Indian South Africans

"Asian South Africans" redirects here. For other usages of the term, see Asian (South Africa).

Indian South Africans are South Africans who descend from indentured labourers and free migrants who arrived from British India during the late 1800s and early 1900s. The majority live in and around the city of Durban, making it one of the largest ethnically Indian-populated cities outside of India.^[4]

Indian South Africans

Total population
c. 1,554,996 (2022)^[1] 2.6% of South Africa's population
Regions with significant populations
Durban • Johannesburg • Pretoria • Cape Town • Pietermaritzburg
Languages
South African English • Afrikaans • Hindi–Urdu • Tamil • Telugu • Bhojpuri (Naitali) • Awadhi • Gujarati • Bengali • Sindhi • Memoni • Konkani • Marathi • Malayalam • Kannada • Tulu • Punjabi • Marwari • Odia • Other languages of the Indian subcontinent^[2]
Religion
Hinduism, Islam, Christianity, Sikhism, Jainism, Zoroastrianism, others^[3]
Related ethnic groups
Indian diaspora in Southeast Africa, Indo-Mauritians, Indo-Fijians, Indo-Caribbeans, Indian Singaporeans, Malaysian Indians, Indian people, Indian diaspora

Density of the Indian/Asian population.

  <1 /km²

  1–3 /km²

  3–10 /km²

  10–30 /km²

  30–100 /km²

  100–300 /km²

  300–1000 /km²

  1000–3000 /km²

  >3000 /km²

Indian/Asians as a proportion of the total population.

  0–20%

  20–40%

  40–60%

  70–80%

  80–100%

As a consequence of the policies of apartheid, Indian (synonymous with Asian)^[1][5][6] is regarded as a race group in South Africa.^[7][8]

Racial identity

During the colonial era, Indians were accorded the same subordinate status in South African society as Blacks were by the white minority, which held the vast majority of political power.^[9][10] During the period of apartheid from 1948 to 1994, Indian South Africans were legally classified as being a separate racial group.

Some Indian South Africans believed that these terms were improvements on the negatively defined identity of "Non-White", which was their previous status. Politically conscious and nationalistic Indian South Africans wanted to show both their heritage and their local roots in South Africa. Increasingly they self-identified as "African", "South African" and, when necessary, "Indian South Africans".^{[citation needed]} During the most intense period of segregation and apartheid, "Indian", "Coloured" and "Malay" group identities controlled numerous aspects of daily life, including where a classified person was permitted to live and study.^[11]

The "Indian" racial identity was created by both internal political movements that sought to consolidate support amongst the different Indian ethnicities in the face of discrimination; and the Apartheid government which strictly codified the physical and cultural boundaries between "race groups", and encouraged these group identities.^[7] As a result of these Apartheid rules, South Africans continue to identify themselves, and informally classify each other as, "blacks", "whites", "Coloureds" and "Indians". Despite having a presence in South Africa for more than 150 years, and being an officially recognized part of the population since 1961, Indians are still sometimes viewed as a foreign presence in the country, and find themselves having to justify their belonging to South Africa as a homeland.^[7]

History

Indentured labourers and Passenger Indians

See also: Indian indenture system

The modern South African Indian community is largely descended from Indians who arrived in South Africa from 1860 onwards. The first 342 of these came on board the Truro from Madras,^[12][13] followed by the Belvedere from Calcutta.^[13] They were transported as indentured labourers to work on the sugarcane plantations of Natal Colony, and, in total, approximately 200,000 Indians arrived as indentured labourers over a period of 5 decades,^[13][14] later also as indentured coal miners and railway workers.^[15][16] The indentured labourers tended to speak Tamil, Telugu, Bhojpuri and the Awadhi dialect of Hindi,^[17] and the majority were Hindu with Muslim and Christian minorities. Indians were imported as it was found by colonial authorities that local black Africans were economically self-sufficient, and thus unwilling to subject themselves to employment by colonial farmers, while other colonial authorities believed that the "hunting and warrior" African culture of the time was incompatible with a sudden shift to employed labour. The Mercury newspaper favoured the importation of labour, although other Natal newspapers were against the idea. In general, the importation of labour was not viewed as politically important by colonists when it was proposed, and the importation of Indian labour was driven by lobbying by a relatively small group of sugar planters, and the long-term consequences of Indian immigration (the establishment of a permanent Indian population in Natal) were not taken into account^[18] (by 1904, Indians outnumbered whites in Natal).^[19] Although 1860 is dated as the beginning of Indian settlement in Natal, a farmer called ER Rathbone was the first to introduce Indian labour to the colony in 1849.^[12][20]

