fbpx
Wikipedia

Fusarium

May 05, 2023

Fusarium /fjuˈzɛəriəm/ (help·info) is a large genus of filamentous fungi, part of a group often referred to as hyphomycetes, widely distributed in soil and associated with plants. Most species are harmless saprobes, and are relatively abundant members of the soil microbial community. Some species produce mycotoxins in cereal crops that can affect human and animal health if they enter the food chain. The main toxins produced by these Fusarium species are fumonisins and trichothecenes. Despite most species apparently being harmless (some existing on the skin as commensal members of the skin flora), some Fusarium species and subspecific groups are among the most important fungal pathogens of plants and animals.

Fusarium
Fusarium verticillioides
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Fungi
Division: Ascomycota
Class: Sordariomycetes
Order: Hypocreales
Family: Nectriaceae
Genus: Fusarium
Link (1809)[1]
Species

List of Fusarium species

The name of Fusarium comes from Latin fusus, meaning a spindle.

Taxonomy

The taxonomy of the genus is complex. A number of different schemes have been used, and up to 1,000 species have been identified at times, with approaches varying between wide and narrow concepts of speciation (lumpers and splitters).[2][3][4]

Phylogenetic studies indicate seven major clades within the genus.[4]

There is a proposed concept – widely subscribed by specialists – that would include essentially the genus as it now stands, including especially all agriculturally significant Fusaria.[5][6] There is a counterproposal (unrelated to Watanabe 2011) that goes far in the other direction, with seven entirely new genera.[7]

Subdivision

Various schemes have subdivided the genus into subgenera and sections. There is a poor correlation between sections and phylogenetic clades.[4]

Sections previously described include:

  • Arachnites
  • Arthrosporiella
  • Discolour
  • Elegans
  • Eupionnotes
  • Gibbosum
  • Lateritium
  • Liseola
  • Martiella
  • Ventricosum
  • Roseum
  • Spicarioides
  • Sporotrichiella

Species

Selected species include:

Etymology

The name of Fusarium comes from Latin fusus, meaning a spindle.

Pathogen

 
Fusarium chlamydospores
 
Micro and macro conidia under 45x magnification
 
Macroconidia

The genus includes a number of economically important plant pathogenic species.

Fusarium graminearum commonly infects barley if there is rain late in the season. It is of economic impact to the malting and brewing industries, as well as feed barley. Fusarium contamination in barley can result in head blight, and in extreme contaminations, the barley can appear pink.[8] The genome of this wheat and maize pathogen has been sequenced. F. graminearum can also cause root rot and seedling blight. The total losses in the US of barley and wheat crops between 1991 and 1996 have been estimated at $3 billion.[8]

Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. cubense is a fungal plant pathogen that causes Panama disease of banana (Musa spp.), also known as fusarium wilt of banana. Panama disease affects a wide range of banana cultivars, which are propagated asexually from offshoots and therefore have very little genetic diversity. Panama disease is one of the most destructive plant diseases of modern times, and caused the commercial disappearance of the once dominant Gros Michel cultivar. A more recent strain also affects the Cavendish cultivars which commercially replaced Gros Michel. It is considered inevitable that this susceptibility will spread globally and commercially wipe out the Cavendish cultivar, for which there are currently no acceptable replacements.

Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. narcissi causes rotting of the bulbs (basal rot) and yellowing of the leaves of daffodils (Narcissi).

