Juba Arabic (Arabi Juba, عربی جوبا; Arabic: عربية جوبا, romanized: ‘Arabiyyat Jūbā), also known since 2011 as South Sudanese Arabic, is a lingua franca spoken mainly in Equatoria Province in South Sudan, and derives its name from the South Sudanese capital, Juba. It is also spoken among communities of people from South Sudan living in towns in Sudan. The pidgin developed in the 19th century, among descendants of Sudanese soldiers, many of whom were recruited from southern Sudan. Residents of other large towns in South Sudan, notably Malakal and Wau, do not generally speak Juba Arabic, tending towards the use of Arabic closer to Sudanese Arabic, in addition to local languages. Reportedly, it is the most spoken language in South Sudan (more so than the official language English) despite government attempts to discourage its use due to its association with past Arab rule.[2]
Juba derives from a pidgin based on Sudanese Arabic. It has a vastly simplified grammar as well as the influence of local languages from the south of the country. DeCamp, writing in the mid-1970s, classifies Juba Arabic as a pidgin rather than a creole language (meaning that it is not passed on by parents to their children as a first language), though Mahmud, writing slightly later, appears to equivocate on this issue (see references below). Mahmoud's work is politically significant as it represented the first recognition by a northern Sudanese intellectual that Juba Arabic was not merely "Arabic spoken badly" but is a distinct dialect.[3]
Because of the civil war in southern Sudan from 1983, more recent research on this issue has been restricted. However, the growth in the size of Juba town since the beginning of the civil war, its relative isolation from much of its hinterland during this time, together with the relative collapse of state-run education systems in the government held garrison town (that would have further encouraged the use of Arabic as opposed to Juba Arabic), may have changed patterns of usage and transmission of Juba Arabic since the time of the last available research. Further research is required to determine the extent to which Juba Arabic may now be considered a creole rather than a pidgin language.
Phonologyedit
Vowelsedit
Each vowel in Juba Arabic comes in more open/more close pairs. It is more open in two environments: stressed syllables preceding /ɾ/, and unstressed syllables. For example, contrast the /i/ in girish[ˈɡɪ.ɾɪɕ] "piastre", and mile[ˈmi.lɛ] "salt"; or the /e/ in deris[ˈdɛ.ɾɪs] "lesson", and leben[ˈle.bɛn] "milk".[4]
As opposed to Standard Arabic, Juba Arabic makes no distinction between short and long vowels. However, long vowels in Standard Arabic often become stressed in Juba Arabic. Stress can be grammatical, such as in weledu[ˈwe.lɛ.dʊ] "to give birth", and weleduu[wɛ.lɛˈdu] "to be born".[4]
Juba Arabic omits some of the consonants found in Standard Arabic. In particular, Juba Arabic makes no distinction between pairs of plain and emphatic consonants (e.g. سsīn and صṣād), keeping only the plain variant. Moreover, عʿayn is never pronounced, while هhāʾ and حḥāʾ may be pronounced [h] or omitted altogether. Conversely, Juba Arabic uses consonants not found in Standard Arabic: v/β/, ny/ɲ/, and ng/ŋ/. Finally, consonant doubling, also known as gemination or tashdid in Arabic, is absent in Juba Arabic. Compare Standard Arabic سُكَّرsukkar and Juba Arabic sukar, meaning "sugar".
In the following table, the common Latin transcriptions appear between angle brackets next to the phonemes. Parentheses indicate phonemes that are either relatively rare or are more likely to be used in the "educated" register of Juba Arabic.[4]
Juba Arabic has no standardised orthography, but the Latin alphabet is widely used.[5] A dictionary was published in 2005, Kamuus ta Arabi Juba wa Ingliizi, using the Latin script.[6][7][8]
^Manfredi, Stefano; Petrollino, Sara (September 9, 2013). "Juba Arabic structure dataset". Atlas of Pidgin and Creole Language Structures Online. Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology.
^"APiCS Online - Survey chapter: Juba Arabic". apics-online.info.
^Miller, Catherine (2014). "Juba Arabic as a written language". Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages. 29 (2): 352–384. doi:10.1075/jpcl.29.2.06mil.
