Separation, such as a spore detaching from a sporogenous cell. From Latin abscissio, breaking off.[4]
abstriction
A method of spore formation in fungi characterized by abjunction and then abscission. Spores are produced in a sporogenous filament. In abjunction, they are then separated by transverse walls or septa, with the result spores are grouped in short chains. In abscission, successive portions are cut off and released.[5]
acidophilous
acidophilic
Organisms that can grow in high-acidity environments; in mycology, lichens that can grow in peaty soil or on acidic tree bark.[6]
acropetal
A chain of conidia where new spores are formed at the apex, with the oldest at the base. Compare with basipetal.[7]
acropleurogenous
The acropleurogenous Trichothecium roseum, with conidia on sides and at apex.
pleuroacrogenous
Formed at the apex and along the sides; e.g. conidia of Trichothecium.[8]
adiaspore
Conidium of Emmonsia parva. A large spore that increases notably in size, but does not divide. Upon being inhalted in the lungs of humans and animals, can cause adiaspiromycosis disease. From Gr. a-, without, dia, separating.[9]
adnate
attached, adherent
Adhering; attached to the stipe throughout its width, esp. of lamellae or tubes. Compare with free.[10]
aero-aquatic fungi
Aquatic fungi that grow in water, but spread their spores via air.[11]
An agaric, with gills on the underside of the pileus. A member of the order Agaricales; a mushroom or toadstool. Contains many iconic and highly studied fungi. Agarics have a macroscopic (human-visible) fleshy basidioma with a clearly differentiated stipe (stalk), pileus (cap), and lamellae (gills) on the underside of the pileus.[13]
Fusion between branches of hyphae to make a network.[17]
annellidic
Magnified view of Scopulariopsis brevicaulis, its annellides, and the ring-shaped annellations emanating from them. A type of blastic conidiogenesis. The conidiogenous cell (also called an annellide) produces a basipetal sequence of conidia called annelloconidia or annellospores. The distal end is marked by ring-shaped bands called annellations. Examples include many aquatic Hyphomycetes, Venturia inaequalis, and Microascus brevicaulis.[18]
annular
1. Ring-like; an arrangement in the style of a ring.
Having no stem or pedicel, such as a pileus lacking a stipe and directly attached to the substrate. Found in sporangia of Perichanea for example. From Gr. podos, foot.[25]
apothecium
pl. apothecia, discocarp
A type of fruiting body that, at maturity, opens to expose the hymenium of asci; commonly assumes shape of a cup or saucer. The stipe is sometimes lichenized. From Gr. apotheke, storehouse.[26]
Flattened, or closely applied; e.g. of scales or fibers.[28]
appressorium
pl. appresoria
A swelling at the end of a germ tube or other hypha that adheres to the surface of its host and penetrates it with infection hyphae. Characteristic of plant pathogenic fungi such as Phytophthora and Colletotrichum, as well as parasites of animals such as Entomophthora.[29]
aquatic fungi
hydrofungi
Fungi that live in water. Sometimes subdivided into freshwater-living fungi and marine fungi for saltwater-living fungi. Freshwater fungi include: Many zoosporic fungi of Chytridiomycota, Chytridiales, and Saprolegniales; some saxicolous lichens of Lichinaceae that live on submerged rocks; aquatic hyphomycetes or Ingoldian fungi, a group of mitosporic fungi that live in freshwater with branched or sigmoidial spores, often growing on dead leaves in streams; smuts of aquatic plants; and certain yeasts.[30]
archicarp
The cell, hypha, or coil of Ascomycetes that later becomes the ascoma, or part of it.[31]
ardella
A small spot-like apothecium, as in the lichen Arthonia. From Latin ardere, to sprinkle.[32]
A delimited space on a surface, separated from others by fissures or cracks.[33]
arthric
thallic-arthric
A method of thallic conidiogenesis that converts a hyphal element into a conindium (also called an arthrospore), fragmenting the hypha. Common in many basidiomycetes. Compare with holothallic. From Gr. arthron, joint.[34]
asc-
asco-, ascidi-
A prefix meaning sac, bladder, or ascus. From Gr. askós, vessel, bag, or wineskin.[35]
A phylum of fungi characterized by the presence of an ascus, a sac-like structure where ascospores are produced. The largest group of fungi. Includes cup fungi or Discomycetes; most dermatophytes; the mycobiont part of most lichens; powdery mildews; and fungi that produce truffles.[37]
Spores formed in the developing ascus, generally as a result of karyogamy (nuclear fusion) followed by meiosis. Commonly, four haploid daughter nuclei divide to make eight haploid nuclei, around which eight ascospores are created by depositing wall material around them, a process sometimes called free cell formation.[38]
The reproductive cell of ascomycetes; where ascospores form and are contained. While sometimes traditionally restricted to only sexual reproduction, purely asexual mitosporic fungi have since been classified as having asci as well (List of mitosporic Ascomycota).[39]
assimilative
vegetative, somatic
Hyphae related to growth, nutrition, and asexual reproduction as opposed to sexual reproduction; the soma.[40]
autochthonous
1. Indigenous, especially to a type of soil or earth.
2. Continuously active, as opposed to organisms that only become active when a suitable substrate becomes available such as yeasts (zymogenous).[41]
A spore close in form to a zygospore, but developed asexually (parthogenesis). Found in many species of Mucorales and some species of Entomophthorales, such as Entomophthora muscae. The structure that contains it is called an azygosporangium.[42]
A phylum of fungi. Generally defined by sexual reproduction via basidiospores formed from a basidium, although a few purely anamorphic basidiomycetes exist. Typically mycelial, although some are yeasts and some are dimorphic. Basidiomycetes include earth balls; earthstars; false truffles; jelly fungi; many mushrooms; polypores; puffballs; most rusts; most smuts; and stinkhorns.[45]
A cell or organ where basidiospores are produced, generally four. Basidia are characteristic of basidiomycetes. From Greek basis, base.[47]
basipetal
A chain of conidia in which new spores are formed at the base and the oldest are at the apex. Compare with acropetal.[48]
blastic
One of the two basic forms of conidiogenesis, with thallic conidiogenesis. Characterized by the enlargement of the conidia initial before it is delimited by a septum. In holoblastic, both inner and outer walls of the blastic conidiogenous cell contribute to the formation of the conidium; in enteroblastic, only the inner walls enlarge and contribute. Monoblastic is from a single conidiogenous locus; polyblastic is when a conindiogenous cell has multiple conidiogenous loci.[49]
An iconic variety of mushroom characterized by fleshy fruit bodies and a poroid hymenophore (marked by pores rather than the gill-marked cap of agarics). They are often edible. Boletes are members of the order Boletales.[51]
A type of asexual cellular multiplication. A small outgrowth or bud from a parent cell enlarges and eventually separates from the parent cell. Typical in yeasts and many molds. Sometimes divided by how many buds are made, with monopolar, bipolar, and multipolar budding for one/two/many respectively.[52]
bulbil
A compact multicellular propagule, with its thin-walled, undifferentiated cells produced in acropetal succession from the hyphae. Superficially resembles plant tissue at maturity (pseudoparenchymatous) such as raspberries, hence the resemblance to bulbils in botany. Found in certain basidiomycetes; characteristic of aero-aquatic fungi such as Bulbillomyces farinosus, where they grow on leaves or tree branches previously submerged in water.[53]
Combining forms meaning "fruit". From Gr. karpós, fruit.[55]
capsule
Magnification of the yeast Cryptococcus neoformans; the capsules are the circular outer borders of the yeast cells. A clear, gelatinous covering or sheath around the cell wall of certain yeasts, e.g. Cryptococcus, and some ascospores such as those of Sordaria fimicola.[56]
catenate
Catenulate
Arranged in chains or end-to-end series. Catenulate is the diminutive form for small chains. From Latin catena, a chain.[57]
A 200x magnification of Candida albicans, including a chlamydospore. An asexual thick-walled spore developed from hyphae, generally for perennation rather than dissemination. From Gr. chlamys, cloak, -ydos, spore.[61]
A phylum of fungi. Informally known as chytrids. Characterized by chitinous cell walls and reproduction via zoospores, which are usually uniflagellate in the posterior although rarely polyflagellate. Many are saprobes that live in freshwater (see aquatic fungi) or the soil.[62]
cirrus
cirrhus; spore horn
A curl-like tuft; usually refers to a tendril-like mass of forced-out spores.[63]
Clamp connection formation between two nuclei (one in green, the other orange)
clamp, fibula
A hyphal outgrowth that makes a connection during cell division between the resulting two cells by fusion. Generally associated with mycelium of Basidiomycetes.[64]
clavate
Narrowing at the base and then thickening; club-shaped.[65]
An artificial taxon for mitosporic fungi with pycnidial and acervular states, i.e. they form their spores in an internal cavity. From Gtk. koilos, hollow.[67]
coeno-
Prefix meaning "multinucleate". From Gr. koinós, shared or in common.[68]
Hyphae that lack septa and are multi-nucleate; seen in Zygomycota and Oomycota. From Gr. kytos, cell. Distinct from a synctium, a multinucleate structure resulting from fusion of protoplasts.[69]
Producing conidia. Generally used as "conidiogenous cell", fertile cells that produce conidia; or "conidiogenous locus", for the particular point on a hypha or a cell where conidia are generated.[74]
conidioma
pl. conidiomata
Any multi-hyphal, conidia-bearing structure. An umbrella term that includes various traditional conidia-bearing structures such as a synnema, a sporodochium, an acervulus, or a pycnidium.[75]
A cobweb-like cortina of Cortinarius claricolor Of agarics, the remnants of the partial veil, frequently web-like, that covers mature gills. Thin and evanescent; eventually breaks up and disappears.[79]
Crust-like or having a hard surface layer, e.g. in a sporocarp; in lichens, a thallus firmly fixed to the substratum by the whole of their lower surface, generally lacking a distinct lower cortex.[82]
cyphella
pl. cyphellae
A break in the lower cortex of a lichen thallus which appears as a cup-like structure or marking. Characteristic of Sticta. From Gr. kyphella, the hollow of an ear.[83]
A parasitic fungus that focuses on tissue with keratin (skin, hair, nails) of humans and animals. Associated with the genera Epidermophyton, Microsporum, and Trichophyton.[88]
The skin condition caused by a dermatophyte infection.[89]
dichotomous
Forking into roughly equal pairs, often repeatedly, e.g. in hyphal branching. Compare with monopodial.[90]
dictyospore
(1) An amerospore with no intersecting septa; (2) a didyomospore with a single intersecting septa; (3) two sample phragmospore patterns with multiple septa subdividing the spore; (4) A dictyospore with a brick wall-like muriform pattern of intersecting septa. Divided by intersecting septa in more than one plane, both transverse and longitudinal; a muriform spore. Found in Alternaria alternata as an example.[91]
didymospore
A two-celled spore divided by a single septum. Usually applied to mitosporic fungi. Compare with amerospore and phragmospore.[92]
A class of saucer-shaped and cup-shaped Ascomycetes in which the hymenium is exposed at maturity; one in which the fruit body is an apothecium (discocarp). Prominent members include Pezizales, Helotiales, Ostropales, and Lecanorales.[97]
disjunctor
An evanescent connective, consisting of either a cell or cell wall material. It develops through the pores of septal lamellae of adjoining conidia in a chain, before later fragmenting and releasing the conidia.[98]
In hyphae of basidiomycete fungi, parenthesomes (1) "cap" a dolipore septum (2). The cell wall (3) swells around the septal pore to form a barrel-shaped ring. Perforations in the parenthesome allow cytoplasm to flow between (4) and (5). A septum found in Basidiomycetes that flares out in the middle to form a channel.[99]
Having sharply pointed spines, e.g. of spores. Its diminutive is echinulate, for delicate spines. Sometimes synonymous with spinose. From Gr. echinos, hedgehog.[100]
effete
Past the bearing period; overmature, e.g. a fruiting body that has emptied its spores.[101]
effuse
Expanded; stretched out flat, e.g. a film-like growth. From Latin fundere, to pour.[102]
An organism that lives within a plant; in mycology, specifically fungi that live within plants but do not show external signs or damage to the plants. This is usually endomycorrhizial fungi in root systems and asymptomatic fungi in aerial plant parts[106]
Having a short existence; soon disappearing, e.g. of a veil, an annulus, etc. From Latin evanscere, to disappear.[115]
eucarpic
eucarpous
Thalli where reproductive structures only develop on limited portions during fructication. The rest of the thallus remains in its original assimilative function. Compare holocarpic. If they have one sporangium, they are monocentric; if they have several sporgangia, they are polycentric. The vast majority of fungi are eucarpic.[116]
A fairy ring. Mushrooms or puffballs forming in a circle, started from a central mycelium in the soil. Fairy rings expand with time if undisturbed, and are generally associated with basidiomycetes.[120]
falcate
Falciform
Curved, like a sickle or scythe. From Latin falx and falcis, sickle.[121]
A chemical change caused by enzymes of living organisms. In mycology, typically yeasts and molds performing anaerobic breakdowns such as changing carbohydrates to carbon dioxide and alcohol. Part of the creation of fermented foods and fermented drinks (most notably alcoholic beverages).[122]
filament
A fine thread. Commonly used for hyphal threads or other simple thread-like fungal structures. From Latin filum, thread.[123]
filamentous
filamentose
1. Thread-like, or composed of filaments.
2. In lichens, when the photobiont forms in threads surrounded by hyphae of the mycobiont; the fungi forms the outer structure. (e.g. Coenogonium, Cystocoleous, Racodium)[124]
Fluffy or cottony; byssoid. Common among many colonies of fungi. Its diminutive form is flocculose, for a small and delicate floccose element. From Latin floccus, a tuft of wool.[129]
2. Of lichens, foliose lichens, characterised by flattened leaf-like thalli.[133]
foot cell
basal cell
1. A hyphal cell that supports a sporogenous cell or thallus, specifically the support of the conidiophore in Aspergillus and the macroconidium of Fusarium.