In 2021 it was discovered that Fusarium xyrophilum was able to hijack a South American species of yellow-eyed Xyris grass, creating fake flowers, fooling bees and other pollinating insects into visiting them, taking fungal spores to other plants.[9]

In humans

Some species may cause a range of opportunistic infections in humans. In humans with normal immune systems, fusarial infections may occur in the nails (onychomycosis) and in the cornea (keratomycosis or mycotic keratitis).[10] In humans whose immune systems are weakened in a particular way, (neutropenia, i.e., very low neutrophils count), aggressive fusarial infections penetrating the entire body and bloodstream (disseminated infections) may be caused by members of the Fusarium solani complex, Fusarium oxysporum, Fusarium verticillioides, Fusarium proliferatum and, rarely, other fusarial species.[11]

Research

The isolation medium for Fusaria is usually peptone PCNB agar (peptone pentachloronitrobenzene agar, PPA).[12]: 7 [13] For F. oxysporum specifically, Komada's medium is most common.[12]: 7  Differential identification is difficult in some strains.[13] Vegetative compatibility group analysis is best for some, is one usable method for others, and requires such a large number of assays that it is too complicated for yet others.[13]

Use as human food

Fusarium venenatum is produced industrially for use as a human food by Marlow Foods, Ltd., and is marketed under the name Quorn in Europe and North America.

Fusarium strain flavolapis is also produced as a human food by Nature's Fynd under the name Fy in North America.[14] It is used as a part of Le Bernardin menu in several dishes.[15]

Some consumers of fusarium products have shown food allergies similar in nature to peanut and other food allergies. People with known sensitivities to molds should exercise caution when consuming such products.[16]

Biological warfare

Mass casualties occurred in the Soviet Union in the 1930s and 1940s when Fusarium-contaminated wheat flour was baked into bread, causing alimentary toxic aleukia with a 60% mortality rate. Symptoms began with abdominal pain, diarrhea, vomiting, and prostration, and within days, fever, chills, myalgias and bone marrow depression with granulocytopenia and secondary sepsis occurred. Further symptoms included pharyngeal or laryngeal ulceration and diffuse bleeding into the skin (petechiae and ecchymoses), melena, bloody diarrhea, hematuria, hematemesis, epistaxis, vaginal bleeding, pancytopenia and gastrointestinal ulceration. Fusarium sporotrichoides contamination was found in affected grain in 1932, spurring research for medical purposes and for use in biological warfare. The active ingredient was found to be trichothecene T-2 mycotoxin, and it was produced in quantity and weaponized prior to the passage of the Biological Weapons Convention in 1972. The Soviets were accused of using the agent, dubbed "yellow rain", to cause 6,300 deaths in Laos, Kampuchea, and Afghanistan between 1975 and 1981.[17][18] The "biological warfare agent" was later purported to be merely bee feces,[19][20] but the issue remains disputed.

Pest

Fusarium has posed a threat to the ancient cave paintings in Lascaux since 1955, when the caves were first opened to visitors. The caves subsequently closed and the threat subsided, but the installation of an air conditioning system in 2000 caused another outbreak of the fungus which is yet to be resolved.[21]

Microbiota

Fusarium may be part of microbiota including digestive as well as oral/dental, there have been rare cases of Fusariosis presenting as a necrotic ulceration of the gingiva, extending to the alveolar bone has been reported in a granulocytopenic patient.[22]