Indentured labourers on sugar plantations were frequently mistreated and lived in unsanitary conditions. A large percentage of indentured labourers returned to India following the expiry of their terms, and some of those who returned alerted authorities in India to abuses taking place in Natal, which led to new safeguards being put in place before further recruiting of indentured labourers was allowed to take place.^[15]

Former indentured labourers who didn't return to India quickly established themselves as an important general labour force in Natal particularly as industrial and railway workers, with others engaging in market gardening, growing most of the vegetables consumed by the white population.^[21] Indians also became fishermen, and worked as clerks; in the postal service; and as court interpreters.^[16]

The remaining Indian immigration was from passenger Indians, comprising traders and others who migrated to South Africa shortly after the indentured labourers,^[12] paid for their own fares and travelled as British subjects. These immigrant Indians who became traders were from varying religious backgrounds, namely Hindu and Muslims but largely from Gujarat (including Memons and Surtis),^[22] later joined by Kokanis, and Urdu speakers from Uttar Pradesh.^[21] The Muslims played an important part in the establishment of Islam in the areas where they settled. Indian traders were sometimes referred to as "Arab traders" because of their dress, and because large numbers of them were Muslim.^[22]

Passenger Indians, who initially operated in Durban, expanded inland, to the South African Republic (Transvaal), establishing communities in settlements on the main road between Johannesburg and Durban. Natal's Indian traders rapidly displaced small white shop owners in trade with other Indians, and with black Africans, causing resentment among white businesses.

Researchers have made efforts to collect and make available shipping lists of Indian immigrants.^[23]

Early discrimination (1860-1910)

See also: Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi in South Africa

Indians faced discrimination to varying degrees in all parts of South Africa.

Natal

Indians faced repressive legislation in Natal. They were forced to carry passes in 1888.^[12] In 1893, M. K. Gandhi arrived in South Africa to represent an Indian businessman in a legal dispute. Following his arrival in South Africa, Gandhi experienced racial discrimination, and, following the proposal of legislation to restrict Indian voting rights in Natal, he helped organise resistance, leading to the formation of the Natal Indian Congress.^[12][14] This organised resistance led to the unification of disparate groups of South African Indians for the first time.^[24] Although the bill was defeated, it was successfully reintroduced in 1896.^[12]

Transvaal

The South African Republic government first instituted discriminatory legislation against Indians in 1885,^[12] which led to protests from the British government, as the Indians were British subjects, and was used as one of the casus belli for the Second Boer War.^[21] Indians were banned from working in the mining industry, and areas were set aside for coolie locations in various towns in the Transvaal. Persons of colour could also not walk on sidewalks in the Transvaal.^[12] Following the end of the Second Boer War, the new colonial administration of the Transvaal Colony continued to maintain the same discriminatory practices against Indians.^[25]

Cape Colony

Passenger Indians who moved to the Cape Colony, although facing petty discrimination, were generally well treated, could own property, could vote, and could trade freely. Many Muslim men in this group married Cape Malay women, and their children were later often classified as Cape Malay as part of the wider group classified as Coloureds.^[21]

Orange Free State

Indians were prohibited by an 1891^[12] statute from living in the Orange Free State, then an independent Boer Republic, and this led to the almost total absence of Indians from the area, a situation that persisted into the apartheid era. ^[26]