Panelluses stipticus, an example of luminiscient fungi (long exposure photograph). A phosphorescent light emitted by moist, decaying wood; one of the most famous forms of fungal bioluminescence.[135]
A substance able to kill fungi, especially at low concentration. From Latin caedere, to kill. Generally used for chemical substances rather than heat, light, radiation, etc. which are called sterilization instead.[140]
A kingdom of organisms in Eukaryota. Fungi are distinguished based on their morphology, nutritional modes, and ecology. Typical traits are that they lack plastids, are osmotrophic (absorb nutrients from their environment), are never phagotrophic, lack an ameboid pseudopodal phase, cell walls are composed of a chitin-glucan complex, mitochondria have flattened cristae and perioxomes are nearly always present, and are mostly non-flagellate; flagella when present lack mastigonemes. From Gr. sphongos, σπόγγος, sponge.[145]
1. Another term for chlamydospores, sometimes restricted to specifically spores that broke free from the mycelium to be dispersed, often via water. From Latin gemma, "jewel"
Germ tubes forming in Candida albicans, at 600x magnification. A short hypha that sprouts from the germ pore during germination. If conditions are favorable, will form a full mycelium. In plant pathogenic fungi, forms an appressorium, from which the infective hypha spread and penetrate the tissues of the host.[157]
Downy mildew infiltrating cells of the plant Arabidopsis thaliana, at 400x magnification. The stained dark blue spheres are the haustoria. A hyphal branch for absorption of food. It penetrates the wall of the living host cell. Found in certain parasitic fungal plant pathogens, such as Phytophthora.[168]
3. A condition where a flagellum possess two rows of tripartite tubular hairs.[170]
heteromerous
In lichens, when the thallus is stratified. The photobiont is distributed in a compact layer, and the hyphal tissue of the fungi are separated into an outer rind and an inner stratum. From Gr. hetero, different, and meros, part.[171]
A scar after a spore is discharged; was previously the point of attachment of a basidiospore to the sterigma. From Latin hilum, mask.[173]
hoary
Covered thickly with silk-like hairs, especially of a pileus or stipe, often grayish or white.[174]
holocarpic
Having all of the thallus converted into the fruiting body at the end of maturation; compare eucarpic. The somatic and reproductive phases do not coexist as a result. Examples include Olpidiaceae and Synchytriaceae.[175]
Term describing the whole fungus throughout all its morphs (states, phases). Generally includes a single teleomorph phase and one or more anamorph phases.[176]
holothallic
A method of thallic conidiogenous in which a hyphal element is converted as a whole into a single conidium. All the cell wall layers are involved. Compare with arthric. From Gr. holos, whole.[177]
homoiomerous
In lichens, when the photobiont is are distributed uniformly or at random throughout the thallus. From Gr. homoios, similar.[178]
The spore-bearing fruiting surface of Ascomycetes and Basidiomycetes. An aggregation of asci or basidia in a layer (palisade) mixed with other sterile cells.[184]
An artificial class of mitosporic fungi that reproduces asexually. Traditionally subdivided into Agonomycetales, Hyphomycetales, Stilbellales, and Tuberculariales.[188]
hypnospore
resting spore
A thick-walled resting spore; germinates only after a lapse of weeks or months. From Gr. hypnos, sleep.[189]
hypo-
Prefix meaning "under" or "lower". From Gr. hypo.[190]
1. (Of lichens) The first growth of the hyphae, before differentiation has taken place. Usually of a crustaceous lichen's earliest stage, lacking a cortex and photobiont. Often persists as a colored layer on the bottom of the later stages of maturation.
2. (of slime molds) a thin layer on the surface not used up in sporangial development.[191]
Not operculate; lacking an operculum. Generally refers to asci or sporangia that discharge spores by an irregular apical opening or pore instead. Found in various Discomycetes and most other ascomycetes.[192]
intercalary
1. (of growth) Between the apex and the base; not apical. From Latin intercalare, to insert.
A propagule for lichen growth; can both increase the surface area of a lichen and become detached from the thallus to disperse the lichen. Isidia are structures larger than soredia, and contain both the mycobiont and the photobiont. They are usually cylindrical, but can also be verrucose, clavate, and other shapes.[194]
isokont
isocont
Zoospores with flagella of roughly equal length. Seen in Ectrogella bacillariacearum and other aquatic zoosporic fungi. From Gr. kontos, a pole.[195]
An organelle that is the base of a zoospore flagellum. Connected to the nuclear membrane by means of a rhizoplast. Found in Blastocladia and Rhizophydiales, for example.[199]
A gill; a hymenium-covered vertical plate, generally of an agaric. Attaches to the stipe in a variety of ways, including: free, unattached; adnate, attached; adnexed, a partial attachment; sinuate, similar to adnate but with an S-shaped curve; decurrent, attached and also running further down the surface of the stipe. From Latin lamina, a thin plate.[201]
Lactarius quietus exuding cream-colored latex from gills upon being cut. A milk-like juice that flows from some fungi when cut or damaged, as in Lactarius.[205]
Crustose lichens can grow on surfaces hostile to most other lifeforms, such as concrete walls and bare boulders. A dual organism that arises from an association of fungi (mycobiont) and algae or cyanobacteria (photobiont). The two coexist in a mutualistic relationship as partners; the resulting lifeform differs markedly from its isolated components.[209]
Rhizocarpon geographicum (map lichen) in Switzerland. A technique for studying the exposure age of rock surfaces based on the size and diameter of lichen thalli. Used extensively in glaciology. Most frequently uses map lichen for dating. Lichenometry has been used to date Easter Island moai among other elements.[215]
An illustration of ectomycorrhiza. A layer of hyphae covering the roots of ectomycorrhizal plants, generally trees. Connected to a Hartig net on the inside, and extramatrical hyphae on the outside.[226]
A series of two successive nuclear divisions that reduces the number of chromosomes by one-half, going from a diploid state to a haploid one. The last part of the sexual phase in many fungi, following plasmogamy and karyogamy. Contrast with mitosis.[230]
merosporangium
pl. merosporangia
A sporangium that is a cylindrical outgrowth from the swollen tip of a sporangiophore. A chain-like row of sporangiospores are produced there. Characteristic of Mucorales; also found in some other zygomycetes.[231]
A fungus of very small size, usually with microscopic sporocarps.[240]
monokaryotic
monocaryotic
Cells having a single nucleus each; having genetically identical haploid nuclei (monokaryon or haplont). Found, for example, in the mycelium of Agaricales.[241]
monopodial
A type of branching where there is a persistent main axis from which branches split from, one at a time, often in alternate or spiral series. Often uses acropetal succession. Compare with dichotomous.[242]
A division of fungi broken off from Zygomycota in the 2010s that includes many of the molds, microscopic fungi. Includes Mucorales, the largest and most closely studied order of zygomycetes.
Amanita muscaria (fly agaric), an iconic mushroom. Large agarics, or other fleshy fungi such as boletes. Commonly divided into mushrooms (human-edible) and toadstools (inedible).[249]
myc-
mycet-, myceto-, myco-
Combining prefixes that mean "fungus". From Gr. mykēs and mykētos (μύκης), fungus.[250]
Toxins (the product of one organism injurious to another) produced by fungi. Studied by mycotoxicology. Poisonings are called mycotoxicoses.[264]
Myxomycota
Hemitrichia serpula, commonly called pretzel slime, a true slime mold.
Myxomycetes
True slime molds. No longer categorized as fungi, but were formerly categorized as such in older literature, and still studied in mycology; now considered part of Amorphea. Since reclassified as Myxogastria. From Gr. myxa, slime.[265]
Riesling grapes afflicted by Botrytis cinerea (gray rot), causing a color change. A condition from the mold Botrytis growing on overripe grapes. Used in the production of certain sweet wines.[267]
Water molds. Traditionally considered fungi, but now classed as closer to algae. Part of the Chromista kingdom. Contain cellulose in their cell walls rather than chitin, and coenocytic hypae rather than septate hyphae.[272]
400x magnification showing oospores of Hyaloperonospora parasitica, a downy mildew. The resting spore formed as a result of fertilization of the oosphere. Has a thick, resistant wall. Subdivided into centric, subcentric, subeccentric, and eccentric oospores by its structure.[274]
A small rounded elevation. Generally refers to an elevation on the wall of the sporangium which on breaking serves as the exit point of zoospores and planogametes.[280]
paraphysis
pl. paraphyses
A sterile upward-growing, basally-attached hypha in a hymenium, especially in ascomata of ascomycetes where they are generally filiform and clavate. The free ends frequently converge toward the ostiole and make a structure called an epithecium over the asci. Part of the hamathecium. Has a number of minor variants distinguished by names such as paraphysoid, pseudoparaphysis, pseudophysis, dikaryoparaphysis, and hyphidium.[281]
A sample agaric-type basidioma in (A) the early development stage, and (B) after the body is fully expanded. (1) is the universal veil, the outer layer protecting the developing basidioma; (2) is the partial veil, which covers the gills; (3) are cap scales, remnants of the universal veil; (4) is the volva, another remnant of the universal veil, but at the base of the basidioma; (5) is the annulus, a ring-like mark on the stipe that is a remnant of the partial veil, and whose overhanging tissue may become a cortina. A layer of tissue that joins the stipe to the edge of the pileus in agarics, covering the gills during hymenium development. May become an annulus or a cortina after development is complete.[282]
pectinate
Resembling the teeth of a comb, e.g. of the margin of a pileus.[283]
1. Conidiogenous cell growth where a conidiophore or germ tube grows through a preexisting pore.
2. Of a columella, extending throughout the entire length, from the base of the gleba through to the peridium's apex. Found in gastromycetes such as Podaxis. Also called a stipe-columella or dendritic columella.[287]
Feeding by engulfing food; extending a pseudopod or other protoplasmic extension, as seen in protozoa. Never seen in true fungi (Eumycota), but some Pseudofungi use this in addition to osmocytosis, e.g. Myxomycetes.[290]
A type of conidiogenous cell, bottle-shaped, that produces blastic conidia (phialospores) in basipetal succession. The philade itself does not increase in length. The most common conidiogenous cell among conidial fungi. From Gr. phiale, jar.[291]
phialospore
An asexual spore formed from the tip of a phialide. Formed by abstriction.[292]
A tropic phenomenon driven by light, where growth curves toward or against light stimuli. For example, sporangiphores of Pilobus and Phycomyces direct themselves toward light.[294]
A group of forms alike in morphology. Often means a group of organisms that are potentially interbreeding. In plant pathology, it means a group with similar preferences in plants targeted; a race may be adapted to target only a single cultivar of a plant. Tracking the history of an organism is phylogeny. From Old Italian razza, generation.[296]
The fusion of two cells or plasmodial cytoplasms, resulting in the nuclei juxtaposed and a dikaryon formed. In many sexual phases of fungi, the first step which precedes karyogamy (nuclear fusion) and meiosis.[301]
plectenchyma
A thick, packed tissue of twisted hyphae formed during basidiocarp development as it enlarges and generative hyphae begin to differentiate. From Gr. plektos, to twist, and enchyma, infusion.[302]
Any structure that serves to spread the organism, both via propagation of new organisms as well as vegetatively increasing a single organism's size. In fungi, generally spores, bulbils, fragments of mycelium, isidia, soredia, and others.[307]
pseudo-
Prefix meaning "false", from Gr. pseudos.
pseudoidia
Separated hyphal cells capable of germination.[308]
A geniculate or zig-zag holoblastic extension of a conidiogenous cell from sympodial conidiogenous cell development. Such cells having a rachis are called rachiform. From Gr. ráchis, axis, spine.[318]
racket cell
A hyphal cell having a swelling at one end, resembling a tennis racket; found in dermatophytes.[319]
A slender, tapered structure of anucleate filaments bearing a superficial resemblance to a plant root, as it is extended by the thallus of chytrids as a feeding organ. Generally part of a root system-like aggregation of branched hyphae.[323]
A strand or cord of mycelium, often with a dark-colored rind surrounding a central core of colorless cells, penetrating a soft substratum or between portions of it (e.g. between bark and wood). Unlike a mycelial cord, features distinct tissue, unlike "normal" hyphae. Functions as organ of absorption of nutritive substances. Seen in some Agaricales and Gasteromycetes.[324]
A sister group of quasi-fungi that lack chitinous cell walls. Traditionally considered chytrids, but have since been separated and reclassified in the 2010s. Phagotrophs rather than osmotrophes. Rozella, a group of obligate endoparasites, is possibly the earliest diverging lineage of fungi.[326]
A hardened, often rounded, mass of hyphae, normally having no spores. May give rise to a fruit body, a stroma (as in ergot), conidiophores, or mycelium. Can be a store of nutrients as part of perennation; can reinitiate vegetative growth after conditions have improved and a season has passed.[334]
scutate
scutiform
Like a shield or round plate in shape. From Latin scutum, shield.[335]
A fruiting body with the appearance of an unopened agaric or bolete. The margin of the pileus does not break free of the columella-stipe, generally seen in vertical development (e.g. Podaxis pistillaris).[336]
1. Growing old. From Latin senescere, to grow old.
2. The degeneration over time that makes indefinite propagation of certain fungi cultures impossible, especially in isolation such as a lab environment.[339]
Edged with teeth, like a comb or saw, e.g. of gills; its diminutive form is serrulate.[342]
sexual phase
The phase of the fungal life cycle when sexually reproductive cells and organs are formed. This term is preferred over sex in animals, as the fungal process is not equivalent.[343]
Acrasis rosea, a cellular slime mold. A eukaryotic lifeform that spreads via spores. Has both ameba (cellular slime molds) and plasmoidial (multi-nucleate) varieties. No longer categorized as fungi, but were formerly categorized as such in older literature. Cellular slime molds are part of Acrasiomycota or Dictyosteliomycota; plasmodial slime molds were traditionally part of the class Myxomycota, since renamed Myxogastria. From Gr. myxa, slime.[344]
1. Loose smut of barley, caused by Ustilago nuda. A class of destructive plant diseases, generally of cereal grasses, caused by parasitic fungi of Ustilaginomycetes. Distinguished by transformation of plant organs permeated by hyphae into a dark mass of spores.
2. Smut-causing fungi themselves in Ustilaginomycetes. Characterized by being host-specific endophytes. Its spores are called ustilospores.