Bibliographyedit
DeCamp, D (1977), "The Development of Pidgin and Creole Studies", in Valdman, A (ed.), Pidgin and Creole Linguistics, Indiana University Press
Mahmud, Ashari Ahmed (1979), Linguistic Variation and Change in the Aspectual System of Juba Arabic, Washington, D.C: Georgetown University Press
Mahmud, Ashari Ahmed (1983), Arabic in the Southern Sudan: History and the Spread of a Pidgin-Creole, Khartoum{{citation}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
Abdel Salam, A.H.; De Waal, A (2004), "On the failure and persistence of Islam", in De Waal (ed.), Islamism and Its Enemies in the Horn of Africa, Bloomington & Indianapolis: Indiana University Press, pp. 21–70, ISBN0-253-34403-4
Kevlihan, Rob (2007), "Beyond Creole Nationalism? Language Policies, Education and the Challenge of state building in southern Sudan", Ethnopolitics, 6 (4): 513–543, doi:10.1080/17449050701252791, S2CID 145012523
Manfredi, Stefano (2017), Arabi Juba: un pidgin-créole du Soudan du Sud, Leuven-Paris: Peeters, ISBN978-90-429-3504-4
Manfredi, Stefano; Petrollino, Sara (2013), "Juba Arabic", in S. Michaelis; P. Maurer; M. Haspelmath; M. Huber (eds.), The Survey of Pidgin and Creole Languages Volume III. Contact Languages Based on Languages from Africa, Australia, and the Americas., Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 54–65, ISBN978-0-19-969142-5
Manfredi, Stefano, and Mauro Tosco. "Juba Arabic (ÁRABI JÚBA): A ‘less indigenous’ language of South Sudan." Sociolinguistic Studies 12, no. 2 (2018): 209-230.
Leonardi, Cherry. "South Sudanese Arabic and the negotiation of the local state, c. 1840–2011." The Journal of African History 54, no. 3 (2013): 351-372.
Miller, Catherine. "Southern Sudanese Arabic and the churches." Revue roumaine de linguistique 3 (2010): 383-400
Tosco, Mauro (1995), "A pidgin verbal system: the case of Juba Arabic", Anthropological Linguistics, 37 (4): 423–459
Tosco, Mauro; Manfredi, Stefano (2013), "Pidgins and Creoles", in J. Owens (ed.), The Oxford Handbook of Arabic Linguistics, Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 495–519, ISBN9780199344093
(in Italian) Manfredi, Stefano "Juba Arabic: A Grammatical Description of Juba Arabic with Sociolinguistic notes about the Sudanese community in Cairo", Università degli Studi di Napoli "L'Orientale". (unpublished thesis)
(in French) Miller, Catherine, 1983, "Le Juba-Arabic, une lingua-franca du Sudan méridional; remarques sur le fonctionnment du verbe", Cahiers du Mas-Gelles, 1, Paris, Geuthner, pp 105–118.
(in French) Miller, Catherine, 1983, "Aperçu du système verbal en Juba-Arabic", Comptes rendu du GLECS, XXIV–XXVIII, 1979–1984, T. 2, Paris, Geuthner, pp 295–315.
(in English) Watson, Richard L., (1989), "An Introduction to Juba Arabic", Occasional Papers in the Study of Sudanese Languages, 6: 95-117.
