穆耳	1294–1307	Yuánzhēn	元貞	1295–1297	–		Emperor Qinming Guangxiao	欽明廣孝皇帝	Chéngzōng	成宗
Temür Khan	Borjigin Temür	孛兒只斤鐵穆耳	1307–1308	Dàdé	大德	1297–1307	–		Emperor Qinming Guangxiao	欽明廣孝皇帝	Chéngzōng	成宗
Külüg Khan	Borjigin Qayshan	孛兒只斤海山	1308–1311	Zhìdà	至大	1308–1311	Emperor Tongtian Jisheng Qinwen Yingwu Dazhang Xiao	統天繼聖欽文英武大章孝皇帝	Emperor Renhui Xuanxiao	仁惠宣孝皇帝	Wǔzōng	武宗
Ayurbarwada Buyantu Khan	Borjigin Ayurparibhadra	孛兒只斤愛育黎拔力八達	1311–1320	Huángqìng	皇慶	1312–1313	–		Emperor Shengwen Qinxiao	聖文欽孝皇帝	Rénzōng	仁宗
Ayurbarwada Buyantu Khan	Borjigin Ayurparibhadra	孛兒只斤愛育黎拔力八達	1320–1321	Yányòu	延祐	1314–1320	–		Emperor Shengwen Qinxiao	聖文欽孝皇帝	Rénzōng	仁宗
Gegeen Khan	Borjigin Suddhipala	孛兒只斤碩德八剌	1321–1323	Zhìzhì	至治	1321–1323	Emperor Jitian Tidao Jingwen Renwu Dazhao Xiao	繼天體道敬文仁武大昭孝皇帝	Emperor Ruisheng Wenxiao	睿聖文孝皇帝	Yīngzōng	英宗
Yesün Temür¹	Borjigin Yesün-Temür	孛兒只斤也孫鐵木兒	1323–1328	Tàidìng	泰定	1324–1328	–		–		–
Yesün Temür¹	Borjigin Yesün-Temür	孛兒只斤也孫鐵木兒	1323–1328	Zhìhé	致和	1328	–		–		–
Ragibagh Khan¹	Borjigin Arigaba	孛兒只斤阿里吉八	1328	Tiānshùn	天順	1328	–		–		–
Jayaatu Khan Tugh Temür	Borjigin Toq-Temür	孛兒只斤圖帖睦爾	1328–1329 and 1329–1332	Tiānlì	天曆	1328–1330	Emperor Qintian Tongsheng Zhide Chenggong Dawen Xiao	欽天統聖至德誠功大文孝皇帝	Emperor Shengming Yuanxiao	聖明元孝皇帝	Wénzōng	文宗
Jayaatu Khan Tugh Temür	Borjigin Toq-Temür	孛兒只斤圖帖睦爾	1328–1329 and 1329–1332	Zhìshùn	至順	1330–1332	Emperor Qintian Tongsheng Zhide Chenggong Dawen Xiao	欽天統聖至德誠功大文孝皇帝	Emperor Shengming Yuanxiao	聖明元孝皇帝	Wénzōng	文宗
Khutughtu Khan Kusala	Borjigin Qoshila	孛兒只斤和世剌	1329				Emperor Shuntian Lidao Ruiwen Zhiwu Dasheng Xiao	順天立道睿文智武大聖孝皇帝	Emperor Yixian Jingxiao	翼獻景孝皇帝	Míngzōng	明宗
Rinchinbal Khan	Borjigin Irinchibal	孛兒只斤懿璘質班	1332				–		Emperor Chongsheng Sixiao	沖聖嗣孝皇帝	Níngzōng	寧宗
Toghon Temür²	Borjigin Toghan-Temür	孛兒只斤妥懽帖睦爾	1333–1368			1333	–		Emperor Xuanren Puxiao or Emperor Shun	宣仁普孝皇帝 or 順皇帝	Huìzōng	惠宗
				Yuántǒng	元統	1333–1335
				Zhìyuán	至元	1335–1340
				Zhìzhèng	至正	1341–1368
				Zhìyuán	至元	1368–1370
1 — Chinese convention: for these sovereigns only, use "Yuan" + era name (e.g. 元泰定帝 Yuán Tàidìng Dì). 2 — Chinese convention: for this sovereign only, use "Yuan" + posthumous name.

