fbpx
Wikipedia

Medicinal uses of fungi

February 15, 2024

Medicinal fungi are fungi that contain metabolites or can be induced to produce metabolites through biotechnology to develop prescription drugs. Compounds successfully developed into drugs or under research include antibiotics, anti-cancer drugs, cholesterol and ergosterol synthesis inhibitors, psychotropic drugs, immunosuppressants and fungicides.

History edit

Although fungi products have long been used in traditional medicine, the ability to identify beneficial properties and then extract the active ingredient started with the discovery of penicillin by Alexander Fleming in 1928.[1] Since that time, many potential antibiotics were discovered and the potential for various fungi to synthesize biologically active molecules useful in various clinical therapies has been under research. Pharmacological research identified antifungal, antiviral, and antiprotozoan compounds from fungi.[2]

Ganoderma lucidum, known in Chinese as líng zhī ("spirit plant"), and in Japanese as mannentake ("10,000-year mushroom"), has been well studied.[citation needed] Another species of genus Ganoderma, G. applanatum, remains under basic research.[citation needed] Inonotus obliquus was used in Russia as early as the 16th century; it featured in Alexandr Solzhenitsyn's 1967 novel Cancer Ward.[3]

Research and drug development edit

Cancer edit

There is no good evidence that any type of mushroom or mushroom extract can prevent or cure cancer.[4]

11,11'-Dideoxyverticillin A, an isolate of marine Penicillium, was used to create dozens of semi-synthetic, candidate anticancer compounds.[5] 11,11'-Dideoxyverticillin A, andrastin A, barceloneic acid A, and barceloneic acid B, are farnesyl transferase inhibitors that can be made by Penicillium.[6] 3-O-Methylfunicone, anicequol, duclauxin, and rubratoxin B, are anticancer/cytotoxic metabolites of Penicillium.[citation needed]

Penicillium is a potential source of the leukemia medicine asparaginase.[7]

Some countries have approved beta-glucan fungal extracts lentinan, polysaccharide-K, and polysaccharide peptide as immunologic adjuvants.[8]

Antibacterial agents (antibiotics) edit

Alexander Fleming led the way to the beta-lactam antibiotics with the Penicillium mold and penicillin. Subsequent discoveries included alamethicin, aphidicolin, brefeldin A, cephalosporin,[9] cerulenin, citromycin, eupenifeldin, fumagillin,[9] fusafungine, fusidic acid,[9] helvolic acid,[9] itaconic acid, MT81, nigrosporin B, usnic acid, verrucarin A, vermiculine and many others.

 
Ling Zhi-8, an immunomodulatory protein isolated from Ganoderma lucidum

Antibiotics retapamulin, tiamulin, and valnemulin are derivatives of the fungal metabolite pleuromutilin. Plectasin, austrocortilutein, austrocortirubin, coprinol, oudemansin A, strobilurin, illudin, pterulone, and sparassol are under research for their potential antibiotic activity.[citation needed]

Cholesterol biosynthesis inhibitors edit

 
The red yeast rice fungus, Monascus purpureus, can synthesize three statins.

Statins are an important class of cholesterol-lowering drugs; the first generation of statins were derived from fungi.[10] Lovastatin, the first commercial statin, was extracted from a fermentation broth of Aspergillus terreus.[10] Industrial production is now capable of producing 70 mg lovastatin per kilogram of substrate.[11] The red yeast rice fungus, Monascus purpureus, can synthesize lovastatin, mevastatin, and the simvastatin precursor monacolin J. Nicotinamide riboside, a cholesterol biosynthesis inhibitor, is made by Saccharomyces cerevisiae.[citation needed]

Antifungals edit

Some antifungals are derived or extracted from other fungal species. Griseofulvin is derived from a number of Penicillium species;[12] caspofungin is derived from Glarea lozoyensis.[13] Strobilurin, azoxystrobin, micafungin, and echinocandins, are all extracted from fungi. Anidulafungin is a derivative of an Aspergillus metabolite.[citation needed]

