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Mucoromycota

February 15, 2024

Mucoromycota is a division within the kingdom fungi.[1] It includes a diverse group of various molds, including the common bread molds Mucor and Rhizopus.[2] It is a sister phylum to Dikarya.[3][4]

Mucoromycota
Mucor mucedo
Scientific classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Fungi
Subkingdom: Mucoromyceta
Division: Mucoromycota
Doweld
Subdivision

Mucoromycotina

Informally known as zygomycetes I, Mucoromycota includes Mucoromycotina, Mortierellomycotina, and Glomeromycotina, and consists of mainly mycorrhizal fungi, root endophytes, and plant decomposers.[3] Mucoromycotina and Glomeromycotina can form mycorrhiza-like relationships with nonvascular plants.[5] Mucoromycota contain multiple mycorrhizal lineages,[6] root endophytes,[7] and decomposers of plant-based carbon sources.[8] Mucoromycotina species known as mycoparasites, or putative parasites of arthropods are like saprobes.[9] When Mucoromycota infect animals, they are seen as opportunistic pathogens.[3] Mucoromycotina are fast-growing fungi and early colonizers of carbon-rich substrates.[10] Mortierellomycotina are common soil fungi that occur as root endophytes of woody plants and are isolated as saprobes.[11] Glomeromycotina live in soil, forming a network of hyphae, but depend on organic carbon from host plants. In exchange, the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi provide nutrients to the plant.[12]

Reproduction edit

Known reproduction states of Mucoromycota are zygospore production and asexual reproduction. Zygospores can have decorations on their surface and range up to several millimeters in diameter.[13] Asexual reproduction typically involves the production of sporangiospores or chlamydospores.[3] Multicellular sporcaps are present within Mucoromycotina,[14] Mortierellomycotina[15] and as aggregations of spore-producing in species of Glomeromycotina.[6] Shown in Mucorales, sexual reproduction is under the control of mating type genes, sexP and sexM, which regulate the production of pheromones required for the maturation of hyphae into gametangia.[16][13] The sexP gene is expressed during vegetative growth and matting, while the sexM gene is expressed during mating.[17] Sexual reproduction in Glomeromycotina is unknown, although its occurrence is inferred from genomic studies. However, specialized hyphae produce chlamydospore-like spores asexually; these may be borne at terminal (apical) or lateral positions on the hyphae, or intercalary (formed within the hypha, between sub-apical cells).[8] Species of Glomeromycotina produce coenocytic hyphae that can have bacterial endosymbionts.[18] Mortierellomycotina reproduce asexually by sporangia that either lack or have a reduced columella, which support the sporangium.[3] Species of Mortierellomycotina only form microscopic colonies, but some make multicellular sporocarps.[15] Mucoromycotina sexual reproduction is by prototypical zygospore formation and asexual reproduction and involves the large production of sporangia.[3]

Morphology edit

Mucoromycotina contain discoidal hemispherical spindle pole bodies. Although spindle pole bodies function as microtubule organizing centers, they lack remnants of the centrioles' characteristic 9+2 microtubule arrangement. Species of Mucoromycotina and Mortierellomycotina produce large-diameter, coenocytic hyphae. Glomeromycotina also form coenocytic hyphae with highly branched, narrow hyphal arbuscules in host cells. When septations occur in Mucoromycota they are formed at the base of reproductive structures.[3]

Production of lipids, polyphosphates, and carotenoids edit

Mucoromycota's metabolism can utilize many substrates that are from various nitrogen and phosphorus resources to produce lipids, chitin, polyphosphates, and carotenoids. They have been found to co-produce metabolites in a single fermentation process like polyphosphates and lipids.[19] The overproduction of chitin from Mucoromycota fungi can be accomplished by limiting inorganic phosphorus.[20] Mucoromycota are capable of accumulating high amounts of lipids in their cell biomass, which allows the fungi to produce polyunsaturated fatty acids and carotenoids. They have been found to induce antimicrobial activity from fungal crude total lipids.[21][22] The high production of lipids from Mucoromycota have the potential for use in biodiesel production.[23][24]