References

  1. ^ Link, Johann Heinrich Friedrich (1809). "Observationes in ordines plantarum naturales. Dissertatio I." Magazin der Gesellschaft Naturforschenden Freunde Berlin (in Latin). 3 (1): 10. Retrieved 2018-11-21.
  2. ^ Nelson 1994.
  3. ^ Moretti 2009.
  4. ^ a b c Watanabe 2011.
  5. ^ Geiser, David M; et al. (2020-11-17). "Phylogenomic analysis of a 55.1 kb 19-gene dataset resolves a monophyletic Fusarium that includes the Fusarium solani Species Complex". Phytopathology. American Phytopathological Society. 111 (7): PHYTO-08-20-033. doi:10.1094/phyto-08-20-0330-le. hdl:2434/797012. ISSN 0031-949X. PMID 33200960. S2CID 226991166.
  6. ^ Geiser, David M.; Aoki, Takayuki; Bacon, Charles W.; Baker, Scott E.; Bhattacharyya, Madan K.; Brandt, Mary E.; Brown, Daren W.; Burgess, Lester W.; Chulze, Sofia; Coleman, Jeffrey J.; Correll, James C.; Covert, Sarah F.; Crous, Pedro W.; Cuomo, Christina A.; De Hoog, G. Sybren; Di Pietro, Antonio; Elmer, Wade H.; Epstein, Lynn; Frandsen, Rasmus J. N.; Freeman, Stanley; Gagkaeva, Tatiana; Glenn, Anthony E.; Gordon, Thomas R.; Gregory, Nancy F.; Hammond-Kosack, Kim E.; Hanson, Linda E.; Jímenez-Gasco, María del Mar; Kang, Seogchan; Kistler, H. Corby; Kuldau, Gretchen A.; Leslie, John F.; Logrieco, Antonio; Lu, Guozhong; Lysøe, Erik; Ma, Li-Jun; McCormick, Susan P.; Migheli, Quirico; Moretti, Antonio; Munaut, Françoise; O'Donnell, Kerry; Pfenning, Ludwig; Ploetz, Randy C.; Proctor, Robert H.; Rehner, Stephen A.; Robert, Vincent A. R. G.; Rooney, Alejandro P.; bin Salleh, Baharuddin; Scandiani, Maria Mercedes; Scauflaire, Jonathan; Short, Dylan P. G.; Steenkamp, Emma; Suga, Haruhisa; Summerell, Brett A.; Sutton, Deanna A.; Thrane, Ulf; Trail, Francis; Van Diepeningen, Anne; VanEtten, Hans D.; Viljoen, Altus; Waalwijk, Cees; Ward, Todd J.; Wingfield, Michael J.; Xu, Jin-Rong; Yang, Xiao-Bing; Yli-Mattila, Tapani; Zhang, Ning (2013). "One Fungus, One Name: Defining the Genus Fusarium in a Scientifically Robust Way That Preserves Longstanding Use". Phytopathology. American Phytopathological Society. 103 (5): 400–408. doi:10.1094/phyto-07-12-0150-le. ISSN 0031-949X. PMID 23379853.
  7. ^ Lombard, L.; van der Merwe, N.A.; Groenewald, J.Z.; Crous, P.W. (2015). "Generic concepts in Nectriaceae". Studies in Mycology. Elsevier BV. 80: 189–245. doi:10.1016/j.simyco.2014.12.002. ISSN 0166-0616. PMC 4779799. PMID 26955195.
  8. ^ a b Brewing Microbiology, 3rd edition. Priest and Campbell, ISBN 0-306-47288-0[page needed]
  9. ^ Simons, Paul (17 February 2021). "Plantwatch: fungus creates fake fragrant flowers to fool bees". the Guardian. Retrieved 18 February 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  10. ^ Walsh TJ, Dixon DM (1996). "Spectrum of Mycoses". In Baron S, et al. (eds.). Spectrum of Mycoses. In: Baron's Medical Microbiology (4th ed.). Univ of Texas Medical Branch. ISBN 978-0-9631172-1-2. PMID 21413276 – via NCBI Bookshelf.
  11. ^ Howard DH (2003). Pathogenic Fungi in Humans and Animals (2nd ed.). Marcel Dekker. ISBN 978-0-8247-0683-8 – via Google Books.
  12. ^ a b Leslie, John F.; Summerell, Brett A. (2006). The Fusarium Laboratory Manual. Ames, Iowa: Blackwell Publishing. pp. ix-388. doi:10.1002/9780470278376. ISBN 978-0-470-27837-6. OCLC 608623925. S2CID 82470396.
  13. ^ a b c Summerell, Brett A.; Salleh, Baharuddin; Leslie, John F. (2003). "A Utilitarian Approach to Fusarium Identification". Plant Disease. American Phytopathological Society. 87 (2): 117–128. doi:10.1094/pdis.2003.87.2.117. ISSN 0191-2917. PMID 30812915.
  14. ^ Watson, Elaine (2021-06-18). "Nature's Fynd receives GRAS no questions letter from FDA for 'Fy' nutritional fungi protein". foodnavigator-usa.com. Retrieved 2022-12-31.
  15. ^ Axworthy, Nicole. "This Vegan Fungi Protein Makes Fine-Dining Debut at NYC's Le Bernardin". VegNews.com. Retrieved 2022-12-31.
  16. ^ Katona SJ, Kaminski ER (November 2002). "Sensitivity to Quorn mycoprotein (Fusarium venenatum) in a mould allergic patient". Journal of Clinical Pathology. 55 (11): 876–7. doi:10.1136/jcp.55.11.876-a. PMC 1769805. PMID 12401831.
  17. ^ Peraica M, Radic B, Lucic A, Pavlovic M (September 1999). "Toxic effects of mycotoxins in humans" (PDF). Bulletin of the World Health Organization. 77 (7): 754–66. PMC 2557730. PMID 10534900.
  18. ^ Drug Policy Alliance (2006). (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 February 2009. Retrieved 2007-05-27. {{cite web}}: |author= has generic name (help)
  19. ^ Earl C (1984). "Yellow rain: Thai bees' faeces found". Nature. 308 (5959): 485. Bibcode:1984Natur.308..485.. doi:10.1038/308485b0. PMID 6709055.
  20. ^ Marshall E (July 1986). "Yellow rain evidence slowly whittled away". Science. 233 (4759): 18–19. Bibcode:1986Sci...233...18M. doi:10.1126/science.3715471. PMID 3715471.
  21. ^ Rinaldi A (November 2006). "Saving a fragile legacy. Biotechnology and microbiology are increasingly used to preserve and restore the world's cultural heritage". EMBO Reports. 7 (11): 1075–79. doi:10.1038/sj.embor.7400844. PMC 1679785. PMID 17077862.
  22. ^ Deepa, A. G.; Nair, Bindu J.; Sivakumar, T. T.; Joseph, Anna P. (2014-05-01). "Uncommon opportunistic fungal infections of oral cavity: A review". Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology. 18 (2): 235–243. doi:10.4103/0973-029X.140765. ISSN 0973-029X. PMC 4196293. PMID 25328305.