Northern Yuan (北元) (1368–1388 AD)

Retreat of the Yuan court to the Mongolian Plateau after being overthrown by the Ming dynasty in China proper in 1368 (1368 – early 15th century)

Convention: use khan names or birth names.


Khan Names	Personal Name		Reign	Era names and their corresponding range of years			Posthumous name		Temple name
Toghon Temür (same person as the last Yuan emperor)	Borjigin Toghan-Temür	孛兒只斤妥懽帖睦爾	1368–1370	Zhìshùn	至順	1333	Emperor Xuanren Puxiao or Emperor Shun	宣仁普孝皇帝 or 順皇帝	Huìzōng	惠宗
				Yuántǒng	元統	1333–1335
				Zhìyuán	至元	1335–1340
				Zhìzhèng	至正	1341–1368
				Zhìyuán	至元	1368–1370
Biligtü Khan Ayushiridara	Borjigin Ayushiridara	孛兒只斤愛猷識里達臘	1370–1378	Xuānguāng	宣光	1371–1378	Emperor Wucheng Hexiao	武承和孝皇帝	Zhāozōng	昭宗
Uskhal Khan Tögüs Temür	Borjigin Tögüs Temür	孛兒只斤脫古思帖木兒	1378–1388	Tiānyuán or Tiānguāng¹	天元 or 天光	1378–1388	Emperor Yisheng Ningxiao	益聖寧孝皇帝	–
1 — Recently discovered Northern Yuan coins have the era name "Tianguang", suggesting that the era name "Tianyuan" recorded in Chinese sources may be incorrect.^[2]

Ming dynasty (明朝) (1368–1644 AD)