A propagule for vegetative lichen growth; a combination of phycobiont algae wrapped by mycobiont hyphae, and produced on a lichen thallus. Has the appearance of a powdery granule. From Latin soredium, a small heap.[348]
A heap of spores. Fruiting structure in certain fungi, including the spore mass of rusts, but also Acrasidae and Synchytriaceae. From Gr. soros, heap.[349]
spawn
Mycelium used for starting fungal cultures, especially mushrooms; e.g. bricks of manure interlaced with mycelia.[350]
A reproductive structure in fungi. Can result from both sexual and asexual processes.[358]
spore wall
The layered wall defining a spore. Considered to have five layers. From within to outwards: the thin interior endosporium, the thick episporium, the exosporium (or tunic), the perisporium, and ectosporium, although the outermost two layers are fleeting and can be absorbed back into the perisporium and exosporium.[359]
A mass of vegetative hyphae where fertile hyphae, fruiting bodies, and spores are produced. Common among ascomycetes and anamorphic fungi; a few Pucciniales have them as well.[368]
The sexual state (or perfect state) of a fungus whose spores are produced by meiosis, i.e. characterized by ascomata or basidiomata.[376]
thallic
One of the two basic forms of conidiogenesis, with blastic conidiogenesis. Characterized by the conidia initial being delimited by one or more septa before it begins enlargement. The result is that the conidium is differentiated from the whole cell. By comparison, in blastic conidiogenesis, enlargement occurs within the cell before being delimited later.[377]
1. A layer of hyphae in the central part of an agaric running from the underside of the cap to the lamella, often supporting the hymenium. Sometimes called a hymenophoral trama to distinguish it from the second definition.
2. In old literature, any fleshy part of the pileus, although this use has since been discouraged.[380]
Arranged in a single row or series. Generally used to differentiate how phialides are arranged in species of Aspergillus; in uniseriate, they are directly on the conidial head, contrasted with biseriate where phialides rest on intermediate outgrowths of sterile cells called metulae.[392]
The white patches on the caps of these Amanita muscaria mushrooms are cap scales, remnants of the universal veil. A layer of tissue covering the basidioma during its early development, in agarics and Gasteromycetes. As the pileus grows, the veil is broken, with its upper remnants becoming cap scales, and the lower section becoming the volva.[393]
Warty; having rounded bumps. Verruculose is the diminutive version for delicate or small warts.
verticillate
Having parts in rings (verticils); whorled. Develops due to branching in which branches or pedicels are borne at the same level on the hypha, and grow obliquely upward with respect to the central axis. Named after the conidiophores of Verticillium, but appears in other fungi such as the sporangiophore of Actinomucor. From New Latin verticillatus, arranged in a verticil.[394]
vesicle
1. A bladder-like sac, especially of Pythiales where zoospores mature.
Fungi that digest wood. Mostly basidiomycetes, although a few ascomycetes also possess this ability. Generally categorized into brown rot, which digests a tree's cellulose and hemicellulose but not its lignin; white rot, which can also digest lignin; and soft rots, which are similar to brown rots in attacking cellulose and hemicellulose, but require moist wood and available nitrogen, e.g. from nearby soil. Two other notable types are dry rot (a slight misnomer, as some dampness is still required), a brown rot caused by Serpula lacrimans; and wet rot, several other species including cellar fungus.[401]
Preferring a dry habitat, or at least capable of subsisting in one. Rare among fungal species, but fungi with this capability can be exceptionally common, such as Aspergillus and Penicillium whose spores can be found in nearly any soil sample.[402]
Kirk, Paul M.; Cannon, Paul F.; Minter, David W.; Stalpers, Joost A. (2008). Dictionary of the Fungi (10th ed.). Oxon: CAB International. ISBN978-0-85199-826-8.
Snell, Walter H.; Dick, Esther A. (1971). A Glossary of Mycology (Revised ed.). Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. LCCN 77-134946.
Ulloa, Miguel; Hanlin, Richard T. (2000) [1991]. Illustrated Dictionary of Mycology. APS Press. ISBN0-89054-257-0.
glossary, mycology, this, glossary, mycology, list, definitions, terms, concepts, relevant, mycology, study, fungi, terms, common, with, other, fields, repeated, here, generally, focus, their, mycology, specific, meaning, related, terms, found, glossary, biolo. This glossary of mycology is a list of definitions of terms and concepts relevant to mycology the study of fungi Terms in common with other fields if repeated here generally focus on their mycology specific meaning Related terms can be found in glossary of biology and glossary of botany among others List of Latin and Greek words commonly used in systematic names and Botanical Latin may also be relevant although some prefixes and suffixes very common in mycology are repeated here for clarity A bay bolete Dasyscyphella nivea Common greenshield lichen and Penicillium mold Contents A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z See also ReferencesA edita an Prefix meaning without or not 1 aboospore An asexually produced parthenogenetic oospore 2 abrupt Terminating suddenly appearing to be cut off transversely truncate For example the stipe of some Hohenbuehelia has this characteristic 3 abscission Separation such as a spore detaching from a sporogenous cell From Latin abscissio breaking off 4 abstriction A method of spore formation in fungi characterized by abjunction and then abscission Spores are produced in a sporogenous filament In abjunction they are then separated by transverse walls or septa with the result spores are grouped in short chains In abscission successive portions are cut off and released 5 acidophilous acidophilic Organisms that can grow in high acidity environments in mycology lichens that can grow in peaty soil or on acidic tree bark 6 acropetal A chain of conidia where new spores are formed at the apex with the oldest at the base Compare with basipetal 7 acropleurogenous nbsp The acropleurogenous Trichothecium roseum with conidia on sides and at apex pleuroacrogenous Formed at the apex and along the sides e g conidia of Trichothecium 8 adiaspore Conidium of Emmonsia parva A large spore that increases notably in size but does not divide Upon being inhalted in the lungs of humans and animals can cause adiaspiromycosis disease From Gr a without dia separating 9 adnate attached adherent Adhering attached to the stipe throughout its width esp of lamellae or tubes Compare with free 10 aero aquatic fungi Aquatic fungi that grow in water but spread their spores via air 11 aethalium pl aethalia The relatively large fruiting body of many slime molds Myxomycetes From Gr aithalos soot 12 agaric nbsp An agaric with gills on the underside of the pileus A member of the order Agaricales a mushroom or toadstool Contains many iconic and highly studied fungi Agarics have a macroscopic human visible fleshy basidioma with a clearly differentiated stipe stalk pileus cap and lamellae gills on the underside of the pileus 13 algicolous Living on algae 14 amerospore A single celled non septate cell in mitosporic fungi compare with dictyospore and phragmospore 15 anamorph Imperfect state An asexual state of a fungus characterized by the presence of conidia and the absence of sexual spores 16 anastomosis Fusion between branches of hyphae to make a network 17 annellidic nbsp Magnified view of Scopulariopsis brevicaulis its annellides and the ring shaped annellations emanating from them A type of blastic conidiogenesis The conidiogenous cell also called an annellide produces a basipetal sequence of conidia called annelloconidia or annellospores The distal end is marked by ring shaped bands called annellations Examples include many aquatic Hyphomycetes Venturia inaequalis and Microascus brevicaulis 18 annular 1 Ring like an arrangement in the style of a ring 2 Resembling an annulus 19 annulus apical veil A ring like covering around the stipe after expansion of the pileus 20 antheridium pl antheridia antherid The male sexual organ gametangium of fungi Produces either antherozoids flagellate gametes or sperm or gametic nuclei 21 apical acro At the tip or end apex 22 apiculus A short projection at the end of a spore 23 aplanospore A non motile asexual spore in some Zygomycetes contained in globose sporangia or cylindrical merosporangia From Gr planos roaming 24 apodial apodal apodous sessile Having no stem or pedicel such as a pileus lacking a stipe and directly attached to the substrate Found in sporangia of Perichanea for example From Gr podos foot 25 apothecium pl apothecia discocarp A type of fruiting body that at maturity opens to expose the hymenium of asci commonly assumes shape of a cup or saucer The stipe is sometimes lichenized From Gr apotheke storehouse 26 apophysis A swelling or a swollen filament Associated with the swollen end of a sporangiophore in Mucorales or the protuberance found beneath the sporocarp of some fungi especially Protosteliales 27 appressed applanate Flattened or closely applied e g of scales or fibers 28 appressorium pl appresoria A swelling at the end of a germ tube or other hypha that adheres to the surface of its host and penetrates it with infection hyphae Characteristic of plant pathogenic fungi such as Phytophthora and Colletotrichum as well as parasites of animals such as Entomophthora 29 aquatic fungi hydrofungi Fungi that live in water Sometimes subdivided into freshwater living fungi and marine fungi for saltwater living fungi Freshwater fungi include Many zoosporic fungi of Chytridiomycota Chytridiales and Saprolegniales some saxicolous lichens of Lichinaceae that live on submerged rocks aquatic hyphomycetes or Ingoldian fungi a group of mitosporic fungi that live in freshwater with branched or sigmoidial spores often growing on dead leaves in streams smuts of aquatic plants and certain yeasts 30 archicarp The cell hypha or coil of Ascomycetes that later becomes the ascoma or part of it 31 ardella A small spot like apothecium as in the lichen Arthonia From Latin ardere to sprinkle 32 areola aerole A delimited space on a surface separated from others by fissures or cracks 33 arthric thallic arthric A method of thallic conidiogenesis that converts a hyphal element into a conindium also called an arthrospore fragmenting the hypha Common in many basidiomycetes Compare with holothallic From Gr arthron joint 34 asc asco ascidi A prefix meaning sac bladder or ascus From Gr askos vessel bag or wineskin 35 ascoma ascocarp pl ascomata The asci bearing fruiting body of Ascomycetes 36 Ascomycota nbsp A truffle from a Rhizopogon one of the ascomycetes Ascomycetes sac fungi A phylum of fungi characterized by the presence of an ascus a sac like structure where ascospores are produced The largest group of fungi Includes cup fungi or Discomycetes most dermatophytes the mycobiont part of most lichens powdery mildews and fungi that produce truffles 37 ascospore Spores formed in the developing ascus generally as a result of karyogamy nuclear fusion followed by meiosis Commonly four haploid daughter nuclei divide to make eight haploid nuclei around which eight ascospores are created by depositing wall material around them a process sometimes called free cell formation 38 ascus pl asci The reproductive cell of ascomycetes where ascospores form and are contained While sometimes traditionally restricted to only sexual reproduction purely asexual mitosporic fungi have since been classified as having asci as well List of mitosporic Ascomycota 39 assimilative vegetative somatic Hyphae related to growth nutrition and asexual reproduction as opposed to sexual reproduction the soma 40 autochthonous 1 Indigenous especially to a type of soil or earth 2 Continuously active as opposed to organisms that only become active when a suitable substrate becomes available such as yeasts zymogenous 41 azygospore A spore close in form to a zygospore but developed asexually parthogenesis Found in many species of Mucorales and some species of Entomophthorales such as Entomophthora muscae The structure that contains it is called an azygosporangium 42 Contents A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z ReferencesB editballistospore A forcibly discharged basidiospore the most typical kind Compare with statismospore From Latin ballista 43 basidioma nbsp A typical basidioma showing fruiting body hymenium and basidiabasidiocarp pl basidiomata A basidium producing organ the fruiting body of Basidiomycota 44 Basidiomycota nbsp A Lactarius indigo a milk cap mushroom and basidiomycete Basidiomycetes A phylum of fungi Generally defined by sexual reproduction via basidiospores formed from a basidium although a few purely anamorphic basidiomycetes exist Typically mycelial although some are yeasts and some are dimorphic Basidiomycetes include earth balls earthstars false truffles jelly fungi many mushrooms polypores puffballs most rusts most smuts and stinkhorns 45 basidiospore A propagative sexual spore produced on a basidium typically following karyogamy and meiosis typically containing one or two haploid nuclei 46 basidium pl basidia A cell or organ where basidiospores are produced generally four Basidia are characteristic of basidiomycetes From Greek basis base 47 basipetal A chain of conidia in which new spores are formed at the base and the oldest are at the apex Compare with acropetal 48 blastic One of the two basic forms of conidiogenesis with thallic conidiogenesis Characterized by the enlargement of the conidia initial before it is delimited by a septum In holoblastic both inner and outer walls of the blastic conidiogenous cell contribute to the formation of the conidium in enteroblastic only the inner walls enlarge and contribute Monoblastic is from a single conidiogenous locus