fbpx
Wikipedia

World population

October 23, 2023

In world demographics, the world population is the total number of humans currently living. It was estimated by the United Nations to have exceeded eight billion in mid-November 2022. It took around 300,000 years of human prehistory and history for the human population to reach one billion and only 222 years more to reach 8 billion.[3]

World population growth from 10,000 BCE to 2021[1]
High, medium, and low projections of the future human world population[2]

The human population has experienced continuous growth following the Great Famine of 1315–1317 and the end of the Black Death in 1350, when it was nearly 370,000,000.[4] The highest global population growth rates, with increases of over 1.8% per year, occurred between 1955 and 1975, peaking at 2.1% between 1965 and 1970.[5] The growth rate declined to 1.1% between 2015 and 2020 and is projected to decline further in the 21st century.[6] The global population is still increasing, but there is significant uncertainty about its long-term trajectory due to changing fertility and mortality rates.[7] The UN Department of Economics and Social Affairs projects between 9 and 10 billion people by 2050 and gives an 80% confidence interval of 10–12 billion by the end of the 21st century,[2] with a growth rate by then of zero. Other demographers predict that the human population will begin to decline in the second half of the 21st century.[8]

The total number of births globally is currently (2015–2020) 140 million/year, which is projected to peak during the period 2040–2045 at 141 million/year and then decline slowly to 126 million/year by 2100.[9] The total number of deaths is currently 57 million/year and is projected to grow steadily to 121 million/year by 2100.[10]

The median age of human beings as of 2020 is 31 years.[11]

History

 
Visual comparison of the world population in past and present
Further information: Estimates of historical world population and Human history

Estimates of world population by their nature are an aspect of modernity, possible only since the Age of Discovery. Early estimates for the population of the world[12] date to the 17th century: William Petty, in 1682, estimated the world population at 320 million (current estimates ranging close to twice this number); by the late 18th century, estimates ranged close to one billion (consistent with current estimates).[13] More refined estimates, broken down by continents, were published in the first half of the 19th century, at 600 million to 1 billion in the early 1800s and 800 million to 1 billion in the 1840s.[14]

It is difficult for estimates to be better than rough approximations, as even current population estimates are fraught with uncertainties from 3% to 5%.[15]

Ancient and post-classical history

Main articles: Classical demography and Medieval demography

Estimates of the population of the world at the time agriculture emerged in around 10,000 BC have ranged between 1 million and 15 million.[16][17] Even earlier, genetic evidence suggests humans may have gone through a population bottleneck of between 1,000 and 10,000 people about 70,000 BC, according to the now largely discredited Toba catastrophe theory. By contrast, it is estimated that around 50–60 million people lived in the combined eastern and western Roman Empire in the 4th century AD.[18]

The Plague of Justinian caused Europe's population to drop by around 50% between the 6th and 8th centuries AD.[19] The population of Europe was more than 70 million in 1340.[20] From 1340 to 1400, the world's population fell from an estimated 443 million to 350–375 million,[21] with the Indian subcontinent suffering the most tremendous loss and Europe suffering the Black Death pandemic;[22] it took 200 years for European population figures to recover.[23] The population of China decreased from 123 million in 1200 to 65 million in 1393,[24] presumably from a combination of Mongol invasions, famine, and plague.[25]

Starting in AD 2, the Han dynasty of ancient China kept consistent family registers to properly assess the poll taxes and labor service duties of each household.[26] In that year, the population of Western Han was recorded as 57,671,400 individuals in 12,366,470 households, decreasing to 47,566,772 individuals in 9,348,227 households by AD 146, towards the end of the Han dynasty.[26] From 200 to 400, the world population fell from an estimated 257 million to 206 million, with China suffering the greatest loss.[22] At the founding of the Ming dynasty in 1368, China's population was reported to be close to 60 million; toward the end of the dynasty in 1644, it may have approached 150 million.[27] England's population reached an estimated 5.6 million in 1650, up from an estimated 2.6 million in 1500.[28] New crops that were brought to Asia and Europe from the Americas by Portuguese and Spanish colonists in the 16th century are believed to have contributed to population growth.[29][30][31] Since their introduction to Africa by Portuguese traders in the 16th century,[32] maize and cassava have similarly replaced traditional African crops as the most important staple food crops grown on the continent.[33]

The pre-Columbian population of the Americas is uncertain; historian David Henige called it "the most unanswerable question in the world."[34] By the end of the 20th century, scholarly consensus favored an estimate of roughly 55 million people, but numbers from various sources have ranged from 10 million to 100 million.[35] Encounters between European explorers and populations in the rest of the world often introduced local epidemics of extraordinary virulence.[36] According to the most extreme scholarly claims, as many as 90% of the Native American population of the New World died of Old World diseases such as smallpox, measles, and influenza.[37] Over the centuries, the Europeans had developed high degrees of immunity to these diseases, while the indigenous peoples had no such immunity.[38]

Modern history

 
Map showing urban areas with at least one million inhabitants in 2006. Only 3% of the world's population lived in urban areas in 1800; this proportion had risen to 47% by 2000, and reached 50.5% by 2010.[39] By 2050, the proportion may reach 70%.[40]

During the European Agricultural and Industrial Revolutions, the life expectancy of children increased dramatically.[41] The percentage of the children born in London who died before the age of five decreased from 74.5% in 1730–1749 to 31.8% in 1810–1829.[42][43] Between 1700 and 1900, Europe's population increased from about 100 million to over 400 million.[44] Altogether, the areas populated by people of European descent comprised 36% of the world's population in 1900.[45]

Population growth in the Western world became more rapid after the introduction of vaccination and other improvements in medicine and sanitation.[46] Improved material conditions led to the population of Britain increasing from 10 million to 40 million in the 19th century.[47] The population of the United Kingdom reached 60 million in 2006.[48] The United States saw its population grow from around 5.3 million in 1800 to 106 million in 1920, exceeding 307 million in 2010.[49]

The first half of the 20th century in Imperial Russia and the Soviet Union was marked by a succession of major wars, famines and other disasters which caused large-scale population losses (approximately 60 million excess deaths).[50][51] After the collapse of the Soviet Union, Russia's population declined significantly – from 150 million in 1991 to 143 million in 2012[52] – but by 2013 this decline appeared to have halted.[53]

Many countries in the developing world have experienced extremely rapid population growth since the early 20th century, due to economic development and improvements in public health. China's population rose from approximately 430 million in 1850 to 580 million in 1953,[54] and now stands at over 1.3 billion. The population of the Indian subcontinent, which was about 125 million in 1750, increased to 389 million in 1941;[55] today, India, Pakistan and Bangladesh are collectively home to about 1.63 billion people.[56] Java, an island in Indonesia, had about 5 million inhabitants in 1815; it had a population of over 139 million in 2020.[57] In just one hundred years, the population of Brazil decupled (x10), from about 17 million in 1900, or about 1% of the world population in that year, to about 176 million in 2000, or almost 3% of the global population in the very early 21st century. Mexico's population grew from 13.6 million in 1900 to about 112 million in 2010.[58][59] Between the 1920s and 2000s, Kenya's population grew from 2.9 million to 37 million.[60]