Union of South Africa (1910-1948)

Efforts to encourage Indians to repatriate to India included financial incentives, as well as discriminatory treatment.^[27] In December 1926, and January 1927, the South African government and Indian authorities had a Round Table conference where it was agreed that the Indian government would create a scheme for the repatriation of Indians, with the South African government agreeing to "uplift" the Indians who remained, monitored by an Indian government Agent. However, fewer Indians than expected were repatriated, and racial tensions continued to simmer between Indians and whites, into the 1940s.^[27]

Apartheid (1948-1994)

 

South Africa racial map, 1979. The orange colour show where people of Indian origin were more prevalent. In other areas, such as those marked coloured, they were either a minority or not allowed to enter under apartheid laws.

The Durban riots was an anti-Indian riot predominantly by Zulus targeting Indians in Durban, South Africa in January 1949. The riots resulted in the massacre of mostly poor Indians. In total 142 people died in the riots and another 1,087 people were injured. It also led to the destruction of 58 shops, 247 dwellings and one factory.^[28]

Discriminated against by apartheid legislation, such as the Group Areas Act, applied in 1950, Indians were forcibly moved into Indian townships, and had their movements restricted. They were not allowed to reside in the Orange Free State Province, and needed special permission to enter or transit through that province. They were also, as a matter of state policy, given an inferior education compared to white South Africans.^[29] The Asiatic Land Tenure and the Indian Representative Act of 1946 were repealed.

The Population Registration Act, 1950 initially defined Indians as being part of the Coloured population.^[30]

In 1961, Indians were officially recognised as permanent part of the South African population,^[31] the Department of Indian Affairs was established, with a white minister in charge. In 1968, the South African Indian Council came into being, serving as a link between the government and the Indian people.

The University of Durban-Westville (now part of the University of KwaZulu-Natal) was built with a Rand-for-Rand contribution from Indian South Africans and the government in the 1970s. Before that, Indian students had to take a ferry to Salisbury Island's abandoned prison, which served as their university.^[32]

Casual racist expressions were used during the years of apartheid. Indians in South Africa were (and sometimes still are) referred to by the racial epithet 'coolie'.^[33]

In 1968, the South African Indian Council (not to be confused with the anti-apartheid South African Indian Congress which had the same initials) was created by the government, and in 1974, the council was reconstituted to allow for 50% of its members to be elected by Indians. The Council did not enjoy much support, for example, in 1981, only 6% of eligible voters participated in elections for the council.^[34]

In 1983, the Constitution was reformed to allow the Coloured and Indian minorities a limited participation in separate and subordinate Houses of a Tricameral Parliament, a development which saw limited support and very low voter turnouts.^[35] The Indian house was called the House of Delegates. Some aspects of Indian life were regulated by this house, including education. The theory was that the Indian minority could be allowed limited rights, but the Black majority were to become citizens of independent homelands. These separate arrangements were removed by the negotiations which took place from 1990 on to provide all South Africans with the vote.

Post-apartheid

 

Post-apartheid population distribution of Indian-origin people in provinces of South Africa.

Post-apartheid politics

Many Indians played an important role in the anti-apartheid struggle and some occupied positions of power in post-apartheid South Africa. In post-apartheid South Africa, Indians have maintained prominent positions in the ruling African National Congress.

Amichand Rajbansi's Minority Front (formerly the National People's Party) retained some support in its strongholds. However, after Rajbansi's death in 2011, the party failed to win any seats in the national assembly following the 2014 general election.^[36]

Indians who were citizens before 1994, and thus discriminated against by the apartheid system, are considered black for the purposes of Employment Equity; that is, they are classified as having been disadvantaged under apartheid. They are thus eligible for "affirmative action" and Black Economic Empowerment allocations.^[37]

Post-apartheid immigration from South Asia

Further information: Pakistani South Africans and Gupta family

 

Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi meets members of Indian community in Johannesburg, 8 July 2016

Following the end of apartheid, a new wave of South Asian immigration commenced from India, Bangladesh, Pakistan and Sri Lanka, paralleling the movement of Africans from the diaspora and neighbouring African countries to the post-apartheid South Africa.^[38] These recent migrants are usually not regarded as being part of the Indian community, although they often live in traditionally Indian areas.

