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Fungal infection

August 21, 2023

"Mycoses" redirects here. For the journal, see Mycoses (journal).

Fungal infection, also known as mycosis, is a disease caused by fungi.[5][13] Different types are traditionally divided according to the part of the body affected; superficial, subcutaneous, and systemic.[3][6] Superficial fungal infections include common tinea of the skin, such as tinea of the body, groin, hands, feet and beard, and yeast infections such as pityriasis versicolor.[7] Subcutaneous types include eumycetoma and chromoblastomycosis, which generally affect tissues in and beneath the skin.[1][7] Systemic fungal infections are more serious and include cryptococcosis, histoplasmosis, pneumocystis pneumonia, aspergillosis and mucormycosis.[3] Signs and symptoms range widely.[3] There is usually a rash with superficial infection.[2] Fungal infection within the skin or under the skin may present with a lump and skin changes.[3] Pneumonia-like symptoms or meningitis may occur with a deeper or systemic infection.[2]

Mycosis
Other namesMycoses,[1] fungal disease,[2] fungal infection[3]
ICD-10CM codes: Mycoses B35-B49 [4]
Micrograph showing a mycosis (aspergillosis). The Aspergillus (which is spaghetti-like) is seen in the center and surrounded by inflammatory cells and necrotic debris. H&E stain.
SpecialtyInfectious Diseases[5]
TypesSystemic, superficial, subcutaneous[3]
CausesPathogenic fungus: dermatophytes, yeasts, molds[6][7]
Risk factorsImmunodeficiency, cancer treatment, large surface area wounds/burns,[8][9] organ transplant,[6] COVID-19,[10] tuberculosis
Diagnostic methodBased on symptoms, culture, microscopic examination[6]
TreatmentAntifungals[3]
FrequencyCommon[11]
Deaths1.7 million (2020)[12]

Fungi are everywhere, but only some cause disease.[13] Fungal infection occurs after spores are either breathed in, come into contact with skin or enter the body through the skin such as via a cut, wound or injection.[3] It is more likely to occur in people with a weak immune system.[14] This includes people with illnesses such as HIV/AIDS, and people taking medicines such as steroids or cancer treatments.[14] Fungi that cause infections in people include yeasts, molds and fungi that are able to exist as both a mold and yeast.[3] The yeast Candida albicans can live in people without producing symptoms, and is able to cause both superficial mild candidiasis in healthy people, such as oral thrush or vaginal yeast infection, and severe systemic candidiasis in those who cannot fight infection themselves.[3]

Diagnosis is generally based on signs and symptoms, microscopy, culture, sometimes requiring a biopsy and the aid of medical imaging.[6] Some superficial fungal infections of the skin can appear similar to other skin conditions such as eczema and lichen planus.[7] Treatment is generally performed using antifungal medicines, usually in the form of a cream or by mouth or injection, depending on the specific infection and its extent.[15] Some require surgically cutting out infected tissue.[3]

Fungal infections have a world-wide distribution and are common, affecting more than one billion people every year.[11] An estimated 1.7 million deaths from fungal disease were reported in 2020.[12] Several, including sporotrichosis, chromoblastomycosis and mycetoma are neglected.[16]

A wide range of fungal infections occur in other animals, and some can be transmitted from animals to people.[17]

Classification

Mycoses are traditionally divided into superficial, subcutaneous, or systemic, where infection is deep, more widespread and involving internal body organs.[3][11] They can affect the nails, vagina, skin and mouth.[18] Some types such as blastomycosis, cryptococcus, coccidioidomycosis and histoplasmosis, affect people who live or visit certain parts of the world.[18] Others such as aspergillosis, pneumocystis pneumonia, candidiasis, mucormycosis and talaromycosis, tend to affect people who are unable to fight infection themselves.[18] Mycoses might not always conform strictly to the three divisions of superficial, subcutaneous and systemic.[3] Some superficial fungal infections can cause systemic infections in people who are immunocompromised.[3] Some subcutaneous fungal infections can invade into deeper structures, resulting in systemic disease.[3] Candida albicans can live in people without producing symptoms, and is able to cause both mild candidiasis in healthy people and severe invasive candidiasis in those who cannot fight infection themselves.[3][7]

