The Spitzenkörper (German for 'pointed body', SPK) is a structure found in fungal hyphae that is the organizing center for hyphal growth and morphogenesis. It consists of many small vesicles and is present in growing hyphal tips, during spore germination, and where branch formation occurs. Its position in the hyphal tip correlates with the direction of hyphal growth. The Spitzenkörper is a part of the endomembrane system in fungi.[1]
Four parallel microscopic views of a growing Neurospora crassa hypha, with the Spitzenkörper clearly visible at the tip (e.g. in red at the bottom lane).
The vesicles are organized around a central area that contains a dense meshwork of microfilaments. Polysomes are often found closely to the posterior boundary of the Spitzenkörper core within the Ascomycota, microtubules extend into and often through the Spitzenkörper and within the Ascomycota Woronin bodies are found in the apical region near the Spitzenkörper.[2]
The cytoplasm of the extreme apex is occupied almost exclusively by secretory vesicles. In the higher fungi (Ascomycota and Basidiomycota), secretory vesicles are arranged into a dense, spherical aggregation called the Spitzenkörper or ‘apical body’. The Spitzenkörper may be seen in growing hyphae even with a light microscope. Hyphae of the Oomycota and some lower Eumycota (notably the Zygomycota) do not contain a recognizable Spitzenkörper, and the vesicles are instead distributed more loosely often in a crescent-shaped arrangement beneath the apical plasma membrane.[3]
This structure is most commonly found in Dikarya and was at first thought to only occur among them.[4][5][6][7][8] Vargas et al 1993 however were the first to find a Spitzenkörper in another clade, specifically the Allomyces (Blastocladiomycota),[5][9][6][4][7][8] then subsequently Basidiobolus ranarum – which has been placed in several different phyla – was also found to have an SPK.[4] As of 2020[update] these and the Blastocladiella (also in Blastocladiomycota) are the only known taxa to bear this structure.[8]
Referencesedit
^Steinberg, G. (2007). "Hyphal growth: a tale of motors, lipids, and the Spitzenkörper". Eukaryotic Cell. 6 (3): 351–360. doi:10.1128/EC.00381-06. PMC1828937. PMID 17259546.
^Webster, John; Weber, R. W. S. (2007). Introduction to Fungi (Third ed.). New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN978-0-521-80739-5.
^ abcSteinberg, Gero; Peñalva, Miguel A.; Riquelme, Meritxell; Wösten, Han A.; Harris, Steven D. (2017-03-10). Heitman, Joseph; Gow, Neil A. R. (eds.). "Cell Biology of Hyphal Growth". Microbiology Spectrum. American Society for Microbiology. 5 (2): 1–34. doi:10.1128/microbiolspec.funk-0034-2016. hdl:1874/354808. ISSN 2165-0497. PMID 28429675. S2CID 3912298.
^ abPowell, Martha J.; Letcher, Peter M. (2014). "Chytridiomycota, Monoblepharidomycota, and Neocallimastigomycota". In Esser, K.; (Editor); McLaughlin, David J.; (Volume editor); Spatafora, Joseph W.; (Volume editor) (eds.). Systematics and Evolution. Vol. 7A (2 ed.). Berlin: Springer. pp. 141–175. ISBN978-3-642-55318-9. OCLC 889948520. {{cite book}}: |editor2= has generic name (help)ISBN978-3-642-55317-2.
^ abRichards, Thomas A.; Leonard, Guy; Wideman, Jeremy G. (2017-05-19). Heitman, Joseph; James, Timothy Y. (eds.). "What Defines the "Kingdom" Fungi?". Microbiology Spectrum. American Society for Microbiology. 5 (3): 55–77. doi:10.1128/microbiolspec.funk-0044-2017. ISSN 2165-0497. PMID 28643626.