Among these post-apartheid immigrants, the controversial Gupta family from India, managed to acquire vast political and economic influence in a short time, under the reign of former President Jacob Zuma.^{[39][40][41][42][43]}

Before European settlement, and Dutch slavery in the Cape

Further information: History of Cape Colony Pre-1806, Dutch Cape Colony, Cape Malays, and Cape Coloureds

Traders from India may have been active on the eastern coast of South Africa for centuries, including before the Dutch settlement of the Cape Colony in 1652.^[44]

A significant proportion of slaves imported into the Cape were from parts of India (which included present-day Bangladesh), Indonesia and Sri Lanka.^[45] While South African scholars mistakenly assumed these slaves were bought in "slave markets", many of the slaves were victims of kidnapping.^[45] Many slaves had no identity as Indians and were subsumed into the "Cape Coloured" and Cape Malay communities.^[46] White Afrikaners also may have some Indian slave ancestry,^[45] an example of this being former State President F.W. de Klerk, who revealed in his autobiography that one of his ancestors was a female slave called Diana of Bengal.^[47] There is no reference to the real names of these Indians and were given "Christian" names for convenience. This all contributed to the loss of identity similar to the Mozambicans and other slaves who were brought to the Cape.^{[citation needed]} Indian slaves who were Muslim became part of the Cape Malay community after they were freed, initially adopting the Malay language, and then Afrikaans.^[48]

An early Indian to settle in South Africa was Kalaga Prabhu, a Goud Saraswat Brahmin merchant from Cochin. He was the foremost among the Konkani merchants in Cochin (modern day Kochi in Kerala). As punishment for conspiring with the Mysorean Muslim king Hyder Ali to overthrow the king of Cochin, Kalaga Prabhu and his son Chorda Prabhu were arrested by the Dutch and exiled with their families for life to the Cape of Good Hope in 1771. No further record of this individual and his descendants if any exists.^{[49][better source needed]}

Religion

Religion among Indian South Africans^[50]
Religion			Percent
Hinduism			41.3%
Islam			24.6%
Christianity			24.4%
Others			9.7%

Almost all South African Indians are either Hindu, Muslim, Sikh, or Christian.^[3]"South Africa – Religion". Countrystudies.us. Retrieved 6 November 2011.</ref> There are also small groups of Parsis, Sikhs, and Buddhists.^[51] It is also estimated that there are around 13,000 Sikhs in South Africa.^[52] The majority of South African Muslims are Indian or belong to the multi-ethnic community in the Western Cape.^[53]

The proportion of Indian South Africans following Hinduism decreased from 50% in 1996 to 47.27% in 2001.^[54] This further decreased to 41.3% in 2016, mainly due to the conversion of Hindus to Christianity by missionaries.^[50]

Education

Like Coloureds, until the end of Apartheid, Indian children largely attended segregated Indian government schools, which were administered nationally, and wrote separate matriculation examinations. These arrangements ended by 1997.

Until 1991, state government schools taught in English, choosing one of five Indian languages, namely Hindi, Gujarati, Tamil, Telugu and Urdu to be taken as non-examination subjects. But, the languages were dropped from state-run schools. The national council for eastern languages has requested the government teach these five languages. The provincial government agreed to allow these languages to be taught in KwaZulu-Natal. These languages can be chosen as a third language up to the final year of school.^[55]

Languages

South African Indian English

English is the first language of most Indian South Africans. From the 1950s on, English came to be taught to Indian children in schools, leading to language shift taking place, with English becoming the first language of the majority.^[56]