Name by which most commonly known	Personal name		Reign	Era names and their corresponding range of years			Posthumous name¹ (Shi Hao 諡號)		Temple name¹ (Miao Hao 廟號)
Hongwu Emperor	Zhū Yuánzhāng	朱元璋	1368–1398	Hóngwǔ	洪武	1368–1398	Emperor Kaitian Xingdao Zhaoji Liji Dasheng Zhishen Renwen Yiwu Junde Chenggong Gao	開天行道肇紀立極大聖至神仁文義武俊德成功高皇帝	Tàizǔ	太祖
Jianwen Emperor	Zhū Yǔnwén	朱允炆	1398–1402	Jiànwén	建文	1398–1402	Emperor Sitian Zhangdao Chengyi Yuangong Guanwen Yangwu Keren Duxiao Rang	嗣天章道誠懿淵功觀文揚武克仁篤孝讓皇帝	Huizong²	惠宗
Yongle Emperor	Zhū Dì	朱棣	1402–1424	Yǒnglè	永樂	1402–1424	Emperor Qitian Hongdao Gaoming Zhaoyun Shengwu Shengong Chunren Zhixiao Wen	啟天弘道高明肇運聖武神功純仁至孝文皇帝	Chéngzǔ or Tàizōng	成祖 / 太宗
Hongxi Emperor	Zhū Gāochì	朱高熾	1424–1425	Hóngxī	洪熙	1424–1425	Emperor Jingtian Tidao Chuncheng Zhide Hongwen Qinwu Zhangsheng Daxiao Zhao	敬天體道純誠至德弘文欽武章聖達孝昭皇帝	Rénzōng	仁宗
Xuande Emperor	Zhū Zhānjī	朱瞻基	1425–1435	Xuāndé	宣德	1425–1435	Emperor Xiantian Chongdao Yingming Shensheng Qintian Zhaowu Kuanren Chunxiao Zhang	憲天崇道英明神聖欽天昭武寬仁純孝章皇帝	Xuānzōng	宣宗
Emperor Yingzong of Ming	Zhū Qízhèn	朱祁鎮	1435–1449 and 1457–1464³	Zhèngtǒng and Tiānshùn	正統 and 天順	1435–1449 and 1457–1464	Emperor Fatian Lidao Renming Chengjing Zhaowen Xianwu Zhide Guangxiao Rui	法天立道仁明誠敬昭文憲武至德廣孝睿皇帝	Yīngzōng	英宗
Jingtai Emperor	Zhū Qíyù	朱祁鈺	1449–1457	Jǐngtài	景泰	1449–1457	Emperor Futian Jiandao Gongren Kangding Longwen Buwu Xiande Chongxiao Jing	符天建道恭仁康定隆文布武顯德崇孝景皇帝	Dàizōng	代宗
Chenghua Emperor	Zhū Jiànshēn	朱見深	1464–1487	Chénghuà	成化	1464–1487	Emperor Jitian Ningdao Chengming Renjing Chongwen Suwu Hongde Shengxiao Chun	繼天凝道誠明仁敬崇文肅武宏德聖孝純皇帝	Xiànzōng	憲宗
Hongzhi Emperor	Zhū Yòuchēng	朱祐樘	1487–1505	Hóngzhì	弘治	1487–1505	Emperor Jiantian Mingdao Chengchun Zhongzheng Shengwen Shenwu Zhiren Dade Jing	建天明道誠純中正聖文神武至仁大德敬皇帝	Xiàozōng	孝宗
Zhengde Emperor	Zhū Hòuzhào	朱厚照	1505–1521	Zhèngdé	正德	1505–1521	Emperor Chengtian Dadao Yingsu Ruizhe Zhaode Xiangong Hongwen Sixiao Yi	承天達道英肅睿哲昭德顯功弘文思孝毅皇帝	Wǔzōng	武宗
Jiajing Emperor	Zhū Hòucōng	朱厚熜	1521–1566	Jiājìng	嘉靖	1521–1566	Emperor Qintian Lüdao Yingyi Shensheng Xuanwen Guangwu Hongren Daxiao Su	欽天履道英毅神聖宣文廣武洪仁大孝肅皇帝	Shìzōng	世宗
Longqing Emperor	Zhū Zǎihòu	朱載垕	1566–1572	Lóngqìng	隆慶	1566–1572	Emperor Qitian Longdao Yuanyi Kuanren Xianwen Guangwu Chunde Hongxiao Zhuang	契天隆道淵懿寬仁顯文光武純德弘孝莊皇帝	Mùzōng	穆宗
Wanli Emperor	Zhū Yìjūn	朱翊鈞	1572–1620	Wànlì	萬曆	1572–1620	Emperor Fantian Hedao Zhesu Dunjian Guangwen Zhangwu Anren Zhixiao Xian	範天合道哲肅敦簡光文章武安仁止孝顯皇帝	Shénzōng	神宗
Taichang Emperor	Zhū Chángluò	朱常洛	1620	Tàichāng	泰昌	1620	Emperor Chongtian Qidao Yingrui Gongchun Xianwen Jingwu Yuanren Yixiao Zhen	崇天契道英睿恭純憲文景武淵仁懿孝貞皇帝	Guāngzōng	光宗
Tianqi Emperor	Zhū Yóujiào	朱由校	1620–1627	Tiānqǐ	天啓	1620–1627	Emperor Datian Chandao Dunxiao Duyou Zhangwen Xiangwu Jingmu Zhuangqin Zhe	達天闡道敦孝篤友章文襄武靖穆莊勤悊皇帝	Xīzōng	熹宗
Chongzhen Emperor	Zhū Yóujiǎn	朱由檢	1627–1644	Chóngzhēn	崇禎	1627–1644	Emperor Shaotian Yidao Gangming Kejian Kuiwen Fenwu Dunren Maoxiao Lie	紹天繹道剛明恪儉揆文奮武敦仁懋孝烈皇帝	Sīzōng or Yìzōng	思宗 / 毅宗
1 — As posthumous and temple names were often shared by emperors of different dynasties, they are usually preceded by the dynastic name, in this case, Ming, to avoid confusion. For example, the Hongwu emperor is frequently referred to as Ming Taizu. 2 — The Yongle emperor assumed the throne of his nephew the Jianwen emperor, who was officially said to have died in a palace fire but who was suspected of escaping to live as a recluse. The Yongle emperor wiped out the record of his nephew's reign and no temple name was given him. In 1644 the Prince of Fu (福王), the new self-proclaimed emperor of the Southern Ming, conferred on Emperor Jianwen the temple name Huizong. 3 — After listening to the poor advice of his eunuch advisers, the Zhengtong Emperor personally led a campaign in 1449 against the Mongols and was captured. His brother the Jingtai Emperor assumed the throne and as a hostage no longer of any value, the Mongols released the Zhengtong Emperor who returned to live in seclusion. However the Zhengtong Emperor was able to regain his position, choosing the reign name Tianshun.