External linksedit
Juba Arabic Swadesh list
Juba-Arabic-Verbs-and-Phrases
Juba Arabic Facebook page
Juba Arabic for Beginners (Chapter 1) by the South Sudan Humanitarian Project
January 19, 2024
juba, arabic, arabi, juba, عربی, جوبا, arabic, عربية, جوبا, romanized, arabiyyat, jūbā, also, known, since, 2011, south, sudanese, arabic, lingua, franca, spoken, mainly, equatoria, province, south, sudan, derives, name, from, south, sudanese, capital, juba, a. Juba Arabic Arabi Juba عربی جوبا Arabic عربية جوبا romanized Arabiyyat Juba also known since 2011 as South Sudanese Arabic is a lingua franca spoken mainly in Equatoria Province in South Sudan and derives its name from the South Sudanese capital Juba It is also spoken among communities of people from South Sudan living in towns in Sudan The pidgin developed in the 19th century among descendants of Sudanese soldiers many of whom were recruited from southern Sudan Residents of other large towns in South Sudan notably Malakal and Wau do not generally speak Juba Arabic tending towards the use of Arabic closer to Sudanese Arabic in addition to local languages Reportedly it is the most spoken language in South Sudan more so than the official language English despite government attempts to discourage its use due to its association with past Arab rule 2 Juba ArabicSouth Sudanese Creole Arabicarabi juba luġaNative toSouth SudanNative speakersL1 250 000 2020 1 L2 1 2 million 2019 1 Language familyArabic based creole Juba ArabicEarly formBimbashi ArabicWriting systemLatin alphabet 1 Language codesISO 639 3 a href https iso639 3 sil org code pga class extiw title iso639 3 pga pga a Glottologsuda1237 image reference needed Contents 1 Classification 2 Phonology 2 1 Vowels 2 2 Consonants 3 Orthography 4 See also 5 References 6 Bibliography 7 Other Readings 8 External linksClassification editJuba derives from a pidgin based on Sudanese Arabic It has a vastly simplified grammar as well as the influence of local languages from the south of the country DeCamp writing in the mid 1970s classifies Juba Arabic as a pidgin rather than a creole language meaning that it is not passed on by parents to their children as a first language though Mahmud writing slightly later appears to equivocate on this issue see references below Mahmoud s work is politically significant as it represented the first recognition by a northern Sudanese intellectual that Juba Arabic was not merely Arabic spoken badly but is a distinct dialect 3 Because of the civil war in southern Sudan from 1983 more recent research on this issue has been restricted However the growth in the size of Juba town since the beginning of the civil war its relative isolation from much of its hinterland during this time together with the relative collapse of state run education systems in the government held garrison town that would have further encouraged the use of Arabic as opposed to Juba Arabic may have changed patterns of usage and transmission of Juba Arabic since the time of the last available research Further research is required to determine the extent to which Juba Arabic may now be considered a creole rather than a pidgin language Phonology editVowels edit Each vowel in Juba Arabic comes in more open more close pairs It is more open in two environments stressed syllables preceding ɾ and unstressed syllables For example contrast the i in girish ˈɡɪ ɾɪɕ piastre and mile ˈmi lɛ salt or the e in deris ˈdɛ ɾɪs lesson and leben ˈle bɛn milk 4 As opposed to Standard Arabic Juba Arabic makes no distinction between short and long vowels However long vowels in Standard Arabic often become stressed in Juba Arabic Stress can be grammatical such as in weledu ˈwe lɛ dʊ to give birth and weleduu wɛ lɛˈdu to be born 4 Juba Arabic vowel phonemes 4 Front BackClose ɪ i i ʊ u u Mid ɛ e e ɔ o o Open a a Consonants edit Juba Arabic omits some of the consonants found in Standard Arabic In particular Juba Arabic makes no distinction between pairs of plain and emphatic consonants e g س sin and ص ṣad keeping only the plain variant Moreover ع ʿayn is never pronounced while ه haʾ and ح ḥaʾ may be pronounced h or omitted altogether Conversely Juba Arabic uses consonants not found in Standard Arabic v b ny ɲ and ng ŋ Finally consonant doubling also known as gemination or tashdid in Arabic is absent in Juba Arabic Compare Standard Arabic س ك ر sukkar and Juba Arabic sukar meaning sugar In the following table the common Latin transcriptions appear between angle brackets next to the phonemes Parentheses indicate phonemes that are either relatively rare or are more likely to be used in the educated register of Juba Arabic 4 Juba Arabic consonant phonemes 4 Bilabial