ICD-11 codes

ICD-11 codes include:[5]

Superficial mycoses

Superficial mycoses include candidiasis in healthy people, common tinea of the skin, such as tinea of the body, groin, hands, feet and beard, and malassezia infections such as pityriasis versicolor.[3][7]

  •  

    Oral candidiasis

  •  

    Tinea corporis

  •  

    Pityriasis versicolor

  •  

    Onychomycosis

Subcutaneous

 
Eumycetoma

Subcutaneous fungal infections include sporotrichosis, chromoblastomycosis, and eumycetoma.[3]

Systemic

Systemic fungal infections include histoplasmosis, cryptococcosis, coccidioidomycosis, blastomycosis, mucormycosis, aspergillosis, pneumocystis pneumonia and systemic candidiasis.[3]

Systemic mycoses due to primary pathogens originate normally in the lungs and may spread to other organ systems. Organisms that cause systemic mycoses are inherently virulent.[further explanation needed].[citation needed] Systemic mycoses due to opportunistic pathogens are infections of people with immune deficiencies who would otherwise not be infected. Examples of immunocompromised conditions include AIDS, alteration of normal flora by antibiotics, immunosuppressive therapy, and metastatic cancer. Examples of opportunistic mycoses include Candidiasis, Cryptococcosis and Aspergillosis.[citation needed]

Signs and symptoms

Most common mild mycoses often present with a rash.[2] Infections within the skin or under the skin may present with a lump and skin changes.[3] Less common deeper fungal infections may present with pneumonia like symptoms or meningitis.[2]

Causes

Mycoses are caused by certain fungi; yeasts, molds and some fungi that can exist as both a mold and yeast.[3][6] They are everywhere and infection occurs after spores are either breathed in, come into contact with skin or enter the body through the skin such as via a cut, wound or injection.[3] Candida albicans is the most common cause of fungal infection in people, particularly as oral or vaginal thrush, often following taking antibiotics.[3]

Risk factors

Fungal infections are more likely in people with weak immune systems.[14] This includes people with illnesses such as HIV/AIDS, and people taking medicines such as steroids or cancer treatments.[14] People with diabetes also tend to develop fungal infections.[19] Very young and very old people, also, are groups at risk.[20]

Individuals being treated with antibiotics are at higher risk of fungal infections.[21]

Children whose immune systems are not functioning properly (such as children with cancer) are at risk of invasive fungal infections.[22]

COVID-19

During the COVID-19 pandemic some fungal infections have been associated with COVID-19.[10][23][24] Fungal infections can mimic COVID-19, occur at the same time as COVID-19 and more serious fungal infections can complicate COVID-19.[10] A fungal infection may occur after antibiotics for a bacterial infection which has occurred following COVID-19.[25] The most common serious fungal infections in people with COVID-19 include aspergillosis and invasive candidiasis.[26] COVID-19–associated mucormycosis is generally less common, but in 2021 was noted to be significantly more prevalent in India.[10][27]

Mechanism

Fungal infections occur after spores are either breathed in, come into contact with skin or enter the body through a wound.[3]

Diagnosis

Diagnosis is generally by signs and symptoms, microscopy, biopsy, culture and sometimes with the aid of medical imaging.[6]

Differential diagnosis

Some tinea and candidiasis infections of the skin can appear similar to eczema and lichen planus.[7] Pityriasis versicolor can look like seborrheic dermatitis, pityriasis rosea, pityriasis alba and vitiligo.[7]

Some fungal infections such as coccidioidomycosis, histoplasmosis, and blastomycosis can present with fever, cough, and shortness of breath, thereby resembling COVID-19.[28]

Prevention

Keeping the skin clean and dry, as well as maintaining good hygiene, will help larger topical mycoses. Because some fungal infections are contagious, it is important to wash hands after touching other people or animals. Sports clothing should also be washed after use.[clarification needed][citation needed]