Milestones by the billions

Main article: World population milestones
World population milestones in billions[61] (Worldometers estimates)
Population 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Year 1804 1927 1960 1974 1987 1999 2011 2022 2037 2057
Years elapsed 200,000+ 123 33 14 13 12 12 11 15 20

The UN estimated that the world population reached one billion for the first time in 1804. It was another 123 years before it reached two billion in 1927, but it took only 33 years to reach three billion in 1960.[62] Thereafter, it took 14 years for the global population to reach four billion in 1974, 13 years to reach five billion in 1987, 12 years to reach six billion in 1999 and, according to the United States Census Bureau, 13 years to reach seven billion in March 2012.[63] The United Nations, however, estimated that the world population reached seven billion in October 2011.[64][65][66]

According to the UN, the global population reached eight billion in November 2022,[67] but because the growth rate is slowing, it will take another 15 years to reach around 9 billion by 2037 and 20 years to reach 10 billion by 2057.[68] Alternative scenarios for 2050 range from a low of 7.4 billion to a high of more than 10.6 billion.[69] Projected figures vary depending on underlying statistical assumptions and the variables used in projection calculations, especially the fertility and mortality variables. Long-range predictions to 2150 range from a population decline to 3.2 billion in the "low scenario", to "high scenarios" of 24.8 billion.[69] One extreme scenario predicted a massive increase to 256 billion by 2150, assuming the global fertility rate remained at its 1995 level of 3.04 children per woman; however, by 2010 the global fertility rate had declined to 2.52.[70][71]

There is no estimation for the exact day or month the world's population surpassed one or two billion. The points at which it reached three and four billion were not officially noted, but the International Database of the United States Census Bureau placed them in July 1959 and April 1974 respectively. The United Nations did determine, and commemorate, the "Day of 5 Billion" on 11 July 1987, and the "Day of 6 Billion" on 12 October 1999. The Population Division of the United Nations declared the "Day of Seven Billion" to be 31 October 2011.[72] The United Nations marked the birth of the eight billionth person on 15 November 2022.[73][67]

Global demographics

Main article: Demographics of the world
 
  •   >80
  •   77.5–80
  •   75–77.5
  •   72.5–75
  •   70–72.5
  •   67.5–70
  •   65–67.5
  •   60–65
  •   55–60
  •   50–55
2015 map showing average life expectancy by country in years. In 2015, the World Health Organization estimated the average global life expectancy as 71.4 years.[74]

As of 2020, the global sex ratio is approximately 1.01 males to 1 female.[75] Approximately 26.3% of the global population is aged under 15, while 65.9% is aged 15–64 and 7.9% is aged 65 or over.[75] The median age of the world's population is estimated to be 31 years in 2020,[11] and is expected to rise to 37.9 years by 2050.[76]

According to the World Health Organization, the global average life expectancy is 73.3 years as of 2020, with women living an average of 75.9 years and men approximately 70.8 years.[77] In 2010, the global fertility rate was estimated at 2.44 children per woman.[78] In June 2012, British researchers calculated the total weight of Earth's human population as approximately 287 million tonnes (630 billion pounds), with the average person weighing around 62 kilograms (137 lb).[79]

The IMF estimated nominal 2021 gross world product at US$94.94 trillion, giving an annual global per capita figure of around US$12,290.[80] Around 9.3% of the world population live in extreme poverty, subsisting on less than US$1.9 per day;[81] around 8.9% are malnourished.[82] 87% of the world's over-15s are considered literate.[83] As of April 2022, there were about 5 billion global Internet users, constituting 63% of the world population.[84]

The Han Chinese are the world's largest single ethnic group, constituting over 19% of the global population in 2011.[85] The world's most-spoken languages are English (1.132B), Mandarin Chinese (1.117B), Hindi (615M), Spanish (534M) and French (280M). More than three billion people speak an Indo-European language, which is the largest language family by number of speakers. Standard Arabic is a language with no native speakers, but the total number of speakers is estimated at 274 million people.[86]

The largest religious categories in the world as of 2020 are estimated as follows: Christianity (31%), Islam (25%), Unaffiliated (16%) and Hinduism (15%).[87]

Population by region

Further information: Demographics of the world

Six of the Earth's seven continents are permanently inhabited on a large scale. Asia is the most populous continent, with its 4.64 billion inhabitants accounting for 60% of the world population. The world's two most populated countries, China and India, together constitute about 36% of the world's population. Africa is the second most populated continent, with around 1.34 billion people, or 17% of the world's population. Europe's 747 million people make up 10% of the world's population as of 2020, while the Latin American and Caribbean regions are home to around 653 million (8%). Northern America, primarily consisting of the United States and Canada, has a population of around 368 million (5%), and Oceania, the least populated region, has about 42 million inhabitants (0.5%).[88] Antarctica only has a very small, fluctuating population of about 1200 people based mainly in polar science stations.[89]

 
Population pyramid of the world in continental groupings in 2023
Current world population and latest projection according the UN. Population in (millions) and percent of the global population in that year.[90]
Region 2022 (percent) 2030 (percent) 2050 (percent)
Sub-Saharan Africa 1,152 (14.51%) 1,401 (16.46%) 2,094 (21.62%)
Northern Africa and Western Asia 549 (6.91%) 617 (7.25%) 771 (7.96%)
Central Asia and Southern Asia 2,075 (26.13%) 2,248 (26.41%) 2,575 (26.58%)
Eastern Asia and Southeastern Asia 2,342 (29.49%) 2,372 (27.87%) 2,317 (23.92%)
Europe and Northern America 1,120 (14.10%) 1,129 (13.26%) 1,125 (11.61%)
Latin America and the Caribbean 658 (8.29%) 695 (8.17%) 749 (7.73%)
Australia and New Zealand 31 (0.39%) 34 (0.40%) 38 (0.39%)
Oceania 14 (0.18%) 15 (0.18%) 20 (0.21%)
World 7,942 8,512 9,687
Population by region (2020 estimates)
Region Density
(inhabitants/km2) 		Population
(millions) 		Most populous country Most populous city (metropolitan area)
Asia 104.1 4,641 1,418,459,382 –   India 13,515,000 –   Tokyo Metropolis
(37,400,000 –   Greater Tokyo Area)
Africa 44.4 1,340 0,211,401,000 –   Nigeria 09,500,000 –   Cairo
(20,076,000 –   Greater Cairo)
Europe 73.4 747 0,146,171,000 –   Russia, approx. 110 million in Europe 13,200,000 –   Moscow
(20,004,000 –   Moscow metropolitan area)
Latin America 24.1 653 0,214,103,000 –   Brazil 12,252,000 –   São Paulo City
(21,650,000 –   São Paulo Metro Area)
Northern America[note 1] 14.9 368 0,332,909,000 –   United States 08,804,000 –   New York City
(23,582,649 –   New York metropolitan area[91])
Oceania 5 42 0,025,917,000 –   Australia 05,367,000 –   Sydney
Antarctica ~0 0.004[89] N/A[note 2] 00,001,258 –   McMurdo Station

Largest populations by country

Further information: List of countries and dependencies by population
 
Cartogram showing the distribution of the world population, each square represents half a million people.
 