polyblastic is when a conindiogenous cell has multiple conidiogenous loci 49 blastospore An asexual spore that forms by budding One of the conidia types that can be produced in blastic conidiogenesis Examples include yeasts such as Candida glabrata and Kloeckera and the plant pathogenic Monilinia and Cladosporium mold 50 bolete An iconic variety of mushroom characterized by fleshy fruit bodies and a poroid hymenophore marked by pores rather than the gill marked cap of agarics They are often edible Boletes are members of the order Boletales 51 budding gemmation A type of asexual cellular multiplication A small outgrowth or bud from a parent cell enlarges and eventually separates from the parent cell Typical in yeasts and many molds Sometimes divided by how many buds are made with monopolar bipolar and multipolar budding for one two many respectively 52 bulbil A compact multicellular propagule with its thin walled undifferentiated cells produced in acropetal succession from the hyphae Superficially resembles plant tissue at maturity pseudoparenchymatous such as raspberries hence the resemblance to bulbils in botany Found in certain basidiomycetes characteristic of aero aquatic fungi such as Bulbillomyces farinosus where they grow on leaves or tree branches previously submerged in water 53 Contents A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z ReferencesC editcapitulum sphaeridium The stalked globose apical apothecium of lichens of the order Caliciales 54 carp carpo carp Combining forms meaning fruit From Gr karpos fruit 55 capsule nbsp Magnification of the yeast Cryptococcus neoformans the capsules are the circular outer borders of the yeast cells A clear gelatinous covering or sheath around the cell wall of certain yeasts e g Cryptococcus and some ascospores such as those of Sordaria fimicola 56 catenate Catenulate Arranged in chains or end to end series Catenulate is the diminutive form for small chains From Latin catena a chain 57 chitin A nitrogen containing polysaccharide found in many fungal cell walls generally as part of a chitin glucan complex From Gr chiton tunic 58 Chitomycetes An obsolete division of fungi meaning possessing mycelium subsumed by Eumycota in later literature 59 chitosome A small spheroidal organelle in many fungi that synthesizes chitin using chitin synthase zymogen to use for cell wall synthesis 60 chlamydospore nbsp A 200x magnification of Candida albicans including a chlamydospore An asexual thick walled spore developed from hyphae generally for perennation rather than dissemination From Gr chlamys cloak ydos spore 61 Chytridiomycota Chytridomycetes A phylum of fungi Informally known as chytrids Characterized by chitinous cell walls and reproduction via zoospores which are usually uniflagellate in the posterior although rarely polyflagellate Many are saprobes that live in freshwater see aquatic fungi or the soil 62 cirrus cirrhus spore horn A curl like tuft usually refers to a tendril like mass of forced out spores 63 clamp connection nbsp Clamp connection formation between two nuclei one in green the other orange clamp fibula A hyphal outgrowth that makes a connection during cell division between the resulting two cells by fusion Generally associated with mycelium of Basidiomycetes 64 clavate Narrowing at the base and then thickening club shaped 65 cleistothecium pl cleistothecia A closed fruit body that has no pre defined opening opens by rupture Seen e g in ascoma of Thielavia or in Erysiphales 66 Coelomycetes An artificial taxon for mitosporic fungi with pycnidial and acervular states i e they form their spores in an internal cavity From Gtk koilos hollow 67 coeno Prefix meaning multinucleate From Gr koinos shared or in common 68 coenocytic Hyphae that lack septa and are multi nucleate seen in Zygomycota and Oomycota From Gr kytos cell Distinct from a synctium a multinucleate structure resulting from fusion of protoplasts 69 colony A massed group of hyphae and spores of a single species especially if all are grown from a single spore e g in a lab 70 columella pl columellae A sterile central axis within a fruiting body sporocarp or sporangium 71 complicate Bent or folded on itself From Latin plicare to fold 72 conidiogenesis The process of producing conidia Subdivided into blastic and thallic conidiogenesis 73 conidiogenous Producing conidia Generally used as conidiogenous cell fertile cells that produce conidia or conidiogenous locus for the particular point on a hypha or a cell where conidia are generated 74 conidioma pl conidiomata Any multi hyphal conidia bearing structure An umbrella term that includes various traditional conidia bearing structures such as a synnema a sporodochium an acervulus or a pycnidium 75 conidiophore fertile hypha A specialized hypha bearing or consisting of conidiogenous cells upon which conidia develop 76 conidium pl conidia A thin walled asexual spore borne on specialized hypha known as conidiophores From Gr konidion diminutive of konis dust 77 cortex rind A thick outer covering or rind generally of a fruiting body From Latin cutus bark 78 cortina nbsp A cobweb like cortina of Cortinarius claricolor Of agarics the remnants of the partial veil frequently web like that covers mature gills Thin and evanescent eventually breaks up and disappears 79 crozier ascus crook The hook of an ascogenous hypha before development of the ascus 80 cruciate In the form of a cross 81 crustose crustaceous Crust like or having a hard surface layer e g in a sporocarp in lichens a thallus firmly fixed to the substratum by the whole of their lower surface generally lacking a distinct lower cortex 82 cyphella pl cyphellae A break in the lower cortex of a lichen thallus which appears as a cup like structure or marking Characteristic of Sticta From Gr kyphella the hollow of an ear 83 cyst 1 A sac or cavity 2 A zoospore protected by a resistant cell wall seen in lower fungi such as aquatic chytrids and Amoebidiales 84 cystidium Cystidia A large sterile cell on the surface of a basidioma particularly the hymenium from which it frequently projects 85 Contents A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z ReferencesD editdentate Toothed e g of gills 86 denticle A small tooth like projection especially one on which spores are borne 87 dermatophyte A parasitic fungus that focuses on tissue with keratin skin hair nails of humans and animals Associated with the genera Epidermophyton Microsporum and Trichophyton 88 dermatophytosis nbsp A cow s head afflicted by dermatophytosis ringworm tinea The skin condition caused by a dermatophyte infection 89 dichotomous Forking into roughly equal pairs often repeatedly e g in hyphal branching Compare with monopodial 90 dictyospore nbsp 1 An amerospore with no intersecting septa 2 a didyomospore with a single intersecting septa 3 two sample phragmospore patterns with multiple septa subdividing the spore 4 A dictyospore with a brick wall like muriform pattern of intersecting septa Divided by intersecting septa in more than one plane both transverse and longitudinal a muriform spore Found in Alternaria alternata as an example 91 didymospore A two celled spore divided by a single septum Usually applied to mitosporic fungi Compare with amerospore and phragmospore 92 Dikarya A subkingdom of Fungi that includes Ascomycota and Basidiomycota or higher fungi 93 dikaryotic dicaryotic secondary mycelium A single cell dikaryon having two genetically distinct haploid nuclei 94 dimorphic dimorphism Having two forms e g both yeast and mycelial forms Examples include Histoplasma and Sporothrix 95 diplanetism A life cycle with two types of zoospores dimorphic primary and secondary 96 Discomycetes cup fungi A class of saucer shaped and cup shaped Ascomycetes in which the hymenium is exposed at maturity one in which the fruit body is an apothecium discocarp Prominent members include Pezizales Helotiales Ostropales and Lecanorales 97 disjunctor An evanescent connective consisting of either a cell or cell wall material It develops through the pores of septal lamellae of adjoining conidia in a chain before later fragmenting and releasing the conidia 98 dolipore septum nbsp In hyphae of basidiomycete fungi parenthesomes 1 cap a dolipore septum 2 The cell wall 3 swells around the septal pore to form a barrel shaped ring Perforations in the parenthesome allow cytoplasm to flow between 4 and 5 A septum found in Basidiomycetes that flares out in the middle to form a channel 99 Contents A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z ReferencesE editechinate Having sharply pointed spines e g of spores Its diminutive is echinulate for delicate spines Sometimes synonymous with spinose From Gr echinos hedgehog 100 effete Past the bearing period overmature e g a fruiting body that has emptied its spores 101 effuse Expanded stretched out flat e g a film like growth From Latin fundere to pour 102 elf cups 1 nbsp Elf cups of Helvella leucomelaena Ascomata of Pezizales 2 Scarlet elf cup An ascoma of Sarcoscypha coccinea 3 Green elf cup Ascomata of Helotiales such as Chlorociboria 103 endo Prefix meaning inner or inside from Gr endon 104 endobiotic Growing within anther living organism 105 endophyte An organism that lives within a plant in mycology specifically fungi that live within plants but do not show external signs or damage to the plants This is usually endomycorrhizial fungi in root systems and asymptomatic fungi in aerial plant parts 106 endospore 1 An endogenous spore e g a sporgangiospore often resembling an ascospore 2 The innermost wall of a spore wall endosporium 107 endothrix Living within hair Generally associated with parasitic dermatophyte infections 108 epibiotic Growing on the outer surface of another organism 109 epicortex A thin layer on top of the cortex e g a sugar like layer over some Parmeliaceae lichens or a layer on the apothecium of some Pezizales 110 erect Upright not curved 111 ergot 1 nbsp Ergot infested rye of the fungus Claviceps purpurea A disease of cereals and grasses caused by the fungus Claviceps 2 The ergot fungus itself or its sclerotia 112 erumpent Breaking through the surface of the substratum 113 ethnomycology The study of the use of fungi by human cultures 114 evanescent Having a short existence soon disappearing e g of a veil an annulus etc From Latin evanscere to disappear 115 eucarpic eucarpous Thalli where reproductive structures only develop on limited portions during fructication The rest of the thallus remains in its original assimilative function Compare holocarpic If they have one sporangium they are monocentric if they have several sporgangia they are polycentric The vast majority of fungi are eucarpic 116 Eumycota Fungi From Greek for true fungi Generally used to distinguish fungi from related Pseudofungi traditionally also studied in mycology as well as recently separated sister organisms such as Rozellida The four traditional phyla of true fungi are Ascomycota Basidiomycota Chytridiomycota and Zygomycota Glomeromycota and Microsporidia have split off more recently 117 exobasidial 1 With exposed basidia 2 Separated by a wall from the basidium 118 exochthonus allochthonous Invasive not indigenous especially for organisms not adapted to a particular soil 119 Contents A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z ReferencesF editfairy ring nbsp A fairy ring Mushrooms or puffballs forming in a circle started from a central mycelium in the soil Fairy rings expand with time if undisturbed and are generally associated with basidiomycetes 120 falcate Falciform Curved like a sickle or scythe From Latin falx and falcis sickle 121 fermentation nbsp Pinot Noir grapes being fermented by yeasts in winemaking zymosis A chemical change caused by enzymes of living organisms In mycology typically yeasts and molds performing anaerobic breakdowns such as changing carbohydrates to carbon dioxide and alcohol Part of the creation of fermented foods and fermented drinks most notably alcoholic beverages 122 filament A fine thread Commonly used for hyphal threads or other simple thread like fungal structures From Latin filum thread 123 filamentous filamentose 1 Thread like or composed of filaments 2 In lichens when the photobiont forms in threads surrounded by hyphae of the mycobiont the fungi forms the outer structure e g Coenogonium Cystocoleous Racodium 124 filiform In the shape of a thread thin 125 fleshy Soft not cartilaginous or wood like Associated with agarics and boletes 126 flexuous flexuose Wavy From Latin flexus bend 127 flocci Cotton like groups or tufts 128 floccose Fluffy or cottony byssoid Common among many colonies of fungi Its diminutive form is flocculose for a small and delicate floccose element From Latin floccus a tuft of wool 129 flowers of tan The aethalium of Fuligo septica Commonly found in tannin containing tubs drying hides into leather 130 flush The rapidly growing stage of a mycelium especially in mushrooms 131 foliicolous Living on leaves 132 foliose 1 Leaf like in form 2 Of lichens foliose lichens characterised by flattened leaf like thalli 133 foot cell basal cell 1 A hyphal cell that supports a sporogenous cell or thallus specifically the support of the conidiophore in Aspergillus and the macroconidium of Fusarium 2 The thallus in the aquatic fungi of Blastocladiales 134 foxfire nbsp Panelluses stipticus an example of luminiscient fungi long exposure photograph A phosphorescent light emitted by moist decaying wood one of the most famous forms of fungal bioluminescence 135 free Not adhering not attached to the stipe esp of lamellae or tubes Compare with adnate 136 frog cheese A young puffball 137 fructicolous fructicole Living on fruit From Latin fructus fruit 138 fruticolous fruticole Living on shrubs From Latin frutex shrubs 139 fungicide A substance able to kill fungi especially at low concentration From Latin caedere to kill Generally used for chemical substances rather than heat light radiation etc which are called sterilization instead 140 fungicolous Living on other fungi 141 fungiform Mushroom shaped 142 fungivorous nbsp A banana slug