Bibliography

  • Nelson PE, Dignani MC, Anaissie EJ (October 1994). "Taxonomy, biology, and clinical aspects of Fusarium species". Clinical Microbiology Reviews. 7 (4): 479–504. doi:10.1128/cmr.7.4.479. PMC 358338. PMID 7834602.
  • Moretti A (2009). "Taxonomy of Fusarium genus: A continuous fight between lumpers and splitters". Zbornik Matice Srpske Za Prirodne Nauke (117): 7–13. doi:10.2298/ZMSPN0917007M.
  • Watanabe M, Yonezawa T, Lee K, Kumagai S, Sugita-Konishi Y, Goto K, Hara-Kudo Y (November 2011). "Molecular phylogeny of the higher and lower taxonomy of the Fusarium genus and differences in the evolutionary histories of multiple genes". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 11 (1): 322. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-11-322. PMC 3270093. PMID 22047111.
  • Summerell BA, Laurence MH, Liew EC, Leslie JF (14 September 2010). "Biogeography and phylogeography of Fusarium: a review". Fungal Diversity. 44 (1): 3–13. doi:10.1007/s13225-010-0060-2. S2CID 37051295.

External links

  • Fusarium and Verticillium Wilts of Tomato, Potato, Pepper, and Eggplant
  • Fusarium Blight on Turfgrass
  • Fusarium Keratitis
  • Evolution of Fusarium taxonomy. FAO 2014
  • Fusarium Comparative Database
  • Asan A (2011). "Checklist of Fusarium Species Reported from Turkey" (PDF). Mycotaxon. 116: 479.
  • Simple explanation of Fusarium. FAO 2014

