Osmotrophy is a feeding mechanism involving the movement of dissolved organic compounds by osmosis for nutrition. Organisms that use osmotrophy are called osmotrophs. Some mixotrophicmicroorganisms use osmotrophy to derive some of their energy. Osmotrophy is used by a diversity of organisms.[1] Organisms that use osmotrophy include bacteria, many species of protists and most fungi. Some macroscopic animals like molluscs, sponges, corals, brachiopods and echinoderms may use osmotrophic feeding as a supplemental food source.
Osmotrophy as a means of gathering nutrients in microscopic organisms relies on cellular surface area to ensure that proper diffusion of nutrients occur in the cell.[2] In other words, an osmotroph is an organism that has their "stomach" outside of their body. Sometimes, osmotrophs may still have an internal digestive system in addition to still using osmosis as a way to gain supplemental nutrients. Additionally, when organisms increase in size, the surface area per volume ratio drops and osmotrophy becomes insufficient to meet nutrient demands. Larger macroscopic organisms that rely on osmotrophy can compensate for a reduced surface area per volume ratio with a very flat, thin body. A tapeworm is an example of such adaptation.
In stagnant waters photoautotrophs have a relative advantage over heterotrophic osmotrophs since the flux of photons as an energy source are not hindered at low temperatures, thus it depends on diffusion for mass acquisition through Brownian diffusion.
Osmotrophy differs from other cellular feeding mechanisms, but can also be found in a diversity of organisms. This allows for organisms to use osmosis in different environments. [2]
Fungi are a major group of osmotrophic organisms since Fungi degrade biomass.
Fungi are the biggest osmotrophic specialist since they are major degraders in all ecosystems. For organisms like fungi, osmotrophy facilitates the decomposition process. This is a result of the Osmotrophy resulting in metabolites that continue growth.
References
^ abRichards TA, Talbot NJ (October 2018). "Osmotrophy". Current Biology. 28 (20): R1179–R1180. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2018.07.069. PMID 30352181.
^ abLaflamme M, Xiao S, Kowalewski M (August 2009). "From the Cover: Osmotrophy in modular Ediacara organisms". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 106 (34): 14438–43. Bibcode:2009PNAS..10614438L. doi:10.1073/pnas.0904836106. PMC2732876. PMID 19706530.
Further reading
Jumars PA (2005). "Foraging Theory for Osmotrophs". {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
Jumars PA, Deming JW, Hill PH, Karp-Boss L, Yager PL, Dade WB (1993). "Physical constraints on marine osmotrophy in an optimal foraging context". Marine Microbial Food Webs. 7 (2): 121–159.
McMenamin M (1993). "Osmotrophy in fossil protoctists and early animals". Invertebr. Repro. Develop. 23 (2–3): 165–166. doi:10.1080/07924259.1993.9672308.
Duvert M, Gourdoux L, Moreau R (2000). "Cytochemical And Physiological Studies Of The Energetic Metabolism And Osmotrophy In Sagitta Friderici (Chaetognath)". Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom. 80:5 (5): 885–890. doi:10.1017/s0025315400002861. S2CID 86475776.
osmotrophy, this, article, includes, list, general, references, lacks, sufficient, corresponding, inline, citations, please, help, improve, this, article, introducing, more, precise, citations, april, 2013, learn, when, remove, this, template, message, this, a. This article includes a list of general references but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations April 2013 Learn how and when to remove this template message This article may be too technical for most readers to understand Please help improve it to make it understandable to non experts without removing the technical details November 2017 Learn how and when to remove this template message Osmotrophy is a feeding mechanism involving the movement of dissolved organic compounds by osmosis for nutrition Organisms that use osmotrophy are called osmotrophs Some mixotrophic microorganisms use osmotrophy to derive some of their energy Osmotrophy is used by a diversity of organisms 1 Organisms that use osmotrophy include bacteria many species of protists and most fungi Some macroscopic animals like molluscs sponges corals brachiopods and echinoderms may use osmotrophic feeding as a supplemental food source Contents 1 Process 2 Fungi 1 3 References 4 Further reading 5 See alsoProcess EditOsmotrophy as a means of gathering nutrients in microscopic organisms relies on cellular surface area to ensure that proper diffusion of nutrients occur in the cell 2 In other words an osmotroph is an organism that has their stomach outside of their body Sometimes osmotrophs may still have an internal digestive system in addition to still using osmosis as a way to gain supplemental nutrients Additionally when organisms increase in size the surface area per volume ratio drops and osmotrophy becomes insufficient to meet nutrient demands Larger macroscopic organisms that rely on osmotrophy can compensate for a reduced surface area per volume ratio with a very flat thin body A tapeworm is an example of such adaptation In stagnant waters photoautotrophs have a relative advantage over heterotrophic osmotrophs since the flux of photons as an energy source are not hindered at low temperatures thus it depends on diffusion for mass acquisition through Brownian diffusion Osmotrophy differs from other cellular feeding mechanisms but can also be found in a diversity of organisms This allows for organisms to use osmosis in different environments 2 Fungi 1 Edit Fungi are a major group of osmotrophic organisms since Fungi degrade biomass Fungi are the biggest osmotrophic specialist since they are major degraders in all ecosystems For organisms like fungi osmotrophy facilitates the decomposition process This is a result of the Osmotrophy resulting in metabolites that continue growth References Edit a b Richards TA Talbot NJ October 2018 Osmotrophy Current Biology 28 20 R1179 R1180 doi 10 1016 j cub 2018 07 069 PMID 30352181 a b Laflamme M Xiao S Kowalewski M August 2009 From the Cover Osmotrophy in modular Ediacara organisms Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 106 34 14438 43 Bibcode 2009PNAS 10614438L doi 10 1073 pnas 0904836106 PMC 2732876 PMID 19706530 Further reading EditJumars PA 2005 Foraging Theory for Osmotrophs a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a Cite journal requires journal help Jumars PA Deming JW Hill PH Karp Boss L Yager PL Dade WB 1993 Physical constraints on marine osmotrophy in an optimal foraging context Marine Microbial Food Webs 7 2 121 159 McMenamin M 1993 Osmotrophy in fossil protoctists and early animals Invertebr Repro Develop 23 2 3 165 166 doi 10 1080 07924259 1993 9672308 Duvert M Gourdoux L Moreau R 2000 Cytochemical And Physiological Studies Of The Energetic Metabolism And Osmotrophy In Sagitta Friderici Chaetognath Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 80 5 5 885 890 doi 10 1017 s0025315400002861 S2CID 86475776 See also EditAutotrophy Heterotrophy Phototrophy Phagotrophy Mixotrophy This ecology related article is a stub You can help Wikipedia by expanding it vte Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Osmotrophy amp oldid 1122175909, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