feeding on Amanita Many animals are opportunistic fungivores and eat fungi if available but only a few near exclusively target them mycetophagous Fungus eating 143 fungoid fungous Similar to a fungus in texture or morphology 144 fungus pl fungi A kingdom of organisms in Eukaryota Fungi are distinguished based on their morphology nutritional modes and ecology Typical traits are that they lack plastids are osmotrophic absorb nutrients from their environment are never phagotrophic lack an ameboid pseudopodal phase cell walls are composed of a chitin glucan complex mitochondria have flattened cristae and perioxomes are nearly always present and are mostly non flagellate flagella when present lack mastigonemes From Gr sphongos spoggos sponge 145 funicular Cord like From Latin funis rope 146 funiculose Of hyphae Aggregated into cord like strands 147 fusiform Spindle shaped narrowing toward the ends Of spores stipe cystidia etc From Latin fusus spindle 148 fusoid Somewhat fusiform 149 Contents A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z ReferencesG editgaleate Hooded hat shaped From Latin galea helmet 150 gamete A sexual cell a uninucleate haploid reproductive cell capable of fusing with another From Gr gamos marriage union 151 gemma pl gemmae 1 Another term for chlamydospores sometimes restricted to specifically spores that broke free from the mycelium to be dispersed often via water From Latin gemma jewel 2 A bud or propagule produced by gemmation as in yeasts 152 geniculate Bent like a knee 153 geophilous Preferring an environment in soil as in Microsporum cookei or fungi that produce truffles 154 germ pore A hole in a spore wall frequently apical through which it germinates Germ tubes emerge through it Associated with rusts 155 germ sporangium A sporangium at the end of a germ tube Originates by germination of an oospore or of a zygosporangium 156 germ tube nbsp Germ tubes forming in Candida albicans at 600x magnification A short hypha that sprouts from the germ pore during germination If conditions are favorable will form a full mycelium In plant pathogenic fungi forms an appressorium from which the infective hypha spread and penetrate the tissues of the host 157 glabrous Smooth not hairy e g of the surface of a pileus or stipe 158 gleba pl glebae The central internal portion of the fruiting body of Gasteromycetes and underground Pezizales 159 globose Spherical in shape guttate 1 Having tear like drops From Latin gutta drop 2 Spotted as if stained by drops of liquid e g of a pileus 160 guttulate guttiferous Spores bearing one or more guttules oil like drops inside e g the ascospores of Podospora comata 161 guttule guttula A small drop or drop like particle especially oil like globules in a spore resembling a nucleus 162 Gymnomycota Gymnomycetes An obsolete division of fungi characterized as having a plasmodium Subsumed by Myxomycota true slime molds in later literature 163 gymnothecium pl gymnothecia An ascoma in which the perithecium is in a loose hyphal network 164 gyrate gyrose Curved folded and wavy like a brain 165 Contents A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z ReferencesH edithamate Hooked 166 hamathecium Collective term for hyphae and tissues between asci interascal tissue 167 haustorium pl haustoria nbsp Downy mildew infiltrating cells of the plant Arabidopsis thaliana at 400x magnification The stained dark blue spheres are the haustoria A hyphal branch for absorption of food It penetrates the wall of the living host cell Found in certain parasitic fungal plant pathogens such as Phytophthora 168 heterokaryotic heterocaryotic Having two or more genetically distinct nuclei in a common cytoplasm making a combined cell 169 heterokont heterocont Straminipila 1 A grouping of organisms within Chromista that includes Pseudofungi 2 Having cilia or flagella of unequal length 3 A condition where a flagellum possess two rows of tripartite tubular hairs 170 heteromerous In lichens when the thallus is stratified The photobiont is distributed in a compact layer and the hyphal tissue of the fungi are separated into an outer rind and an inner stratum From Gr hetero different and meros part 171 heterothallism Fungi that require the interaction of two different thalli for sexual conjugation to occur 172 hilum pl hila A scar after a spore is discharged was previously the point of attachment of a basidiospore to the sterigma From Latin hilum mask 173 hoary Covered thickly with silk like hairs especially of a pileus or stipe often grayish or white 174 holocarpic Having all of the thallus converted into the fruiting body at the end of maturation compare eucarpic The somatic and reproductive phases do not coexist as a result Examples include Olpidiaceae and Synchytriaceae 175 holomorph Term describing the whole fungus throughout all its morphs states phases Generally includes a single teleomorph phase and one or more anamorph phases 176 holothallic A method of thallic conidiogenous in which a hyphal element is converted as a whole into a single conidium All the cell wall layers are involved Compare with arthric From Gr holos whole 177 homoiomerous In lichens when the photobiont is are distributed uniformly or at random throughout the thallus From Gr homoios similar 178 homokaryotic homocaryotic Having genetically identical or near identical nuclei e g in a mycelium 179 homothallism The condition where sexual reproduction can occur in a single thallus without the interaction of two separate thalli 180 hydrophilous Preferring an aquatic habitat Common among zygomycetes as zoospores rely on water to move 181 hygrophilous Preferring a moist habitat Common among fungi 182 hygroscopic 1 Becoming soft in wet air hard in dry readily absorbing moisture from the atmosphere 2 of a sporocarp Opening and discharging spores in dry air 183 hymenium The spore bearing fruiting surface of Ascomycetes and Basidiomycetes An aggregation of asci or basidia in a layer palisade mixed with other sterile cells 184 hymenophore The portion of a basidioma or ascoma bearing the hymenium 185 hypha nbsp A 160x magnification of Rhizoctonia solani hyphaepl hyphae A single filament of a mycelium From Gr hyphe weaving 186 hyphal Of or pertaining to a hypha 187 Hyphomycetes Hyphales An artificial class of mitosporic fungi that reproduces asexually Traditionally subdivided into Agonomycetales Hyphomycetales Stilbellales and Tuberculariales 188 hypnospore resting spore A thick walled resting spore germinates only after a lapse of weeks or months From Gr hypnos sleep 189 hypo Prefix meaning under or lower From Gr hypo 190 hypothallus protothallus 1 Of lichens The first growth of the hyphae before differentiation has taken place Usually of a crustaceous lichen s earliest stage lacking a cortex and photobiont Often persists as a colored layer on the bottom of the later stages of maturation 2 of slime molds a thin layer on the surface not used up in sporangial development 191 Contents A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z ReferencesI editinoperculate Not operculate lacking an operculum Generally refers to asci or sporangia that discharge spores by an irregular apical opening or pore instead Found in various Discomycetes and most other ascomycetes 192 intercalary 1 of growth Between the apex and the base not apical From Latin intercalare to insert 2 of cells Between two cells 193 isidium pl isidia A propagule for lichen growth can both increase the surface area of a lichen and become detached from the thallus to disperse the lichen Isidia are structures larger than soredia and contain both the mycobiont and the photobiont They are usually cylindrical but can also be verrucose clavate and other shapes 194 isokont isocont Zoospores with flagella of roughly equal length Seen in Ectrogella bacillariacearum and other aquatic zoosporic fungi From Gr kontos a pole 195 Contents A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z ReferencesJ editjelly fungus nbsp A jelly fungus Tremella mesenterica Fungi of the Tremellales or trembling fungi Known for having a soft elastic consistency similar to gelatin or jelly 196 Contents A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z ReferencesK editkary karya karyo cary carya caryo A prefix meaning nucleus From Gr karyon 197 karyogamy caryogamy nuclear fusion The final stage in the fusion of two sexual nuclei after plasmogamy that forms the zygote nucleus but before meiosis 198 kinetosome basal body An organelle that is the base of a zoospore flagellum Connected to the nuclear membrane by means of a rhizoplast Found in Blastocladia and Rhizophydiales for example 199 Contents A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z ReferencesL editlageniform Flask shaped swollen at base narrowed at top 200 lamella pl lamellae A gill a hymenium covered vertical plate generally of an agaric Attaches to the stipe in a variety of ways including free unattached adnate attached adnexed a partial attachment sinuate similar to adnate but with an S shaped curve decurrent attached and also running further down the surface of the stipe From Latin lamina a thin plate 201 lamellate 1 Having lamellae gills 2 Made up of thin plates 202 lanate lanose Like wool covered with short hair like elements 203 lateral At the side e g of a stipe 204 latex nbsp Lactarius quietus exuding cream colored latex from gills upon being cut A milk like juice that flows from some fungi when cut or damaged as in Lactarius 205 latticed Cross barred See also Clathrus lattice work fungus especially Clathrus ruber 206 lenticular lentiform Shaped like a double convex lens 207 lepidote Covered in small scales for example the pileus of Lepiota 208 lichen nbsp Crustose lichens can grow on surfaces hostile to most other lifeforms such as concrete walls and bare boulders A dual organism that arises from an association of fungi mycobiont and algae or cyanobacteria photobiont The two coexist in a mutualistic relationship as partners the resulting lifeform differs markedly from its isolated components 209 lichenicolous fungi Fungi dwelling on or in lichens 210 lichenicolous lichens Lichens which grow on or in other lichens 211 lichenin lichenen moss starch A polycarbohydrate found in wall of the hyphae of many lichen forming fungi most characteristically Iceland moss 212 lichenoid Resembling a lichen 213 lichenology The scientific study of lichens 214 lichenometry nbsp Rhizocarpon geographicum map lichen in Switzerland A technique for studying the exposure age of rock surfaces based on the size and diameter of lichen thalli Used extensively in glaciology Most frequently uses map lichen for dating Lichenometry has been used to date Easter Island moai among other elements 215 ligneous nbsp Woody ligneous growths of Fomes fasciatus on a tree Wood like having the consistency of wood such as the fruiting body in Fomes Ganoderma or other Aphyllophorales 216 lignicolous xylogenous Living in or on wood although not necessarily deriving nourishment from it as do wood decay fungi 217 limoniform Lemon shaped 218 lunate luniform Crescent shaped like a crescent moon Sometimes synonymous with falcate From Latin luna moon 219 lumen The central cavity of a structure usually referring to a cell bounded by tissue or cell walls 220 luminescent fungi nbsp Panellus stipticus displaying bioluminescencebioluminescent fungi Fungi that exhibit bioluminescence emitting light in certain conditions 221 Contents A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z ReferencesM editmacroconidium In fungi with multiple types of conidia the larger compare microconidia mesoconidia 222 Macromycetes Large fungi with visible sporocarps such as mushrooms 223 macronematous Having a morphologically different conidiophore from the vegetative hyphae a specialized conidiophore 224 maculate macular maculose Spotted blotched 225 mantle nbsp An illustration of ectomycorrhiza A layer of hyphae covering the roots of ectomycorrhizal plants generally trees Connected to a Hartig net on the inside and extramatrical hyphae on the outside 226 matrix 1 The substance in or on which a fungus grows 2 The mucilaginous material in which conidia and some ascospores are produced 227 marginal veil In agarics and boletes a proliferation of hyphae on the edge of the pileus that protects the developing hymenium 228 medicinal fungi nbsp Tablets of cough suppressant made from Cetraria islandica Iceland moss The use of fungi such as yeast in medicines 229 meiosis A series of two successive nuclear divisions that reduces the number of chromosomes by one half going from a diploid state to a haploid one The last part of the sexual phase in many fungi following plasmogamy and karyogamy Contrast with mitosis 230 merosporangium pl merosporangia A sporangium that is a cylindrical outgrowth from the swollen tip of a sporangiophore A chain like row of sporangiospores are produced there Characteristic of Mucorales also found in some other zygomycetes 231 microbiota All of the microorganisms present in an area including algae bacteria protozoa and fungi Compare mycobiota 232 microconidium In fungi with multiple types of conidia the smaller compare macroconidia mesoconidia 233 micronematous micronemous 1 Having hyphae of small diameter 2 Having conidiophores similar morphologically to vegetative hyphae 234 mildew 1 nbsp Uncinula necator a powdery mildew that grows on grapes Fungi that grow on host plants Subdivided into powdery mildew true downy mildew false and dark mildew 2 The plant disease caused by such fungi 235 mitosis The normal division of a nucleus Results in two child nuclei with the same number of chromosomes as the parent 236 mitosporangium A thin walled sporangium of certain Blastocladiales producing uninucleate diploid zoospores mitospores by mitosis 237 mitospore A zoospore from a mitosporangium From Gr mitos thread 238 mitosporic fungi Fungi imperfecti Deuteromycetes ana holomorph conidial fungi asexual fungi Purely asexual fungi that reproduce by mitosis 239 mold mould Micromycetes microfungi A fungus of very small size usually with microscopic sporocarps 