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Dikarya

Dikarya is a subkingdom of Fungi that includes the divisions Ascomycota and Basidiomycota, both of which in general produce dikaryons, may be filamentous or unicellular, but are always without flagella. The Dikarya are most of the so-called "higher fungi", but also include many anamorphic species that would have been classified as molds in historical literature.[1] Phylogenetically the two divisions regularly group together.[3][4] In a 1998 publication, Thomas Cavalier-Smith referred to this group as the Neomycota.[5]

Dikarya
Diversity of Basidiomycota clockwise from top-left, which includes fly-agaric (Amanita muscaria), Dacrymyces palmatus, Clathrus ruber, porcini (Boletus edulis), Exobasidium vaccinii, bamboo mushroom (Phallus indusiatus), and Meredithblackwellia eburnea
Diversity of Ascomycota clockwise from top-left, which includes common morel (Morchella esculenta), Neolecta vitellina, black truffle (Tuber melanosporum), Sarcoscypha austriaca, Penicillium, Rhizocarpon, fission yeast (Schizosaccharomyces pombe), and Microsporum canis
Scientific classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Fungi
Clade: Symbiomycota
Subkingdom: Dikarya
Hibbett, T.Y.James & Vilgalys (2007)[1]
Divisions

Ascomycota
Basidiomycota
Entorrhizomycota

Synonyms[1][2]

Carpomycetaceae Bessey (1907)
Neomycota Caval.-Sm. (1998) Dikaryomycota W. B. Kendr. 1985

Phylogeny edit

Phylogeny of the Dikarya and upper-level taxa in Kingdom Fungi.[1]

The 2007 classification of Kingdom Fungi is the result of a large-scale collaborative research effort involving dozens of mycologists and other scientists working on fungal taxonomy.[1] It recognizes seven divisions within the Fungi, two of which—the Ascomycota and the Basidiomycota—are contained within a branch representing subkingdom Dikarya. The cladogram depicts the major fungal taxa and their relationship to opisthokont and unikont organisms. The lengths of the branches in this tree are not proportional to evolutionary distances.

Sexual reproduction edit

 
Dikaryons shown in a Basidiomycete mitosis cycle. Note the two nuclei coming from two separate original fungi

Ascomycota edit

 
Ascomycota life cycle and morphology

The phylum Ascomycota, or sac fungus, is characterized by formation of meiotic spores called ascospores enclosed in a special sac called an ascus. The genetic components for sexual reproduction appear to be produced by all members of this group.[6]

Basidiomycota edit

 
Basidiomycota life cycle and morphology

The phylum Basidiomycota can be divided into three major lineages: mushrooms, rusts and smuts. Fusion of haploid nuclei (karyogamy) occurs in the basidia, club-shaped end cells. Shortly after formation of the diploid cell, meiosis occurs and the resulting four haploid nuclei migrate into four, usually external cells called basidiospores.

Adaptive function edit

Sexual reproduction has been proposed to have evolved in both the Ascomycota and Basidiomycota as an adaptation for repair of DNA damage via homologous recombination under stressful conditions.[6]

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ a b c d e Hibbett, D.S.; et al. (March 2007). "A higher level phylogenetic classification of the Fungi". Mycological Research. 111 (5): 509–47. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.626.9582. doi:10.1016/j.mycres.2007.03.004. PMID 17572334. S2CID 4686378.
  2. ^ Hibbett, DS; Blackwell, M; James, TY; Spatafora, JW; Taylor, JW; Vilgalys, R (July 2018). "Phylogenetic taxon definitions for Fungi, Dikarya, Ascomycota and Basidiomycota". IMA Fungus. 9 (2): 291–298. doi:10.5598/imafungus.2018.09.02.05. PMC 6317587. PMID 30622884.
  3. ^ Lutzoni, F.; et al. (2004). "Assembling the fungal tree of life: progress, classification, and evolution of subcellular traits". American Journal of Botany. 91 (10): 1446–80. doi:10.3732/ajb.91.10.1446. PMID 21652303.
  4. ^ James, T.Y.; et al. (2006). (PDF). Nature. 443 (7113): 818–22. Bibcode:2006Natur.443..818J. doi:10.1038/nature05110. PMID 17051209. S2CID 4302864. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-06-11.
  5. ^ Cavalier-Smith, T. (1998). "A revised six-kingdom system of life". Biological Reviews. 73 (3): 203–66. doi:10.1111/j.1469-185X.1998.tb00030.x. PMID 9809012. S2CID 6557779.
  6. ^ a b Wallen RM, Perlin MH (2018). "An Overview of the Function and Maintenance of Sexual Reproduction in Dikaryotic Fungi". Front Microbiol. 9: 503. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2018.00503. PMC 5871698. PMID 29619017.