Shun dynasty (順朝) (1644–1645 AD)

The Shun dynasty was an imperial dynasty created in the brief lapse from Ming to Qing rule in China. It was a state set up by the peasants' rebellion, in which they defeated the Ming forces, but former Ming general Wu Sangui led the Qing forces into Beijing and the Qing forces defeated the rebels.

Name most commonly known by	Personal name		Reign years	Era names and their corresponding range of years			Alternative title
Li Zicheng	Li Zicheng	李自成	1644–1645	Yongchang	永昌	1644–1645	Chuǎng Wáng (The Dashing King)	闖王

Southern Ming (南明) (1644–1662 AD)

The Southern Ming refers to the Ming loyalist regimes that existed in Southern China from 1644 to 1662. The regime was established by the princes of the already destroyed Ming dynasty. All of these monarchs had their regimes crushed by the Qing forces very quickly. Koxinga (Zheng Chenggong) used the Ming dynasty's name and gathered forces before fleeing to Taiwan.

Name by which most commonly known	Personal name		Reign	Era names and their corresponding range of years			Posthumous name		Temple name
Zhu Yousong	Zhū Yóusōng	朱由崧	1644–1645	Hóngguāng	弘光	1644–1645	Emperor Fengtian Zundao Kuanhe Jingmu Xiuwen Buwu Wengong Renxiao Jian	奉天遵道寬和靜穆修文布武溫恭仁孝簡皇帝	Ānzōng	安宗
Zhu Yujian	Zhū Yùjiàn	朱聿鍵	1645–1646	Lóngwǔ	隆武	1645–1646	Emperor Peitian Zhidao Hongyi Sumu Siwen Liewu Minren Guangxiao Xiang	配天至道弘毅肅穆思文烈武敏仁廣孝襄皇帝	Shàozōng	紹宗
Zhu Changfang	Zhū Chángfāng	朱常淓	1645	None given, but sometimes referred to as the "Regency of the Prince of Lu/Luh" (Lù Wáng Lín Guó)	潞王臨國	1646	Prince Min	閔王	–
Zhu Yihai	Zhū Yǐhǎi	朱以海	1645–1653		潞王臨國	1646	–		–
Zhu Yuyue	Zhū Yùyuè	朱聿𨮁	1646	Shàowǔ	紹武	1646	–		–
Zhu Youlang	Zhū Yóuláng	朱由榔	1646–1662	Yǒnglì	永曆	1646–1662	Emperor Yingtian Tuidao Minyi Gongjian Jingwen Weiwu Liren Kexiao Kuang	應天推道敏毅恭儉經文緯武禮仁克孝匡皇帝	Zhāozōng	昭宗

*The two characters are homonyms, both pronounced Lu; to distinguish them, one is usually kept as Lu and the other spelled differently. Luh is from Cambridge History of China; Lou is from A.C. Moule's Rulers of China (1957). When one irregular spelling is used, the other is kept as regular (Lu). The two systems are distinct and not used simultaneously.