Gallery edit

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    Mortierella from Yosemite
  •  
    Mucor

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ "Taxonomy browser (Mucoromycota)". www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 28 May 2021.
  2. ^ Lee SC, Idmurm A (2018). "8. Fungal sex: The Mucoromycota". In Heitman J, Howlett BJ, Crous PW, Stukenbrock EH, James TY, Gow NA (eds.). The Fungal Kingdom. Wiley. pp. 177–192. ISBN 978-1-55581-958-3.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g Spatafora JW, Chang Y, Benny GL, Lazarus K, Smith ME, Berbee ML, et al. (September 2016). "A phylum-level phylogenetic classification of zygomycete fungi based on genome-scale data". Mycologia. 108 (5): 1028–1046. doi:10.3852/16-042. PMC 6078412. PMID 27738200.
  4. ^ Moore D, Robson GD, Trinci AP (2020). "2.8. The fungal phylogeny". 21st Century Guidebook to Fungi (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 29–30. ISBN 978-1-108-74568-0.
  5. ^ Field KJ, Rimington WR, Bidartondo MI, Allinson KE, Beerling DJ, Cameron DD, et al. (January 2015). "First evidence of mutualism between ancient plant lineages (Haplomitriopsida liverworts) and Mucoromycotina fungi and its response to simulated Palaeozoic changes in atmospheric CO2". The New Phytologist. 205 (2): 743–756. doi:10.1111/nph.13024. PMC 4303992. PMID 25230098.
  6. ^ a b Redecker D, Schüßler A (2014). "Glomeromycota". In McLaughlin DJ, Spatafora JW (eds.). Systematics and evolution. Part A. (second ed.). Berlin: Springer. pp. 251–270. ISBN 978-3-642-55318-9.
  7. ^ Terhonen E, Keriö S, Sun H, Asiegbu FO (June 2014). "Endophytic fungi of Norway spruce roots in boreal pristine mire, drained peatland and mineral soil and their inhibitory effect on Heterobasidion parviporum in vitro". Fungal Ecology. 9: 17–26. doi:10.1016/j.funeco.2014.01.003.
  8. ^ a b Benny GL, Humber RA, Voigt K (2014). "8 Zygomycetous Fungi: Phylum Entomophthoromycota and Subphyla Kickxellomycotina, Mortierellomycotina, Mucoromycotina, and Zoopagomycotina". In McLaughlin DJ, Spatafora JW (eds.). Systematics and evolution. Part A. (second ed.). Berlin: Springer. pp. 251–270. ISBN 978-3-642-55318-9.
  9. ^ Hoffmann K, Pawłowska J, Walther G, Wrzosek M, de Hoog GS, Benny GL, et al. (June 2013). "The family structure of the Mucorales: a synoptic revision based on comprehensive multigene-genealogies". Persoonia. 30 (1): 57–76. doi:10.3767/003158513X666259. PMC 3734967. PMID 24027347.
  10. ^ Jennessen J, Schnürer J, Olsson J, Samson RA, Dijksterhuis J (May 2008). "Morphological characteristics of sporangiospores of the tempe fungus Rhizopus oligosporus differentiate it from other taxa of the R. microsporus group". Mycological Research. 112 (Pt 5): 547–563. doi:10.1016/j.mycres.2007.11.006. PMID 18400482.
  11. ^ Summerbell RC (2005). "Root endophyte and mycorrhizosphere fungi of black spruce, Picea mariana, in a boreal forest habitat: influence of site factors on fungal distributions". Studies in Mycology. 53: 121–145. doi:10.3114/sim.53.1.121.
  12. ^ Lanfranco L, Fiorilli V, Gutjahr C (December 2018). "Partner communication and role of nutrients in the arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis". The New Phytologist. 220 (4): 1031–1046. doi:10.1111/nph.15230. PMID 29806959. S2CID 44106242.
  13. ^ a b Lee SC, Idnurm A (March 2017). Heitman J, Gow NA (eds.). "Fungal Sex: The Mucoromycota". Microbiology Spectrum. 5 (2): 5.2.14. doi:10.1128/microbiolspec.FUNK-0041-2017. PMID 28332467.