Antivirals edit

Many mushrooms contain potential antiviral compounds remaining under preliminary research, such as: Lentinus edodes, Ganoderma lucidum, Ganoderma colossus, Hypsizygus marmoreus, Cordyceps militaris, Grifola frondosa, Scleroderma citrinum, Flammulina velutipes, and Trametes versicolor, Fomitopsis officinalis.[14][15][16][17]

Immunosuppressants edit

Cyclosporin was discovered in Tolypocladium inflatum, while Bredinin was found in Eupenicillium brefeldianum and mycophenolic acid in Penicillium stoloniferum. Thermophilic fungi were the source of the fingolimod precursor myriocin. Aspergillus synthesizes immunosuppressants gliotoxin and endocrocin. Subglutinols are immunosuppressants isolated from Fusarium subglutinans.[18]

Malaria edit

Codinaeopsin, efrapeptins, zervamicins, and antiamoebin are made by fungi, and remain under basic research.[19]

Diabetes edit

Many fungal isolates act as DPP-4 inhibitors, alpha-glucosidase inhibitors, and alpha amylase inhibitors in laboratory studies. Ternatin is a fungal isolate that may affect hyperglycemia.[20]

Psychotropic effects edit

Numerous fungi have well-documented psychotropic effects, some of them severe and associated with acute and life-threatening side-effects.[21] Among these is Amanita muscaria, the fly agaric. More widely used informally are a range of fungi collectively known as "magic mushrooms", which contain psilocybin and psilocin.[21]

The history of bread-making records deadly ergotism caused by ergot, most commonly Claviceps purpurea, a parasite of cereal crops.[22][23] Psychoactive ergot alkaloid drugs have subsequently been extracted from or synthesised starting from ergot; these include ergotamine, dihydroergotamine, ergometrine, ergocristine, ergocryptine, ergocornine, methysergide, bromocriptine, cabergoline, and pergolide.[22][24]

Vitamin D2 edit

 
The photochemistry of vitamin D2 biosynthesis

Fungi are a source of ergosterol which can be converted to vitamin D2 upon exposure to ultraviolet light.[25][26][27]

Yeasts edit

The yeast Saccharomyces is used industrially to produce the amino acid lysine, as well as recombinant proteins insulin and hepatitis B surface antigen. Transgenic yeasts are used to produce artemisinin, as well as insulin analogs.[28] Candida is used industrially to produce vitamins ascorbic acid and riboflavin. Pichia is used to produce the amino acid tryptophan and the vitamin pyridoxine. Rhodotorula is used to produce the amino acid phenylalanine. Moniliella is used industrially to produce the sugar alcohol erythritol.[citation needed]

