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Northern Han

The Northern Han (simplified Chinese: 北汉; traditional Chinese: 北漢; pinyin: Běi Hàn) was a dynastic state of China and one of the Ten Kingdoms during the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period. It was founded by Liu Min (Emperor Shizu) as a continuation of the Later Han dynasty founded by his brother Liu Zhiyuan (Emperor Gaozu). The Northern Han lasted from 951 to 979, when it was conquered by the Northern Song dynasty.

Han
951–979
The Northern Han in 951
CapitalTaiyuan
Common languagesChinese
Religion
Buddhism, Taoism, Confucianism, Chinese folk religion
GovernmentMonarchy
Emperor 
• 951–954
Emperor Shizu
• 954–968
Emperor Ruizong
• 968
Emperor Shaozhu
• 968–979
Emperor Yingwu
Historical eraFive Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms Period
• Established
951
• Ended by the Song dynasty
979
CurrencyChinese cash, Chinese coin, copper coins etc.
Preceded by
Succeeded by
Today part ofChina

Founding of the Northern Han edit

The short-lived state of Later Han fell in 950 because of Guo Wei, a powerful military governor's de facto coup. Liu Min founded the Northern Han Kingdom, sometimes referred to as the Eastern Han, in 951 claiming that he was the legitimate heir to the imperial throne of Later Han. Liu Min immediately restored the traditional relationship with the Khitans, who had founded the Liao dynasty.

Sources conflict as to the origin of the Later Han and Northern Han emperors; some indicate sinicized Shatuo ancestry[1][2] while some traditional historical sources claim that the emperors claimed patrilineal Han Chinese ancestry.[note 1]

Territorial extent edit

The Northern Han was a small kingdom located in Shanxi with its capital located at Taiyuan. Shanxi had been a traditional base of power since the fading days of the Tang dynasty in the late ninth century and early tenth century. It was wedged between the two major powers of the day, the Liao dynasty to the north and the Later Zhou dynasty (then the Northern Song dynasty) to the south.

Wedge between Liao and Song edit

The existence of the Northern Han was one of the two major thorns in relations between the Liao Dynasty and Later Zhou's successor Northern Song, the other being the continued possession of the Sixteen Prefectures by the Liao Dynasty. The Northern Han had placed itself under the protection of the Liao.[3]

Emperor Taizu of Song was successful in nearly completing the incorporation of the southern kingdoms into the Song Dynasty by his death in 976. His younger brother, Emperor Taizong wished to emulate his older brother's successes. Wuyue was brought into the realm in 978.

Fall of the Northern Han edit

Emboldened by his success to the south, Emperor Taizong decided to embark on a campaign to finally destroy the Northern Han. Leading the army himself, he brought his forces to the Northern Han capital of Taiyuan, which was laid under siege in June. An initial relief force sent by the Liao was easily defeated by Song. After a two-month siege of the capital, the emperor of the Northern Han surrendered and the kingdom was incorporated into the Northern Song.

Rulers edit

Sovereigns in Northern Han Kingdom 951–979
Temple Names (Miao Hao 廟號) Posthumous Names (Shi Hao 諡號) Personal Names Period of Reigns Era Names (Nian Hao 年號) and their according range of years
世祖 Shìzǔ 神武帝 Shénwǔdì Liu Min (劉旻) 951–954 Qiányòu (乾祐) 951–954
睿宗 Ruìzōng 孝和帝 Xiàohédì Liu Jun (劉鈞) 954–968 Qiányòu (乾祐) 954–957

Tiānhuì (天會) 957–968

少主 Shàozhǔ Did not exist Liu Ji'en (劉繼恩) 968 Did not exist
Did not exist 英武帝 Yīngwǔdì Liu Jiyuan (劉繼元) 968–979 Guǎngyùn (廣運) 968–979

The family tree of the Later Han and Northern Han rulers edit

The family tree of the Later Han and Northern Han rulers

- Later Han emperors; - Northern Han emperors

adopted
Marriage
Liu Tian 劉琠
Xianzu 显祖
Liu Zhiyuan 劉知遠 895–948
Gaozu 高祖
947–948
Liu Min 劉旻 895–954
Shizu 世祖
951–954
Liu Chengyou 劉承祐 931–951
Yindi 隱帝
948–951
Liu Yun 劉贇
d.951; r.950
Liu Jun 劉钧 926–968
Ruizong 睿宗
954–968
Xue Zhao
薛钊
Lady Liu
劉氏
Mr. He
何某
Liu Jien 劉继恩 d. 968
Shaozhu 少主
968
Liu Jiyuan 劉继元 d. 992
Yingwudi 英武帝
968–979

Notes edit

  1. ^ According to Old History of the Five Dynasties, vol. 99, and New History of the Five Dynasties, vol. 10. Liu Zhiyuan was of Shatuo origin. According to Wudai Huiyao, vol. 1 Liu Zhiyuan's great-great-grandfather Liu Tuan (劉湍) (titled as Emperor Mingyuan posthumously, granted the temple name of Wenzu) descended from Liu Bing (劉昞), Prince of Huaiyang, a son of Emperor Ming of Han.

References edit

Citations edit

  1. ^ Wilkinson, Endymion Porter (2000). Chinese History: A Manual. p. 12. ISBN 9780674002494.
  2. ^ Mote, Frederick W. (2003). Imperial China 900-1800. pp. 67–68. ISBN 9780674012127.
  3. ^ History of the Five Dynasties, vol. 59.