Treatment

Treatment depends on the type of fungal infection, and usually requires topical or systemic antifungal medicines.[15] Pneumocystosis that does not respond to anti-fungals is treated with co-trimoxazole.[29] Sometimes, infected tissue needs to be surgically cut away.[3]

Epidemiology

Worldwide, every year fungal infections affect more than one billion people.[11] An estimated 1.6 million deaths from fungal disease were reported in 2017.[30] The figure has been rising, with an estimated 1.7 million deaths from fungal disease reported in 2020.[12] Fungal infections also constitute a significant cause of illness and mortality in children.[31]

According to the Global Action Fund for Fungal Infections, every year there are over 10 million cases of fungal asthma, around 3 million cases of long-term aspergillosis of lungs, 1 million cases of blindness due to fungal keratitis, more than 200,000 cases of meningitis due to cryptococcus, 700,000 cases of invasive candidiasis, 500,000 cases of pneumocystosis of lungs, 250,000 cases of invasive aspergillosis, and 100,000 cases of histoplasmosis.[32]

History

In 500BC, an apparent account of ulcers in the mouth by Hippocrates may have been thrush.[33] The Hungarian microscopist based in Paris David Gruby first reported that human disease could be caused by fungi in the early 1840s.[33]

SARS 2003

During the 2003 SARS outbreak, fungal infections were reported in 14.8–33% of people affected by SARS, and it was the cause of death in 25–73.7% of people with SARS.[34]