May 05, 2023
fusarium, fjuˈzɛəriəm, help, info, large, genus, filamentous, fungi, part, group, often, referred, hyphomycetes, widely, distributed, soil, associated, with, plants, most, species, harmless, saprobes, relatively, abundant, members, soil, microbial, community, . Fusarium fjuˈzɛeriem help info is a large genus of filamentous fungi part of a group often referred to as hyphomycetes widely distributed in soil and associated with plants Most species are harmless saprobes and are relatively abundant members of the soil microbial community Some species produce mycotoxins in cereal crops that can affect human and animal health if they enter the food chain The main toxins produced by these Fusarium species are fumonisins and trichothecenes Despite most species apparently being harmless some existing on the skin as commensal members of the skin flora some Fusarium species and subspecific groups are among the most important fungal pathogens of plants and animals FusariumFusarium verticillioidesScientific classificationKingdom FungiDivision AscomycotaClass SordariomycetesOrder HypocrealesFamily NectriaceaeGenus FusariumLink 1809 1 SpeciesList of Fusarium speciesThe name of Fusarium comes from Latin fusus meaning a spindle Contents 1 Taxonomy 1 1 Subdivision 1 2 Species 1 3 Etymology 2 Pathogen 2 1 In humans 3 Research 4 Use as human food 5 Biological warfare 6 Pest 7 Microbiota 8 References 9 Bibliography 10 External linksTaxonomy EditThe taxonomy of the genus is complex A number of different schemes have been used and up to 1 000 species have been identified at times with approaches varying between wide and narrow concepts of speciation lumpers and splitters 2 3 4 Phylogenetic studies indicate seven major clades within the genus 4 There is a proposed concept widely subscribed by specialists that would include essentially the genus as it now stands including especially all agriculturally significant Fusaria 5 6 There is a counterproposal unrelated to Watanabe 2011 that goes far in the other direction with seven entirely new genera 7 Subdivision Edit Various schemes have subdivided the genus into subgenera and sections There is a poor correlation between sections and phylogenetic clades 4 Sections previously described include Arachnites Arthrosporiella Discolour Elegans Eupionnotes Gibbosum Lateritium Liseola Martiella Ventricosum Roseum Spicarioides Sporotrichiella Species Edit Selected species include Fusarium acaciae Fusarium fujikuroi Fusarium acaciae mearnsii Fusarium acutatum Fusarium aderholdii Fusarium acremoniopsis Fusarium affine Fusarium arthrosporioides Fusarium avenaceum Fusarium bubigeum Fusarium circinatum Fusarium crookwellense Fusarium culmorum Fusarium graminearum Fusarium incarnatum Fusarium langsethiae Fusarium mangiferae Fusarium merismoides Fusarium oxysporum Fusarium pallidoroseum Fusarium poae Fusarium proliferatum Fusarium pseudograminearum Fusarium redolens Fusarium sacchari Fusarium solani Fusarium sporotrichioides Fusarium sterilihyphosum Fusarium subglutinans Fusarium sulphureum Fusarium tricinctum Fusarium udum Fusarium venenatum Fusarium verticillioides Fusarium virguliforme Fusarium xyrophilum Etymology Edit The name of Fusarium comes from Latin fusus meaning a spindle Pathogen Edit Fusarium chlamydospores Micro and macro conidia under 45x magnification Macroconidia The genus includes a number of economically important plant pathogenic species Fusarium graminearum commonly infects barley if there is rain late in the season It is of economic impact to the malting and brewing industries as well as feed barley Fusarium contamination in barley can result in head blight and in extreme contaminations the barley