spitzenkörper, german, pointed, body, structure, found, fungal, hyphae, that, organizing, center, hyphal, growth, morphogenesis, consists, many, small, vesicles, present, growing, hyphal, tips, during, spore, germination, where, branch, formation, occurs, posi. The Spitzenkorper German for pointed body SPK is a structure found in fungal hyphae that is the organizing center for hyphal growth and morphogenesis It consists of many small vesicles and is present in growing hyphal tips during spore germination and where branch formation occurs Its position in the hyphal tip correlates with the direction of hyphal growth The Spitzenkorper is a part of the endomembrane system in fungi 1 source source source source source source source Four parallel microscopic views of a growing Neurospora crassa hypha with the Spitzenkorper clearly visible at the tip e g in red at the bottom lane The vesicles are organized around a central area that contains a dense meshwork of microfilaments Polysomes are often found closely to the posterior boundary of the Spitzenkorper core within the Ascomycota microtubules extend into and often through the Spitzenkorper and within the Ascomycota Woronin bodies are found in the apical region near the Spitzenkorper 2 The cytoplasm of the extreme apex is occupied almost exclusively by secretory vesicles In the higher fungi Ascomycota and Basidiomycota secretory vesicles are arranged into a dense spherical aggregation called the Spitzenkorper or apical body The Spitzenkorper may be seen in growing hyphae even with a light microscope Hyphae of the Oomycota and some lower Eumycota notably the Zygomycota do not contain a recognizable Spitzenkorper and the vesicles are instead distributed more loosely often in a crescent shaped arrangement beneath the apical plasma membrane 3 This structure is most commonly found in Dikarya and was at first thought to only occur among them 4 5 6 7 8 Vargas et al 1993 however were the first to find a Spitzenkorper in another clade specifically the Allomyces Blastocladiomycota 5 9 6 4 7 8 then subsequently Basidiobolus ranarum which has been placed in several different phyla was also found to have an SPK 4 As of 2020 update these and the Blastocladiella also in Blastocladiomycota are the only known taxa to bear this structure 8 References edit Steinberg G 2007 Hyphal growth a tale of motors lipids and the Spitzenkorper Eukaryotic Cell 6 3 351 360 doi 10 1128 EC 00381 06 PMC 1828937 PMID 17259546 Harris S Read N Roberson R Shaw B Seiler S Plamann M Momany M 2005 Polarisome meets spitzenkorper microscopy genetics and genomics converge Eukaryotic Cell 4 2 225 229 doi 10 1128 EC 4 2 225 229 2005 PMC 549335 PMID 15701784 Webster John Weber R W S 2007 Introduction to Fungi Third ed New York Cambridge University Press ISBN 978 0 521 80739 5 a b c Steinberg Gero Penalva Miguel A Riquelme Meritxell Wosten Han A Harris Steven D 2017 03 10 Heitman Joseph Gow Neil A R eds Cell Biology of Hyphal Growth Microbiology Spectrum American Society for Microbiology 5 2 1 34 doi 10 1128 microbiolspec funk 0034 2016 hdl 1874 354808 ISSN 2165 0497 PMID 28429675 S2CID 3912298 a b Powell Martha J Letcher Peter M 2014 Chytridiomycota Monoblepharidomycota and Neocallimastigomycota In Esser K Editor McLaughlin David J Volume editor Spatafora Joseph W Volume editor eds Systematics and Evolution Vol 7A 2 ed Berlin Springer pp 141 175 ISBN 978 3 642 55318 9 OCLC 889948520 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a editor2 has generic name help ISBN 978 3 642 55317 2 a b Richards Thomas A Leonard Guy Wideman Jeremy G 2017 05 19 Heitman Joseph James Timothy Y eds What Defines the Kingdom Fungi Microbiology Spectrum American Society for Microbiology 5 3 55 77 doi 10 1128 microbiolspec funk 0044 2017 ISSN 2165 0497 PMID 28643626 a b Naranjo Ortiz Miguel A Gabaldon Toni 2019 04 25 Fungal evolution major ecological adaptations and evolutionary transitions Biological Reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society Cambridge Philosophical Society Wiley 94 4 1443 1476 doi 10 1111 brv 12510 ISSN 1464 7931 PMC 6850671 PMID 31021528 a b c Naranjo Ortiz Miguel A Gabaldon Toni 2020 04 17 Fungal evolution cellular genomic and metabolic complexity Biological Reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society Cambridge Philosophical Society Wiley 95 5 1198 1232 doi 10 1111 brv 12605 ISSN 1464 7931 PMC 7539958 PMID 32301582 Berbee Mary L James Timothy Y Strullu Derrien Christine 2017 09 08 Early Diverging Fungi Diversity and Impact at the Dawn of Terrestrial Life Annual Review of Microbiology Annual Reviews 71 1 41 60 doi 10 1146 annurev micro 030117 020324 ISSN 0066 4227 PMID 28525299 S2CID 207612261 nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Spitzenkorper nbsp This cell biology article is a stub You can help Wikipedia by expanding it vte nbsp This mycology related article is a stub You can help Wikipedia by expanding it vte Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Spitzenkorper amp oldid 1138974558, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