Other animals

A wide range of fungal infections occur in other animals, and some can be transmitted from animals to people, such as Microsporum canis from cats.[17]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b Johnstone RB (2017). "25. Mycoses and Algal infections". Weedon's Skin Pathology Essentials (2nd ed.). Elsevier. pp. 438–465. ISBN 978-0-7020-6830-0.
  2. ^ a b c d e "Fungal Diseases Homepage | CDC". www.cdc.gov. 29 March 2021. Retrieved 17 June 2021.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y Barlow G, Irving WL, Moss PJ (2020). "20. Infectious diseases". In Feather A, Randall D, Waterhouse M (eds.). Kumar and Clark's Clinical Medicine (10th ed.). Elsevier. pp. 559–563. ISBN 978-0-7020-7870-5.
  4. ^ ICD-10CM. mycoses B35-B49.
  5. ^ a b c "ICD-11 - ICD-11 for Mortality and Morbidity Statistics". icd.who.int. Retrieved 25 May 2021.
  6. ^ a b c d e f g Willinger B (2019). "1. What is the target? Clinical mycology and diagnostics". In Presterl E (ed.). Clinically Relevant Mycoses: A Practical Approach. Germany: Springer. pp. 3–19. ISBN 978-3-319-92299-7.
  7. ^ a b c d e f g h Kutzner H, Kempf W, Feit J, Sangueza O (2021). "2. Fungal infections". Atlas of Clinical Dermatopathology: Infectious and Parasitic Dermatoses. Hoboken: Wiley Blackwell. pp. 77–108. ISBN 978-1-119-64706-5.
  8. ^ Struck MF, Gille J (September 2013). "Fungal infections in burns: a comprehensive review". Annals of Burns and Fire Disasters. 26 (3): 147–153. PMC 3917146. PMID 24563641.
  9. ^ Kalan L, Grice EA (July 2018). "Fungi in the Wound Microbiome". Advances in Wound Care. 7 (7): 247–255. doi:10.1089/wound.2017.0756. PMC 6032664. PMID 29984114.
  10. ^ a b c d "Fungal Diseases and COVID-19 | CDC". www.cdc.gov. 7 June 2021. Retrieved 7 August 2021.
  11. ^ a b c d Nakazato G, Alesandra A, Lonni SG, Panagio LA, de Camargo LC, Goncalves MC, et al. (2020). "4. Applications of nanometals in cutaneous infections". In Rai M (ed.). Nanotechnology in Skin, Soft Tissue, and Bone Infections. Switzerland: Springer. ISBN 978-3-030-35146-5.
  12. ^ a b c Kainz K, Bauer MA, Madeo F, Carmona-Gutierrez D (June 2020). "Fungal infections in humans: the silent crisis". Microbial Cell. 7 (6): 143–145. doi:10.15698/mic2020.06.718. PMC 7278517. PMID 32548176.
  13. ^ a b Richardson MD, Warnock DW (2012). "1. Introduction". Fungal Infection: Diagnosis and Management (4th ed.). John Wiley & Sons. pp. 1–7. ISBN 978-1-4051-7056-7.
  14. ^ a b c d "Fungal Infections | Fungal | CDC". www.cdc.gov. 29 January 2019. Retrieved 16 June 2021.
  15. ^ a b Graininger W, Diab-Elschahawi M, Presterl E (2019). "3. Antifungal agents". In Presterl E (ed.). Clinically Relevant Mycoses: A Practical Approach. Springer. pp. 31–44. ISBN 978-3-319-92299-7.
  16. ^ Queiroz-Telles F, Fahal AH, Falci DR, Caceres DH, Chiller T, Pasqualotto AC (November 2017). "Neglected endemic mycoses". The Lancet. Infectious Diseases. 17 (11): e367–e377. doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(17)30306-7. PMID 28774696.
