Later Jin (Five Dynasties)

Not to be confused with Jin (Later Tang precursor), an earlier state during the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period.

Not to be confused with Later Jin (1616–1636), the Jurchen-led dynasty in northeastern China and precursor to the Qing dynasty.

For other Chinese states named Jin, see Jin dynasty (disambiguation).

Jin, known as the Later Jìn (simplified Chinese: 后晋; traditional Chinese: 後晉; pinyin: Hòu Jìn, 936–947) or the Shi Jin (石晉) in historiography, was an imperial dynasty of China and the third of the Five Dynasties during the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period. It was founded by Shi Jingtang (Emperor Gaozu) with aid from the Liao dynasty, which assumed suzerainty over the Later Jin. After Later Jin's second ruler, Shi Chonggui (Emperor Chu), fell out with the Liao dynasty, the Liao invaded in 946 and in 947, annihilated the Later Jin and annexed its former territories.

Jin 晉
936–947
Later Jin
Capital	Taiyuan (936) Luoyang (937) Kaifeng (937–947)
Common languages	Chinese
Religion	Buddhism, Daoism, Confucianism, Chinese folk religion
Government	Monarchy
Emperor
• 936–942	Shi Jingtang (Gaozu)
• 942–947	Shi Chonggui (Chudi)
Historical era	Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period
• Shi Jingtang proclaimed Emperor by Liao	November 28, 936
• Emperor Chu's surrender to Liao	January 11, 947
Currency	ancient Chinese coinage
Preceded by Succeeded by Later Tang Later Han Liao dynasty
Today part of	China

Founding the Later Jin

The first sinicized Shatuo state,^[1] Later Tang, was founded in 923 by Li Cunxu, son of the Shatuo chieftain Li Keyong. It extended Shatuo domains from their base in Shanxi to most of North China, and into Sichuan.

After Li Cunxu's death, his adopted son, Li Siyuan became emperor. However, the Shatuo relationship with the Khitans, which was vital to their rise to power, had soured. Shi Jingtang, the son-in-law of Li Cunxu, rebelled against him, and with the help of the Khitan, declared himself emperor of the Later Jin in 936.

The Later Jin founder Shi Jingtang claimed patrilineal Han Chinese ancestry.^[2] Noting that Shi 石 is a typical Chinese surname borne by Sogdians, Barenghi (2014) traces Shi Jingtang's origin to the Anqing Shi (安慶石). Anqing was one of the three Shatuo tribes, besides Chuyue (處月) and formerly Türgesh-associated Suoge (娑葛).^[3][4][5]

In the Later Jin, there were Dukedoms for the offspring of the royal families of the Zhou dynasty, Sui dynasty, and Tang dynasty.^[6] This practice was referred to as the two crownings and the three respects (二王三恪).

The Tang Imperial Longxi Li lineage (隴西李氏) also included sub-lineages like the Guzang Li (姑臧李). Li Zhuanmei (李專美) descended from the Guzang Li and served the Later Jin.^[7]

Territory

The Later Jin held essentially the same territories as the Later Tang, except for Sichuan, which had been lost by the Later Tang in its waning years and had become independent as Later Shu.

The other major exception was a region known as the Sixteen Prefectures. By this time in history, the Khitan had formed the Khitan Empire out of their steppe base. They had also become a major power broker in North China. They forced the Later Jin to cede the strategic Sixteen Prefectures to the Khitan. Consisting of a region about 70 to 100 miles wide and including modern-day Beijing and points westward, it was considered a highly strategic region, and gave the Khitan even more influence in North China.

Relations with the Liao dynasty

The Later Jin had often been described as a puppet of the emerging Khitan-led Liao dynasty. The help of their powerful northern neighbors was vital in the establishment of the Later Jin. The cession of the Sixteen Prefectures led to their derision as being the servants of the Liao dynasty.

After the death of the dynastic founder Shi Jingtang, his nephew, adopted son and successor Shi Chonggui defied the Liao, resulting in the latter invading in 946 and 947, eventually leading to the destruction of the Later Jin.

After the Liao conquest of the Later Jin, the former took the dynastic element of water, which followed from the Later Jin's dynastic element of metal, according to the Chinese theory of the Five Elements.^[8] It was also following the conquest of the Later Jin that the Liao dynasty was officially renamed "Great Liao".

List of emperors

Sovereigns of the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period, 907–960

Temple name	Posthumous name	Personal name	Period of reign	Chinese era name and dates
the Five Dynasties
Convention: name of dynasty + temple name or posthumous name
Hou (Later) Jin Dynasty 936–947
高祖 Gāozǔ	Too tedious, thus not used when referring to this sovereign	Shi Jingtang 石敬瑭 Shí Jìngtáng	936–942	Tiānfú (天福) 936–942
Did not exist	出帝 Chūdì	Shi Chonggui 石重貴 Shí Chóngguì	942–947	Tiānfú (天福) 942–944 Kāiyùn (開運) 944–947

Later Jin rulers family tree

Later Jin rulers family tree
adopted Marriage Li Siyuan 李嗣源 Mingzong 明宗 of (Later) Tang 867–926–933 Shi Shaoyong 石紹雍 Empress Li d. 950 Shi Jingtang 石敬瑭 892–942 Gaozu 高祖 936–942 Shi Jingru 石敬儒 Shi Chonggui 石重貴 914–974 Chudi 出帝 942–947

References

Citations

1. Mote, Frederick W (2003). Imperial China 900–1800. pp. 12–13.
2. Wudai Shi ch. 75. Considering the father was originally called Nieliji without a surname, the fact that his patrilineal ancestors all had Chinese names here indicates that these names were probably all created posthumously after Shi Jingtang became a "Chinese" emperor. Shi Jingtang actually claimed to be a descendant of Chinese historical figures Shi Que and Shi Fen, and insisted that his ancestors went westwards towards non-Han Chinese area during the political chaos at the end of the Han Dynasty in early 3rd century.
3. Golden, Peter Benjamin (1992). "An Introduction to the History of the Turkic Peoples: Ethnogenesis Ans State Formation in the Medieval and Early Modern Eurasia and the Middle East". Turcologica. 9. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz. p. 165
4. Atwood, Christopher P. (2010). "The Notion of Tribe in Medieval China: Ouyang Xiu and the Shatup Dynastic Myth". Miscellanea Asiatica: 610–613.
5. Barenghi, Maddalena (2014). Historiography and Narratives of the Later Tang (923–936) and Later Jin (936–947) Dynasties in Tenth- to Eleventh century Sources (PhD). p. 3-4.
6. Ouyang, Xiu (5 April 2004). Historical Records of the Five Dynasties. Translated by Richard L. Davis. Columbia University Press. pp. 76–. ISBN 978-0-231-50228-3.
7. Ong, Chang Woei (2008). Men of Letters Within the Passes: Guanzhong Literati in Chinese History, 907–1911. Harvard University Asia Center. p. 29. ISBN 978-0-674-03170-8.
8. Chen, Yuan Julian (2014). ""Legitimation Discourse and the Theory of the Five Elements in Imperial China." Journal of Song-Yuan Studies 44 (2014): 325–364". Journal of Song-Yuan Studies. 44 (1): 325. doi:10.1353/sys.2014.0000. S2CID 147099574.

Sources

• Mote, F. W. (1999). Imperial China: 900–1800. Harvard University Press.