  14. ^ Bidartondo MI, Read DJ, Trappe JM, Merckx V, Ligrone R, Duckett JG (August 2011). "The dawn of symbiosis between plants and fungi". Biology Letters. 7 (4): 574–577. doi:10.1098/rsbl.2010.1203. PMC 3130224. PMID 21389014.
  15. ^ a b Smith ME, Gryganskyi A, Bonito G, Nouhra E, Moreno-Arroyo B, Benny G (December 2013). "Phylogenetic analysis of the genus Modicella reveals an independent evolutionary origin of sporocarp-forming fungi in the Mortierellales". Fungal Genetics and Biology. 61: 61–68. doi:10.1016/j.fgb.2013.10.001. hdl:11336/10321. PMID 24120560.
  16. ^ Idnurm A, Walton FJ, Floyd A, Heitman J (January 2008). "Identification of the sex genes in an early diverged fungus". Nature. 451 (7175): 193–196. Bibcode:2008Natur.451..193I. doi:10.1038/nature06453. PMID 18185588. S2CID 4411640.
  17. ^ Wetzel J, Burmester A, Kolbe M, Wöstemeyer J (April 2012). "The mating-related loci sexM and sexP of the zygomycetous fungus Mucor mucedo and their transcriptional regulation by trisporoid pheromones". Microbiology. 158 (Pt 4): 1016–1023. doi:10.1099/mic.0.054106-0. PMID 22262094.
  18. ^ Torres-Cortés G, Ghignone S, Bonfante P, Schüßler A (June 2015). "Mosaic genome of endobacteria in arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi: Transkingdom gene transfer in an ancient mycoplasma-fungus association". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 112 (25): 7785–7790. Bibcode:2015PNAS..112.7785T. doi:10.1073/pnas.1501540112. PMC 4485150. PMID 25964335.
  19. ^ Dzurendova S, Losada CB, Dupuy-Galet BX, Fjær K, Shapaval V (January 2022). "Mucoromycota fungi as powerful cell factories for modern biorefinery". Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology. 106 (1): 101–115. doi:10.1007/s00253-021-11720-1. hdl:11250/2834712. PMID 34889982. S2CID 245013763.
  20. ^ Dzurendova S, Zimmermann B, Kohler A, Tafintseva V, Slany O, Certik M, Shapaval V (22 June 2020). Virolle MJ (ed.). "Microcultivation and FTIR spectroscopy-based screening revealed a nutrient-induced co-production of high-value metabolites in oleaginous Mucoromycota fungi". PLOS ONE. 15 (6): e0234870. Bibcode:2020PLoSO..1534870D. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0234870. PMC 7307774. PMID 32569317.
  21. ^ Mohamed H, El-Shanawany AR, Shah AM, Nazir Y, Naz T, Ullah S, et al. (5 November 2020). lia Domingues L (ed.). "Comparative Analysis of Different Isolated Oleaginous Mucoromycota Fungi for Their γ-Linolenic Acid and Carotenoid Production". BioMed Research International. 2020: 3621543. doi:10.1155/2020/3621543. PMC 7665918. PMID 33204691.
  22. ^ Volford B, Varga M, Szekeres A, Kotogán A, Nagy G, Vágvölgyi C, et al. (March 2021). "β-Galactosidase-Producing Isolates in Mucoromycota: Screening, Enzyme Production, and Applications for Functional Oligosaccharide Synthesis". Journal of Fungi. 7 (3): 229. doi:10.3390/jof7030229. PMC 8003776. PMID 33808917.
  23. ^ Kosa G, Zimmermann B, Kohler A, Ekeberg D, Afseth NK, Mounier J, Shapaval V (December 2018). "High-throughput screening of Mucoromycota fungi for production of low- and high-value lipids". Biotechnology for Biofuels. 11 (1): 66. doi:10.1186/s13068-018-1070-7. PMC 5851148. PMID 29563969.
  24. ^ Zhao H, Lv M, Liu Z, Zhang M, Wang Y, Ju X, et al. (December 2021). "High-yield oleaginous fungi and high-value microbial lipid resources from Mucoromycota". BioEnergy Research. 14 (4): 1196–1206. doi:10.1007/s12155-020-10219-3. ISSN 1939-1234. S2CID 228925586.