A map of world population in 2019
 
1901 to 2021 population graph of the five countries with the highest current populations

Ten most populous countries

Rank Country / Dependency Population Percentage
of the world 		Date Source (official or from the United Nations)
1   India 1,425,775,850 17.7% 14 Apr 2023 UN projection[92]
2   China 1,412,600,000 17.5% 31 Dec 2021 National annual estimate[93]
3   United States 335,542,524 4.16% 21 Oct 2023 National population clock[94]
4   Indonesia 275,773,800 3.42% 1 Jul 2022 National annual estimate[95]
5   Pakistan 229,488,994 2.84% 1 Jul 2022 UN projection[96]
6   Nigeria 216,746,934 2.69% 1 Jul 2022 UN projection[96]
7   Brazil 216,802,677 2.69% 21 Oct 2023 National population clock[97]
8   Bangladesh 168,220,000 2.09% 1 Jul 2020 Annual Population Estimate[98]
9   Russia 147,190,000 1.82% 1 Oct 2021 2021 preliminary census results[99]
10   Mexico 128,271,248 1.59% 31 Mar 2022

Approximately 4.5 billion people live in these ten countries, representing around 56% of the world's population as of July 2022.

The UN estimates that by 2023 India will have overtaken China in having the largest population.[100][92]

World population (millions, UN estimates)[101]
# Most populous countries 2000 2015 2030[A]
1   China[B] 1,270 1,376 1,416
2   India 1,053 1,311 1,528
3   United States 283 322 356
4   Indonesia 212 258 295
5   Pakistan 136 208 245
6   Brazil 176 206 228
7   Nigeria 123 182 263
8   Bangladesh 131 161 186
9   Russia 146 146 149
10   Mexico 103 127 148
World total 6,127 7,349 8,501
Notes:
  1. ^ 2030 = Medium variant.
  2. ^ China excludes Hong Kong and Macau.

Most densely populated countries

Further information: List of countries and dependencies by population density

The tables below list the world's most densely populated countries, both in absolute terms and in comparison to their total populations, as of November 2022. All areas and populations are from The World Factbook, unless otherwise noted.

 
Population density (people per km2) map of the world in 2020. Red areas denote regions of highest population density
10 most densely populated countries (with population above 5 million)[102]
Rank Country Population Area
(km2) 		Density
(pop/km2)
1   Singapore 5,921,231 719 8,235
2   Bangladesh 165,650,475 148,460 1,116
3

  Palestine[note 3][103]

 5,223,000 6,025 867
4   Taiwan[note 4] 23,580,712 35,980 655
5   South Korea 51,844,834 99,720 520
6   Lebanon 5,296,814 10,400 509
7   Rwanda 13,173,730 26,338 500
8   Burundi 12,696,478 27,830 456
9   India 1,389,637,446 3,287,263 423
10   Netherlands 17,400,824 41,543 419
Countries ranking highly in both total population (more than 20 million people) and population density (more than 250 people per square kilometer)[102]
Rank Country Population Area
(km2) 		Density
(pop/km2) 		Population
trend[citation needed]
1   India 1,389,637,446 3,287,263 423 Growing
2   Pakistan 242,923,845 796,095 305 Rapidly growing
3   Bangladesh 165,650,475 148,460 1,116 Growing
4   Japan 124,214,766 377,915 329 Declining[104]
5   Philippines 114,597,229 300,000 382 Growing
6   Vietnam 103,808,319 331,210 313 Growing
7   United Kingdom 67,791,400 243,610 278 Growing
8   South Korea 51,844,834 99,720 520 Steady
9   Taiwan 23,580,712 35,980 655 Steady
10   Sri Lanka 23,187,516 65,610 353 Growing

Fluctuation

Main articles: Population growth, Projections of population growth, and Population dynamics
 
Estimates of population evolution in different continents between 1950 and 2050, according to the United Nations. The vertical axis is logarithmic and is in millions of people.

Population size fluctuates at differing rates in differing regions. Nonetheless, population growth has been the long-standing trend on all inhabited continents, as well as in most individual states. During the 20th century, the global population saw its greatest increase in known history, rising from about 1.6 billion in 1900 to over 6 billion in 2000[105] as the whole world entered the early phases of what has come to be called the "demographic transition". Some of the key factors contributing to this increase included the lessening of the mortality rate in many countries by improved sanitation and medical advances, and a massive increase in agricultural productivity attributed to the Green Revolution.[106][107] By 2000, there were approximately ten times as many people on Earth as there had been in 1700.

However, this rapid growth did not last. During the period 2000–2005, the United Nations estimates that the world's population was growing at an annual rate of 1.3% (equivalent to around 80 million people), down from a peak of 2.1% during the period 1965–1970.[6] Globally, although the population growth rate has been steadily declining from its peak in 1968,[108] growth still remains high in Sub-Saharan Africa.[109]

 
Map of countries by fertility rate (2020), according to the Population Reference Bureau
 
A world population clock in August 2022 at Eureka! in Halifax, West Yorkshire.