Qing dynasty (清朝) (1636–1912 AD)

Name by which most commonly known	Personal name¹		Reign	Era names (and Lifespan)				Posthumous name² (Shi Hao 諡號)		Temple name² (Miao Hao 廟號)
Later Jin (後金) (1616–1636 AD)
Nurhaci	Nurhaci	努爾哈赤	17 February 1616 – 30 September 1636 (20 years, 7 months, and 13 days)³	Tiānmìng	天命	Abkai fulingga	1616–1626	Emperor Chengtian Guangyun Shengde Shengong Zhaoji Liji Renxiao Ruiwu Duanyi Qin'an Hongwen Dingye Gao	承天廣運聖德神功肇紀立極仁孝睿武端毅欽安弘文定業高皇帝	Tàizǔ	太祖
Huang Taiji	Hong Taiji⁴	皇太極	1626–1636	Tiāncōng	天聰	Abkai sure	1627–1636	Emperor Yingtian Xingguo Hongde Zhangwu Kuanwen Rensheng Ruixiao Jingmin Zhaoding Longdao Xiangong Wen	應天興國弘德彰武寬溫仁聖睿孝敬敏昭定隆道顯功文皇帝	Tàizōng	太宗
Qing dynasty (清朝) (1636–1912 AD)
Huang Taiji (same person as the last Later Jin khan)	Hong Taiji⁴	皇太極	1636–1643	Chóngdé	崇德	Wesihun erdemungge	1636–1643	Emperor Yingtian Xingguo Hongde Zhangwu Kuanwen Rensheng Ruixiao Jingmin Zhaoding Longdao Xiangong Wen	應天興國弘德彰武寬溫仁聖睿孝敬敏昭定隆道顯功文皇帝	Tàizōng	太宗
Shunzhi Emperor	Fúlín	福臨	1643–1661⁵	Shùnzhì	順治	Ijishūn dasan	1643–1661	Emperor Titian Longyun Dingtong Jianji Yingrui Qinwen Xianwu Dade Honggong Zhiren Chunxiao Zhang	體天隆運定統建極英睿欽文顯武大德弘功至仁純孝章皇帝	Shìzǔ	世祖
Kangxi Emperor	Xuányè	玄燁	1661–1722	Kāngxī	康熙	Elhe taifin	1661–1722	Emperor Hetian Hongyun Wenwu Ruizhe Gongjian Kuanyu Xiaojing Chengxin Zhonghe Gongde Dacheng Ren	合天弘運文武睿哲恭儉寬裕孝敬誠信中和功德大成仁皇帝	Shèngzǔ	聖祖
Yongzheng Emperor	Yìnzhēn	胤禛	1722–1735	Yōngzhèng	雍正	Hūwaliyasun tob	1722–1735	Emperor Jingtian Changyun Jianzhong Biaozheng Wenwu Yingming Kuanren Xinyi Ruisheng Daxiao Zhicheng Xian	敬天昌運建中表正文武英明寬仁信毅睿聖大孝至誠憲皇帝	Shìzōng	世宗
Qianlong Emperor	Hónglì	弘曆	1735–1796⁶	Qiánlóng	乾隆	Abkai wehiyehe	1735–1796	Emperor Fatian Longyun Zhicheng Xianjue Tiyuan Liji Fuwen Fenwu Qinming Xiaoci Shensheng Chun	法天隆運至誠先覺體元立極敷文奮武欽明孝慈神聖純皇帝	Gāozōng	高宗
Jiaqing Emperor	Yóngyǎn	顒琰	1796–1820	Jiāqìng	嘉慶	Saicungga fengšen	1796–1820	Emperor Shoutian Xingyun Fuhua Suiyou Chongwen Jingwu Guangyu Xiaogong Qinjian Duanmin Yingzhe Rui	受天興運敷化綏猷崇文經武光裕孝恭勤儉端敏英哲睿皇帝	Rénzōng	仁宗
Daoguang Emperor	Mínníng	旻寧	1820–1850	Dàoguāng	道光	Doro eldengge	1820–1850	Emperor Xiaotian Fuyun Lizhong Tizheng Zhiwen Shengwu Zhiyong Renci Jianqin Xiaomin Kuanding Cheng	效天符運立中體正至文聖武智勇仁慈儉勤孝敏寬定成皇帝	Xuānzōng	宣宗
Xianfeng Emperor	Yìzhǔ	奕詝	1850–1861	Xiánfēng	咸豐	Gubci elgiyengge	1850–1861	Emperor Xietian Yiyun Zhizhong Chuimo Maode Zhenwu Shengxiao Yuangong Duanren Kuanmin Zhuangjian Xian	協天翊運執中垂謨懋德振武聖孝淵恭端仁寬敏莊儉顯皇帝	Wénzōng	文宗
Tongzhi Emperor	Zǎichún	載淳	1861–1875⁷	Tóngzhì	同治	Yooningga dasan	1861–1875	Emperor Jitian Kaiyun Shouzhong Juzheng Baoda Dinggong Shengzhi Chengxiao Xinmin Gongkuan Mingsu Yi	繼天開運受中居正保大定功聖智誠孝信敏恭寬明肅毅皇帝	Mùzōng	穆宗
Guangxu Emperor	Zǎitián	載湉	1875–1908⁷	Guāngxù	光緒	Badarangga doro	1875–1908	Emperor Tongtian Chongyun Dahong Zhizheng Jingwen Weiwu Renxiao Ruizhi Duanjian Kuanqin Jing	同天崇運大中至正經文緯武仁孝睿智端儉寬勤景皇帝	Dézōng	德宗
Xuantong Emperor	Pǔyí (also known as Henry)	溥儀	1908–1912, 1917¹⁰	Xuāntǒng	宣統	Gehungge yoso	1908–1912	Emperor Peitian Tongyun Fagu Shaotong Cuiwen Jingfu Kuanrui Zhengmu Tiren Lixiao Min^{8, 9}	配天同運法古紹統粹文敬孚寬睿正穆體仁立孝愍皇帝^{8, 9}	Gōngzōng⁹	恭宗⁹