Alveolar Alveolo palatal Velar GlottalNasal m m n n ɲ ny ŋ ng Plosive Voiceless t t k k ʔ a Voiced b b d d ɟ j ɡ g Fricative Voiceless ɸ f s s ɕ sh b h h c Voiced b v z z d Flap ɾ r Approximant w w l l j y Glottal stops are rare but necessary in some words such as la meaning no sh is rare and may often be pronounced s h is rare and may often not be pronounced at all z can be a sign of education in some areas but is common in some rural dialects Orthography editSee also Romanization of Arabic and Arabic chat alphabet Juba Arabic has no standardised orthography but the Latin alphabet is widely used 5 A dictionary was published in 2005 Kamuus ta Arabi Juba wa Ingliizi using the Latin script 6 7 8 See also edit nbsp Languages portalLanguages of South Sudan Varieties of Arabic Sudanese Arabic Bimbashi ArabicReferences edit a b c Juba Arabic at Ethnologue 25th ed 2022 nbsp Brown Ryan Lenora 2018 11 06 Voice of a nation How Juba Arabic helps bridge a factious South Sudan The Christian Science Monitor Christian Science Publishing Society Retrieved 2020 09 18 Abdel Salam amp De Waal 2004 p 79 a b c d e Watson 2015 Manfredi Stefano Petrollino Sara September 9 2013 Juba Arabic structure dataset Atlas of Pidgin and Creole Language Structures Online Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology Juba Arabic ResearchGate APiCS Online Survey chapter Juba Arabic apics online info Miller Catherine 2014 Juba Arabic as a written language Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages 29 2 352 384 doi 10 1075 jpcl 29 2 06mil Bibliography editDeCamp D 1977 The Development of Pidgin and Creole Studies in Valdman A ed Pidgin and Creole Linguistics Indiana University Press Mahmud Ashari Ahmed 1979 Linguistic Variation and Change in the Aspectual System of Juba Arabic Washington D C Georgetown University Press Mahmud Ashari Ahmed 1983 Arabic in the Southern Sudan History and the Spread of a Pidgin Creole Khartoum a href Template Citation html title Template Citation citation a CS1 maint location missing publisher link Abdel Salam A H De Waal A 2004 On the failure and persistence of Islam in De Waal ed Islamism and Its Enemies in the Horn of Africa Bloomington amp Indianapolis Indiana University Press pp 21 70 ISBN 0 253 34403 4 Kevlihan Rob 2007 Beyond Creole Nationalism Language Policies Education and the Challenge of state building in southern Sudan Ethnopolitics 6 4 513 543 doi 10 1080 17449050701252791 S2CID 145012523 Manfredi Stefano 2017 Arabi Juba un pidgin creole du Soudan du Sud Leuven Paris Peeters ISBN 978 90 429 3504 4 Manfredi Stefano Petrollino Sara 2013 Juba Arabic in S Michaelis P Maurer M Haspelmath M Huber eds The Survey of Pidgin and Creole Languages Volume III Contact Languages Based on Languages from Africa Australia and the Americas Oxford Oxford University Press pp 54 65 ISBN 978 0 19 969142 5 Manfredi Stefano and Mauro Tosco Juba Arabic ARABI JUBA A less indigenous language of South Sudan Sociolinguistic Studies 12 no 2 2018 209 230 Leonardi Cherry South Sudanese Arabic and the negotiation of the local state c 1840 2011 The Journal of African History 54 no 3 2013 351 372 Miller Catherine Southern Sudanese Arabic and the churches Revue roumaine de linguistique 3 2010 383 400 Tosco Mauro 1995 A pidgin verbal system the case of Juba Arabic Anthropological Linguistics 37 4 423 459 Tosco Mauro Manfredi Stefano 2013 Pidgins and Creoles in J Owens ed The Oxford Handbook of Arabic Linguistics Oxford Oxford University Press pp 495 519 ISBN 9780199344093 Watson Richard L 2015 Juba Arabic for Beginners South Sudan SIL International ISBN 978 1556713736 Other Readings edit in Italian Manfredi Stefano Juba Arabic A Grammatical Description of Juba Arabic with Sociolinguistic notes about the Sudanese community in Cairo Universita degli Studi di Napoli L Orientale unpublished thesis in French Miller Catherine 1983 Le Juba Arabic une lingua franca du Sudan meridional remarques sur le fonctionnment du verbe Cahiers du Mas Gelles 1 Paris Geuthner pp 105 118 in French Miller Catherine 1983 Apercu du systeme verbal en Juba Arabic Comptes rendu du GLECS XXIV XXVIII 1979 1984 T 2 Paris Geuthner pp 295 315 in English Watson Richard L 1989 An Introduction to Juba Arabic Occasional Papers in the Study of Sudanese Languages 6 95 117 External links editJuba Arabic English Dictionary Kamuus ta Arabi Juba wa Ingliizi Juba Arabic Swadesh list Podcasts in Juba Arabic Juba Arabic Verbs and Phrases Juba Arabic Facebook page Juba Arabic for Beginners Chapter 1 by the South Sudan Humanitarian Project Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Juba Arabic amp oldid 1191447872, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