References edit

  1. ^ "Discovery and Development of Penicillin". American Chemical Society, International Historic Chemical Landmarks. 2020. Retrieved 11 March 2020.
  2. ^ Engler M, Anke T, Sterner O (1998). "Production of antibiotics by Collybia nivalis, Omphalotus olearis, a Favolaschia and a Pterula species on natural substrates". Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C. 53 (5–6): 318–24. doi:10.1515/znc-1998-5-604. PMID 9705612. S2CID 7189999.
  3. ^ Zheng W, Miao K, Liu Y, Zhao Y, Zhang M, Pan S, Dai Y (July 2010). "Chemical diversity of biologically active metabolites in the sclerotia of Inonotus obliquus and submerged culture strategies for up-regulating their production". Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology. 87 (4): 1237–54. doi:10.1007/s00253-010-2682-4. PMID 20532760. S2CID 22145043.
  4. ^ "Medicinal mushrooms in cancer treatment". Cancer Research UK. Retrieved 4 November 2022.
  5. ^ Trafton, Anne (27 February 2013). "Research update: Chemists find help from nature in fighting cancer". MIT News.
  6. ^ Overy, David P.; Larsen, Thomas O.; Dalsgaard, Petur W.; Frydenvang, Karla; Phipps, Richard; Munro, Murray H.G.; Christophersen, Carsten (November 2005). "Andrastin A and barceloneic acid metabolites, protein farnesyl transferase inhibitors from Penicillium albocoremium: chemotaxonomic significance and pathological implications". Mycological Research. 109 (11): 1243–1249. doi:10.1017/s0953756205003734. PMID 16279417.
  7. ^ Shrivastava A, Khan AA, Shrivastav A, Jain SK, Singhal PK (2012). "Kinetic studies of L-asparaginase from Penicillium digitatum". Preparative Biochemistry & Biotechnology. 42 (6): 574–81. doi:10.1080/10826068.2012.672943. PMID 23030468. S2CID 30396788.
  8. ^ Ina K, Kataoka T, Ando T (June 2013). "The use of lentinan for treating gastric cancer". Anti-Cancer Agents in Medicinal Chemistry. 13 (5): 681–8. doi:10.2174/1871520611313050002. PMC 3664515. PMID 23092289.
  9. ^ a b c d Broadbent, Douglas (July 1966). "Antibiotics Produced by Fungi". The Botanical Review. 32 (3): 219–242. Bibcode:1966BotRv..32..219B. doi:10.1007/BF02858660. JSTOR 4353729. S2CID 23442996.
  10. ^ a b Tobert JA (July 2003). "Lovastatin and beyond: the history of the HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors". Nature Reviews. Drug Discovery. 2 (7): 517–26. doi:10.1038/nrd1112. PMID 12815379. S2CID 3344720.
  11. ^ Jahromi MF, Liang JB, Ho YW, Mohamad R, Goh YM, Shokryazdan P (2012). "Lovastatin production by Aspergillus terreus using agro-biomass as substrate in solid state fermentation". Journal of Biomedicine & Biotechnology. 2012: 196264. doi:10.1155/2012/196264. PMC 3478940. PMID 23118499.
  12. ^ Block, Seymour Stanton (2001). Disinfection, Sterilization, and Preservation. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 631. ISBN 978-0-683-30740-5.
  13. ^ Richardson, Malcolm D.; Warnock, David W. (2003). Fungal Infection Diagnosis and Management. Wiley. ISBN 978-1-4051-1578-0.
  14. ^ Pradeep, Prabin; Manju, Vidya; Ahsan, Mohammad Feraz (2019). "Antiviral Potency of Mushroom Constituents". Medicinal Mushrooms. pp. 275–297. doi:10.1007/978-981-13-6382-5_10. ISBN 978-981-13-6381-8. S2CID 181538245.