External links edit

  Data related to Mucoromycota at Wikispecies

February 15, 2024
mucoromycota, division, within, kingdom, fungi, includes, diverse, group, various, molds, including, common, bread, molds, mucor, rhizopus, sister, phylum, dikarya, mucor, mucedoscientific, classificationdomain, eukaryotakingdom, fungisubkingdom, mucoromycetad. Mucoromycota is a division within the kingdom fungi 1 It includes a diverse group of various molds including the common bread molds Mucor and Rhizopus 2 It is a sister phylum to Dikarya 3 4 MucoromycotaMucor mucedoScientific classificationDomain EukaryotaKingdom FungiSubkingdom MucoromycetaDivision MucoromycotaDoweldSubdivisionMucoromycotinaInformally known as zygomycetes I Mucoromycota includes Mucoromycotina Mortierellomycotina and Glomeromycotina and consists of mainly mycorrhizal fungi root endophytes and plant decomposers 3 Mucoromycotina and Glomeromycotina can form mycorrhiza like relationships with nonvascular plants 5 Mucoromycota contain multiple mycorrhizal lineages 6 root endophytes 7 and decomposers of plant based carbon sources 8 Mucoromycotina species known as mycoparasites or putative parasites of arthropods are like saprobes 9 When Mucoromycota infect animals they are seen as opportunistic pathogens 3 Mucoromycotina are fast growing fungi and early colonizers of carbon rich substrates 10 Mortierellomycotina are common soil fungi that occur as root endophytes of woody plants and are isolated as saprobes 11 Glomeromycotina live in soil forming a network of hyphae but depend on organic carbon from host plants In exchange the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi provide nutrients to the plant 12 Contents 1 Reproduction 2 Morphology 3 Production of lipids polyphosphates and carotenoids 4 Gallery 5 See also 6 References 7 External linksReproduction editKnown reproduction states of Mucoromycota are zygospore production and asexual reproduction Zygospores can have decorations on their surface and range up to several millimeters in diameter 13 Asexual reproduction typically involves the production of sporangiospores or chlamydospores 3 Multicellular sporcaps are present within Mucoromycotina 14 Mortierellomycotina 15 and as aggregations of spore producing in species of Glomeromycotina 6 Shown in Mucorales sexual reproduction is under the control of mating type genes sexP and sexM which regulate the production of pheromones required for the maturation of hyphae into gametangia 16 13 The sexP gene is expressed during vegetative growth and matting while the sexM gene is expressed during mating 17 Sexual reproduction in Glomeromycotina is unknown although its occurrence is inferred from genomic studies However specialized hyphae produce chlamydospore like spores asexually these may be borne at terminal apical or lateral positions on the hyphae or intercalary formed within the hypha between sub apical cells 8 Species of Glomeromycotina produce coenocytic hyphae that can have bacterial endosymbionts 18 Mortierellomycotina reproduce asexually by sporangia that either lack or have a reduced columella which support the sporangium 3 Species of Mortierellomycotina only form microscopic colonies but some make multicellular sporocarps 15 Mucoromycotina sexual reproduction is by prototypical zygospore formation and asexual reproduction and involves the large production of sporangia 3 Morphology editMucoromycotina contain discoidal hemispherical spindle pole bodies Although spindle pole bodies function as microtubule organizing centers they lack remnants of the centrioles characteristic 9 2 microtubule arrangement Species of Mucoromycotina and Mortierellomycotina produce large diameter coenocytic hyphae Glomeromycotina also form coenocytic