1 — The Qing imperial family name was Aisin Gioro (愛新覺羅 Aixinjueluo), but it was not common Manchu practice to include the family or clan name in an individual's personal name. 2 — As posthumous and temple names were often shared by emperors of different dynasties, they are usually preceded by the dynastic name, in this case, Qing, to avoid confusion. For example, the Qianlong emperor is frequently referred to as Qing Gaozong. 3 — Nurhaci founded the Jin (金) or Later Jin (後金) dynasty in 1616, but it was his son Hong Taiji who changed the name of the dynasty to Qing in 1636. Nurhaci adopted the reign name Tianming but his Qing titles were all conferred posthumously. 4 — Hong Taiji is referred to erroneously in some historical literature as Abahai (阿巴海). 5 — The Shunzhi emperor was the first Qing emperor to rule over China proper following the occupation of Beijing in 1644. 6 — The Qianlong emperor officially retired in 1796, taking the title Emperor Emeritus (太上皇帝). This was an act of filial piety to ensure that he would not reign longer than his illustrious grandfather, the Kangxi emperor. However, he remained the ultimate authority until his death in 1799, at which point his son, the Jiaqing emperor, began to exercise the power that had been his in name only from 1796. 7 — The Empress Dowager Cixi, concubine of the Xianfeng emperor, mother of the Tongzhi emperor, and adoptive mother of the Guangxu emperor, used her considerable skills of political manipulation to act as the power behind the throne or on the throne from 1861 until her death in 1908. She acted as a regent during the minorities of the two young emperors and confined the Guangxu emperor in the Summer Palace after he attempted to introduce reforms in 1898. The death of the Guangxu emperor was announced the day before her own. 8 — Xundi ("The Abdicated Emperor") is the common name by which mainland China and Taiwan's history books refer to Puyi. 9 — In 2004 the descendants of the Qing imperial family have conferred a posthumous name and temple name upon the late Puyi. Posthumous name: Emperor Min (愍帝). Temple name: Gongzong (恭宗). Both titles are not commonly used in academia to refer to this sovereign. 10 — The Xinhai Revolution started on October 10, 1911. The last emperor, Puyi, abdicated officially on February 12, 1912. The Qing dynasty was overthrown with his abdication on that day. However, that same day the Chinese Republic granted the "Articles of Favourable Treatment of the Emperor of the Great Qing after his Abdication" (清帝退位優待條件) which allowed Puyi to retain his imperial title and stated that he should be treated by the government of the Republic of China with the protocol attached to a foreign monarch. These articles were revised on November 5, 1924, after the coup by General Feng Yuxiang: the revised articles stated that Puyi was losing his imperial title and henceforth becoming a regular citizen of the Republic. Puyi was expelled from the Forbidden City that same day. Thus, Puyi was ruling emperor until February 12, 1912 (and also briefly between July 1 and July 12, 1917, in the Manchu Restoration), and non-ruling emperor between February 12, 1912, and November 5, 1924. Puyi also later became the puppet leader of Japanese-controlled Manchukuo under the reign name Datong (大同) (1932–1934), then the puppet emperor of Manchukuo under the reign name Kangde (康德) (1934–1945).