can appear pink 8 The genome of this wheat and maize pathogen has been sequenced F graminearum can also cause root rot and seedling blight The total losses in the US of barley and wheat crops between 1991 and 1996 have been estimated at 3 billion 8 Fusarium oxysporum f sp cubense is a fungal plant pathogen that causes Panama disease of banana Musa spp also known as fusarium wilt of banana Panama disease affects a wide range of banana cultivars which are propagated asexually from offshoots and therefore have very little genetic diversity Panama disease is one of the most destructive plant diseases of modern times and caused the commercial disappearance of the once dominant Gros Michel cultivar A more recent strain also affects the Cavendish cultivars which commercially replaced Gros Michel It is considered inevitable that this susceptibility will spread globally and commercially wipe out the Cavendish cultivar for which there are currently no acceptable replacements Fusarium oxysporum f sp narcissi causes rotting of the bulbs basal rot and yellowing of the leaves of daffodils Narcissi In 2021 it was discovered that Fusarium xyrophilum was able to hijack a South American species of yellow eyed Xyris grass creating fake flowers fooling bees and other pollinating insects into visiting them taking fungal spores to other plants 9 In humans Edit Some species may cause a range of opportunistic infections in humans In humans with normal immune systems fusarial infections may occur in the nails onychomycosis and in the cornea keratomycosis or mycotic keratitis 10 In humans whose immune systems are weakened in a particular way neutropenia i e very low neutrophils count aggressive fusarial infections penetrating the entire body and bloodstream disseminated infections may be caused by members of the Fusarium solani complex Fusarium oxysporum Fusarium verticillioides Fusarium proliferatum and rarely other fusarial species 11 Research EditThe isolation medium for Fusaria is usually peptone PCNB agar peptone pentachloronitrobenzene agar PPA 12 7 13 For F oxysporum specifically Komada s medium is most common 12 7 Differential identification is difficult in some strains 13 Vegetative compatibility group analysis is best for some is one usable method for others and requires such a large number of assays that it is too complicated for yet others 13 Use as human food EditFusarium venenatum is produced industrially for use as a human food by Marlow Foods Ltd and is marketed under the name Quorn in Europe and North America Fusarium strain flavolapis is also produced as a human food by Nature s Fynd under the name Fy in North America 14 It is used as a part of Le Bernardin menu in several dishes 15 Some consumers of fusarium products have shown food allergies similar in nature to peanut and other food allergies People with known sensitivities to molds should exercise caution when consuming such products 16 Biological warfare EditMass casualties occurred in the Soviet Union in the 1930s and 1940s when Fusarium contaminated wheat flour was baked into bread causing alimentary toxic aleukia with a 60 mortality rate Symptoms began with abdominal pain diarrhea vomiting and prostration and within days fever chills myalgias and bone marrow depression with granulocytopenia and secondary sepsis occurred Further symptoms included pharyngeal or laryngeal ulceration and diffuse bleeding into the skin petechiae and ecchymoses melena bloody diarrhea hematuria hematemesis epistaxis vaginal bleeding pancytopenia and gastrointestinal ulceration Fusarium sporotrichoides contamination was found in affected grain in 1932 spurring research for medical purposes and for use in