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Rhizocarpon geographicum

January 01, 1970

Rhizocarpon geographicum (the map lichen) is a species of lichen, which grows on rocks in mountainous areas of low air pollution. Each lichen is a flat patch bordered by a black line of fungal hyphae. These patches grow adjacent to each other, leading to the appearance of a map or a patchwork field.

Rhizocarpon geographicum
Scientific classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Fungi
Division: Ascomycota
Class: Lecanoromycetes
Order: Rhizocarpales
Family: Rhizocarpaceae
Genus: Rhizocarpon
Species:
R. geographicum
Binomial name
Rhizocarpon geographicum

When circular, or roughly circular, the diameter of this lichen species has been widely used to help determining the relative age of deposits, e.g. moraine systems, thus revealing evidence of glacial advances. The process is termed lichenometry. This technique is generally attributed to the work of Roland Beschel in the Alps.[1]

Lichenometry is based on the assumption that the largest lichen growing on a rock is the oldest individual. Generally, the five largest lichen thalli diameters are taken, although several statistical methods have been used. If the growth rate is known, the maximum lichen size will give a minimum age for when this rock was deposited. The growth rate curve, a graph of age of a lichen against the date of the substrate on which it is found has to be constructed for an area. Beschel originally used gravestones to produce a calibration curve. Growth rates for different areas and species can be obtained by measuring maximum lichen sizes on substrates of known age, such as gravestones, historic or prehistoric rock buildings, or moraines of known age (e.g. those deposited during the Little Ice Age).

Distribution edit

This lichen species is broadly distributed and may be found in most cold areas with exposed rock surfaces. The North American range includes the Sierra Nevada[2] and northern Boreal forests of Canada, Greenland, Iceland, Fennoscandia and Siberia.[3] In the tropics it only occurs at high altitudes such as the Andes of Peru and Colombia. Further south the map lichen is found broadly across Patagonia,[4][5] in the Falkland Islands, the sub Antarctic islands and the Antarctic Peninsula.[6]

In Britain it can be found commonly growing on hard siliceous rocks, especially in upland regions. Its range covers virtually all of Scotland, much of North West England, and other upland areas in much of the rest of England, Wales and Ireland too.[7]

In Spain it is found primarily in siliceous mountain ranges, although occasionally it can be found near sea level, even in southern Spain, where it is known from Cabo de Gata.[8]

 

Ecology edit

Rhizocarpon geographicum is a known host to the lichenicolous fungus species Muellerella pygmaea.[9]

Life span edit

One specimen of Rhizocarpon geographicum on East Baffin Island has an estimated age of 9500 years.[10][11] Thalli of Rhizocarpon geographicum in the central Brooks Range of northern Alaska have been given a maximum possible age of 10,000–11,500 years.[12][13]

Outer space edit

In an experiment, this lichen species was placed in a capsule and launched into space. The capsule was opened, exposing the lichen to space conditions for 10 days before being brought back down to Earth, where it showed minimal changes or damage.[14]