External links edit

  • AFTOL classification at Dave Hibbett's site 2021-04-23 at the Wayback Machine

dikarya, subkingdom, fungi, that, includes, divisions, ascomycota, basidiomycota, both, which, general, produce, dikaryons, filamentous, unicellular, always, without, flagella, most, called, higher, fungi, also, include, many, anamorphic, species, that, would,. Dikarya is a subkingdom of Fungi that includes the divisions Ascomycota and Basidiomycota both of which in general produce dikaryons may be filamentous or unicellular but are always without flagella The Dikarya are most of the so called higher fungi but also include many anamorphic species that would have been classified as molds in historical literature 1 Phylogenetically the two divisions regularly group together 3 4 In a 1998 publication Thomas Cavalier Smith referred to this group as the Neomycota 5 DikaryaDiversity of Basidiomycota clockwise from top left which includes fly agaric Amanita muscaria Dacrymyces palmatus Clathrus ruber porcini Boletus edulis Exobasidium vaccinii bamboo mushroom Phallus indusiatus and Meredithblackwellia eburneaDiversity of Ascomycota clockwise from top left which includes common morel Morchella esculenta Neolecta vitellina black truffle Tuber melanosporum Sarcoscypha austriaca Penicillium Rhizocarpon fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe and Microsporum canisScientific classificationDomain EukaryotaKingdom FungiClade SymbiomycotaSubkingdom DikaryaHibbett T Y James amp Vilgalys 2007 1 DivisionsAscomycotaBasidiomycotaEntorrhizomycotaSynonyms 1 2 Carpomycetaceae Bessey 1907 Neomycota Caval Sm 1998 Dikaryomycota W B Kendr 1985 Contents 1 Phylogeny 2 Sexual reproduction 2 1 Ascomycota 2 2 Basidiomycota 2 3 Adaptive function 3 See also 4 References 5 External linksPhylogeny editUnikonta AmoebozoaOpisthokonta Holozoa Animalia Holomycota NucleariidsFungi MicrosporidiaChytridiomycotaNeocallimastigomycotaBlastocladiomycotaZoopagomycotinaKickxellomycotinaEntomophthoromycotinaMucoromycotinaGlomeromycota Dikarya AscomycotaBasidiomycotaPhylogeny of the Dikarya and upper level taxa in Kingdom Fungi 1 The 2007 classification of Kingdom Fungi is the result of a large scale collaborative research effort involving dozens of mycologists and other scientists working on fungal taxonomy 1 It recognizes seven divisions within the Fungi two of which the Ascomycota and the Basidiomycota are contained within a branch representing subkingdom Dikarya The cladogram depicts the major fungal taxa and their relationship to opisthokont and unikont organisms The lengths of the branches in this tree are not proportional to evolutionary distances Sexual reproduction edit nbsp Dikaryons shown in a Basidiomycete mitosis cycle Note the two nuclei coming from two separate original fungiAscomycota edit nbsp Ascomycota life cycle and morphologyThe phylum Ascomycota or sac fungus is characterized by formation of meiotic spores called ascospores enclosed in a special sac called an ascus The genetic components for sexual reproduction appear to be produced by all members of this group 6 Basidiomycota edit nbsp Basidiomycota life cycle and morphologyThe phylum Basidiomycota can be divided into three major lineages mushrooms rusts and smuts Fusion of haploid nuclei karyogamy occurs in the basidia club shaped end cells Shortly after formation of the diploid cell meiosis occurs and the resulting four haploid nuclei migrate into four usually external cells called basidiospores Adaptive function edit Sexual reproduction has been proposed to have evolved in both the Ascomycota and Basidiomycota as an adaptation for repair of DNA damage via homologous recombination under stressful conditions 6 See also edit nbsp Fungi portalList of fungal ordersReferences edit a b c d e Hibbett D S et al March 2007 A higher level phylogenetic classification of the Fungi Mycological Research 111 5 509 47 CiteSeerX 10 1 1 626 9582 doi 10 1016 j mycres 2007 03 004 PMID 17572334 S2CID 4686378 Hibbett DS Blackwell M James TY Spatafora JW Taylor JW Vilgalys R July 2018 Phylogenetic taxon definitions for Fungi Dikarya Ascomycota and Basidiomycota IMA Fungus 9 2 291 298 doi 10 5598 imafungus 2018 09 02 05 PMC 6317587 PMID 30622884 Lutzoni F et al 2004 Assembling the fungal tree of life progress classification and evolution of subcellular traits American Journal of Botany 91 10 1446 80 doi 10 3732 ajb 91 10 1446 PMID 21652303 James T Y et al 2006 Reconstructing the early evolution of Fungi using a six gene phylogeny PDF Nature 443 7113 818 22 Bibcode 2006Natur 443 818J doi 10 1038 nature05110 PMID 17051209 S2CID 4302864 Archived from the original PDF on 2007 06 11 Cavalier Smith T 1998 A revised six kingdom system of life Biological Reviews 73 3 203 66 doi 10 1111 j 1469 185X 1998 tb00030 x PMID 9809012 S2CID 6557779 a b Wallen RM Perlin MH 2018 An Overview of the Function and Maintenance of Sexual Reproduction in Dikaryotic Fungi Front Microbiol 9 503 doi 10 3389 fmicb 2018 00503 PMC 5871698 PMID 29619017 External links editAFTOL classification at Dave Hibbett s site Archived 2021 04 23 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Dikarya amp oldid 1201867948, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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