In fact, during the 2010s, Japan and some countries in Europe began to reduce in population, due to sub-replacement fertility rates.[104]

In 2019, the United Nations reported that the rate of population growth continues to decline due to the ongoing global demographic transition. If this trend continues, the rate of growth may diminish to zero by 2100, concurrent with a world population plateau of 10.9 billion.[6][68] However, this is only one of many estimates published by the UN; in 2009, UN population projections for 2050 ranged between around 8 billion and 10.5 billion.[110] An alternative scenario is given by the statistician Jorgen Randers, who argues that traditional projections insufficiently take into account the downward impact of global urbanization on fertility. Randers' "most likely scenario" reveals a peak in the world population in the early 2040s at about 8.1 billion people, followed by decline.[111] Adrian Raftery, a University of Washington professor of statistics and of sociology, states that "there's a 70 percent probability the world population will not stabilize this century. Population, which had sort of fallen off the world's agenda, remains a very important issue."[112]

  •  

    Estimated world population figures, 10,000 BC – AD 2000

  •  

    Estimated world population figures, 10,000 BC – AD 2000 (in log y scale)

  •  

    World population figures, 1950–2017

Annual population growth

Global annual population growth[113]
Year Population Yearly growth Density
(pop/km2)
% Number
1951 2,543,130,380 1.75% 43,808,223 17
1952 2,590,270,899 1.85% 47,140,519 17
1953 2,640,278,797 1.93% 50,007,898 18
1954 2,691,979,339 1.96% 51,700,542 18
1955 2,746,072,141 2.01% 54,092,802 18
1956 2,801,002,631 2.00% 54,930,490 19
1957 2,857,866,857 2.03% 56,864,226 19
1958 2,916,108,097 2.04% 58,241,240 20
1959 2,970,292,188 1.86% 54,184,091 20
1960 3,019,233,434 1.65% 48,941,246 20
1961 3,068,370,609 1.63% 49,137,175 21
1962 3,126,686,743 1.90% 58,316,134 21
1963 3,195,779,247 2.21% 69,092,504 21
1964 3,267,212,338 2.24% 71,433,091 22
1965 3,337,111,983 2.14% 69,899,645 22
1966 3,406,417,036 2.08% 69,305,053 23
1967 3,475,448,166 2.03% 69,031,130 23
1968 3,546,810,808 2.05% 71,362,642 24
1969 3,620,655,275 2.08% 73,844,467 24
1970 3,695,390,336 2.06% 74,735,061 25
1971 3,770,163,092 2.02% 74,772,756 25
1972 3,844,800,885 1.98% 74,637,793 26
1973 3,920,251,504 1.96% 75,450,619 26
1974 3,995,517,077 1.92% 75,265,573 27
1975 4,069,437,231 1.85% 73,920,154 27
1976 4,142,505,882 1.80% 73,068,651 28
1977 4,215,772,490 1.77% 73,266,608 28
1978 4,289,657,708 1.75% 73,885,218 29
1979 4,365,582,871 1.77% 75,925,163 29
1980 4,444,007,706 1.80% 78,424,835 30
1981 4,524,627,658 1.81% 80,619,952 30
1982 4,607,984,871 1.84% 83,357,213 31
1983 4,691,884,238 1.82% 83,899,367 32
1984 4,775,836,074 1.79% 83,951,836 32
1985 4,861,730,613 1.80% 85,894,539 33
1986 4,950,063,339 1.82% 88,332,726 33
1987 5,040,984,495 1.84% 90,921,156 34
1988 5,132,293,974 1.81% 91,309,479 34
1989 5,223,704,308 1.78% 91,410,334 35
1990 5,316,175,862 1.77% 92,471,554 36
1991 5,406,245,867 1.69% 90,070,005 36
1992 5,492,686,093 1.60% 86,440,226 37
1993 5,577,433,523 1.54% 84,747,430 37
1994 5,660,727,993 1.49% 83,294,470 38
1995 5,743,219,454 1.46% 82,491,461 39
1996 5,825,145,298 1.43% 81,925,844 39
1997 5,906,481,261 1.40% 81,335,963 40
1998 5,987,312,480 1.37% 80,831,219 40
1999 6,067,758,458 1.34% 80,445,978 41
2000 6,148,898,975 1.34% 81,140,517 41
2001 6,230,746,982 1.33% 81,848,007 42
2002 6,312,407,360 1.31% 81,660,378 42
2003 6,393,898,365 1.29% 81,491,005 43
2004 6,475,751,478 1.28% 81,853,113 43
2005 6,558,176,119 1.27% 82,424,641 44
2006 6,641,416,218 1.27% 83,240,099 45
2007 6,725,948,544 1.27% 84,532,326 45
2008 6,811,597,272 1.27% 85,648,728 46
2009 6,898,305,908 1.27% 86,708,636 46
2010 6,985,603,105 1.27% 87,297,197 47
2011 7,073,125,425 1.25% 87,522,320 47
2012 7,161,697,921 1.25% 88,572,496 48
2013 7,250,593,370 1.24% 88,895,449 49
2014 7,339,013,419 1.22% 88,420,049 49
2015 7,426,597,537 1.19% 87,584,118 50
2016 7,513,474,238 1.17% 86,876,701 50
2017 7,599,822,404 1.15% 86,348,166 51
2018 7,683,789,828 1.10% 83,967,424 52
2019 7,764,951,032 1.06% 81,161,204 52
2020 7,840,952,880 0.98% 76,001,848 53
2021 7,909,295,151 0.87% 68,342,271 53
2022 7,975,105,156 0.83% 65,810,005 54
2023 8,045,311,447 0.88% 70,206,291 54

Population growth by region

Main article: Population growth
Further information: Total fertility rate and Birth rate

The table below shows historical and predicted regional population figures in millions.[114][115][116] The availability of historical population figures varies by region.

World historical and predicted populations (in millions)[117][118][119]
Region 1500 1600 1700 1750 1800 1850 1900 1950 1999 2008 2010 2012 2050 2150
World 585 660 710 791 978 1,262 1,650 2,521 6,008 6,707 6,896 7,052 9,725 9,746
Africa 86 114 106 106 107 111 133 221 783 973 1,022 1,052 2,478 2,308
Asia 282 350 411 502 635 809 947 1,402 3,700 4,054 4,164 4,250 5,267 5,561
Europe 168 170 178 190 203 276 408 547 675 732 738 740 734 517
Latin America[Note 1] 40 20 10 16 24 38 74 167 508 577 590 603 784 912
Northern America[Note 1] 6 3 2 2 7 26 82 172 312 337 345 351 433 398
Oceania 3 3 3 2 2 2 6 13 30 34 37 38 57 51
World historical and predicted populations by percentage distribution[117][118]
Region 1500 1600 1700 1750 1800 1850 1900 1950 1999 2008 2010 2012 2050 2150
Africa 14.7 17.3 14.9 13.4 10.9 8.8 8.1 8.8 13.0 14.5 14.8 15.2 25.5 23.7
Asia 48.2 53.0 57.9 63.5 64.9 64.1 57.4 55.6 61.6 60.4 60.4 60.3 54.2 57.1
Europe 28.7 25.8 25.1 20.6 20.8 21.9 24.7 21.7 11.2 10.9 10.7 10.5 7.6 5.3
Latin America[Note 1] 6.8 3.0 1.4 2.0 2.5 3.0 4.5 6.6 8.5 8.6 8.6 8.6 8.1 9.4
Northern America[Note 1] 1.0 0.5 0.3 0.3 0.7 2.1 5.0 6.8 5.2 5.0 5.0 5.0 4.5 4.1
Oceania 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.5