Sources edit

northern, state, also, known, during, sixteen, kingdoms, period, zhao, simplified, chinese, 北汉, traditional, chinese, 北漢, pinyin, běi, hàn, dynastic, state, china, kingdoms, during, five, dynasties, kingdoms, period, founded, emperor, shizu, continuation, late. For the state also known as Northern Han during the Sixteen Kingdoms period see Han Zhao The Northern Han simplified Chinese 北汉 traditional Chinese 北漢 pinyin Bei Han was a dynastic state of China and one of the Ten Kingdoms during the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period It was founded by Liu Min Emperor Shizu as a continuation of the Later Han dynasty founded by his brother Liu Zhiyuan Emperor Gaozu The Northern Han lasted from 951 to 979 when it was conquered by the Northern Song dynasty Han漢951 979The Northern Han in 951CapitalTaiyuanCommon languagesChineseReligionBuddhism Taoism Confucianism Chinese folk religionGovernmentMonarchyEmperor 951 954Emperor Shizu 954 968Emperor Ruizong 968Emperor Shaozhu 968 979Emperor YingwuHistorical eraFive Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms Period Established951 Ended by the Song dynasty979CurrencyChinese cash Chinese coin copper coins etc Preceded by Succeeded byLater Han Five Dynasties Song dynastyToday part ofChina Contents 1 Founding of the Northern Han 2 Territorial extent 3 Wedge between Liao and Song 4 Fall of the Northern Han 5 Rulers 6 The family tree of the Later Han and Northern Han rulers 7 Notes 8 References 8 1 Citations 8 2 SourcesFounding of the Northern Han editThe short lived state of Later Han fell in 950 because of Guo Wei a powerful military governor s de facto coup Liu Min founded the Northern Han Kingdom sometimes referred to as the Eastern Han in 951 claiming that he was the legitimate heir to the imperial throne of Later Han Liu Min immediately restored the traditional relationship with the Khitans who had founded the Liao dynasty Sources conflict as to the origin of the Later Han and Northern Han emperors some indicate sinicized Shatuo ancestry 1 2 while some traditional historical sources claim that the emperors claimed patrilineal Han Chinese ancestry note 1 Territorial extent editThe Northern Han was a small kingdom located in Shanxi with its capital located at Taiyuan Shanxi had been a traditional base of power since the fading days of the Tang dynasty in the late ninth century and early tenth century It was wedged between the two major powers of the day the Liao dynasty to the north and the Later Zhou dynasty then the Northern Song dynasty to the south Wedge between Liao and Song editThe existence of the Northern Han was one of the two major thorns in relations between the Liao Dynasty and Later Zhou s successor Northern Song the other being the continued possession of the Sixteen Prefectures by the Liao Dynasty The Northern Han had placed itself under the protection of the Liao 3 Emperor Taizu of Song was successful in nearly completing the incorporation of the southern kingdoms into the Song Dynasty by his death in 976 His younger brother Emperor Taizong wished to emulate his older brother s successes Wuyue was brought into the realm in 978 Fall of the Northern Han editEmboldened by his success to the south Emperor Taizong decided to embark on a campaign to finally destroy the Northern Han Leading the army himself he brought his forces to the Northern Han capital of Taiyuan which was laid under siege in June An initial relief force sent by the Liao was easily defeated by Song After a two month siege of the capital the emperor of the Northern Han surrendered and the kingdom was incorporated into the Northern Song Rulers editSovereigns inNorthern Han Kingdom 951 979 Temple Names Miao Hao 廟號 Posthumous Names Shi Hao 諡號 Personal Names Period of Reigns Era Names Nian Hao 年號 and their according range of years世祖 Shizǔ 神武帝 Shenwǔdi Liu Min 劉旻 951 954 Qianyou 乾祐 951 954睿宗 Ruizōng 孝和帝 Xiaohedi Liu Jun 劉鈞 954 968 Qianyou 乾祐 954 957Tianhui 天會 957 968少主 Shaozhǔ Did not exist Liu Ji en 劉繼恩 968 Did not existDid not exist 英武帝 Yingwǔdi Liu Jiyuan 劉繼元 968 979 Guǎngyun 廣運 968 979The family tree of the Later Han and Northern Han rulers editThe family tree of the Later Han and Northern Han rulers Later Han emperors Northern Han emperors adoptedMarriageLiu Tian 劉琠Xianzu 显祖Liu Zhiyuan 劉知遠 895 948Gaozu 高祖 947 948Liu Min 劉旻 895 954Shizu 世祖 951 954Liu Chengyou 劉承祐 931 951Yindi 隱帝 948 951Liu Yun 劉贇d 951 r 950Liu Jun 劉钧 926 968Ruizong 睿宗 954 968Xue Zhao薛钊Lady Liu劉氏Mr He何某Liu Jien 劉继恩 d 968Shaozhu 少主968Liu Jiyuan 劉继元 d 992Yingwudi 英武帝968 979Notes edit According to Old History of the Five Dynasties vol 99 and New History of the Five Dynasties vol 10 Liu Zhiyuan was of Shatuo origin According to Wudai Huiyao vol 1 Liu Zhiyuan s great great grandfather Liu Tuan 劉湍 titled as Emperor Mingyuan posthumously granted the temple name of Wenzu descended from Liu Bing 劉昞 Prince of Huaiyang a son of Emperor Ming of Han References editCitations edit Wilkinson Endymion Porter 2000 Chinese History A Manual p 12 ISBN 9780674002494 Mote Frederick W 2003 Imperial China 900 1800 pp 67 68 ISBN 9780674012127 History of the Five Dynasties vol 59 Sources edit Mote F W 1999 Imperial China 900 1800 Harvard University Press pp 16 106 108 ISBN 0 674 01212 7 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Northern Han amp oldid 1181594732, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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