  17. ^ a b Seyedmousavi S, Bosco SM, de Hoog S, Ebel F, Elad D, Gomes RR, et al. (April 2018). "Fungal infections in animals: a patchwork of different situations". Medical Mycology. 56 (suppl_1): 165–187. doi:10.1093/mmy/myx104. PMC 6251577. PMID 29538732.
  18. ^ a b c "Types of Fungal Diseases | Fungal Diseases | CDC". www.cdc.gov. 27 June 2019. Retrieved 12 June 2021.
  19. ^ "Thrush in Men". NHS. Retrieved 2013-07-13.
  20. ^ . Archived from the original on May 8, 2003. Retrieved May 26, 2010.
  21. ^ Britt LD, Peitzman A, Barie P, Jurkovich G (2012). Acute Care Surgery. p. 186. ISBN 9781451153934.
  22. ^ Blyth CC, Hale K, Palasanthiran P, O'Brien T, Bennett MH (February 2010). "Antifungal therapy in infants and children with proven, probable or suspected invasive fungal infections". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (2): CD006343. doi:10.1002/14651858.cd006343.pub2. PMID 20166083.
  23. ^ Hoenigl M, Talento AF, eds. (2021). Fungal Infections Complicating COVID-19. MDPI. ISBN 978-3-0365-0554-1.
  24. ^ Gangneux JP, Bougnoux ME, Dannaoui E, Cornet M, Zahar JR (June 2020). "Invasive fungal diseases during COVID-19: We should be prepared". Journal de Mycologie Médicale. 30 (2): 100971. doi:10.1016/j.mycmed.2020.100971. PMC 7136887. PMID 32307254.
  25. ^ Saxena SK (2020). Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19): Epidemiology, Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, and Therapeutics. Singapore: Springer. p. 73. ISBN 978-981-15-4813-0.
  26. ^ "Fungal Diseases and COVID-19". www.cdc.gov. 7 June 2021. Retrieved 7 August 2021.
  27. ^ Qu JM, Cao B, Chen RC (2021). COVID-19: The Essentials of Prevention and Treatment. Amsterdam, Netherlands: Elsevier. ISBN 978-0-12-824003-8.
  28. ^ "Fungal Diseases and COVID-19". www.cdc.gov. 7 June 2021. Retrieved 19 June 2021.
  29. ^ . www.cdc.gov. 22 January 2019. Archived from the original on 25 July 2021. Retrieved 25 July 2021.
  30. ^ "Stop neglecting fungi". Nature Microbiology. 2 (8): 17120. July 2017. doi:10.1038/nmicrobiol.2017.120. PMID 28741610.
  31. ^ Sehgal M, Ladd HJ, Totapally B (December 2020). "Trends in Epidemiology and Microbiology of Severe Sepsis and Septic Shock in Children". Hospital Pediatrics. 10 (12): 1021–1030. doi:10.1542/hpeds.2020-0174. PMID 33208389. S2CID 227067133.
  32. ^ Rodrigues ML, Nosanchuk JD (February 2020). "Fungal diseases as neglected pathogens: A wake-up call to public health officials". PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases. 14 (2): e0007964. doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0007964. PMC 7032689. PMID 32078635.
  33. ^ a b Homei A, Worboys M (11 November 2013). "1. Introduction". Fungal Disease in Britain and the United States 1850-2000: Mycoses and Modernity. Springer. p. 6. ISBN 978-0-333-71492-8.
  34. ^ Song G, Liang G, Liu W (August 2020). "Fungal Co-infections Associated with Global COVID-19 Pandemic: A Clinical and Diagnostic Perspective from China". Mycopathologia. 185 (4): 599–606. doi:10.1007/s11046-020-00462-9. PMC 7394275. PMID 32737747.