Because these children were separated by apartheid from British children, their English developed in very different ways from South African English.^[57] In recent decades, the dialect has come much closer to the standard language through the model taught in schools. The result is a variety of English which mixes features of Indian, South African, Standard British, and other influences.^[58]

Current status of Indian languages

A diminishing minority of Indian South Africans, notably those in older generations, are fluent in their ancestral Indian languages such as Tamil, Gujarati, Marathi, Bengali, Odia, Bhojpuri, Malayalam, Urdu, Hindi, Telugu and others as a first language or second language. In some small towns in the former Transvaal, Afrikaans is used as a first language by older Indians. Almost all younger people have English as their first language. The compulsory second language taught at school, such as Afrikaans or Zulu, is either spoken or understood.

As a result of promotion by cultural organisations^[17] and the influence of Bollywood, many younger Indians can understand (but not usually speak) Indian languages to a limited degree.

Recent immigrants from India, Pakistan and Bangladesh have maintained fluency in their mother tongues.

Cuisine

 

An example of bunny chow served in Durban, originated in the Indian South African community.^[59]

Curried dishes are popular in South Africa among people of all ethnic origins; many dishes came to the country with the thousands of Indian labourers brought to South Africa in the nineteenth century. South African Indian cuisine adapted to local ingredients, and dishes include a variety of curries, rotis, sweetmeats, chutneys, fried snacks such as samosa (called samoosa in South Africa^[60]), and other savoury foods. Bunny chow, an Indian dish from Durban consisting of a hollowed-out loaf of bread filled with curry, was invented by necessity, as Indians were not allowed to eat at their own restaurants. The dish forms part of mainstream South African cuisine and has become quite popular.

Media and entertainment

Even though Indian languages are seldom spoken or understood by younger Indians, English-subtitled Indian films and television programmes remain popular among South African Indians. These are broadcast both by the DStv satellite television service, which carries Zee TV, B4U, NDTV, and a Hindi-language Sony channel. In addition, Tamil–language channels, Sun TV and KTV, were introduced in 2004.

DVD, and previously, video versions of Bollywood films are widely available. Large cinema chains like Ster-Kinekor began showing Bollywood films by the early 2000s.^[61] Indian culture in South Africa has some similarities to the worldwide Desi subculture, however, South African Indians developed a distinctive musical and literary culture of their own, which was to some extent eclipsed by the global Bollywood/Desi culture in the 1990s and 2000s.^[62] There is also an increasing amount of interest in Turkish popular culture, by Muslims in particular.^[63][64]

The slang term charou (various spellings) is often used by Indians, particularly in the Durban area, to refer to themselves.^[65][66]

Card games, in particular, the trick-taking card game Thunee (similar to Twenty-eight) are popular among South African Indians.^[67]

Radio Hindvani is a community radio station based in Durban and is aimed at the promotion of Hindi culture and language amongst South Africans. The station's frequency reaches Durban and all surrounding areas.^[68]

The South African Broadcasting Corporation (SABC) also has an Indian-oriented radio service called Lotus FM, launched during the apartheid era, and began some showing Indian-focused programming in the 90's including locally produced magazine shows. Pay television channel M-Net also had additional programming aimed at Indians called East Net.^[69] Bollywood movies have been broadcast by the SABC. The Sunday Times has a supplement distributed in Indian areas called the Extra, and the Sunday Tribune publishes a similar supplement, called the Herald.^[70] A Bollywood section, 'Bollyworld' is published by the Daily News on Mondays.