240 monokaryotic monocaryotic Cells having a single nucleus each having genetically identical haploid nuclei monokaryon or haplont Found for example in the mycelium of Agaricales 241 monopodial A type of branching where there is a persistent main axis from which branches split from one at a time often in alternate or spiral series Often uses acropetal succession Compare with dichotomous 242 morph Form From Gr morfh morphḗ form 243 moss nbsp Reindeer moss or caribou moss which is truly a lichen Flowerless plants not fungi However some lichens were given misnomers in the past that misidentified them as mosses including oakmoss Swedish moss dyer s moss Iceland moss beard moss and reindeer moss 244 motile Independently mobile mucilaginous Sticky or viscous when wet slimy Present in many fungi and especially slime molds 245 mucoid mucose mucous Like mucus having the consistency of mucilage slimy 246 Mucoromycota A division of fungi broken off from Zygomycota in the 2010s that includes many of the molds microscopic fungi Includes Mucorales the largest and most closely studied order of zygomycetes multiseptate Having more than one septum 247 muriform Spores arranged like bricks in a wall having both longitudinal and transverse septa From Latin murus wall 248 mushroom nbsp Amanita muscaria fly agaric an iconic mushroom Large agarics or other fleshy fungi such as boletes Commonly divided into mushrooms human edible and toadstools inedible 249 myc mycet myceto myco Combining prefixes that mean fungus From Gr mykes and myketos mykhs fungus 250 mycelial cord A discrete aggregation of hyphae Compared to a rhizomorph it is undifferentiated from other hyphae and has no apical meristem 251 mycelium pl mycelia A mass of hyphae or fungal filaments the thallus 252 Mycetes Fungi As a suffix mycetes the recommended ending for the names of fungal classes 253 mycetism mycetismus mushroom poisoning Poisoning by larger fungi usually mushrooms 254 mycetoma madura foot maduramycosis A fungal disease of the skin usually of the foot 255 mycobiont The fungal part of a lichen 256 mycobiota funga Aggregate fungal life in the area under consideration equivalent of the term flora in plants or fauna in animals 257 mycogenous Coming from fungi growing on fungi 258 mycoid Fungus like 259 mycology The scientific study of fungi From Gr logos discourse 260 mycorrhiza nbsp Leccinum aurantiacum a bolete that has a mycorrhizal relationship with a host tree A symbiotic association between a fungus and the root system of a plant usually trees Traditionally subdivided into ectotrophic where the fungus forms a sheaf on the surface of the root to create a Hartig net and endotropic where fungal hyphae directly enter the cortical cells of the root Later more precise divisions included ectomycorrhiza arbuscular mycorrhiza ericoid mycorrhiza orchid mycorrhiza arbutoid mycorrhiza and monotropoid mycorrhiza 261 mycosis pl mycoses Fungal diseases of humans and animals rarely plants as well 262 mycota The recommended ending of the name of fungal phyla 263 mycotoxin Toxins the product of one organism injurious to another produced by fungi Studied by mycotoxicology Poisonings are called mycotoxicoses 264 Myxomycota nbsp Hemitrichia serpula commonly called pretzel slime a true slime mold Myxomycetes True slime molds No longer categorized as fungi but were formerly categorized as such in older literature and still studied in mycology now considered part of Amorphea Since reclassified as Myxogastria From Gr myxa slime 265 Contents A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z ReferencesN editnematophagous vermivorous Predatory fungi that trap devour and digest nematodes in the soil 266 noble rot nbsp Riesling grapes afflicted by Botrytis cinerea gray rot causing a color change A condition from the mold Botrytis growing on overripe grapes Used in the production of certain sweet wines 267 Contents A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z ReferencesO editobclavate of spores stipe cystidia etc The reverse of clavate widest at the base 268 obpyriform The reverse of pear shaped or pyriform 269 obovoid The reverse of egg shaped or ovoid the narrower end is on bottom 270 oogonium pl oogonia The female sexual organ of Oomycetes which at maturity contains one or more oospores From Gr gonos progeny 271 Oomycota nbsp Albugo candida white rust a water mold on a mayflower Peronosporomycetes Water molds Traditionally considered fungi but now classed as closer to algae Part of the Chromista kingdom Contain cellulose in their cell walls rather than chitin and coenocytic hypae rather than septate hyphae 272 oosphere Female gamete of oomycetes egg of the oogonium 273 oospore nbsp 400x magnification showing oospores of Hyaloperonospora parasitica a downy mildew The resting spore formed as a result of fertilization of the oosphere Has a thick resistant wall Subdivided into centric subcentric subeccentric and eccentric oospores by its structure 274 orchil archil orcein A reddish purple dye traditionally extracted from lichen 275 operculum pl opercula A lid or cover Usually refers to the lid like apex of a sporangium or ascus found in some chytrids and Pezizales 276 osmotrophic Absorbing nutrients from surroundings via osmosis True of all fungi 277 ostiole 1 A cavity ending in a pore at the neck of a perithecium ascocarp of ascomycetes 2 Any pore by which spores are freed from a fruit body including both the ascocarp version as well as the opening of a pycnidium 278 ovoid Egg shaped the narrower end is on top 279 Contents A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z ReferencesP editpapilla A small rounded elevation Generally refers to an elevation on the wall of the sporangium which on breaking serves as the exit point of zoospores and planogametes 280 paraphysis pl paraphyses A sterile upward growing basally attached hypha in a hymenium especially in ascomata of ascomycetes where they are generally filiform and clavate The free ends frequently converge toward the ostiole and make a structure called an epithecium over the asci Part of the hamathecium Has a number of minor variants distinguished by names such as paraphysoid pseudoparaphysis pseudophysis dikaryoparaphysis and hyphidium 281 partial veil nbsp A sample agaric type basidioma in A the early development stage and B after the body is fully expanded 1 is the universal veil the outer layer protecting the developing basidioma 2 is the partial veil which covers the gills 3 are cap scales remnants of the universal veil 4 is the volva another remnant of the universal veil but at the base of the basidioma 5 is the annulus a ring like mark on the stipe that is a remnant of the partial veil and whose overhanging tissue may become a cortina A layer of tissue that joins the stipe to the edge of the pileus in agarics covering the gills during hymenium development May become an annulus or a cortina after development is complete 282 pectinate Resembling the teeth of a comb e g of the margin of a pileus 283 pedicel A small or slender stalk 284 pellicle 1 The outermost living layer 2 A thin film like growth on the surface of a liquid culture e g on yeasts 3 of agaric basidiomata A delicate skin like cuticle of the pileus that can break off 285 penicillus pl penicilli An asexual conidial head in the shape of a brush Consists of a pedicel or conidiophore that supports a cluster of conidiogenous cells phialides Characteristic of Penicillium stipes 286 percurrent 1 Conidiogenous cell growth where a conidiophore or germ tube grows through a preexisting pore 2 Of a columella extending throughout the entire length from the base of the gleba through to the peridium s apex Found in gastromycetes such as Podaxis Also called a stipe columella or dendritic columella 287 peridium The outer wall of a sporangium or other fruiting body Can be either acellular or composed of plectenchyma 288 perithecium pyrenocarp pl perithecia A rounded oval ascocarp characteristic of Pyrenomycetes and pyrenolichens Can commonly be pyriform obpyriform beaked or lageniform 289 phagotrophic Feeding by engulfing food extending a pseudopod or other protoplasmic extension as seen in protozoa Never seen in true fungi Eumycota but some Pseudofungi use this in addition to osmocytosis e g Myxomycetes 290 phialide A type of conidiogenous cell bottle shaped that produces blastic conidia phialospores in basipetal succession The philade itself does not increase in length The most common conidiogenous cell among conidial fungi From Gr phiale jar 291 phialospore An asexual spore formed from the tip of a phialide Formed by abstriction 292 photobiont The photosynthetic element in a lichen Either algae a phycobiont or cyanobacteria a cyanobiont 293 phototropism A tropic phenomenon driven by light where growth curves toward or against light stimuli For example sporangiphores of Pilobus and Phycomyces direct themselves toward light 294 phragmospore An asexual reproductive spore partitioned by two or more transverse septa Most commonly found in mitosporic fungi Compare with amerospore and didymospore 295 physiological race race strain biotype A group of forms alike in morphology Often means a group of organisms that are potentially interbreeding In plant pathology it means a group with similar preferences in plants targeted a race may be adapted to target only a single cultivar of a plant Tracking the history of an organism is phylogeny From Old Italian razza generation 296 piedra A fungal infection of the hair characterized by stony hard nodules along hair shafts A type of dermatocytosis 297 pileus nbsp A pileus or mushroom cap mushroom cap The cap of basidiomata that bears the fertile hymenium 298 pilose Covered with long soft filaments hairy Oudemansiella pilosa is an example From Latin pilus hair 299 plasmodium A motile mass seen in the growth phase of acellular slime molds Generally multinucleate and lacking cell walls See also protoplasmodium aphanoplasmodium phaneroplasmodium filoplasmodium and pseudoplasmodium 300 plasmogamy The fusion of two cells or plasmodial cytoplasms resulting in the nuclei juxtaposed and a dikaryon formed In many sexual phases of fungi the first step which precedes karyogamy nuclear fusion and meiosis 301 plectenchyma A thick packed tissue of twisted hyphae formed during basidiocarp development as it enlarges and generative hyphae begin to differentiate From Gr plektos to twist and enchyma infusion 302 pleomorphic polymorphic 1 Fungi having more than one form in its life cycle e g holomorphs comprising a teleomorph and one or more anamorphs 2 Of dermatophytes having variations especially changes brought by degeneration over time 303 pleurogenous Growing from the sides e g of hyphae 304 pore 1 A small opening as in tretic conidiogenesis 2 The mouth of a tube in certain fungi such as Polyporaceae and Boletaceae 305 potato blight nbsp A potato afflicted by the potato late blight potato late blight potato murrain A fungal disease caused by the water mold Phytophthora infestans cause of the Great Famine of Ireland and other potato famines 306 propagule propagulum Any structure that serves to spread the organism both via propagation of new organisms as well as vegetatively increasing a single organism s size In fungi generally spores bulbils fragments of mycelium isidia soredia and others 307 pseudo Prefix meaning false from Gr pseudos pseudoidia Separated hyphal cells capable of germination 308 Pseudofungi Pseudomycetes A subdivision of Chromista consisting of organisms similar to fungi and traditionally studied in mycology including Oomycota Hyphochytriomycota Labyrinthulomycota and Thraustochytriales Contrasted with Eumycota true fungi 309 pseudoparenchyma pl pseudoparenchymata A type of plectenchyma made of tightly packed angular or polyhedral cells 310 pseudostroma pl pseudostromata A stroma formed of both fungal tissue and remnant tissues of a host plant 311 puffball nbsp Puffballs of the species Lycoperdon pyriforme Fuzzball puff ball Fruit body basidioma of Lycoperdales Emits a cloud of spores when disturbed puffing 312 punctiform Very small but still visible to unaided eyesight e g with rust sori 313 punctulate punctate Marked with small points 314 putrescent Decaying becoming soft From Latin putrescere to grow rotten 315 pycnidium pl pycnidia An asexual fruiting body conidioma generally flask shaped lined entirely by conidiogenous cells 316 pyriform piriform Pear shaped 317 Contents A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z ReferencesR editrachis A geniculate or zig zag holoblastic extension of a conidiogenous cell from sympodial conidiogenous cell development Such cells having a rachis are called rachiform From Gr rachis axis spine 318 racket cell A hyphal cell having a swelling at one end resembling a tennis racket found in dermatophytes 319 ramicolous Living on plant branches or twigs 320 reniform fabiform Kidney like or bean like in form e g of spores From Latin renes kidney or faba a broad bean 321 retorse Turned or bent backward 322 rhizoid A slender tapered structure of anucleate filaments bearing a superficial resemblance to a plant root as it is extended by the thallus of chytrids as a feeding organ Generally part of a root system like aggregation of branched hyphae 323 rhizomorph A strand or cord of mycelium often with a dark colored rind surrounding a central core of colorless cells penetrating a soft substratum or between portions of it e g between bark and wood Unlike a mycelial cord features distinct tissue unlike normal hyphae Functions as organ of absorption of nutritive substances Seen in some Agaricales and Gasteromycetes 324 rhizomycelium A branched system of rhizoids that resembles a mycelium in chytrids 325 Rozellida Cryptomycota A sister group of quasi fungi that lack chitinous cell walls Traditionally considered chytrids but have since been separated and reclassified in the 2010s Phagotrophs rather than osmotrophes Rozella a group of obligate endoparasites is possibly the earliest diverging lineage of fungi 326 ruderal 1 Living in wasteland ruins or debris 2 