Past population

Main article: Estimates of historical world population

The following table gives estimates, in millions, of population in the past. The data for 1750 to 1900 are from the UN report "The World at Six Billion"[120] whereas the data from 1950 to 2015 are from a UN data sheet.[101]

Year World Africa Asia Europe Latin America
& Carib.[Note 1] 		North America
[Note 1]		 Oceania Notes
70,000 BC < 0.015 [121]
10,000 BC 4 [122]
8000 BC 5
6500 BC 5
5000 BC 5
4000 BC 7
3000 BC 14
2000 BC 27
1000 BC 50 7 33 9 [citation needed]
500 BC 100 14 66 16
AD 1 200 23 141 28
1000 400 70 269 50 8 1 2
1500 458 86 243 84 39 3 3
1600 580 114 339 111 10 3 3
1700 682 106 436 125 10 2 3
1750 791 106 502 163 16 2 2
1800 1,000 107 656 203 24 7 3
1850 1,262 111 809 276 38 26 2
1900 1,650 133 947 408 74 82 6
1950 2,525 229 1,394 549 169 172 12.7 [123]
1955 2,758 254 1,534 577 193 187 14.2
1960 3,018 285 1,687 606 221 204 15.8
1965 3,322 322 1,875 635 254 219 17.5
1970 3,682 366 2,120 657 288 231 19.7
1975 4,061 416 2,378 677 326 242 21.5
1980 4,440 478 2,626 694 365 254 23.0
1985 4,853 550 2,897 708 406 267 24.9
1990 5,310 632 3,202 721 447 281 27.0
1995 5,735 720 3,475 728 487 296 29.1
2000 6,127 814 3,714 726 527 314 31.1
2005 6,520 920 3,945 729 564 329 33.4
2010 6,930 1,044 4,170 735 600 344 36.4
2015 7,349 1,186 4,393 738 634 358 39.3

Using the above figures, the change in population from 2010 to 2015 was:

  • World: +420 million
  • Africa: +142 million
  • Asia: +223 million
  • Europe: +3 million
  • Latin America and Caribbean: +35 million
  • Northern America: +14 million
  • Oceania: +2.9 million
  1. ^ a b c d e f North America is here defined to include the northernmost countries and territories of North America: Canada, the United States, Greenland, Bermuda, and Saint Pierre and Miquelon. Latin America & Carib. comprises Mexico, Central America, the Caribbean, and South America.

Projections

Main articles: Projections of population growth and Future generations

Long-term global population growth is difficult to predict. The United Nations and the US Census Bureau both give different estimates – according to the UN, the world population reached seven billion in late 2011,[114] while the USCB asserted that this occurred in March 2012.[124] Since 1951 the UN has issued multiple projections of future world population, based on different assumptions. From 2000 to 2005, the UN consistently revised these projections downward, until the 2006 revision, issued on 14 March 2007, revised the 2050 mid-range estimate upwards by 273 million.[citation needed]

Complicating the UN's and others’ attempts to project future populations is the fact that average global birth rates, as well as mortality rates, are declining rapidly, as the nations of the world progress through the stages of the demographic transition, but both vary greatly between developed countries (where birth rates and mortality rates are often low) and developing countries (where birth and mortality rates typically remain high). Different ethnicities also display varying birth rates.[citation needed] Both of these can change rapidly due to disease epidemics, wars and other mass catastrophes, or advances in medicine and public health.

The UN's first report in 1951 showed that during the period 1950–55 the crude birth rate was 36.9/1,000 population and the crude death rate was 19.1/1,000.  By the period 2015–20 both numbers had dropped significantly to 18.5/1,000 for the crude birth rate and 7.5/1,000 for the crude death rate.  UN projections for 2100 show a further decline in the crude birth rate to 11.6/1,000 and an increase in the crude death rate to 11.2/1,000.[125],[126]

The total number of births globally is currently (2015–20) 140 million/year, is projected to peak during the period 2040–45 at 141 million/year and thereafter decline slowly to 126 million/year by 2100.[9] The total number of deaths is currently 57 million/year and is projected to grow steadily to 121 million/year by 2100.[10]

2012 United Nations projections show a continued increase in population in the near future with a steady decline in population growth rate; the global population is expected to reach between 8.3 and 10.9 billion by 2050.[127][128] 2003 UN Population Division population projections for the year 2150 range between 3.2 and 24.8 billion.[70] One of many independent mathematical models supports the lower estimate,[129] while a 2014 estimate forecasts between 9.3 and 12.6 billion in 2100, and continued growth thereafter.[130][131] The 2019 Revision of the UN estimates gives the "medium variant" population as; nearly 8.6 billion in 2030, about 9.7 billion in 2050 and about 10.9 billion in 2100.[132] In December 2019, the German Foundation for World Population projected that the global population will reach 8 billion by 2023 as it increases by 156 every minute.[133] In a modeled future projection by the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation the global population was projected to peak in 2064 at 9.73 billion people and decline to 8.79 billion in 2100.[134] Some analysts have questioned the sustainability of further world population growth, highlighting the growing pressures on the environment,[135][136] global food supplies, and energy resources.[137][138][139]