External links

August 21, 2023
fungal, infection, mycoses, redirects, here, journal, mycoses, journal, also, known, mycosis, disease, caused, fungi, different, types, traditionally, divided, according, part, body, affected, superficial, subcutaneous, systemic, superficial, fungal, infection. Mycoses redirects here For the journal see Mycoses journal Fungal infection also known as mycosis is a disease caused by fungi 5 13 Different types are traditionally divided according to the part of the body affected superficial subcutaneous and systemic 3 6 Superficial fungal infections include common tinea of the skin such as tinea of the body groin hands feet and beard and yeast infections such as pityriasis versicolor 7 Subcutaneous types include eumycetoma and chromoblastomycosis which generally affect tissues in and beneath the skin 1 7 Systemic fungal infections are more serious and include cryptococcosis histoplasmosis pneumocystis pneumonia aspergillosis and mucormycosis 3 Signs and symptoms range widely 3 There is usually a rash with superficial infection 2 Fungal infection within the skin or under the skin may present with a lump and skin changes 3 Pneumonia like symptoms or meningitis may occur with a deeper or systemic infection 2 MycosisOther namesMycoses 1 fungal disease 2 fungal infection 3 ICD 10CM codes Mycoses B35 B49 4 Micrograph showing a mycosis aspergillosis The Aspergillus which is spaghetti like is seen in the center and surrounded by inflammatory cells and necrotic debris H amp E stain SpecialtyInfectious Diseases 5 TypesSystemic superficial subcutaneous 3 CausesPathogenic fungus dermatophytes yeasts molds 6 7 Risk factorsImmunodeficiency cancer treatment large surface area wounds burns 8 9 organ transplant 6 COVID 19 10 tuberculosisDiagnostic methodBased on symptoms culture microscopic examination 6 TreatmentAntifungals 3 FrequencyCommon 11 Deaths1 7 million 2020 12 Fungi are everywhere but only some cause disease 13 Fungal infection occurs after spores are either breathed in come into contact with skin or enter the body through the skin such as via a cut wound or injection 3 It is more likely to occur in people with a weak immune system 14 This includes people with illnesses such as HIV AIDS and people taking medicines such as steroids or cancer treatments 14 Fungi that cause infections in people include yeasts molds and fungi that are able to exist as both a mold and yeast 3 The yeast Candida albicans can live in people without producing symptoms and is able to cause both superficial mild candidiasis in healthy people such as oral thrush or vaginal yeast infection and severe systemic candidiasis in those who cannot fight infection themselves 3 Diagnosis is generally based on signs and symptoms microscopy culture sometimes requiring a biopsy and the aid of medical imaging 6 Some superficial fungal infections of the skin can appear similar to other skin conditions such as eczema and lichen planus 7 Treatment is generally performed using antifungal medicines usually in the form of a cream or by mouth or injection depending on the specific infection and its extent 15 Some require surgically cutting out infected tissue 3 Fungal infections have a world wide distribution and are common affecting more than one billion people every year 11 An estimated 1 7 million deaths from fungal disease were reported in 2020 12 Several including sporotrichosis chromoblastomycosis and mycetoma are neglected 16 A wide range of fungal infections occur in other animals and some can be transmitted from animals to people 17 Contents 1 Classification 1 1 ICD 11 codes 1 2 Superficial mycoses 1 3 Subcutaneous 1 4 Systemic 2 Signs and symptoms 3 Causes 3 1 Risk factors 3 2 COVID 19 4 Mechanism 5 Diagnosis 5 1 Differential diagnosis 6 Prevention 7 Treatment 8 Epidemiology 9 History 9 1 SARS 2003 10 Other animals 11 See also 12 References 13 External linksClassification EditMycoses are traditionally divided into superficial subcutaneous or systemic where infection is deep more widespread and involving internal body organs 3 11 They can affect the nails vagina skin and mouth 18 Some types such as blastomycosis cryptococcus coccidioidomycosis and histoplasmosis affect people who live or visit certain parts of the world 18 Others such as aspergillosis pneumocystis pneumonia candidiasis mucormycosis and talaromycosis tend to affect people who are unable to fight infection themselves 18 Mycoses might not always conform strictly to the three divisions of superficial subcutaneous and systemic 3 Some superficial fungal infections can cause systemic infections in people who are immunocompromised 3 Some subcutaneous fungal infections can invade into deeper structures resulting in systemic disease 3 Candida albicans can live in people without producing symptoms and is able to cause both mild candidiasis in healthy people and severe invasive candidiasis in those who cannot fight infection themselves 3 7 ICD 11 codes Edit ICD 11 codes include 5 1F20 Aspergillosis 1F21 Basidiobolomycosis 1F22 Blastomycosis 1F23 Candidosis 1F24 Chromoblastomycosis 1F25 Coccidioidomycosis 1F26 Conidiobolomycosis 1F27 Cryptococcosis 1F28 Dermatophytosis 1F29 Eumycetoma 