  15. ^ Friedman M (November 2016). "Mushroom Polysaccharides: Chemistry and Antiobesity, Antidiabetes, Anticancer, and Antibiotic Properties in Cells, Rodents, and Humans". Foods. 5 (4): 80. doi:10.3390/foods5040080. PMC 5302426. PMID 28231175.
  16. ^ Zhang T, Ye J, Xue C, Wang Y, Liao W, Mao L, et al. (October 2018). "Structural characteristics and bioactive properties of a novel polysaccharide from Flammulina velutipes". Carbohydrate Polymers. 197: 147–156. doi:10.1016/j.carbpol.2018.05.069. PMID 30007599. S2CID 51629395.
  17. ^ Girometta C (March 2019). "Fomitopsis officinalis in the light of its bioactive metabolites: a review". Mycology. 10 (1): 32–39. doi:10.1080/21501203.2018.1536680. PMC 6394315. PMID 30834150.
  18. ^ Kim H, Baker JB, Park Y, Park HB, DeArmond PD, Kim SH, et al. (August 2010). "Total synthesis, assignment of the absolute stereochemistry, and structure-activity relationship studies of subglutinols A and B". Chemistry: An Asian Journal. 5 (8): 1902–10. doi:10.1002/asia.201000147. PMID 20564278.
  19. ^ Nagaraj G, Uma MV, Shivayogi MS, Balaram H (January 2001). "Antimalarial activities of peptide antibiotics isolated from fungi". Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 45 (1): 145–9. doi:10.1128/aac.45.1.145-149.2001. PMC 90252. PMID 11120957.
  20. ^ Lo HC, Wasser SP (2011). "Medicinal mushrooms for glycemic control in diabetes mellitus: history, current status, future perspectives, and unsolved problems (review)". International Journal of Medicinal Mushrooms. 13 (5): 401–26. doi:10.1615/intjmedmushr.v13.i5.10. PMID 22324407.
  21. ^ a b "Hallucinogenic mushrooms drug profile". The European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction.
  22. ^ a b Schiff, Paul L. (September 2006). "Ergot and Its Alkaloids". American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education. 70 (5): 98. doi:10.5688/aj700598. PMC 1637017. PMID 17149427.
  23. ^ Shiel, William C. "Medical Definition of Ergotism". MedicineNet. Retrieved 18 October 2020.
  24. ^ Schade R, Andersohn F, Suissa S, Haverkamp W, Garbe E (January 2007). "Dopamine agonists and the risk of cardiac-valve regurgitation". The New England Journal of Medicine. 356 (1): 29–38. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa062222. PMID 17202453.
  25. ^ Keegan RJ, Lu Z, Bogusz JM, Williams JE, Holick MF (January 2013). "Photobiology of vitamin D in mushrooms and its bioavailability in humans". Dermato-Endocrinology. 5 (1): 165–76. doi:10.4161/derm.23321. PMC 3897585. PMID 24494050.
  26. ^ Kamweru PK, Tindibale EL (2016). "Vitamin D and Vitamin D from Ultraviolet-Irradiated Mushrooms (Review)". International Journal of Medicinal Mushrooms. 18 (3): 205–14. doi:10.1615/IntJMedMushrooms.v18.i3.30. PMID 27481154.
  27. ^ Cardwell, Glenn; Bornman, Janet; James, Anthony; Black, Lucinda (13 October 2018). "A Review of Mushrooms as a Potential Source of Dietary Vitamin D". Nutrients. 10 (10): 1498. doi:10.3390/nu10101498. PMC 6213178. PMID 30322118.
  28. ^ Peplow, Mark (16 April 2013). "Sanofi launches malaria drug production". Chemistry World.