UN (medium variant – 2019 revision) and US Census Bureau (June 2015) estimates[140][141]
Year UN est.
(millions) 		Difference USCB est.
(millions) 		Difference
2005 6,542 – 6,473 –
2010 6,957 415 6,866 393
2015 7,380 423 7,256 390
2020 7,795 415 7,643 380
2025 8,184 390 8,007 363
2030 8,549 364 8,341 334
2035 8,888 339 8,646 306
2040 9,199 311 8,926 280
2045 9,482 283 9,180 254
2050 9,735 253 9,408 228
UN 2019 estimates and medium variant projections (in millions)[140]
Year World Asia Africa Europe Latin America/Caribbean Northern America Oceania
2000 6,144 3,741 (60.9%) 811 (13.2%) 726 (11.8%) 522 (8.5%) 312 (5.1%) 31 (0.5%)
2005 6,542 3,978 (60.8%) 916 (14.0%) 729 (11.2%) 558 (8.5%) 327 (5.0%) 34 (0.5%)
2010 6,957 4,210 (60.5%) 1,039 (14.9%) 736 (10.6%) 591 (8.5%) 343 (4.9%) 37 (0.5%)
2015 7,380 4,434 (60.1%) 1,182 (16.0%) 743 (10.1%) 624 (8.5%) 357 (4.8%) 40 (0.5%)
2020 7,795 4,641 (59.5%) 1,341 (17.2%) 748 (9.6%) 654 (8.4%) 369 (4.7%) 43 (0.6%)
2025 8,184 4,823 (58.9%) 1,509 (18.4%) 746 (9.1%) 682 (8.3%) 380 (4.6%) 45 (0.6%)
2030 8,549 4,974 (58.2%) 1,688 (19.8%) 741 (8.7%) 706 (8.3%) 391 (4.6%) 48 (0.6%)
2035 8,888 5,096 (57.3%) 1,878 (21.1%) 735 (8.3%) 726 (8.2%) 401 (4.5%) 50 (0.6%)
2040 9,199 5,189 (56.4%) 2,077 (22.6%) 728 (7.9%) 742 (8.1%) 410 (4.5%) 53 (0.6%)
2045 9,482 5,253 (55.4%) 2,282 (24.1%) 720 (7.6%) 754 (8.0%) 418 (4.4%) 55 (0.6%)
2050 9,735 5,290 (54.3%) 2,489 (25.6%) 711 (7.3%) 762 (7.8%) 425 (4.4%) 57 (0.6%)
2055 9,958 5,302 (53.2%) 2,698 (27.1%) 700 (7.0%) 767 (7.7%) 432 (4.3%) 60 (0.6%)
2060 10,152 5,289 (52.1%) 2,905 (28.6%) 689 (6.8%) 768 (7.6%) 439 (4.3%) 62 (0.6%)
2065 10,318 5,256 (51.0%) 3,109 (30.1%) 677 (6.6%) 765 (7.4%) 447 (4.3%) 64 (0.6%)
2070 10,459 5,207 (49.8%) 3,308 (31.6%) 667 (6.4%) 759 (7.3%) 454 (4.3%) 66 (0.6%)
2075 10,577 5,143 (48.6%) 3,499 (33.1%) 657 (6.2%) 750 (7.1%) 461 (4.4%) 67 (0.6%)
2080 10,674 5,068 (47.5%) 3,681 (34.5%) 650 (6.1%) 739 (6.9%) 468 (4.4%) 69 (0.7%)
2085 10,750 4,987 (46.4%) 3,851 (35.8%) 643 (6.0%) 726 (6.8%) 474 (4.4%) 71 (0.7%)
2090 10,810 4,901 (45.3%) 4,008 (37.1%) 638 (5.9%) 711 (6.6%) 479 (4.4%) 72 (0.7%)
2095 10,852 4,812 (44.3%) 4,152 (38.3%) 634 (5.8%) 696 (6.4%) 485 (4.5%) 74 (0.7%)
2100 10,875 4,719 (43.4%) 4,280 (39.4%) 630 (5.8%) 680 (6.3%) 491 (4.5%) 75 (0.7%)

Mathematical approximations

In 1975, Sebastian von Hoerner proposed a formula for population growth which represented hyperbolic growth with an infinite population in 2025.[142] The hyperbolic growth of the world population observed until the 1970s was later correlated to a non-linear second-order positive feedback between demographic growth and technological development. This feedback can be described as follows: technological advance → increase in the carrying capacity of land for people → demographic growth → more people → more potential inventors → acceleration of technological advance → accelerating growth of the carrying capacity → faster population growth → accelerating growth of the number of potential inventors → faster technological advance → hence, the faster growth of the Earth's carrying capacity for people, and so on.[143] The transition from hyperbolic growth to slower rates of growth is related to the demographic transition.

According to the Russian demographer Sergey Kapitsa,[144] the world population grew between 67,000 BC and 1965 according to the following formula:

 

where

N is current population,
T is the current year,
C = (1.86 ± 0.01)·1011,
T0 = 2007 ± 1,
  = 42 ± 1.

Years for world population to double

According to linear interpolation and extrapolation of UNDESA population estimates, the world population has doubled, or will double, in the years listed in the tables below (with two different starting points). During the 2nd millennium, each doubling took roughly half as long as the previous doubling, fitting the hyperbolic growth model mentioned above. However, after 2024, it is unlikely that there will be another doubling of the global population in the 21st century.[145]

 
Historic chart showing the periods of time the world population has taken to double, from 1700 to 2000
Starting at 500 million
Population
(in billions) 		0.5 1 2 4 8 16
Year 1500 1804 1927 1974 2022 n/a
Years elapsed — 304 123 47 48 —
Starting at 375 million
Population
(in billions) 		0.375 0.75 1.5 3 6 12
Year 1171 1715 1881 1960 1999 c. 2100[146]
Years elapsed — 544 166 79 39 c. 100+

Number of humans who have ever lived

Further information: Prehistoric demography

The total number of humans who have ever lived is estimated to be approximately 100 billion. Such estimates can only be rough approximations, as even modern population estimates are subject to uncertainty of around 3% to 5%.[15] Kapitsa (1996) cites estimates ranging between 80 and 150 billion.[147] The PRB puts the figure at 117 billion as of 2020, estimating that the current world population is 6.7% of all the humans who have ever lived.[148] Haub (1995) prepared another figure, updated in 2002 and 2011; the 2011 figure was approximately 107 billion.[149][150][151] Haub characterized this figure as an estimate that required "selecting population sizes for different points from antiquity to the present and applying assumed birth rates to each period".[150]

Robust population data only exist for the last two or three centuries. Until the late 18th century, few governments had ever performed an accurate census. In many early attempts, such as in Ancient Egypt and the Persian Empire, the focus was on counting merely a subset of the population for purposes of taxation or military service.[152] Thus, there is a significant margin of error when estimating ancient global populations.

Pre-modern infant mortality rates are another critical factor for such an estimate; these rates are very difficult to estimate for ancient times due to a lack of accurate records. Haub (1995) estimates that around 40% of those who have ever lived did not survive beyond their first birthday. Haub also stated that "life expectancy at birth probably averaged only about ten years for most of human history",[150] which is not to be mistaken for the life expectancy after reaching adulthood. The latter equally depended on period, location and social standing, but calculations identify averages from roughly 30 years upward.