1F2A Histoplasmosis 1F2B Lobomycosis 1F2C Mucormycosis 1F2D Non dermatophyte superficial dermatomycoses 1F2E Paracoccidioidomycosis 1F2F Phaeohyphomycosis 1F2G Pneumocystosis 1F2H Scedosporiosis 1F2J Sporotrichosis 1F2K Talaromycosis 1F2L Emmonsiosis Superficial mycoses Edit Superficial mycoses include candidiasis in healthy people common tinea of the skin such as tinea of the body groin hands feet and beard and malassezia infections such as pityriasis versicolor 3 7 Oral candidiasis Tinea corporis Pityriasis versicolor OnychomycosisSubcutaneous Edit EumycetomaSubcutaneous fungal infections include sporotrichosis chromoblastomycosis and eumycetoma 3 Systemic Edit Systemic fungal infections include histoplasmosis cryptococcosis coccidioidomycosis blastomycosis mucormycosis aspergillosis pneumocystis pneumonia and systemic candidiasis 3 Systemic mycoses due to primary pathogens originate normally in the lungs and may spread to other organ systems Organisms that cause systemic mycoses are inherently virulent further explanation needed citation needed Systemic mycoses due to opportunistic pathogens are infections of people with immune deficiencies who would otherwise not be infected Examples of immunocompromised conditions include AIDS alteration of normal flora by antibiotics immunosuppressive therapy and metastatic cancer Examples of opportunistic mycoses include Candidiasis Cryptococcosis and Aspergillosis citation needed Signs and symptoms EditMost common mild mycoses often present with a rash 2 Infections within the skin or under the skin may present with a lump and skin changes 3 Less common deeper fungal infections may present with pneumonia like symptoms or meningitis 2 Causes EditMycoses are caused by certain fungi yeasts molds and some fungi that can exist as both a mold and yeast 3 6 They are everywhere and infection occurs after spores are either breathed in come into contact with skin or enter the body through the skin such as via a cut wound or injection 3 Candida albicans is the most common cause of fungal infection in people particularly as oral or vaginal thrush often following taking antibiotics 3 Risk factors Edit Fungal infections are more likely in people with weak immune systems 14 This includes people with illnesses such as HIV AIDS and people taking medicines such as steroids or cancer treatments 14 People with diabetes also tend to develop fungal infections 19 Very young and very old people also are groups at risk 20 Individuals being treated with antibiotics are at higher risk of fungal infections 21 Children whose immune systems are not functioning properly such as children with cancer are at risk of invasive fungal infections 22 COVID 19 Edit During the COVID 19 pandemic some fungal infections have been associated with COVID 19 10 23 24 Fungal infections can mimic COVID 19 occur at the same time as COVID 19 and more serious fungal infections can complicate COVID 19 10 A fungal infection may occur after antibiotics for a bacterial infection which has occurred following COVID 19 25 The most common serious fungal infections in people with COVID 19 include aspergillosis and invasive candidiasis 26 COVID 19 associated mucormycosis is generally less common but in 2021 was noted to be significantly more prevalent in India 10 27 Mechanism EditFungal infections occur after spores are either breathed in come into contact with skin or enter the body through a wound 3 Diagnosis EditDiagnosis is generally by signs and symptoms microscopy biopsy culture and sometimes with the aid of medical imaging 6 Differential diagnosis Edit Some tinea and candidiasis infections of the skin can appear similar to eczema and lichen planus 7 Pityriasis versicolor can look like seborrheic dermatitis pityriasis rosea pityriasis alba and vitiligo 7 Some fungal infections such as coccidioidomycosis histoplasmosis and blastomycosis can present with fever cough and shortness of breath thereby resembling COVID 19 28 Prevention EditKeeping the skin clean and dry as well as maintaining good hygiene will help larger topical mycoses Because some fungal infections are contagious it is important to wash hands after touching other people or animals Sports clothing should also be washed after use clarification needed citation needed Treatment EditTreatment depends on the type of fungal infection and usually requires topical or systemic antifungal medicines 15 Pneumocystosis that does not respond to anti fungals is treated with co trimoxazole 29 Sometimes infected tissue needs to be surgically cut away 3 Epidemiology EditWorldwide every year fungal infections affect more than one billion people 11 An estimated 1 6 million deaths from fungal disease were reported in 2017 30 The figure has been rising with an estimated 1 7 million deaths from fungal disease reported in 2020 12 Fungal infections also constitute a significant cause of illness and mortality in children 31 According to the Global Action Fund for Fungal Infections every year there are over 10 million cases of fungal asthma around 3 million cases of long term aspergillosis of lungs 1 million cases of blindness due to fungal keratitis more than 200 000 cases of meningitis