Further information: BIOPAN and EXPOSE

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ Beschel, R. E. 1950. Flechten als Altersmaßstab rezenter Moränen.Zeitschrift für Gletscherkunde und Glazialgeologie NF, 1:151-62. (Translated by W. Barr as Lichens as a measure of the age of recent moraines. Arctic and Alpine Research, 5, 303-309)
  2. ^ Tracy Irwin Storer, Robert Leslie Usinger and David Lukas. 2004. Sierra Nevada Natural History, 2nd ed, University of California Press, ISBN 0-520-24096-0, ISBN 978-0-520-24096-4, 439 pages
  3. ^ C. Michael Hogan. (2008) Black Spruce: Picea mariana, GlobalTwitcher.com, ed. Nicklas Stromberg 2011-10-05 at the Wayback Machine
  4. ^ Garibotti, Irene A.; Pissolito, Clara I.; Villalba, Ricardo (February 2011). "Vegetation Development on Deglaciated Rock Outcrops from Glaciar Frías, Argentina". Arctic, Antarctic, and Alpine Research. 43 (1): 35–45. doi:10.1657/1938-4246-43.1.35. JSTOR 41240397. S2CID 53123208.
  5. ^ Sancho, Leopoldo G.; Palacios, David; Green, T. G. Allan; Vivas, Mercedes; Pintado, Ana (2011). "Extreme high lichen growth rates detected in recently deglaciated areas in Tierra del Fuego". Polar Biology. 34 (6): 813––822. doi:10.1007/s00300-010-0935-4. S2CID 35963180.
  6. ^ Global Biodiversity Information Facility 2016-03-03 at the Wayback Machine
  7. ^ Frank Dobson. 1979. Lichens, An Illustrated Guide The Richmond Publishing Co Ltd, ISBN 0-85546-203-5, page 244
  8. ^ Burgaz, A. R. (2014). "Líquenes de Andalucía (S de España): catálogo bibliográfico y nuevos datos del NW del área". Botanica Complutensis. 38: 53–88. doi:10.5209/rev_BOCM.2014.v38.45775.
  9. ^ Svane, Svanhildur Jónsdóttir; Alstrup, Vagn (2004). "Some lichenicolous fungi from Iceland" (PDF). Acta Botanica Islandica. 14: 53–58.
  10. ^ Rosenwinkel, Swenja; Korup, Oliver; Landgraf, Angela; Dzhumabaeva, Atyrgul (2015). "Limits to lichenometry". Quaternary Science Reviews. 129: 229–238. doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2015.10.031.
  11. ^ Miller, G. H.; Andrews, J. T. (April 1972). "Quaternary History of Northern Cumberland Peninsula, East Baffin Island, N.W.T., Canada Part VI: Preliminary Lichen Growth Curve for Rhizocarpon geographicum". GSA Bulletin. 83 (4): 1133–1138. doi:10.1130/0016-7606(1972)83[1133:QHONCP]2.0.CO;2.
  12. ^ Haworth, Leah A.; Calkin, Parker E.; Ellis, James M. (1986). "Direct Measurement of Lichen Growth in the Central Brooks Range, Alaska, U.S.A., and Its Application to Lichenometric Dating, Arctic and Alpine Research". Arctic and Alpine Research. 18 (3): 289–296. doi:10.2307/1550886.
  13. ^ Benedict, James B. (January 2009). "A Review of Lichenometric Dating and Its Applications to Archaeology". American Antiquity. 74 (1): 143–172. doi:10.1017/S0002731600047545.
  14. ^ de la Torre, Rosa; Leopoldo G. Sancho; Gerda Horneck; Asunción de los Ríos; Jacek Wierzchos; Karen Olsson-Francis; Charles S. Cockell; Petra Rettberg; Thomas Berger; Jean-Pierre P. de Vera (August 2010). "Survival of lichens and bacteria exposed to outer space conditions – Results of the Lithopanspermia experiments". Icarus. 208 (2): 735–748. Bibcode:2010Icar..208..735D. doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2010.03.010. ISSN 0019-1035.
  •   Media related to Rhizocarpon geographicum at Wikimedia Commons