Taiping Heavenly Kingdom (太平天國) (1851–1864 AD)

Name by which most commonly known	Personal name		Reign	Era name (Nian Hao 年號)
Hong Xiuquan	Hong Xiuquan	洪秀全	11 January 1851 – 1 June 1864	Taiping Tianguo	太平天國
Hong Tianguifu	Hong Tianguifu	洪天貴福	6 June 1864 – 18 November 1864	Taiping Tianguo	太平天國

Empire of China (中華帝國) (1915–1916 AD)

A short-lived attempt by statesman and general Yuan Shikai who attempted to establish himself as emperor in 1915, but his rule was universally accepted as inauthentic. After 83 days, his reign ended.

No.	Portrait	Name by which most commonly known (birth/death)	Personal name		Reign	Era name (Nian Hao 年號)
1		Yuan Shikai (1859-1916)	Yuan Shikai	袁世凱	22 December 1915 – 22 March 1916	Hóngxiàn	洪憲

References

^ Belyaev, V.A.; Nastich, V.N.; Sidorovich, S.V. (2012). "The coinage of Qara Khitay: a new evidence (on the reign title of the Western Liao Emperor Yelü Yilie)". Proceedings of the 3rd Simone Assemani Symposium, September 23–24, 2011, Rome.
^ "北元《天光元宝、重宝》篆书光背_咏生藏泉_新浪博客".

External links

[1] Belyaev, V.A.; Nastich, V.N.; Sidorovich, S.V. (2012). "The coinage of Qara Khitay: a new evidence (on the reign title of the Western Liao Emperor Yelü Yilie)". Proceedings of the 3rd Simone Assemani Symposium, September 23–24, 2011, Rome.

[2] "北元《天光元宝、重宝》篆书光背_咏生藏泉_新浪博客".

[1]

[2]

Three Sovereigns and Five Emperors (三皇五帝) (2852–2070 BC)

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Tiefu tribe (匈奴 鐵弗部) (mid 3rd century–391 AD)

Yuwen tribe (鮮卑 宇文部) (late 3rd century–345 AD)

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Northern dynasties (北朝) (386–581 AD)

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Tiefu tribe (匈奴鐵弗部) (mid 3rd century–391 AD)

Yuwen tribe (鮮卑宇文部) (late 3rd century–345 AD)

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Tuoba tribe (鮮卑拓拔部) (219–376 AD) & Dai (代) (310–376 AD)