biological warfare The active ingredient was found to be trichothecene T 2 mycotoxin and it was produced in quantity and weaponized prior to the passage of the Biological Weapons Convention in 1972 The Soviets were accused of using the agent dubbed yellow rain to cause 6 300 deaths in Laos Kampuchea and Afghanistan between 1975 and 1981 17 18 The biological warfare agent was later purported to be merely bee feces 19 20 but the issue remains disputed Pest EditFusarium has posed a threat to the ancient cave paintings in Lascaux since 1955 when the caves were first opened to visitors The caves subsequently closed and the threat subsided but the installation of an air conditioning system in 2000 caused another outbreak of the fungus which is yet to be resolved 21 Microbiota EditFusarium may be part of microbiota including digestive as well as oral dental there have been rare cases of Fusariosis presenting as a necrotic ulceration of the gingiva extending to the alveolar bone has been reported in a granulocytopenic patient 22 References Edit Link Johann Heinrich Friedrich 1809 Observationes in ordines plantarum naturales Dissertatio I Magazin der Gesellschaft Naturforschenden Freunde Berlin in Latin 3 1 10 Retrieved 2018 11 21 Nelson 1994 Moretti 2009 a b c Watanabe 2011 Geiser David M et al 2020 11 17 Phylogenomic analysis of a 55 1 kb 19 gene dataset resolves a monophyletic Fusarium that includes the Fusarium solani Species Complex Phytopathology American Phytopathological Society 111 7 PHYTO 08 20 033 doi 10 1094 phyto 08 20 0330 le hdl 2434 797012 ISSN 0031 949X PMID 33200960 S2CID 226991166 Geiser David M Aoki Takayuki Bacon Charles W Baker Scott E Bhattacharyya Madan K Brandt Mary E Brown Daren W Burgess Lester W Chulze Sofia Coleman Jeffrey J Correll James C Covert Sarah F Crous Pedro W Cuomo Christina A De Hoog G Sybren Di Pietro Antonio Elmer Wade H Epstein Lynn Frandsen Rasmus J N Freeman Stanley Gagkaeva Tatiana Glenn Anthony E Gordon Thomas R Gregory Nancy F Hammond Kosack Kim E Hanson Linda E Jimenez Gasco Maria del Mar Kang Seogchan Kistler H Corby Kuldau Gretchen A Leslie John F Logrieco Antonio Lu Guozhong Lysoe Erik Ma Li Jun McCormick Susan P Migheli Quirico Moretti Antonio Munaut Francoise O Donnell Kerry Pfenning Ludwig Ploetz Randy C Proctor Robert H Rehner Stephen A Robert Vincent A R G Rooney Alejandro P bin Salleh Baharuddin Scandiani Maria Mercedes Scauflaire Jonathan Short Dylan P G Steenkamp Emma Suga Haruhisa Summerell Brett A Sutton Deanna A Thrane Ulf Trail Francis Van Diepeningen Anne VanEtten Hans D Viljoen Altus Waalwijk Cees Ward Todd J Wingfield Michael J Xu Jin Rong Yang Xiao Bing Yli Mattila Tapani Zhang Ning 2013 One Fungus One Name Defining the Genus Fusarium in a Scientifically Robust Way That Preserves Longstanding Use Phytopathology American Phytopathological Society 103 5 400 408 doi 10 1094 phyto 07 12 0150 le ISSN 0031 949X PMID 23379853 Lombard L van der Merwe N A Groenewald J Z Crous P W 2015 Generic concepts in Nectriaceae Studies in Mycology Elsevier BV 80 189 245 doi 10 1016 j simyco 2014 12 002 ISSN 0166 0616 PMC 4779799 PMID 26955195 a b Brewing Microbiology 3rd edition Priest and Campbell ISBN 0 306 47288 0 page needed Simons Paul 17 February 2021 Plantwatch fungus creates fake fragrant flowers to fool bees the Guardian Retrieved 18 February 2021 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint url status link Walsh TJ Dixon DM 1996 Spectrum of Mycoses In Baron S et al eds Spectrum of Mycoses In Baron s Medical Microbiology 4th ed Univ of Texas Medical Branch ISBN 978 0 9631172 1 2 PMID 21413276 via NCBI Bookshelf Howard DH 2003 Pathogenic Fungi in Humans and Animals 2nd ed Marcel