January 01, 1970
rhizocarpon, geographicum, lichen, species, lichen, which, grows, rocks, mountainous, areas, pollution, each, lichen, flat, patch, bordered, black, line, fungal, hyphae, these, patches, grow, adjacent, each, other, leading, appearance, patchwork, field, scient. Rhizocarpon geographicum the map lichen is a species of lichen which grows on rocks in mountainous areas of low air pollution Each lichen is a flat patch bordered by a black line of fungal hyphae These patches grow adjacent to each other leading to the appearance of a map or a patchwork field Rhizocarpon geographicum Scientific classification Domain Eukaryota Kingdom Fungi Division Ascomycota Class Lecanoromycetes Order Rhizocarpales Family Rhizocarpaceae Genus Rhizocarpon Species R geographicum Binomial name Rhizocarpon geographicum L DC When circular or roughly circular the diameter of this lichen species has been widely used to help determining the relative age of deposits e g moraine systems thus revealing evidence of glacial advances The process is termed lichenometry This technique is generally attributed to the work of Roland Beschel in the Alps 1 Lichenometry is based on the assumption that the largest lichen growing on a rock is the oldest individual Generally the five largest lichen thalli diameters are taken although several statistical methods have been used If the growth rate is known the maximum lichen size will give a minimum age for when this rock was deposited The growth rate curve a graph of age of a lichen against the date of the substrate on which it is found has to be constructed for an area Beschel originally used gravestones to produce a calibration curve Growth rates for different areas and species can be obtained by measuring maximum lichen sizes on substrates of known age such as gravestones historic or prehistoric rock buildings or moraines of known age e g those deposited during the Little Ice Age Contents 1 Distribution 2 Ecology 3 Life span 4 Outer space 5 See also 6 ReferencesDistribution editThis lichen species is broadly distributed and may be found in most cold areas with exposed rock surfaces The North American range includes the Sierra Nevada 2 and northern Boreal forests of Canada Greenland Iceland Fennoscandia and Siberia 3 In the tropics it only occurs at high altitudes such as the Andes of Peru and Colombia Further south the map lichen is found broadly across Patagonia 4 5 in the Falkland Islands the sub Antarctic islands and the Antarctic Peninsula 6 In Britain it can be found commonly growing on hard siliceous rocks especially in upland regions Its range covers virtually all of Scotland much of North West England and other upland areas in much of the rest of England Wales and Ireland too 7 In Spain it is found primarily in siliceous mountain ranges although occasionally it can be found near sea level even in southern Spain where it is known from Cabo de Gata 8 nbsp Ecology editRhizocarpon geographicum is a known host to the lichenicolous fungus species Muellerella pygmaea 9 Life span editOne specimen of Rhizocarpon geographicum on East Baffin Island has an estimated age of 9500 years 10 11 Thalli of Rhizocarpon geographicum in the central Brooks Range of northern Alaska have been given a maximum possible age of 10 000 11 500 years 12 13 Outer space editIn an experiment this lichen species was placed in a capsule and launched into space The capsule was opened exposing the lichen to space conditions for 10 days before being brought back down to Earth where it showed minimal changes or damage 14 Further information BIOPAN and EXPOSESee also editExtremophileReferences edit Beschel R E 1950 Flechten als Altersmassstab rezenter Moranen Zeitschrift fur Gletscherkunde und Glazialgeologie NF 1 151 62 Translated by W Barr as Lichens as a measure of the age of recent moraines Arctic and Alpine Research 5 303 309 Tracy Irwin Storer Robert Leslie Usinger and David Lukas 2004 Sierra Nevada Natural History 2nd ed University of California Press ISBN 0 520 24096 0 ISBN 978 0 520 24096 4 439 pages C Michael Hogan 2008 Black Spruce Picea mariana GlobalTwitcher com ed Nicklas Stromberg Archived 2011 10 05 at the Wayback Machine Garibotti Irene A Pissolito Clara I Villalba Ricardo February 2011 Vegetation Development on Deglaciated Rock Outcrops from Glaciar Frias Argentina Arctic Antarctic and Alpine Research 43 1 35 45 doi 10 1657 1938 4246 43 1 35 JSTOR 41240397 S2CID 53123208 Sancho Leopoldo G Palacios David Green T G Allan Vivas Mercedes Pintado Ana 2011 Extreme high lichen growth rates detected in recently deglaciated areas in Tierra del Fuego Polar Biology 34 6 813 822 doi 10 1007 s00300 010 0935 4 S2CID 35963180 Global Biodiversity Information Facility Archived 2016 03 03 at the Wayback Machine Frank Dobson 1979 Lichens An Illustrated Guide The Richmond Publishing Co Ltd ISBN 0 85546 203 5 page 244 Burgaz A R 2014 Liquenes de Andalucia S de Espana catalogo bibliografico y nuevos datos del NW del area Botanica Complutensis 38 53 88 doi 10 5209 rev BOCM 2014 v38 45775 Svane Svanhildur Jonsdottir Alstrup Vagn 2004 Some lichenicolous fungi from Iceland PDF Acta Botanica Islandica 14 53 58 Rosenwinkel Swenja Korup Oliver Landgraf Angela Dzhumabaeva Atyrgul 2015 Limits to lichenometry Quaternary Science Reviews 129 229 238 doi 10 1016 j quascirev 2015 10 031 Miller G H Andrews J T April 1972 Quaternary History of Northern Cumberland Peninsula East Baffin Island N W T Canada Part VI Preliminary Lichen Growth Curve for Rhizocarpon geographicum GSA Bulletin 83 4 1133 1138 doi 10 1130 0016 7606 1972 83 1133 QHONCP 2 0 CO 2 Haworth Leah A Calkin Parker E Ellis James M 1986 Direct Measurement of Lichen Growth in the Central Brooks Range Alaska U S A and Its Application to Lichenometric Dating Arctic and Alpine Research Arctic and Alpine Research 18 3 289 296 doi 10 2307 1550886 Benedict James B January 2009 A Review of Lichenometric Dating and Its Applications to Archaeology American Antiquity 74 1 143 172 doi 10 1017 S0002731600047545 de la Torre Rosa Leopoldo G Sancho Gerda Horneck Asuncion de los Rios Jacek Wierzchos Karen Olsson Francis Charles S Cockell Petra Rettberg Thomas Berger Jean Pierre P de Vera August 2010 Survival of lichens and bacteria exposed to outer space conditions Results of the Lithopanspermia experiments Icarus 208 2 735 748 Bibcode 2010Icar 208 735D doi 10 1016 j icarus 2010 03 010 ISSN 0019 1035 nbsp Media related to Rhizocarpon geographicum at Wikimedia Commons Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Rhizocarpon geographicum amp oldid 1208481761, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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