Events

Among the major charity and cultural events in South Africa, organised every year by the local Indian community is the Gandhi Walk, which is the oldest event in South Africa commemorating Mahatma Gandhi. Held annually in Lenasia, south of Johannesburg, it has been held 34 times.^[71][72][73]

The Durban Festival of Chariots is organised annually at the beachfront by the ISKCON. The festival is attended by tens of thousands of people.^[74] In Lenasia a gala fund-raising banquet of the Saaberie Chishty Ambulance Service is held annually.^[73]

Notable Indian South Africans

• Hashim Amla, cricketer
• Kader Asmal, activist
• Amina Cachalia, activist
• Yusuf Cassim, politician
• Yusuf Dadoo, politician
• Gopala Davies, actor, director
• Arun Manilal Gandhi, activist
• Ela Gandhi, activist
• Frene Ginwala, journalist and politician
• Kesaveloo Goonam, doctor, activist
• Pravin Gordhan, politician
• Christopher Hyman, businessman and racing driver
• Raoul Hyman, racing driver
• Soromini Kallichurum, dean
• Adhir Kalyan, actor
• Ahmed Kathrada, politician
• Alan Khan, broadcaster
• Keshav Maharaj, cricketer
• Mac Maharaj, activist
• Rashida Manjoo, former United Nations Special Rapporteur on Violence Against Women
• Riaad Moosa, comedian, doctor
• Senuran Muthusamy, cricketer
• Anand Naidoo, journalist
• Jailoshini Naidoo, actress
• Tarina Patel, actress, producer, model and philanthropist
• Jay Naidoo, activist
• Kumi Naidoo, activist
• Billy Nair, politician
• Mishqah Parthiephal, actor
• Ebrahim Patel, politician
• Navi Pillay, jurist
• Ravi Pillay, politician
• Sagaren Pillay, rear-admiral
• Deepak Ram, musician
• Jayapraga Reddy, writer
• Leeanda Reddy, actor
• Luther Singh, footballer
• Enver Surty, politician
• Sonny Venkatrathnam, activist
• Yusuf Maart, footballer
• Zain Bhikha, singer and songwriter

See also

•  India portal
•  South Africa portal

• Asians in Africa
• Memons in South Africa
• Tamil South Africans
• Islam in South Africa
• India–South Africa relations
• High yellow
• Anglo-Indian people
• Sikhism in South Africa