Dekker ISBN 978 0 8247 0683 8 via Google Books a b Leslie John F Summerell Brett A 2006 TheFusariumLaboratory Manual Ames Iowa Blackwell Publishing pp ix 388 doi 10 1002 9780470278376 ISBN 978 0 470 27837 6 OCLC 608623925 S2CID 82470396 a b c Summerell Brett A Salleh Baharuddin Leslie John F 2003 A Utilitarian Approach to Fusarium Identification Plant Disease American Phytopathological Society 87 2 117 128 doi 10 1094 pdis 2003 87 2 117 ISSN 0191 2917 PMID 30812915 Watson Elaine 2021 06 18 Nature s Fynd receives GRAS no questions letter from FDA for Fy nutritional fungi protein foodnavigator usa com Retrieved 2022 12 31 Axworthy Nicole This Vegan Fungi Protein Makes Fine Dining Debut at NYC s Le Bernardin VegNews com Retrieved 2022 12 31 Katona SJ Kaminski ER November 2002 Sensitivity to Quorn mycoprotein Fusarium venenatum in a mould allergic patient Journal of Clinical Pathology 55 11 876 7 doi 10 1136 jcp 55 11 876 a PMC 1769805 PMID 12401831 Peraica M RadicA B LucicA A PavlovicA M September 1999 Toxic effects of mycotoxins in humans PDF Bulletin of the World Health Organization 77 7 754 66 PMC 2557730 PMID 10534900 Drug Policy Alliance 2006 Repeating mistakes of the past another mycoherbicide research bill PDF Archived from the original PDF on 4 February 2009 Retrieved 2007 05 27 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a author has generic name help Earl C 1984 Yellow rain Thai bees faeces found Nature 308 5959 485 Bibcode 1984Natur 308 485 doi 10 1038 308485b0 PMID 6709055 Marshall E July 1986 Yellow rain evidence slowly whittled away Science 233 4759 18 19 Bibcode 1986Sci 233 18M doi 10 1126 science 3715471 PMID 3715471 Rinaldi A November 2006 Saving a fragile legacy Biotechnology and microbiology are increasingly used to preserve and restore the world s cultural heritage EMBO Reports 7 11 1075 79 doi 10 1038 sj embor 7400844 PMC 1679785 PMID 17077862 Deepa A G Nair Bindu J Sivakumar T T Joseph Anna P 2014 05 01 Uncommon opportunistic fungal infections of oral cavity A review Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology 18 2 235 243 doi 10 4103 0973 029X 140765 ISSN 0973 029X PMC 4196293 PMID 25328305 Bibliography EditNelson PE Dignani MC Anaissie EJ October 1994 Taxonomy biology and clinical aspects of Fusarium species Clinical Microbiology Reviews 7 4 479 504 doi 10 1128 cmr 7 4 479 PMC 358338 PMID 7834602 Moretti A 2009 Taxonomy of Fusarium genus A continuous fight between lumpers and splitters Zbornik Matice Srpske Za Prirodne Nauke 117 7 13 doi 10 2298 ZMSPN0917007M Watanabe M Yonezawa T Lee K Kumagai S Sugita Konishi Y Goto K Hara Kudo Y November 2011 Molecular phylogeny of the higher and lower taxonomy of the Fusarium genus and differences in the evolutionary histories of multiple genes BMC Evolutionary Biology 11 1 322 doi 10 1186 1471 2148 11 322 PMC 3270093 PMID 22047111 Summerell BA Laurence MH Liew EC Leslie JF 14 September 2010 Biogeography and phylogeography of Fusarium a review Fungal Diversity 44 1 3 13 doi 10 1007 s13225 010 0060 2 S2CID 37051295 External links EditFusarium and Verticillium Wilts of Tomato Potato Pepper and Eggplant Fusarium Root Rot in Container Tree Nurseries Fusarium Blight on Turfgrass Fusarium Keratitis Evolution of Fusarium taxonomy FAO 2014 Fusarium Comparative Database Asan A 2011 Checklist of Fusarium Species Reported from Turkey PDF Mycotaxon 116 479 Simple explanation of Fusarium FAO 2014 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Fusarium amp oldid 1136315632, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

article

, read, download, free, free download, mp3, video, mp4, 3gp, jpg, jpeg, gif, png, picture, music, song, movie, book, game, games.