Fungi having a high growth rate rapid germination of spores and short life expectancy 327 rugose Wrinkled Seen e g in basidiospores of Panaeolina foenisecii From Latin ruga wrinkle or crease 328 rust 1 nbsp A rust afflicted leaf by the fungus Endophyllum euphorbiae sylvaticae Plant diseases caused by fungi of the order Pucciniales 2 A fungus of the Pucciniales 329 Contents A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z ReferencesS editsaprobe saprogen saprotroph An organism that uses dead organic material as food 330 saxicolous Growing on rocks e g Lichenothelia 331 scabrous Rough 332 scariose Thin papery 333 sclerotium nbsp Sclerotinia sclerotiorum sclerotiasclerotia A hardened often rounded mass of hyphae normally having no spores May give rise to a fruit body a stroma as in ergot conidiophores or mycelium Can be a store of nutrients as part of perennation can reinitiate vegetative growth after conditions have improved and a season has passed 334 scutate scutiform Like a shield or round plate in shape From Latin scutum shield 335 secotioid A fruiting body with the appearance of an unopened agaric or bolete The margin of the pileus does not break free of the columella stipe generally seen in vertical development e g Podaxis pistillaris 336 seminicolous Living in seeds seed borne fungi Examples include Ascochyta pisi Colletotrichum lindemuthianum Microdochium panattonianum and others 337 semimacronematous Having a slightly morphologically different conidiophore from the vegetative hyphae 338 senescence 1 Growing old From Latin senescere to grow old 2 The degeneration over time that makes indefinite propagation of certain fungi cultures impossible especially in isolation such as a lab environment 339 septate Having septa divided by partitions 340 septum pl septa A cell wall in a hypha 341 serrate Edged with teeth like a comb or saw e g of gills its diminutive form is serrulate 342 sexual phase The phase of the fungal life cycle when sexually reproductive cells and organs are formed This term is preferred over sex in animals as the fungal process is not equivalent 343 slime mold nbsp Acrasis rosea a cellular slime mold A eukaryotic lifeform that spreads via spores Has both ameba cellular slime molds and plasmoidial multi nucleate varieties No longer categorized as fungi but were formerly categorized as such in older literature Cellular slime molds are part of Acrasiomycota or Dictyosteliomycota plasmodial slime molds were traditionally part of the class Myxomycota since renamed Myxogastria From Gr myxa slime 344 smut 1 nbsp Loose smut of barley caused by Ustilago nuda A class of destructive plant diseases generally of cereal grasses caused by parasitic fungi of Ustilaginomycetes Distinguished by transformation of plant organs permeated by hyphae into a dark mass of spores 2 Smut causing fungi themselves in Ustilaginomycetes Characterized by being host specific endophytes Its spores are called ustilospores 3 False smuts outside Ustilaginomycetes but that cause similar effects such as Microbotryales and Exobasidiales 345 soma pl somata 1 The assimilative sustaining body of an organism distinguished from reproductive parts or phases From Gr soma body 2 Possibly the hallucinogenic Amanita muscaria mushroom in ancient Aryan religion see botanical identity of soma haoma 346 somatogamy The fusion of somatic vegetative cells during plasmogamy but not karyogamy Found in the majority of basidiomycetes many species of yeasts such as Saccharomyces and some chytrids such as Chytriomyces 347 soredium pl soredia A propagule for vegetative lichen growth a combination of phycobiont algae wrapped by mycobiont hyphae and produced on a lichen thallus Has the appearance of a powdery granule From Latin soredium a small heap 348 sorus pl sori A heap of spores Fruiting structure in certain fungi including the spore mass of rusts but also Acrasidae and Synchytriaceae From Gr soros heap 349 spawn Mycelium used for starting fungal cultures especially mushrooms e g bricks of manure interlaced with mycelia 350 spinose spinuous Having spines 351 spinulose Having small delicate spines spinules 352 Spitzenkorper apical body A vesicle rich body surrounded by actin filaments found in the growing tips of most fungi during periods of growth Densely staining 353 spor spori sporo spore Prefixes meaning spore From Gr spora seed sporangiolum pl sporangiola A small sporangium of Mucorales producing a small number of sporangiospores 354 sporangiophore A thallus element bearing one or more sporangia 355 sporangiospore A walled spore produced within a sporangium 356 sporangium pl sporangia A sac like structure that produces spores endogenously From Gr angeion vessel 357 spore A reproductive structure in fungi Can result from both sexual and asexual processes 358 spore wall The layered wall defining a spore Considered to have five layers From within to outwards the thin interior endosporium the thick episporium the exosporium or tunic the perisporium and ectosporium although the outermost two layers are fleeting and can be absorbed back into the perisporium and exosporium 359 sporocarp fruit body fruiting body A unit for production protection and dissemination of spores Sometimes divided into ascocarp basidiocarp and zyogosporocarp 360 sporodochium A cluster of conidiophores bearing the spore mass like a cushion 361 statismospore A spore that is not forcibly discharged unlike a ballistospore Seen in the basidiospores of Gastromycetes From Gr statis immobility 362 stellate Like a star in form especially spores 363 sterigma pl sterigmata The small spicule like pointed pedicel or structure upon which a basidiospore forms From Gr sterigma support 364 stipe The stem or stalk of agarics boletes polypores etc From Latin stipes trunk 365 stolon A horizontal hypha that sprouts where it touches the substrate in Mucorales Connects groups of rhizoids 366 striate Having minute radiating lines or ridges such as the margin of a pileus 367 stroma nbsp Close up of a stroma of ergot an ascomycetepl stromata A mass of vegetative hyphae where fertile hyphae fruiting bodies and spores are produced Common among ascomycetes and anamorphic fungi a few Pucciniales have them as well 368 subglobose Not quite spherical 369 substrate 1 The substance on which an enzyme acts 2 The substances used for growth e g the culture medium in a lab 3 A synonym for substratum 370 substratum The material on which the organism is growing or is attached the ecology in the directly local sense 371 sympodial A mode of conidiogenous cell growth which results in the development of conidia on a geniculate or zig zag rachis due to repeated termination and branching Examples include Cercospora and Helminthosporium 372 synanamorph Fungi which have multiple anamorph or imperfect phases 373 synctium A multinucleate structure resulting from the fusion of several uninucleate ameboid cells myxameba found in myxomycetes 374 synnema pl synnemata A bundle of erect and sometimes fused conidiophores that make a conidioma together Conidia are born at the apex and sometimes along the sides as well Characteristic of certain asexual fungi including Doratomyces Dendrostilbella and Graphium 375 Contents A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z ReferencesT editteleomorph Perfect state The sexual state or perfect state of a fungus whose spores are produced by meiosis i e characterized by ascomata or basidiomata 376 thallic One of the two basic forms of conidiogenesis with blastic conidiogenesis Characterized by the conidia initial being delimited by one or more septa before it begins enlargement The result is that the conidium is differentiated from the whole cell By comparison in blastic conidiogenesis enlargement occurs within the cell before being delimited later 377 thallus pl thalli 1 The vegetative tissue of a thallophyte Usually synonymous with mycelium in fungi From Latin thallus young branch 2 A mode of conidial ontogeny where a conidium is formed from a pre existing hyphal segment or cell 378 torulose torulous torose moniliform Elongated in shape with swellings and constrictions at intervals Found e g in mycelia of Torula 379 trama 1 A layer of hyphae in the central part of an agaric running from the underside of the cap to the lamella often supporting the hymenium Sometimes called a hymenophoral trama to distinguish it from the second definition 2 In old literature any fleshy part of the pileus although this use has since been discouraged 380 trehalose mycose mushroom sugar A reserve sugar of fungi especially yeasts and ergots and lichens Hydrolyzed by the enzyme trehalase 381 tretic A form of blastic conidiogenesis Each conidium tretoconidium porospore is delimited via the inner wall of the conidiogenous cell 382 trichospore A type of zygospore a sporangia bearing a single spore Usually coiled Characteristic of the order Harpellales formerly part of Trichomycetes 383 troop A group of fruit bodies from a single mycelium 384 truffle nbsp A cut Tuber aestivum or summer truffle The edible subterranean fruit ascoma of Tubers Sometimes extended to false truffles as well such as Pezizales or Hymenogastrales 385 truncate Ending abruptly as if cut off From Latin truncare to maim 386 tubercle tubercule A knob like or wart like excrescence 387 tubercular tuberculate Having tubercles 388 tumid Swollen inflated e g of a stipe 389 turgid Tightly swollen e g from hydrostatic pressure of endosmosed water From Latin turgidus distended 390 Contents A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z ReferencesU editumbilicus In some foliose lichens e g Umbilicaria the central strongly attaching organ of the thallus 391 uniseriate Arranged in a single row or series Generally used to differentiate how phialides are arranged in species of Aspergillus in uniseriate they are directly on the conidial head contrasted with biseriate where phialides rest on intermediate outgrowths of sterile cells called metulae 392 universal veil nbsp The white patches on the caps of these Amanita muscaria mushrooms are cap scales remnants of the universal veil A layer of tissue covering the basidioma during its early development in agarics and Gasteromycetes As the pileus grows the veil is broken with its upper remnants becoming cap scales and the lower section becoming the volva 393 Contents A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z ReferencesV editverrucose Warty having rounded bumps Verruculose is the diminutive version for delicate or small warts verticillate Having parts in rings verticils whorled Develops due to branching in which branches or pedicels are borne at the same level on the hypha and grow obliquely upward with respect to the central axis Named after the conidiophores of Verticillium but appears in other fungi such as the sporangiophore of Actinomucor From New Latin verticillatus arranged in a verticil 394 vesicle 1 A bladder like sac especially of Pythiales where zoospores mature 2 The swollen apex of the conidiophore of Aspergillus 3 The subsporangial swelling in species of Pilobolus 395 virgate Banded or streaked Generally applied to the surface of the pileus of a basidiocarp From Latin virga a twig wand rod stripe or streak 396 volva The cup like remnant of the universal veil at the base of the stipe in the basidiocarp of agarics and Gasteromycetes Generally beneath the soil as a result hidden from view unless the fungus is uprooted 397 Contents A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z ReferencesW editwart disease nbsp Synchytrium endobioticum on potatoes A fungal disease of the potato caused by Synchytrium endobioticum a chytrid 398 witches brooms Massed outgrowths on branches of woody plants caused by mites virii and or fungi especially rust causing fungi 399 witches butter Basidioma of Exidia glandulosa or in America Tremella lutescens Supposedly effective in witchcraft when thrown into a fire 400 wood decay fungus xylophagous fungus Fungi that digest wood Mostly basidiomycetes although a few ascomycetes also possess this ability Generally categorized into brown rot which digests a tree s cellulose and hemicellulose but not its lignin white rot which can also digest lignin and soft rots which are similar to brown rots in attacking cellulose and hemicellulose but require moist wood and available nitrogen e g from nearby soil Two other notable types are dry rot a slight misnomer as some dampness is still required a brown rot caused by Serpula lacrimans and wet rot several other species including cellar fungus 401 Contents A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z ReferencesX editxerophilic Preferring a dry habitat or at least capable of subsisting in one Rare among fungal species but fungi with this capability can be exceptionally common such as Aspergillus and Penicillium whose spores can be found in nearly any soil sample 402 Contents A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z ReferencesY edityeast nbsp Yeast cells under magnification from kombucha a fermented sweet tea drink Unicellular budding fungi Not a formal taxonomic unit a cross phyla grouping of filamentous fungi Classifications include sporogenous yeasts asporogenous yeasts apiculate yeasts baker s yeast brewer s yeast and beer yeasts black yeasts bottom yeasts top yeasts Chinese yeasts flor yeasts food yeasts petite yeasts shadow yeasts springer yeasts toddy yeasts and wine yeasts From Old High German jesan ferment 403 yellow rice Rice discolored and contaminated by Penicillium fungi 404 yellows Various fungal diseases of plants causing yellowing most notably cabbage Fusarium oxysporum See also yellow rice 405 Contents A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z ReferencesZ editZoopagomycotina A subdivision of Zygomycota broken off into a separate classification in the 2010s Typically microscopic and obligate parasites zoospore swarm spore zoospore A motile sporangiospore i e having flagella 406 Zygomycota nbsp The Zygomycete Endogone pisiformus growing on sphagnum in a wet areaZygomycetes A traditional major phylum of fungi characterized by