References

1. "Statistical Release P0302: Mid-year population estimates, 2011" (PDF). Statistics South Africa. p. 3.
2. "Chilli city". 14 November 2010.
3. "South Africa – Religion". Countrystudies.us. Retrieved 6 November 2011.
4. Mukherji, Anahita (23 June 2011). . The Times of India. Archived from the original on 12 May 2013. Retrieved 30 November 2011.
5. (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 July 2021. Retrieved 5 March 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
6. "apartheid | Definition, Facts, Beginning, & End". Encyclopædia Britannica. 8 June 2023.
7. Pillay, Kathryn (2019). "Indian Identity in South Africa". The Palgrave Handbook of Ethnicity. pp. 77–92. doi:10.1007/978-981-13-2898-5_9. ISBN 978-981-13-2897-8.
8. Posel, Deborah (2001). (PDF). Transformation: 50–74. ISSN 0258-7696. Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 November 2006.
9. Du Bois, W. E. Burghardt (April 1, 1925). "Worlds of Color". Foreign Affairs. Vol. 3, no. 3. ISSN 0015-7120.
10. DuBois, W. E. B. (1925). "The Negro Mind Reaches Out". In Locke, Alain LeRoy (ed.). The New Negro: An Interpretation (1927 ed.). Albert and Charles Boni. p. 385. LCCN 25025228. OCLC 639696145. In South Africa, despite all Imperial explanations and attempts to smooth things out, Smuts and the Boers have taken firm ground: Indians are to be classed with Negroes in their social and political exclusion. South Africa is to be ruled by its minority of whites.
11. "BBC World Service | Bridgin the divide: Indians in South Africa". BBC. Retrieved 6 November 2011.
12. . Archived from the original on 6 June 2011. Retrieved 24 November 2011.
13. . Kzn.org.za. Archived from the original on 30 December 2011. Retrieved 6 November 2011.
14. "History of KwaZulu-Natal Indian Settlement ...cont. Part 2". Kzn.org.za. Retrieved 6 November 2011.
15. . Ancestry24. Archived from the original on 7 July 2011. Retrieved 6 November 2011.
16. "The Victoria Street Indian Market 1910-1973" (PDF). University of Durban-Westville. November 1988. Retrieved 12 June 2013.
17. . Archived from the original on 28 July 2011. Retrieved 4 February 2011.
18. "Towards a new labour dispensation : Background to the arrival of Indians in Natal in 1860" (PDF). Natalia.org.za. Retrieved 29 August 2017.
19. "Gandhi's Natal : The State of the Colony in 1893" (PDF). Natalia.org.za. Retrieved 29 August 2017.
20. . Archived from the original on 5 May 2006. Retrieved 24 November 2011.
21. "The Beginnings of Protest, 1860–1923 | South African History Online". Sahistory.org.za. 6 October 2011. Retrieved 6 November 2011.
22. "Indian Family Businesses in Natal, 1870 – 1950" (PDF). Natalia.org.za. Retrieved 29 August 2017.
23. . Ancestry24. Archived from the original on 3 July 2010. Retrieved 6 November 2011.
24. "The Beginnings of Protest, 1860–1923 | South African History Online". Sahistory.org.za. Retrieved 6 November 2011.
25. . Archived from the original on 7 June 2011. Retrieved 24 November 2011.
26. "Anti-Indian Legislation 1800s – 1959 | South African History Online". Sahistory.org.za. Retrieved 6 November 2011.
27. Bhana, Surendra; Vahed, Goolam (2011). ""Colours do Not Mix": Segregated Classes at the University of Natal, 1936–1959". Journal of Natal and Zulu History. 29: 66–100. doi:10.1080/02590123.2011.11964165. hdl:10413/8121. S2CID 142593969.
28. "The Durban riots, 1949". South African History Online. Retrieved 23 October 2012.
29. https://www.iol.co.za/capetimes/news/the-effects-of-apartheids-unequal-education-system-can-still-be-felt-today-2035295
30. . O'Malley. Archived from the original on 30 March 2018. Retrieved 11 May 2018.
31. "Towards a common cause, 1961–1982 | South African History Online". Sahistory.org.za. 6 October 2011. Archived from the original on 13 July 2012. Retrieved 6 November 2011.
32. Govinden, Devarakshanam (Betty) (January 2011). "Remembering "Salisbury Island"". Yesterday and Today (6): 53–62. ISSN 2223-0386.
33. "Malema under fire over slur on Indians". News24.com. Retrieved 29 August 2017.
34. "South African Indian Council". Nelsonmandela.org. Retrieved 29 August 2017.
35. http://www.sahistory.org.za/official-or-original-documents/tricameral-parliament^{[dead link]}
36. . Elections.org.za. Archived from the original on 10 May 2014. Retrieved 29 August 2017.
37. (PDF). Thedti.gov.za. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 June 2011. Retrieved 29 August 2017.
38. "Indian South Africans | South African History Online".