Human population as a function of food availability

Individuals from a wide range of academic fields and political backgrounds have proposed that, like all other animal populations, any human population (and, by extension, the world population) predictably grows and shrinks according to available food supply, growing during an abundance of food and shrinking in times of scarcity.[153] This idea may run counter to the popular thinking that, as population grows, food supply must also be increased to support the growing population; instead, the claim here is that growing population is the result of a growing food supply. Notable proponents of this notion include: agronomist and insect ecologist David Pimentel,[154] behavioral scientist Russell Hopfenberg (the former two publishing a study on the topic in 2001),[155] anthropologist and activist Virginia Abernethy,[156] ecologist Garrett Hardin,[157] science writer and anthropologist Peter Farb, journalist Richard Manning,[158] environmental biologist Alan D. Thornhill,[159] cultural critic and writer Daniel Quinn,[160] and anarcho-primitivist John Zerzan.[161]

Scientists generally acknowledge that at least one significant factor contributing to population growth (or overpopulation) is that as agriculture advances in creating more food, the population consequently increases—the Neolithic Revolution and Green Revolution often specifically provided as examples of such agricultural breakthroughs.[162][163][164][165][166][167] Furthermore, certain scientific studies do lend evidence to food availability in particular being the dominant factor within a more recent timeframe.[168][169][154] Other studies take it as a basic model from which to make broad population conjectures.[162] The idea became taboo following the United Nations' 1994 International Conference on Population and Development, where framing human population growth as negatively impacting the natural environment became regarded as "anti-human".[170]

Most human populations throughout history validate this theory, as does the overall current global population. Populations of hunter-gatherers fluctuate in accordance with the amount of available food. The world human population began consistently and sharply to rise, and continues to do so, after sedentary agricultural lifestyles became common due to the Neolithic Revolution and its increased food supply.[171][164][167] This was, subsequent to the Green Revolution starting in the 1940s, followed by even more severely accelerated population growth. Often, wealthier countries send their surplus food resources to the aid of starving communities; however, some proponents of this theory argue that this seemingly beneficial strategy only results in further harm to those communities in the long run. Anthropologist Peter Farb, for example, has commented on the paradox that "intensification of production to feed an increased population leads to a still greater increase in population."[172] Environmental writer Daniel Quinn has also focused on this phenomenon, which he calls the "food race", coining a term he felt was comparable, in terms of both escalation and potential catastrophe, to the nuclear arms race.

Criticism of this theory can come from multiple angles, for example by demonstrating that human population is not solely an effect of food availability, but that the situation is more complex. For instance, other relevant factors that can increase or limit human population include fresh water availability, arable land availability, energy consumed per person, heat removal, forest products, and various nonrenewable resources like fertilizers.[173] Another criticism is that, in the modern era, birth rates are lowest in the developed nations, which also have the highest access to food. In fact, some developed countries have both a diminishing population and an abundant food supply. The United Nations projects that the population of 51 countries or areas, including Germany, Italy, Japan, and most of the states of the former Soviet Union, is expected to be lower in 2050 than in 2005.[174] This shows that, limited to the scope of the population living within a single given political boundary, particular human populations do not always grow to match the available food supply. However, the global population as a whole still grows in accordance with the total food supply and many of these wealthier countries are major exporters of food to poorer populations, so that, according to Hopfenberg and Pimentel's 2001 research, "it is through exports from food-rich to food-poor areas... that the population growth in these food-poor areas is further fueled.[154] Their study thus suggests that human population growth is an exacerbating feedback loop in which food availability creates a growing population, which then causes the misimpression that food production must be consequently expanded even further.[175]

Regardless of criticisms against the theory that population is a function of food availability, the human population is, on the global scale, undeniably increasing,[176] as is the net quantity of human food produced—a pattern that has been true for roughly 10,000 years, since the human development of agriculture. The fact that some affluent countries demonstrate negative population growth fails to discredit the theory as a whole, since the world has become a globalized system with food moving across national borders from areas of abundance to areas of scarcity. Hopfenberg and Pimentel's 2001 findings support both this[154] and Daniel Quinn's direct accusation, in the early 2010s, that "First World farmers are fueling the Third World population explosion".[177]

See also

Lists:

Historical:

Explanatory notes

  1. ^ Excludes Mexico, Central America and the Caribbean, which are included here under Latin America.
  2. ^ The Antarctic Treaty System limits the nature of national claims in Antarctica. Of the territorial claims in Antarctica, the Ross Dependency has the largest population.
  3. ^ Has limited international recognition as a country. Area for the purposes of these calculations is that claimed, not controlled, by the State of Palestine.
  4. ^ Has limited international recognition as a country. Area for the purposes of these calculations is that controlled, not claimed, by Taiwan.

