Chitin-glucan complex (CGC) is a copolymer (polysaccharide) that makes up fungalcell walls, consisting of covalently-bondedchitin and branched 1,3/1,6-ß-D-glucan. CGCs are alkaline-insoluble. Different species of fungi have different structural compositions of chitin and β-glucan making up the CGCs in their cell walls.[1] Soil composition and other environmental factors can also affect the ratio of chitin to β-glucan found in the CGC.[2] Fungal cell walls may also contain chitosan-glucan complexes, which are similar copolymers but have chitosan instead of chitin. Chitin and chitosan are closely related molecules: greater than 40% of the polymer chain of chitin is made of acetylatedglucosamine units, whereas greater than 60% of chitosan is made of deacetylated glucosamine units.[1]
In their natural form, CGCs provide structural support to the fungal cell wall.[3] Biomedical applications of CGCs have been studied, including the immunostimulant properties of A. fumigatus, as well as successful antibacterial activity against S. typhimurium by CGCs from A. niger and M. rouxii.[1] There is some evidence that CGCs can act as an effective prebiotic, as it was tested on growing 100 different bifidobacterial strains as well as on ratsin vivo.[4] CGCs have many industrial applications, such as in food, cosmetics, and textiles industries, because they can be prepared easily without toxins. As food additives, they are commonly used due to their ability to adsorb heavy metal ions.[5] Additionally, CGCs are produced in high volume industrially because they can be broken down into their constitutive components by hydrolysis, producing pure chitin (or chitosan) and β-glucans.[3]
Rather than being produced from animal parts, pure chitin can be extracted from the cell walls of the fungusPichia pastoris, recently classified as Komagataella pastoris.[6] Unlike chitin extracted from crustaceans, for example, this chitin contains no heavy metals. A study revealed that the complex exhibits traces of α-chitin in the molecular structure via x-ray diffraction. The similarities in structure and physical properties suggest that the complex is a suitable alternative to crustacean-based chitin as fungi are a more feasible and reliable source of raw materials.[7]
Referencesedit
^ abcFreitas, Filomena; Roca, Christophe; Reis, Maria A.M. (2015). "Fungi as Sources of Polysaccharides for Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Applications". In Thakur, VK; Thakur, MK (eds.). HANDBOOK OF POLYMERS FOR PHARMACEUTICAL TECHNOLOGIES: VOL 3, BIODEGRADABLE POLYMERS. Scrivener Publishing. pp. 61–103. ISBN978-1-119-04144-3.
^Ivshin, V. P.; Artamonova, S. D.; Ivshina, T. N.; Sharnina, F. F. (Dec 2007). "Methods for isolation of chitin-glucan complexes from higher fungi native biomass". Polymer Science, Series B. 49 (11–12): 305–310. doi:10.1134/s1560090407110097. ISSN 1560-0904. S2CID 95679015.
^ abRoca, Christophe; Chagas, Bárbara; Farinha, Inês; Freitas, Filomena; Mafra, Luís; Aguiar, Filipe; Oliveira, Rui; Reis, Maria A.M. (Nov 2012). "Production of yeast chitin–glucan complex from biodiesel industry byproduct". Process Biochemistry. 47 (11): 1670–1675. doi:10.1016/j.procbio.2012.04.004.
^Alessandri, Giulia; Milani, Christian; Duranti, Sabrina; Mancabelli, Leonardo; Ranjanoro, Thibaut; Modica, Salvatore; Carnevali, Luca; Statello, Rosario; Bottacini, Francesca; Turroni, Francesca; Ossiprandi, Maria Cristina (2019-04-08). "Ability of bifidobacteria to metabolize chitin-glucan and its impact on the gut microbiota". Scientific Reports. 9 (1): 5755. Bibcode:2019NatSR...9.5755A. doi:10.1038/s41598-019-42257-z. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC6453949. PMID 30962486.
^Meichik, N.R.; Vorob’ev, D.V. (May 2012). "Chitin–Glucan Complex in Cell Walls of the Peltigera aphthosa Lichen". Applied Biochemistry and Microbiology. 48 (3): 307–311. doi:10.1134/S0003683812030088. PMID 22834307. S2CID 15173850.