coenocytic mycelia Divided into Mucoromycota and Zoopagomycota in 2016 Frequently saprobes or parasites of arthropods 407 zygospore A thick walled sexual spore formed by the fusion of two similar gametangia characteristic of the Zygomycetes 408 zygote A cell resulting from the fusion of two gametes of opposite sex 409 zymo Prefix meaning yeast From Gr zymos yeast 410 zymogenous Ferment producing 411 zymology zymurgy The practice and study of yeasts and fermentation in brewing and wine making 412 See also editList of mycologists Outline of fungi Outline of lichens Glossary of lichen termsReferences edit AGoM 1971 p 1 DF10 2008 p 1 DF10 2008 p 1 IDoM 2000 p 18 DF10 2008 p 2 IDoM 2000 p 18 DF10 2008 p 2 IDoM 2000 p 18 DF10 2008 p 2 IDoM 2000 p 18 DF10 2008 p 6 IDoM 2000 p 20 DF8 1995 p 5 AGoM 1971 p 2 DF10 2008 p 7 IDoM 2000 p 21 DF10 2008 p 10 IDoM 2000 p 24 DF10 2008 p 10 IDoM 2000 p 24 DF10 2008 p 10 IDoM 2000 p 26 DF8 1995 p 8 IDoM 2000 p 27 DF8 1995 p 8 AGoM 1971 p 4 DF8 1995 p 12 AGoM 1971 p 5 DF8 1995 p 15 DF10 2008 p 661 DF8 1995 p 18 AGoM 1971 p 8 DF8 1995 p 19 IDoM 2000 p 37 DF8 1995 p 19 AGoM 1971 p 9 DF10 2008 p 38 IDoM 2000 p 405 AGoM 1971 p 9 DF10 2008 p 39 DF10 2008 p 42 DF10 2008 p 42 Webster amp Weber 2007 p 24 AGoM 1971 p 149 DF10 2008 p 43 IDoM 2000 p 349 DF10 2008 p 44 DF10 2008 p 44 IDoM 2000 p 41 DF10 2008 p 45 IDoM 2000 p 43 DF10 2008 p 45 IDoM 2000 p 43 DF8 1995 p 209 DF10 2008 p 45 DF8 1995 p 25 AGoM 1971 p 12 DF8 1995 p 26 AGoM 1971 p 12 DF8 1995 p 27 IDoM 2000 p 45 DF8 1995 p 27 AGoM 1971 p 13 IDoM 2000 p 384 AGoM 1971 p 13 DF8 1995 p 30 AGoM 1971 p 13 DF8 1995 p 30 AGoM 1971 p 13 DF8 1995 p 34 IDoM 2000 p 158 Webster amp Weber 2007 pp 25 26 DF8 1995 p 30 34 AGoM 1971 p 14 AGoM 1971 p 175 DF10 2008 p 64 DF10 2008 p 72 IDoM 2000 p 53 DF10 2008 p 73 IDoM 2000 p 55 DF8 1995 p 46 IDoM 2000 p 57 DF8 1995 p 47 AGoM 1971 p 18 DF8 1995 p 48 AGoM 1971 p 18 DF8 1995 p 49 AGoM 1971 p 18 DF8 1995 p 49 AGoM 1971 p 18 DF8 1995 p 51 AGoM 1971 p 18 DF8 1995 p 59 IDoM 2000 p 66 DF10 2008 p 94 IDoM 2000 p 67 DF10 2008 p 96 IDoM 2000 p 67 DF10 2008 p 105 IDoM 2000 p 168 DF8 1995 p 67 AGoM 1971 p 26 DF10 2008 p 117 IDoM 2000 p 76 AGoM 1971 p 26 DF10 2008 p 118 IDoM 2000 p 77 DF8 1995 p 76 AGoM 1971 p 27 AGoM 1971 p 29 AGoM 1971 p 29 DF8 1995 p 86 IDoM 2000 p 83 DF8 1995 p 86 AGoM 1971 p 29 DF10 2008 p 142 IDoM 2000 p 84 DF8 1995 p 91 AGoM 1971 p 31 DF8 1995 p 93 AGoM 1971 p 31 IDoM 2000 p 151 DF8 1995 p 95 AGoM 1971 p 32 DF8 1995 p 96 AGoM 1971 p 32 AGoM 1971 p 33 IDoM 2000 p 155 DF8 1995 p 99 AGoM 1971 p 33 DF8 1995 p 99 AGoM 1971 p 33 DF8 1995 p 102 IDoM 2000 p 92 DF8 1995 p 103 AGoM 1971 p 34 DF8 1995 p 103 AGoM 1971 p 35 DF10 2008 p 164 IDoM 2000 p 96 DF10 2008 p 164 IDoM 2000 p 96 DF10 2008 p 164 IDoM 2000 p 96 DF10 2008 p 164 IDoM 2000 p 96 DF8 1995 p 105 AGoM 1971 p 36 DF8 1995 p 110 398 AGoM 1971 p 38 DF8 1995 p 110 AGoM 1971 p 38 IDoM 2000 p 102 DF8 1995 p 113 AGoM 1971 p 39 DF8 1995 p 113 AGoM 1971 p 39 DF8 1995 p 113 AGoM 1971 p 39 AGoM 1971 p 41 IDoM 2000 p 187 AGoM 1971 p 41 DF10 2008 p 188 IDoM 2000 p 108 DF8 1995 p 120 AGoM 1971 p 41 DF8 1995 p 127 AGoM 1971 p 44 DF8 1995 p 127 AGoM 1971 p 44 DF8 1995 p 128 AGoM 1971 p 44 DF8 1995 p 128 AGoM 1971 p 44 IDoM 2000 p 386 DF8 1995 p 131 AGoM 1971 p 46 DF8 1995 p 132 AGoM 1971 p 46 IDoM 2000 p 119 DF10 2008 p 526 IDoM 2000 p 119 DF10 2008 p 209 AGoM 1971 p 46 DF10 2008 p 209 AGoM 1971 p 47 DF10 2008 p 210 IDoM 2000 p 120 DF10 2008 p 211 IDoM 2000 p 121 DF8 1995 p 138 AGoM 1971 p 49 DF8 1995 p 139 IDoM 2000 p 121 DF8 1995 p 140 AGoM 1971 p 50 DF8 1995 p 144 AGoM 1971 p 51 DF8 1995 p 146 AGoM 1971 p 52 DF8 1995 p 146 AGoM 1971 p 52 DF8 1995 p 147 406 AGoM 1971 p 53 DF10 2008 p 232 DF8 1995 p 148 AGoM 1971 p 54 DF8 1995 p 150 IDoM 2000 p 133 DF8 1995 p 151 AGoM 1971 p 54 DF8 1995 p 151 AGoM 1971 p 55 DF8 1995 p 154 AGoM 1971 p 56 DF8 1995 p 154 AGoM 1971 p 56 DF8 1995 p 155 AGoM 1971 p 57 DF8 1995 p 156 AGoM 1971 p 57 DF8 1995 p 157 AGoM 1971 p 57 DF8 1995 p 158 DF8 1995 p 160 AGoM 1971 p 58 DF8 1995 p 158 AGoM 1971 p 58 IDoM 2000 p 141 DF8 1995 p 158 169 DF10 2008 p 248 265 IDoM 2000 p 141 DF8 1995 p 160 AGoM 1971 p 59 DF8 1995 p 160 AGoM 1971 p 59 DF8 1995 p 161 AGoM 1971 p 60 IDoM 2000 p 147 DF8 1995 p 162 AGoM 1971 p 60 IDoM 2000 p 147 DF10 2008 p 255 IDoM 2000 p 149 AGoM 1971 p 61 IDoM 2000 p 151 DF8 1995 p 164247 AGoM 1971 p 61 IDoM 2000 p 151 DF10 2008 p 256 IDoM 2000 p 151 AGoM 1971 p 62 DF10 2008 p 259 DF8 1995 p 166 IDoM 2000 p 154 DF10 2008 p 259 DF10 2008 p 259 IDoM 2000 p 154 DF10 2008 p 259 IDoM 2000 p 154 DF8 1995 p 166 IDoM 2000 p 154 DF8 1995 p 166 AGoM 1971 p 63 DF8 1995 p 166 AGoM 1971 p 63 IDoM 2000 p 156 DF8 1995 p 167 DF10 2008 p 261 IDoM 2000 p 156 AGoM 1971 p 63 DF8 1995 p 168 AGoM 1971 p 63 DF8 1995 p 168 AGoM 1971 p 63 DF8 1995 p 168 AGoM 1971 p 64 DF8 1995 p 168 AGoM 1971 p 64 DF8 1995 p 169 AGoM 1971 p 65 IDoM 2000 p 161 DF8 1995 p 173 AGoM 1971 p 65 DF8 1995 p 173 AGoM 1971 p 65 IDoM 2000 p 162 IDoM 2000 p 162 DF8 1995 p 169 AGoM 1971 p 65 DF10 2008 p 265 IDoM 2000 p 162 DF8 1995 p 173 AGoM 1971 p 65 DF8 1995 p 173 AGoM 1971 p 65 DF8 1995 p 175 AGoM 1971 p 66 DF8 1995 p 175 AGoM 1971 p 66 DF8 1995 p 175 AGoM 1971 p 66 DF8 1995 p 176 AGoM 1971 p 66 IDoM 2000 p 166 DF8 1995 p 178 AGoM 1971 p 67 IDoM 2000 p 168 DF8 1995 p 180 AGoM 1971 p 67 IDoM 2000 p 169 DF8 1995 p 181 DF10 2008 p 281 IDoM 2000 p 169 IDoM 2000 p 170 DF10 2008 p 281 IDoM 2000 p 170 DF8 1995 p 183 AGoM 1971 p 68 IDoM 2000 p 171 DF10 2008 p 283 IDoM 2000 p 171 DF8 1995 p 190 AGoM 1971 p 71 DF8 1995 p 190 AGoM 1971 p 71 IDoM 2000 p 176 DF8 1995 p 190 AGoM 1971 p 71 AGoM 1971 p 71 DF8 1995 p 191 IDoM 2000 p 177 DF8 1995 p 191 AGoM 1971 p 72 DF8 1995 p 193 DF8 1995 p 194 DF10 2008 p 306 IDoM 2000 p 181 DF8 1995 p 202 AGoM 1971 p 75 DF8 1995 p 202 AGoM 1971 p 75 IDoM 2000 p 184 DF8 1995 p 437 AGoM 1971 p 76 DF8 1995 p 203 AGoM 1971 p 76 IDoM 2000 p 185 DF8 1995 p 203 AGoM 1971 p 77 IDoM 2000 p 187 DF8 1995 p 205 AGoM 1971 p 77 IDoM 2000 p 187 DF8 1995 p 205 IDoM 2000 p 188 DF8 1995 p 437 IDoM 2000 p 189 IDoM 2000 p 384 DF8 1995 p 247 AGoM 1971 p 79 DF8 1995 p 205 IDoM 2000 p 189 DF8 1995 p 206 AGoM 1971 p 79 IDoM 2000 p 192 DF10 2008 p 326 DF8 1995 p 209 AGoM 1971 p 80 DF8 1995 p 210 AGoM 1971 p 81 DF8 1995 p 210 AGoM 1971 p 81 DF8 1995 p 211 AGoM 1971 p 81 DF8 1995 p 211 AGoM 1971 p 81 DF8 1995 p 215 AGoM 1971 p 82 DF8 1995 p 215 AGoM 1971 p 82 141 DF8 1995 p 215 AGoM 1971 p 82 DF8 1995 p 217 AGoM 1971 p 83 DF10 2008 p 340 IDoM 2000 p 204 DF8 1995 p 221 AGoM 1971 p 86 DF8 1995 p 223 Webster amp Weber 2007 p 448 AGoM 1971 p 87 IDoM 2000 p 208 DF10 2008 p 347 IDoM 2000 p 211 AGoM 1971 p 27 AGoM 1971 p 27 DF10 2008 p 349 IDoM 2000 p 213 DF10 2008 p 351 IDoM 2000 p 213 DF8 1995 p 232 AGoM 1971 p 90 DF8 1995 p 233 AGoM 1971 p 90 Webster amp Weber 2007 p 523 DF8 1995 p 233 AGoM 1971 p 90 DF8 1995 p 233 AGoM 1971 p 90 DF8 1995 p 235 AGoM 1971 p 90 IDoM 2000 p 220 DF8 1995 p 235 AGoM 1971 p 91 IDoM 2000 p 220 DF8 1995 p 235 AGoM 1971 p 91 DF8 1995 p 239 AGoM 1971 p 91 IDoM 2000 p 221 DF8 1995 p 240 AGoM 1971 p 91 IDoM 2000 p 221 DF8 1995 p 247 IDoM 2000 p 222 DF8 1995 p 244 AGoM 1971 p 92 DF8 1995 p 245 AGoM 1971 p 92 DF8 1995 p 244 AGoM 1971 p 92 DF8 1995 p 244 AGoM 1971 p 92 DF8 1995 p 244 AGoM 1971 p 92 DF8 1995 p 245 IDoM 2000 p 223 DF10 2008 p 382 IDoM 2000 p 223 DF10 2008 p 382 IDoM 2000 p 223 DF8 1995 p 250 AGoM 1971 p 93 DF8 1995 p 257 AGoM 1971 p 94 DF8 1995 p 257 AGoM 1971 p 94 DF8 1995 p 257 DF8 1995 p 259 AGoM 1971 p 95 DF8 1995 p 259 DF8 1995 p 260 IDoM 2000 p 230 DF8 1995 p 260 AGoM 1971 p 96 DF8 1995 p 262 IDoM 2000 p 231 DF8 1995 p 265 AGoM 1971 p 97 DF8 1995 p 262 AGoM 1971 p 97 DF8 1995 p 268 IDoM 2000 p 233 DF8 1995 p 273 AGoM 1971 p 99 DF8 1995 p 277 DF8 1995 p 277 AGoM 1971 p 101 DF8 1995 p 279 AGoM 1971 p 101 DF8 1995 p 281 AGoM 1971 p 102 IDoM 2000 p 241 DF8 1995 p 282 AGoM 1971 p 102 DF8 1995 p 282 AGoM 1971 p 102 DF8 1995 p 168 IDoM 2000 p 241 DF10 2008 p 425 440 IDoM 2000 p 242 DF8 1995 p 291 AGoM 1971 p 103 IDoM 2000 p 244 DF8 1995 p 292 AGoM 1971 p 104 DF8 1995 p 293 AGoM 1971 p 105 DF10 2008 p 441 IDoM 2000 p 246 AGoM 1971 p 105 IDoM 2000 p 247 AGoM 1971 p 105 DF10 2008 p 443 DF8 1995 p 132 AGoM 1971 p 105 AGoM 1971 p 106 AGoM 1971 p 106 DF8 1995 p 297 AGoM 1971 p 106 AGoM 1971 p 106 DF8 1995 p 297 AGoM 1971 p 106 DF8 1995 p 298 AGoM 1971 p 106 DF8 1995 p 298 AGoM 1971 p 107 DF8 1995 p 298 AGoM 1971 p 107 DF8 1995 p 299 AGoM 1971 p 107 AGoM 1971 p 107 DF8 1995 p 299 AGoM 1971 p 107 DF8 1995 p 301 AGoM 1971 p 108 DF8 1995 p 302 AGoM 1971 p 108 DF8 1995 p 303 AGoM 1971 p 108 DF8 1995 p 305 DF10 2008 p 462 IDoM 2000 p 260 DF8 1995 p 312 DF8 1995 p 318 AGoM 1971 p 112 DF8 1995 p 318 AGoM 1971 p 112 DF8 1995 p 318 AGoM 1971 p 112 AGoM 1971 p 114 IDoM 2000 p 269 DF8 1995 p 322 IDoM 2000 p 269 DF8 1995 p 322 AGoM 1971 p 114 DF8 1995 p 322 AGoM 1971 p 114 IDoM 2000 p 269 DF8 1995 p 143 AGoM 1971 p 12 DF10 2008 p 483 IDoM 2000 p 270 DF10 2008 p 272 IDoM 2000 p 488 DF8 1995 p 326 AGoM 1971 p 115 DF8 1995 p 327 AGoM 1971 p 115 DF10 2008 p 493 IDoM 2000 p 276 DF8 1995 p 331 AGoM 1971 p 117 DF10 2008 p 500 IDoM 2000 p 405 DF8 1995 p 335 AGoM 1971 p 119 DF8 1995 p 335 AGoM 1971 p 119 AGoM 1971 p 119 DF10 2008 p 503 IDoM 2000 p 283 DF10 2008 p 507 IDoM 2000 p 284 DF10 2008 p 507 IDoM 2000 p 285 DF10 2008 p 508 IDoM 2000 p 286 DF8 1995 p 340 AGoM 1971 p 121 IDoM 2000 p 288 DF10 2008 p 519 IDoM 2000 p 290 DF10 2008 p 521 IDoM 2000 p 291 DF10 2008 p 521 IDoM 2000 p 292 IDoM 2000 p 292 DF10 2008 p 705 IDoM 2000 p 293 DF10 2008 p 526 IDoM 2000 p 293 DF10 2008 p 534 IDoM 2000 p 327 AGoM 1971 p 124 IDoM 2000 p 295 AGoM 1971 p 124 IDoM 2000 p 296 DF10 2008 p 538 IDoM 2000 p 296 DF8 1995 p 362 DF10 2008 p 543 IDoM 2000 p 300 Webster amp Weber 2007 p 520 AGoM 1971 p 126 DF8 1995 p 364 AGoM 1971 p 127 DF8 1995 p 365 AGoM 1971 p 127 DF8 1995 p 371 AGoM 1971 p 129 AGoM 1971 p 129 IDoM 2000 p 311 DF8 1995 p 379 AGoM 1971 p 134 DF10 2008 p 569 IDoM 2000 p 515 DF10 2008 p 573 IDoM 2000 p 318 AGoM 1971 p 136 IDoM 2000 p 581 DF8 1995 p 384 AGoM 1971 p 137 DF8 1995 p 384 AGoM 1971 p 137 DF8 1995 p 385 AGoM 1971 p 137 DF8 1995 p 385 AGoM 1971 p 138 DF8 1995 p 388 AGoM 1971 p 138 DF10 2008 p 586 DF10 2008 p 588 IDoM 2000 p 327 DF8 1995 p 389 AGoM 1971 p 139 DF8 1995 p 390 AGoM 1971 p 139 DF8 1995 p 392 AGoM 1971 p 141 DF10 2008 p 595 IDoM 2000 p 147 331 DF8 1995 p 393 AGoM 1971 p 142 AGoM 1971 p 142 DF10 2008 p 598 IDoM 2000 p 335 AGoM 1971 p 142 DF10 2008 p 598 IDoM 2000 p 335 DF10 2008 p 599 IDoM 2000 p 335 DF10 2008 p 608 AGoM 1971 p 144 DF10 2008 p 608 IDoM 2000 p 339 DF8 1995 p 400 AGoM 1971 p 144 IDoM 2000 p 339 DF8 1995 p 401 AGoM 1971 p 144 AGoM 1971 p 145 DF10 2008 p 615 DF8 1995 p 406 AGoM 1971 p 146 DF8 1995 p 406 AGoM 1971 p 146 DF8 1995 p 406 AGoM 1971 p 146 DF8 1995 p 410 AGoM 1971 p 147 IDoM 2000 p 344 DF10 2008 p 626 IDoM 2000 p 346 DF10 2008 p 627 IDoM 2000 p 347 DF10 2008 p 628 IDoM 2000 p 348 DF10 2008 p 629 DF8 1995 p 413 AGoM 1971 p 149 IDoM 2000 p 348 DF8 1995 p 414 AGoM 1971 p 149 DF8 1995 p 414 AGoM 1971 p 149 DF8 1995 p 416 AGoM 1971 p 149 IDoM 2000 p 351 DF8 1995 p 305 IDoM 2000 p 354 DF10 2008 p 716 IDoM 2000 p 354 DF8 1995 p 425 AGoM 1971 p 152 DF10 2008 p 643 IDoM 2000 p 354 DF8 1995 p 426 AGoM 1971 p 152 DF8 1995 p 426 AGoM 1971 p 152 DF8 1995 p 427 AGoM 1971 p 152 DF8 1995 p 431 AGoM 1971 p 154 DF8 1995 p 431 AGoM 1971 p 154 DF8 1995 p 431 DF10 2008 p 652 DF8 1995 p 432 AGoM 1971 p 155 DF8 1995 p 432 AGoM 1971 p 155 DF8 1995 p 432 AGoM 1971 p 155 DF8 1995 p 432 AGoM 1971 p 155 DF8 1995 p 432 IDoM 2000 p 363 DF10 2008 p 655 DF8 1995 p 435 AGoM 1971 p 64 DF8 1995 p 435 AGoM 1971 p 156 DF10 2008 p 662 IDoM 2000 p 367 DF8 1995 p 439 AGoM 1971 p 157 DF8 1995 p 440 AGoM 1971 p 157 DF8 1995 p 442 AGoM 1971 p 158 AGoM 1971 p 158 IDoM 2000 p 370 AGoM 1971 p 159 DF10 2008 p 669 DF10 2008 p 670 IDoM 2000 p 372 DF8 1995 p 445 AGoM 1971 p 160 DF8 1995 p 445 AGoM 1971 p 161 DF8 1995 p 445 AGoM 1971 p 161 DF10 2008 p 674 IDoM 2000 p 378 DF8 1995 p 437 DF10 2008 p 662 IDoM 2000 p 378 DF10 2008 p 156 IDoM 2000 p 379 DF8 1995 p 447 DF10 2008 p 676 IDoM 2000 p 379 DF8 1995 p 437 IDoM 2000 p 382 DF8 1995 p 453 IDoM 2000 p 384 DF8 1995 p 453 AGoM 1971 p 166 DF8 1995 p 460 AGoM 1971 p 169 IDoM 2000 p 387 DF8 1995 p 460 AGoM 1971 p 169 Webster amp Weber 2007 p 523 AGoM 1971 p 108 DF10 2008 p 696 DF8 1995 p 462 AGoM 1971 p 129 DF10 2008 p 702 IDoM 2000 p 389 DF8 1995 p 467 AGoM 1971 p 171 DF8 1995 p 467 AGoM 1971 p 171 DF8 1995 p 468 AGoM 1971 p 171 DF8 1995 p 469 AGoM 1971 p 171 DF8 1995 p 469 AGoM 1971 p 171 DF8 1995 p 470 AGoM 1971 p 172 DF8 1995 p 470 AGoM 1971 p 172 DF10 2008 p 713 DF10 2008 p 714 IDoM 2000 p 398 DF10 2008 p 714 IDoM 2000 p 405 DF10 2008 p 724 IDoM 2000 p 407 DF8 1995 p 483 AGoM 1971 p 176 IDoM 2000 p 408 AGoM 1971 p 177 IDoM 2000 p 725 DF8 1995 p 485 AGoM 1971 p 178 DF8 1995 p 486 AGoM 1971 p 178 DF8 1995 p 488 AGoM 1971 p 179 DF8 1995 p 488 AGoM 1971 p 179 DF10 2008 p 733 IDoM 2000 p 339 DF8 1995 p 491 AGoM 1971 p 179 Webster amp Weber 2007 p 297 DF8 1995 p 493 AGoM 1971 p 179 DF8 1995 p 493 DF8 1995 p 493 AGoM 1971 p 180 DF8 1995 p 495 DF8 1995 p 495 DF8 1995 p 496 AGoM 1971 p 181 DF10 2008 p 746 AGoM 1971 p 181 DF10 2008 p 746 IDoM 2000 p 421 DF8 1995 p 496 AGoM 1971 p 181 DF8 1995 p 496 IDoM 2000 p 421 Bibliography edit Hawksworth David L Kirk Paul M Sutton Brian C Pegler David N 1995 Ainsworth amp Bisby s Dictionary of the Fungi 8th ed Wallingford CAB International ISBN 0 85198 885 7 Kirk Paul M Cannon Paul F Minter David W Stalpers Joost A 2008 Dictionary of the Fungi 10th ed Oxon CAB International ISBN 978 0 85199 826 8 Snell Walter H Dick Esther A 1971 A Glossary of Mycology Revised ed Cambridge Massachusetts Harvard University Press LCCN 77 134946 Ulloa Miguel Hanlin Richard T 2000 1991 Illustrated Dictionary of Mycology APS Press ISBN 0 89054 257 0 Webster John Weber Roland W S 2007 Introduction to Fungi Cambridge University Press ISBN 978 0 521 80739 5 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Glossary of mycology amp oldid 1182603621, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