39. "Are the Guptas the new Shaiks?". The M&G Online. 9 July 2010. Retrieved 29 August 2017.
40. Carol Paton. . Financial Mail. Archived from the original on 30 April 2012. Retrieved 29 August 2017.
41. "Cosatu raises red flag on Guptas". Mail & Guardian. 25 February 2011. Retrieved 6 November 2011.
42. "Zuma faces ANC revolt over Guptas". Times LIVE. 27 February 2011. Retrieved 6 November 2011.
43. "Solving the 'sordid Gupta saga'". Independent Online. 7 May 2013. Retrieved 7 May 2013.
44. "Indians - South Africa Culture". krugerpark.co.za. Retrieved 2 August 2020.
45. . Archived from the original on 20 March 2008. Retrieved 24 November 2011.
46. . Archived from the original on 1 August 2010. Retrieved 24 November 2011.
47. Morris, Michael (8 February 1999). "South Africa: FW de Klerk Reveals Colourful Ancestry". Allafrica.com. Retrieved 29 August 2017 – via AllAfrica.
48. Stell, Gerald; Luffin, Xavier; Rakiep, Muttaqin (2008). "Religious and secular Cape Malay Afrikaans: Literary varieties used by Shaykh Hanif Edwards (1906-1958)". Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde. 163 (2–3): 289–325. doi:10.1163/22134379-90003687. ISSN 0006-2294.
49. . gsbkerala.com. Archived from the original on 13 April 2010. Retrieved 11 May 2018.
50. Holmes, Catesby (27 June 2016). "Behind the God-swapping in the South African Indian community (part 2)." The Conversation. Retrieved 10 December 2019.
51. . Buddhasa.org.za. Archived from the original on 22 November 2009. Retrieved 6 November 2011.
52. "Custom Dataset | National Profiles | World Religion". www.thearda.com. Retrieved 16 September 2023.
53. "International Religious Freedom Report 2005". US State Department. Retrieved 4 June 2013.
54. "United States Department of State" (PDF).
55. "Indian languages to be official subjects in South African schools". NDTV.com. 20 March 2014.
56. Landy, Frederic; Maharaj, Brij; Mainet-Valleix, Helene (March 2004). "Are people of Indian origin (PIO) "Indian"? A case study of South Africa". Geoforum. 35 (2): 203–215. doi:10.1016/j.geoforum.2003.08.005. ISSN 0016-7185.
57. Peirce, Bronwyn Norton (September 1989). "Toward a Pedagogy of Possibility in the Teaching of English Internationally: People's English in South Africa". TESOL Quarterly. 23 (3): 401–420. doi:10.2307/3586918. ISSN 0039-8322. JSTOR 3586918.
58. Crystal, David (1995). The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. p. 356. ISBN 0521401798.
59. Jaffrey, Madhur (2003). From Curries to Kebabs: Recipes from the Indian Spice Trail. p. 184. ISBN 9780609607046. Retrieved 28 September 2015.
60. Jacobs, Ingrid (26 April 2012). "Samoosas recipe". SBS Food. SBS. Retrieved 13 June 2022. Samoosas are a smaller South African version of the Indian samosas.
61. "Bollywood comes to South Africa". 4 September 2002.
62. "Now will the real SA Indian community please stand up - Times LIVE". Archived from the original on 22 April 2013. Retrieved 3 February 2011.
63. "South Africans showing growing interest in Turkey".
64. "We found the Grandchild of Abu Bakr Effendi in South Africa". 2 March 2017.
65. . Charous.webs.com. Archived from the original on 17 June 2010. Retrieved 29 August 2017.
66. "Charou 4 Eva :: Chatsworth Till I Die". Freewebs.com. Retrieved 29 August 2017.
67. "Rules of Card Games: Twenty-Eight". Pagat.com. Retrieved 29 August 2017.
68. Nidan: International Journal for Indian Studies. School of Religion, Philosophy and Classics, Howard College Campus - UKZN. 2020. doi:10.36886/nidan.
69. [1]
70. THE CONSTRUCTION AND NEGOTIATION OF THE NOTION OF IDENTITY IN A PRINT SECTOR OF THE MEDIA: A CASE STUDY OF THE SUNDAY TRlBUNE HERALD. Thrusha Maharaj
71. "Welcome to Gandhi Walk". gandhiwalk.org.za. Retrieved 8 February 2021.
72. "Annual Gandhi Walk postponed". Comaro Chronicle. 20 March 2020. Retrieved 8 February 2021.
73. "Coronavirus: Indian community events in South Africa stand cancelled". Deccan Herald. 16 March 2020. Retrieved 8 February 2021.
74. "Durban Festival of Chariots postponed due to Coronavirus". Highway Mail. 18 March 2020. Retrieved 8 February 2021.

External links

 

Wikimedia Commons has media related to South Africans of Indian descent.

• , from the Report of the High-Level Committee on The Indian Diaspora (2001) of the Non-resident Indian and Persons of Indian Origin Division of the Ministry of External Affairs of India
• 2001 Digital Census Atlas 12 December 2005 at the Wayback Machine
• Indian Chronology