due to cryptococcus 700 000 cases of invasive candidiasis 500 000 cases of pneumocystosis of lungs 250 000 cases of invasive aspergillosis and 100 000 cases of histoplasmosis 32 History EditIn 500BC an apparent account of ulcers in the mouth by Hippocrates may have been thrush 33 The Hungarian microscopist based in Paris David Gruby first reported that human disease could be caused by fungi in the early 1840s 33 SARS 2003 Edit During the 2003 SARS outbreak fungal infections were reported in 14 8 33 of people affected by SARS and it was the cause of death in 25 73 7 of people with SARS 34 Other animals EditA wide range of fungal infections occur in other animals and some can be transmitted from animals to people such as Microsporum canis from cats 17 See also EditFungal infection in plants Fungi ActinomycosisReferences Edit a b Johnstone RB 2017 25 Mycoses and Algal infections Weedon s Skin Pathology Essentials 2nd ed Elsevier pp 438 465 ISBN 978 0 7020 6830 0 a b c d e Fungal Diseases Homepage CDC www cdc gov 29 March 2021 Retrieved 17 June 2021 a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y Barlow G Irving WL Moss PJ 2020 20 Infectious diseases In Feather A Randall D Waterhouse M eds Kumar and Clark s Clinical Medicine 10th ed Elsevier pp 559 563 ISBN 978 0 7020 7870 5 ICD 10CM mycoses B35 B49 a b c ICD 11 ICD 11 for Mortality and Morbidity Statistics icd who int Retrieved 25 May 2021 a b c d e f g Willinger B 2019 1 What is the target Clinical mycology and diagnostics In Presterl E ed Clinically Relevant Mycoses A Practical Approach Germany Springer pp 3 19 ISBN 978 3 319 92299 7 a b c d e f g h Kutzner H Kempf W Feit J Sangueza O 2021 2 Fungal infections Atlas of Clinical Dermatopathology Infectious and Parasitic Dermatoses Hoboken Wiley Blackwell pp 77 108 ISBN 978 1 119 64706 5 Struck MF Gille J September 2013 Fungal infections in burns a comprehensive review Annals of Burns and Fire Disasters 26 3 147 153 PMC 3917146 PMID 24563641 Kalan L Grice EA July 2018 Fungi in the Wound Microbiome Advances in Wound Care 7 7 247 255 doi 10 1089 wound 2017 0756 PMC 6032664 PMID 29984114 a b c d Fungal Diseases and COVID 19 CDC www cdc gov 7 June 2021 Retrieved 7 August 2021 a b c d Nakazato G Alesandra A Lonni SG Panagio LA de Camargo LC Goncalves MC et al 2020 4 Applications of nanometals in cutaneous infections In Rai M ed Nanotechnology in Skin Soft Tissue and Bone Infections Switzerland Springer ISBN 978 3 030 35146 5 a b c Kainz K Bauer MA Madeo F Carmona Gutierrez D June 2020 Fungal infections in humans the silent crisis Microbial Cell 7 6 143 145 doi 10 15698 mic2020 06 718 PMC 7278517 PMID 32548176 a b Richardson MD Warnock DW 2012 1 Introduction Fungal Infection Diagnosis and Management 4th ed John Wiley amp Sons pp 1 7 ISBN 978 1 4051 7056 7 a b c d Fungal Infections Fungal CDC www cdc gov 29 January 2019 Retrieved 16 June 2021 a b Graininger W Diab Elschahawi M Presterl E 2019 3 Antifungal agents In Presterl E ed Clinically Relevant Mycoses A Practical Approach Springer pp 31 44 ISBN 978 3 319 92299 7 Queiroz Telles F Fahal AH Falci DR Caceres DH Chiller T Pasqualotto AC November 2017 Neglected endemic mycoses The Lancet Infectious Diseases 17 11 e367 e377 doi 10 1016 S1473 3099 17 30306 7 PMID 28774696 a b Seyedmousavi S Bosco SM de Hoog S Ebel F Elad D Gomes RR et al April 2018 Fungal infections in animals a patchwork of different situations Medical Mycology 56 suppl 1 165 187 doi 10 1093 mmy myx104 PMC 6251577 PMID 29538732 a b c Types of Fungal Diseases Fungal Diseases CDC www cdc gov 27 June 2019 Retrieved 12 June 2021 Thrush in Men NHS Retrieved 2013 07 13 Fungal infections Introduction Archived from the original on May 8 2003 Retrieved May 26 2010 Britt LD Peitzman A Barie P Jurkovich G 2012 Acute Care Surgery p 186 ISBN 9781451153934 Blyth CC Hale K Palasanthiran P O Brien T Bennett MH February 2010 Antifungal therapy in infants and children with proven probable or suspected invasive fungal infections The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2 CD006343 doi 10 1002 14651858 cd006343 pub2 PMID 20166083 Hoenigl M Talento AF eds 2021 Fungal Infections Complicating COVID 19 MDPI ISBN 978 3 0365 0554 1 Gangneux JP Bougnoux ME Dannaoui E Cornet M Zahar JR June 2020 Invasive fungal diseases during COVID 19 We should be prepared Journal de Mycologie Medicale 30 2 100971 doi 10 1016 j mycmed 2020 100971 PMC 7136887 PMID 32307254 Saxena SK 2020 Coronavirus Disease 2019 COVID 19 Epidemiology Pathogenesis Diagnosis and Therapeutics Singapore Springer p 73 ISBN 978 981 15 4813 0 Fungal Diseases and COVID 19 www cdc gov 7 June 2021 Retrieved 7 August 2021 Qu JM Cao B Chen RC 2021 COVID 19 The Essentials of Prevention and Treatment Amsterdam Netherlands Elsevier ISBN 978 0 12 824003 8 Fungal Diseases and COVID 19 www cdc gov 7 June 2021 Retrieved 19 June 2021 CDC 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185 4 599 606 doi 10 1007 s11046 020 00462 9 PMC 7394275 PMID 32737747 External links Edit Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Fungal infection amp oldid 1160533287, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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