hyphae with highly branched narrow hyphal arbuscules in host cells When septations occur in Mucoromycota they are formed at the base of reproductive structures 3 Production of lipids polyphosphates and carotenoids editMucoromycota s metabolism can utilize many substrates that are from various nitrogen and phosphorus resources to produce lipids chitin polyphosphates and carotenoids They have been found to co produce metabolites in a single fermentation process like polyphosphates and lipids 19 The overproduction of chitin from Mucoromycota fungi can be accomplished by limiting inorganic phosphorus 20 Mucoromycota are capable of accumulating high amounts of lipids in their cell biomass which allows the fungi to produce polyunsaturated fatty acids and carotenoids They have been found to induce antimicrobial activity from fungal crude total lipids 21 22 The high production of lipids from Mucoromycota have the potential for use in biodiesel production 23 24 Gallery edit nbsp Mortierella from Yosemite nbsp MucorSee also editMucor circinelloidesReferences edit Taxonomy browser Mucoromycota www ncbi nlm nih gov Retrieved 28 May 2021 Lee SC Idmurm A 2018 8 Fungal sex The Mucoromycota In Heitman J Howlett BJ Crous PW Stukenbrock EH James TY Gow NA eds The Fungal Kingdom Wiley pp 177 192 ISBN 978 1 55581 958 3 a b c d e f g Spatafora JW Chang Y Benny GL Lazarus K Smith ME Berbee ML et al September 2016 A phylum level phylogenetic classification of zygomycete fungi based on genome scale data Mycologia 108 5 1028 1046 doi 10 3852 16 042 PMC 6078412 PMID 27738200 Moore D Robson GD Trinci AP 2020 2 8 The fungal phylogeny 21st Century Guidebook to Fungi 2nd ed Cambridge University Press pp 29 30 ISBN 978 1 108 74568 0 Field KJ Rimington WR Bidartondo MI Allinson KE Beerling DJ Cameron DD et al January 2015 First evidence of mutualism between ancient plant lineages Haplomitriopsida liverworts and Mucoromycotina fungi and its response to simulated Palaeozoic changes in atmospheric CO2 The New Phytologist 205 2 743 756 doi 10 1111 nph 13024 PMC 4303992 PMID 25230098 a b Redecker D Schussler A 2014 Glomeromycota In McLaughlin DJ Spatafora JW eds Systematics and evolution Part A second ed Berlin Springer pp 251 270 ISBN 978 3 642 55318 9 Terhonen E Kerio S Sun H Asiegbu FO June 2014 Endophytic fungi of Norway spruce roots in boreal pristine mire drained peatland and mineral soil and their inhibitory effect on Heterobasidion parviporum in vitro Fungal Ecology 9 17 26 doi 10 1016 j funeco 2014 01 003 a b Benny GL Humber RA Voigt K 2014 8 Zygomycetous Fungi Phylum Entomophthoromycota and Subphyla Kickxellomycotina Mortierellomycotina Mucoromycotina and Zoopagomycotina In McLaughlin DJ Spatafora JW eds Systematics and evolution Part A second ed Berlin Springer pp 251 270 ISBN 978 3 642 55318 9 Hoffmann K Pawlowska J Walther G Wrzosek M de Hoog GS Benny GL et al June 2013 The family structure of the Mucorales a synoptic revision based on comprehensive multigene genealogies Persoonia 30 1 57 76 doi 10 3767 003158513X666259 PMC 3734967 PMID 24027347 Jennessen J Schnurer J Olsson J Samson RA Dijksterhuis J May 2008 Morphological characteristics of sporangiospores of the tempe fungus Rhizopus oligosporus differentiate it from other taxa of the R microsporus group Mycological Research 112 Pt 5 547 563 doi 10 1016 j mycres 2007 11 006 PMID 18400482 Summerbell RC 2005 Root endophyte and mycorrhizosphere fungi of black spruce Picea mariana in a boreal forest habitat influence of site factors on fungal distributions Studies in Mycology 53 121 145 doi 10 3114 sim 53 1 121 Lanfranco L Fiorilli V Gutjahr C December 2018 Partner communication and role of nutrients in the arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis The New Phytologist 220 4 1031 1046 doi 10 1111 nph 15230 PMID 29806959 S2CID 44106242 a b Lee SC Idnurm A March 2017 Heitman J Gow NA eds Fungal Sex The Mucoromycota Microbiology Spectrum 5 2 5 2 14 doi 10 1128 microbiolspec FUNK 0041 2017 PMID 28332467 Bidartondo MI Read DJ Trappe JM Merckx V Ligrone R Duckett JG August 2011 The dawn of symbiosis between plants and fungi Biology Letters 7 4 574 577 doi 10 1098 rsbl 2010 1203 PMC 3130224 PMID 21389014 a b Smith ME Gryganskyi A Bonito G Nouhra E Moreno Arroyo B Benny G December 2013 Phylogenetic analysis of the genus Modicella reveals an independent evolutionary origin of sporocarp forming fungi in the Mortierellales Fungal Genetics and Biology 61 61 68 doi 10 1016 j fgb 2013 10 001 hdl 11336 10321 PMID 24120560 Idnurm A Walton FJ Floyd A Heitman J January 2008 Identification of the sex genes in an early diverged fungus Nature 451 7175 193 196 Bibcode 2008Natur 451 193I doi 10 1038 nature06453 PMID 18185588 S2CID 4411640 Wetzel J Burmester A Kolbe M Wostemeyer J April 2012 The mating related loci sexM and sexP of the zygomycetous fungus Mucor mucedo and their transcriptional regulation by trisporoid pheromones Microbiology 158 Pt 4 1016 1023 doi 10 1099 mic 0 054106 0 PMID 22262094 Torres Cortes G Ghignone S Bonfante P Schussler A June 2015 Mosaic genome of endobacteria in arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi Transkingdom gene transfer in an ancient mycoplasma fungus association Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 112 25 7785 7790 Bibcode 2015PNAS 112 7785T doi 10 1073 pnas 1501540112 PMC 4485150 PMID 25964335 Dzurendova S Losada CB Dupuy Galet BX Fjaer K Shapaval V January 2022 Mucoromycota fungi as powerful cell factories for modern biorefinery Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology 106 1 101 115 doi 10 1007 s00253 021 11720 1 hdl 11250 2834712 PMID 34889982 S2CID 245013763 Dzurendova S Zimmermann B Kohler A Tafintseva V Slany O Certik M Shapaval V 22 June 2020 Virolle MJ ed Microcultivation and FTIR spectroscopy based screening revealed a nutrient induced co production of high value metabolites in oleaginous Mucoromycota fungi PLOS ONE 15 6 e0234870 Bibcode 2020PLoSO 1534870D doi 10 1371 journal pone 0234870 PMC 7307774 PMID 32569317 Mohamed H El Shanawany AR Shah AM Nazir Y Naz T Ullah S et al 5 November 2020 lia Domingues L ed Comparative Analysis of Different Isolated Oleaginous Mucoromycota Fungi for Their g Linolenic Acid and Carotenoid Production BioMed Research International 2020 3621543 doi 10 1155 2020 3621543 PMC 7665918 PMID 33204691 Volford B Varga M Szekeres A Kotogan A Nagy G Vagvolgyi C et al March 2021 b Galactosidase Producing Isolates in Mucoromycota Screening Enzyme Production and Applications for Functional Oligosaccharide Synthesis Journal of Fungi 7 3 229 doi 10 3390 jof7030229 PMC 8003776 PMID 33808917 Kosa G Zimmermann B Kohler A Ekeberg D Afseth NK Mounier J Shapaval V December 2018 High throughput screening of Mucoromycota fungi for production of low and high value lipids Biotechnology for Biofuels 11 1 66 doi 10 1186 s13068 018 1070 7 PMC 5851148 PMID 29563969 Zhao H Lv M Liu Z Zhang M Wang Y Ju X et al December 2021 High yield oleaginous fungi and high value microbial lipid resources from Mucoromycota BioEnergy Research 14 4 1196 1206 doi 10 1007 s12155 020 10219 3 ISSN 1939 1234 S2CID 228925586 External links edit nbsp Data related to Mucoromycota at Wikispecies Mucoromycota at the U S National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings MeSH Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Mucoromycota amp oldid 1194529855, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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