External links edit

  • Memorial Sloan-Kettering Agaricus subrufescens, Phellinus linteus, Ganoderma lucidum, Trametes versicolor and PSK, Grifola frondosa, Inonotus obliquus, Pleurotus ostreatus, Cordyceps, Shiitake, Lentinan, AHCC.
  • American Cancer Society , Grifola frondosa 2010-03-31 at the Wayback Machine, Shiitake 2009-06-14 at the Wayback Machine.
  • National Cancer Institute Shiitake, Lentinan, Cordycepin

February 15, 2024
medicinal, uses, fungi, medicinal, fungi, fungi, that, contain, metabolites, induced, produce, metabolites, through, biotechnology, develop, prescription, drugs, compounds, successfully, developed, into, drugs, under, research, include, antibiotics, anti, canc. Medicinal fungi are fungi that contain metabolites or can be induced to produce metabolites through biotechnology to develop prescription drugs Compounds successfully developed into drugs or under research include antibiotics anti cancer drugs cholesterol and ergosterol synthesis inhibitors psychotropic drugs immunosuppressants and fungicides Contents 1 History 2 Research and drug development 2 1 Cancer 2 2 Antibacterial agents antibiotics 2 3 Cholesterol biosynthesis inhibitors 2 4 Antifungals 2 5 Antivirals 2 6 Immunosuppressants 2 7 Malaria 2 8 Diabetes 2 9 Psychotropic effects 2 10 Vitamin D2 3 Yeasts 4 References 5 External linksHistory editAlthough fungi products have long been used in traditional medicine the ability to identify beneficial properties and then extract the active ingredient started with the discovery of penicillin by Alexander Fleming in 1928 1 Since that time many potential antibiotics were discovered and the potential for various fungi to synthesize biologically active molecules useful in various clinical therapies has been under research Pharmacological research identified antifungal antiviral and antiprotozoan compounds from fungi 2 Ganoderma lucidum known in Chinese as ling zhi spirit plant and in Japanese as mannentake 10 000 year mushroom has been well studied citation needed Another species of genus Ganoderma G applanatum remains under basic research citation needed Inonotus obliquus was used in Russia as early as the 16th century it featured in Alexandr Solzhenitsyn s 1967 novel Cancer Ward 3 Research and drug development editCancer edit There is no good evidence that any type of mushroom or mushroom extract can prevent or cure cancer 4 11 11 Dideoxyverticillin A an isolate of marine Penicillium was used to create dozens of semi synthetic candidate anticancer compounds 5 11 11 Dideoxyverticillin A andrastin A barceloneic acid A and barceloneic acid B are farnesyl transferase inhibitors that can be made by Penicillium 6 3 O Methylfunicone anicequol duclauxin and rubratoxin B are anticancer cytotoxic metabolites of Penicillium citation needed Penicillium is a potential source of the leukemia medicine asparaginase 7 Some countries have approved beta glucan fungal extracts lentinan polysaccharide K and polysaccharide peptide as immunologic adjuvants 8 Antibacterial agents antibiotics edit Alexander Fleming led the way to the beta lactam antibiotics with the Penicillium mold and penicillin Subsequent discoveries included alamethicin aphidicolin brefeldin A cephalosporin 9 cerulenin citromycin eupenifeldin fumagillin 9 fusafungine fusidic acid 9 helvolic acid 9 itaconic acid MT81 nigrosporin B usnic acid verrucarin A vermiculine and many others nbsp Ling Zhi 8 an immunomodulatory protein isolated from Ganoderma lucidumAntibiotics retapamulin tiamulin and valnemulin are derivatives of the fungal metabolite pleuromutilin Plectasin austrocortilutein austrocortirubin coprinol oudemansin A strobilurin illudin pterulone and sparassol are under research for their potential antibiotic activity citation needed Cholesterol biosynthesis inhibitors edit nbsp The red yeast rice fungus Monascus purpureus can synthesize three statins Statins are an important class of cholesterol lowering drugs the first generation of statins were derived from fungi 10 Lovastatin the first commercial statin was extracted from a fermentation broth of Aspergillus terreus 10 Industrial production is now capable of producing 70 mg lovastatin per kilogram of substrate 11 The red yeast rice fungus Monascus purpureus can synthesize lovastatin mevastatin and the simvastatin precursor monacolin J Nicotinamide riboside a cholesterol biosynthesis inhibitor is made by Saccharomyces cerevisiae citation needed Antifungals edit Some antifungals are derived or extracted from other fungal