^Chargas, Barbara; Farinha, Ines; Galinha, Claudia F.; Freitas, Filomena; Reis, Maria A.M. (September 25, 2014). "Chitin-glucan complex production by Komagataella (Pichia) pastoris: impact of cultivation pH and temperature on polymer content and composition". New Biotechnology. 31 (5): 468–474. doi:10.1016/j.nbt.2014.06.005. PMID 24998355 – via Elsevier Science Direct.
chitin, glucan, complex, copolymer, polysaccharide, that, makes, fungal, cell, walls, consisting, covalently, bonded, chitin, branched, glucan, cgcs, alkaline, insoluble, different, species, fungi, have, different, structural, compositions, chitin, glucan, mak. Chitin glucan complex CGC is a copolymer polysaccharide that makes up fungal cell walls consisting of covalently bonded chitin and branched 1 3 1 6 ss D glucan CGCs are alkaline insoluble Different species of fungi have different structural compositions of chitin and b glucan making up the CGCs in their cell walls 1 Soil composition and other environmental factors can also affect the ratio of chitin to b glucan found in the CGC 2 Fungal cell walls may also contain chitosan glucan complexes which are similar copolymers but have chitosan instead of chitin Chitin and chitosan are closely related molecules greater than 40 of the polymer chain of chitin is made of acetylated glucosamine units whereas greater than 60 of chitosan is made of deacetylated glucosamine units 1 In their natural form CGCs provide structural support to the fungal cell wall 3 Biomedical applications of CGCs have been studied including the immunostimulant properties of A fumigatus as well as successful antibacterial activity against S typhimurium by CGCs from A niger and M rouxii 1 There is some evidence that CGCs can act as an effective prebiotic as it was tested on growing 100 different bifidobacterial strains as well as on rats in vivo 4 CGCs have many industrial applications such as in food cosmetics and textiles industries because they can be prepared easily without toxins As food additives they are commonly used due to their ability to adsorb heavy metal ions 5 Additionally CGCs are produced in high volume industrially because they can be broken down into their constitutive components by hydrolysis producing pure chitin or chitosan and b glucans 3 Rather than being produced from animal parts pure chitin can be extracted from the cell walls of the fungus Pichia pastoris recently classified as Komagataella pastoris 6 Unlike chitin extracted from crustaceans for example this chitin contains no heavy metals A study revealed that the complex exhibits traces of a chitin in the molecular structure via x ray diffraction The similarities in structure and physical properties suggest that the complex is a suitable alternative to crustacean based chitin as fungi are a more feasible and reliable source of raw materials 7 References edit a b c Freitas Filomena Roca Christophe Reis Maria A M 2015 Fungi as Sources of Polysaccharides for Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Applications In Thakur VK Thakur MK eds HANDBOOK OF POLYMERS FOR PHARMACEUTICAL TECHNOLOGIES VOL 3 BIODEGRADABLE POLYMERS Scrivener Publishing pp 61 103 ISBN 978 1 119 04144 3 Ivshin V P Artamonova S D Ivshina T N Sharnina F F Dec 2007 Methods for isolation of chitin glucan complexes from higher fungi native biomass Polymer Science Series B 49 11 12 305 310 doi 10 1134 s1560090407110097 ISSN 1560 0904 S2CID 95679015 a b Roca Christophe Chagas Barbara Farinha Ines Freitas Filomena Mafra Luis Aguiar Filipe Oliveira Rui Reis Maria A M Nov 2012 Production of yeast chitin glucan complex from biodiesel industry byproduct Process Biochemistry 47 11 1670 1675 doi 10 1016 j procbio 2012 04 004 Alessandri Giulia Milani Christian Duranti Sabrina Mancabelli Leonardo Ranjanoro Thibaut Modica Salvatore Carnevali Luca Statello Rosario Bottacini Francesca Turroni Francesca Ossiprandi Maria Cristina 2019 04 08 Ability of bifidobacteria to metabolize chitin glucan and its impact on the gut microbiota Scientific Reports 9 1 5755 Bibcode 2019NatSR 9 5755A doi 10 1038 s41598 019 42257 z ISSN 2045 2322 PMC 6453949 PMID 30962486 Meichik N R Vorob ev D V May 2012 Chitin Glucan Complex in Cell Walls of the Peltigera aphthosa Lichen Applied Biochemistry and Microbiology 48 3 307 311 doi 10 1134 S0003683812030088 PMID 22834307 S2CID 15173850 Chargas Barbara Farinha Ines Galinha Claudia F Freitas Filomena Reis Maria A M September 25 2014 Chitin glucan complex production by Komagataella Pichia pastoris impact of cultivation pH and temperature on polymer content and composition New Biotechnology 31 5 468 474 doi 10 1016 j nbt 2014 06 005 PMID 24998355 via Elsevier Science Direct Farinha Ines Duarte Paulo Pimentel Ana Plotnikova Evgeniya Chagas Barbara Mafra Luis Grandfils Christian Freitas Filomena Fortunato Elvira Reis Maria A M 2015 Chitin glucan complex production by Komagataella pastoris Downstream optimization and product characterization Carbohydrate Polymers 130 455 464 doi 10 1016 j carbpol 2015 05 034 PMID 26076647 nbsp This biochemistry article is a stub You can help Wikipedia by expanding it vte Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Chitin glucan complex amp oldid 1174122176, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