species Griseofulvin is derived from a number of Penicillium species 12 caspofungin is derived from Glarea lozoyensis 13 Strobilurin azoxystrobin micafungin and echinocandins are all extracted from fungi Anidulafungin is a derivative of an Aspergillus metabolite citation needed Antivirals edit Many mushrooms contain potential antiviral compounds remaining under preliminary research such as Lentinus edodes Ganoderma lucidum Ganoderma colossus Hypsizygus marmoreus Cordyceps militaris Grifola frondosa Scleroderma citrinum Flammulina velutipes and Trametes versicolor Fomitopsis officinalis 14 15 16 17 Immunosuppressants edit Cyclosporin was discovered in Tolypocladium inflatum while Bredinin was found in Eupenicillium brefeldianum and mycophenolic acid in Penicillium stoloniferum Thermophilic fungi were the source of the fingolimod precursor myriocin Aspergillus synthesizes immunosuppressants gliotoxin and endocrocin Subglutinols are immunosuppressants isolated from Fusarium subglutinans 18 Malaria edit Codinaeopsin efrapeptins zervamicins and antiamoebin are made by fungi and remain under basic research 19 Diabetes edit Many fungal isolates act as DPP 4 inhibitors alpha glucosidase inhibitors and alpha amylase inhibitors in laboratory studies Ternatin is a fungal isolate that may affect hyperglycemia 20 Psychotropic effects edit Numerous fungi have well documented psychotropic effects some of them severe and associated with acute and life threatening side effects 21 Among these is Amanita muscaria the fly agaric More widely used informally are a range of fungi collectively known as magic mushrooms which contain psilocybin and psilocin 21 The history of bread making records deadly ergotism caused by ergot most commonly Claviceps purpurea a parasite of cereal crops 22 23 Psychoactive ergot alkaloid drugs have subsequently been extracted from or synthesised starting from ergot these include ergotamine dihydroergotamine ergometrine ergocristine ergocryptine ergocornine methysergide bromocriptine cabergoline and pergolide 22 24 Vitamin D2 edit nbsp The photochemistry of vitamin D2 biosynthesisFungi are a source of ergosterol which can be converted to vitamin D2 upon exposure to ultraviolet light 25 26 27 Yeasts editThe yeast Saccharomyces is used industrially to produce the amino acid lysine as well as recombinant proteins insulin and hepatitis B surface antigen Transgenic yeasts are used to produce artemisinin as well as insulin analogs 28 Candida is used industrially to produce vitamins ascorbic acid and riboflavin Pichia is used to produce the amino acid tryptophan and the vitamin pyridoxine Rhodotorula is used to produce the amino acid phenylalanine Moniliella is used industrially to produce the sugar alcohol erythritol citation needed References edit Discovery and Development of Penicillin American Chemical Society International Historic Chemical Landmarks 2020 Retrieved 11 March 2020 Engler M Anke T Sterner O 1998 Production of antibiotics by Collybia nivalis Omphalotus olearis a Favolaschia and a Pterula species on natural substrates Zeitschrift fur Naturforschung C 53 5 6 318 24 doi 10 1515 znc 1998 5 604 PMID 9705612 S2CID 7189999 Zheng W Miao K Liu Y Zhao Y Zhang M Pan S Dai Y July 2010 Chemical diversity of biologically active metabolites in the sclerotia of Inonotus obliquus and submerged culture strategies for up regulating their production Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology 87 4 1237 54 doi 10 1007 s00253 010 2682 4 PMID 20532760 S2CID 22145043 Medicinal mushrooms in cancer treatment Cancer Research UK Retrieved 4 November 2022 Trafton Anne 27 February 2013 Research update Chemists find help from nature in fighting cancer MIT News Overy David P Larsen Thomas O Dalsgaard Petur W Frydenvang Karla Phipps Richard Munro Murray H G Christophersen Carsten November 2005 Andrastin A and barceloneic acid metabolites protein farnesyl transferase inhibitors from Penicillium albocoremium chemotaxonomic significance and pathological implications Mycological Research 109 11 1243 1249 doi 10 1017 s0953756205003734 PMID 16279417 Shrivastava A Khan AA Shrivastav A Jain SK Singhal PK 2012 Kinetic studies of L asparaginase from Penicillium digitatum Preparative Biochemistry amp Biotechnology 42 6 574 81 doi 10 1080 10826068 2012 672943 PMID 23030468 S2CID 30396788 Ina K Kataoka T Ando T June 2013 The use of lentinan for treating gastric cancer Anti Cancer Agents in Medicinal Chemistry 13 5 681 8 doi 10 2174 1871520611313050002 PMC 3664515 PMID 23092289 a b c d Broadbent Douglas July 1966 Antibiotics Produced by Fungi The Botanical Review 32 3 219 242 Bibcode 1966BotRv 32 219B doi 10 1007 BF02858660 JSTOR 4353729 S2CID 23442996 a b Tobert JA July 2003 Lovastatin and beyond the history of the HMG CoA reductase inhibitors Nature Reviews Drug Discovery 2 7 517 26 doi 10 1038 nrd1112 PMID 12815379 S2CID 3344720 Jahromi MF Liang JB Ho YW Mohamad R Goh YM Shokryazdan P 2012 Lovastatin production by Aspergillus terreus using agro biomass as substrate in solid state fermentation Journal of Biomedicine amp Biotechnology 2012 196264 doi 10 1155 2012 196264 PMC 3478940 PMID 23118499 Block Seymour Stanton 2001 Disinfection Sterilization and Preservation Lippincott Williams amp Wilkins p 631 ISBN 978 0 683 30740 5 Richardson Malcolm D Warnock David W 2003 Fungal Infection Diagnosis and Management Wiley ISBN 978 1 4051 1578 0 Pradeep Prabin Manju Vidya Ahsan Mohammad Feraz 2019 Antiviral Potency of Mushroom Constituents Medicinal Mushrooms pp 275 297 doi 10 1007 978 981 13 6382 5 10 ISBN 978 981 13 6381 8 S2CID 181538245 Friedman M November 2016 Mushroom Polysaccharides Chemistry and Antiobesity Antidiabetes Anticancer and Antibiotic Properties in Cells Rodents and Humans Foods 5 4 80 doi 10 3390 foods5040080 PMC 5302426 PMID 28231175 Zhang T Ye J Xue C Wang Y Liao W Mao L et al October 2018 Structural characteristics and bioactive properties of a novel polysaccharide from Flammulina velutipes Carbohydrate Polymers 197 147 156 doi 10 1016 j carbpol 2018 05 069 PMID 30007599 S2CID 51629395 Girometta C March 2019 Fomitopsis officinalis in the light of its bioactive metabolites a review Mycology 10 1 32 39 doi 10 1080 21501203 2018 1536680 PMC 6394315 PMID 30834150 Kim H Baker JB Park Y Park HB DeArmond PD Kim SH et al August 2010 Total synthesis assignment of the absolute stereochemistry and structure activity relationship studies of subglutinols A and B Chemistry An Asian Journal 5 8 1902 10 doi 10 1002 asia 201000147 PMID 20564278 Nagaraj G Uma MV Shivayogi MS Balaram H January 2001 Antimalarial activities of peptide antibiotics isolated from fungi Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 45 1 145 9 doi 10 1128 aac 45 1 145 149 2001 PMC 90252 PMID 11120957 Lo HC Wasser SP 2011 Medicinal mushrooms for glycemic control in diabetes mellitus history current status future perspectives and unsolved problems review International Journal of Medicinal Mushrooms 13 5 401 26 doi 10 1615 intjmedmushr v13 i5 10 PMID 22324407 a b Hallucinogenic mushrooms drug profile The European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction a b Schiff Paul L September 2006 Ergot and Its Alkaloids American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education 70 5 98 doi 10 5688 aj700598 PMC 1637017 PMID 17149427 Shiel William C Medical Definition of Ergotism MedicineNet Retrieved 18 October 2020 Schade R Andersohn F Suissa S Haverkamp W Garbe E January 2007 Dopamine agonists and the risk of cardiac valve regurgitation The New England Journal of Medicine 356 1 29 38 doi 10 1056 NEJMoa062222 PMID 17202453 Keegan RJ Lu Z Bogusz JM Williams JE Holick MF January 2013 Photobiology of vitamin D in mushrooms and its bioavailability in humans Dermato Endocrinology 5 1 165 76 doi 10 4161 derm 23321 PMC 3897585 PMID 24494050 Kamweru PK Tindibale EL 2016 Vitamin D and Vitamin D from Ultraviolet Irradiated Mushrooms Review International Journal of Medicinal Mushrooms 18 3 205 14 doi 10 1615 IntJMedMushrooms v18 i3 30 PMID 27481154 Cardwell Glenn Bornman Janet James Anthony Black Lucinda 13 October 2018 A Review of Mushrooms as a Potential Source of Dietary Vitamin D Nutrients 10 10 1498 doi 10 3390 nu10101498 PMC 6213178 PMID 30322118 Peplow Mark 16 April 2013 Sanofi launches malaria drug production Chemistry World External links editMemorial Sloan Kettering Agaricus subrufescens Phellinus linteus Ganoderma lucidum Trametes versicolor and PSK Grifola frondosa Inonotus obliquus Pleurotus ostreatus Cordyceps Shiitake Lentinan AHCC American Cancer Society Trametes versicolor and PSK Grifola frondosa Archived 2010 03 31 at the Wayback Machine Shiitake Archived 2009 06 14 at the Wayback Machine National Cancer Institute Shiitake Lentinan Cordycepin Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Medicinal uses of fungi amp oldid 1205152979, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

article

, read, download, free, free download, mp3, video, mp4, 3gp, jpg, jpeg, gif, png, picture, music, song, movie, book, game, games.