References

Citations

  1. ^ "World population estimates and UN projection". Our World in Data. Retrieved 1 November 2021.
  2. ^ a b "World Population Prospects 2022 , Graphs / Profiles". United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. 2022.
  3. ^ Kight, Stef W.; Lysik, Tory (14 November 2022). "The human race at 8 billion". Axios. Retrieved 15 November 2022.
  4. ^ Jean-Noël Biraben (1980), "An Essay Concerning Mankind's Evolution". Population, Selected Papers. Vol. 4. pp. 1–13. Original paper in French:(b) Jean-Noël Biraben (1979)."Essai sur l'évolution du nombre des hommes". Population. Vol. 34 (no. 1). pp. 13–25.
  5. ^ . United Nations. Archived from the original on 19 September 2016. Retrieved 15 September 2016.
  6. ^ a b c "World Population Prospects, Standard Projections, Archive, 2019 Revision". United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. 2019.
  7. ^ Ortiz-Ospina, Esteban; Roser, Max (9 May 2013). "World Population Growth". Our World in Data. from the original on 13 October 2016. Retrieved 13 October 2016.
  8. ^ Cave, Damien; Bubola, Emma; Sang-Hun, Choe (22 May 2021). "Long Slide Looms for World Population, With Sweeping Ramifications". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 28 December 2021. Retrieved 23 May 2021.
  9. ^ a b "World Population Prospects 2019, Births file". United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs. 2019.
  10. ^ a b "World Population Prospects 2019, Deaths file". United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs. 2019.
  11. ^ a b "World", The World Factbook, Central Intelligence Agency, 19 October 2021, retrieved 1 November 2021
  12. ^ the compound "world population" becomes common from c. the 1930s, adapted from early 20th-century "world's population"; pre-20th century authors use "population of the world".
  13. ^ "The population of the world, which Sir W. P. in 1682, stated at only 320 millions, has been estimated by some writers at about 730 million, by others, at upwards of 900 million; Mr. Wallace, of Edinburgh, conjectured it might amount to 1 billion, and this number has since generally been adopted who have noticed the subject;" The Monthly Magazine 4 (July–December 1797), p. 167.
  14. ^ 600 million: Simon Gray, The Happiness of States (1818), p. 356 6 June 2019 at the Wayback Machine. 800 million: Gordon Hall, Samuel Newell, The Conversion of the World (1818), p. 10 6 June 2019 at the Wayback Machine. 800 to 1000 million: John Redman Coxe, Considerations Respecting the Recognition of Friends in Another World (1845), p. 21 (footnote with references).
  15. ^ a b "[E]ven recent demographic data is accurate only from 3 to 5%, although in demography traditionally more digits are indicated than those having a meaning. This is partially due to the ethical difficulty in rounding off numbers that supposedly represent real people, officially counted during a census". Sergei P. Kapitza, "The phenomenological theory of world population growth", Physics-Uspekhi 39(1) 57–71 (1996).
  16. ^ Luc-Normand Tellier (2009). Urban world history: an economic and geographical perspective. p. 26. ISBN 978-2-7605-1588-8.
  17. ^ Ralph Thomlinson, 1975, Demographic Problems: Controversy over population control, 2nd Ed., Dickenson Publishing Company, Ecino, CA, ISBN 0-8221-0166-1.
  18. ^ Dr. Kenneth W. Harl (1998). . Tulane.edu. Archived from the original on 7 May 2016. Retrieved 8 December 2012.
  19. ^ "Plague, Plague Information, Black Death Facts, News, Photos". National Geographic. from the original on 22 July 2013. Retrieved 3 November 2008.
  20. ^ "History of Europe – Demographic and agricultural growth". Encyclopædia Britannica. 2012. from the original on 20 December 2012. Retrieved 17 December 2012.
  21. ^ "Historical Estimates of World Population". Census.gov. from the original on 9 July 2012. Retrieved 12 November 2016.
  22. ^ a b Biraben, Jean-Noël (1979). "Essai sur l'évolution du nombre des hommes". Population. 34 (1): 13–25. doi:10.2307/1531855. JSTOR 1531855. Retrieved 11 February 2022.
  23. ^ Jay, Peter (17 July 2000). . TIME Europe. 156 (3). Archived from the original on 25 July 2008. Retrieved 9 August 2014.
  24. ^ Horst R. Thieme (2003). Mathematics in population biology. Princeton University Press. p. 285. ISBN 978-0-691-09291-1.
  25. ^ Graziella Caselli; Gillaume Wunsch & Jacques Vallin (2005). Demography: Analysis and Synthesis, Four Volume Set: A Treatise in Population. Academic Press. p. 34. ISBN 978-0-12-765660-1.
  26. ^ a b Nishijima, Sadao (1986), "The economic and social history of Former Han", in Twitchett, Denis; Loewe, Michael, Cambridge History of China: Volume I: the Ch'in and Han Empires, 221 B.C. – A.D. 220, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp 595–96.
  27. ^ "Qing China's Internal Crisis: Land Shortage, Famine, Rural Poverty". Columbia University: Asia for Educators. 2009. from the original on 8 July 2011. Retrieved 9 July 2013.
  28. ^ "History of Europe – Demographics". Encyclopædia Britannica. from the original on 23 July 2013. Retrieved 9 July 2013.
  29. ^ "China's Population: Readings and Maps". Columbia University: East Asian Curriculum Project. from the original on 19 July 2011. Retrieved 18 December 2012.
  30. ^ "The Columbian Exchange". University of North Carolina. Archived from the original on 26 July 2011. Retrieved 18 December 2012.
  31. ^ Collingham, Lizzie (2006). Vindaloo: the Portuguese and the chilli pepper. Curry: A Tale of Cooks and Conquerors. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 47–73. ISBN 978-0-19-988381-3.
  32. ^ . Ohio State University. 24 May 2006. Archived from the original on 8 December 2013. Retrieved 9 July 2013.
  33. ^ Brabazon, James (2000). Albert Schweitzer: a biography. Syracuse University Press. p. 242. ISBN 978-0-8156-0675-8.
  34. ^ . 18 August 1997. Archived from the original on 5 March 2008. Retrieved 9 August 2019.
  35. ^ Snow, D. R (16 June 1995). "Microchronology and Demographic Evidence Relating to the Size of Pre-Columbian North American Indian Populations". Science. 268 (5217): 1601–1604. Bibcode:1995Sci...268.1601S. doi:10.1126/science.268.5217.1601. PMID 17754613. S2CID 8512954.
  36. ^ Arthur C. Aufderheide; Conrado Rodríguez-Martín & Odin Langsjoen (1998). The Cambridge encyclopedia of human paleopathology. Cambridge University Press. p. 205. ISBN 978-0-521-55203-5.
  37. ^ "The Story Of... Smallpox – and other Deadly Eurasian Germs". Public Broadcasting Service. 2005. from the original on 29 January 2018. Retrieved 24 April 2013.
  38. ^ Austin Alchon, Suzanne (2003). A pest in the land: new world epidemics in a global perspective. University of New Mexico Press. p. 31. ISBN 978-0-8263-2871-7. from the original on 18 May 2016. Retrieved 15 November 2015.
  39. ^ "World Demographics Profile 2012". Index Mundi. from the original on 7 June 2012. Retrieved 22 May 2012.
  40. ^ "By 2050, 70% of the world's population will be urban. Is that a good thing?". Fast Co. Design. 2012. from the original on 12 May 2012. Retrieved 1 May 2012.
  41. ^ , Vicnet.net.au, archived from the original on 5 April 2011, retrieved 26 March 2015
  42. ^ Buer, Mabel C. (1926). Health, Wealth and Population in the Early Days of the Industrial Revolution. London: George Routledge & Sons. p. 30. ISBN 978-0-415-38218-2.
  43. ^ "The Foundling Hospital". BBC History. 5 October 2012. from the original on 17 June 2013. Retrieved 22 April 2013.
  44. ^ "Modernization – Population Change". Encyclopædia Britannica. from the original on 6 April 2009. Retrieved 6 February 2013.
  45. ^ Graziella Caselli; Gillaume Wunsch & Jacques Vallin (2005). Demography: Analysis and Synthesis, Four Volume Set: A Treatise in Population. Academic Press. p. 42. ISBN 978-0-12-765660-1.
  46. ^ "Victorian Medicine – From Fluke to Theory". BBC History. 1 February 2002. from the original on 5 March 2013. Retrieved 17 February 2013.
  47. ^ "A portrait of Britain in 2031". The Independent. 24 October 2007. from the original on 9 December 2017. Retrieved 17 February 2013.
  48. ^ "UK population breaks through 60m". BBC News. 24 August 2006. from the original on 8 February 2009. Retrieved 14 April 2012.
  49. ^ "US population through history". About.com. from the original on 13 January 2012. Retrieved 14 April 2012.
  50. ^ Jay Winter, Emmanuel Sivan (2000). War and Remembrance in the Twentieth Century. Cambridge University Press. p. 64. ISBN 978-0521794367. from the original on 4 September 2015. Retrieved 20 July 2015.
  51. ^ Mark Harrison (2002). Accounting for War: Soviet Production, Employment, and the Defence Burden, 1940–1945. Cambridge University Press. p. 167. ISBN 978-0-521-89424-1.
  52. ^ "Vladimir Putin vows to reverse Russian population decline". The Daily Telegraph. 13 February 2012. from the original on 24 April 2012. Retrieved 13 April 2012.
  53. ^ "Russia's Population Decline Said To Have 'Stopped'". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. 27 May 2013. Retrieved 15 June 2013.
  54. ^ Schran, Peter (1978). "China's demographic evolution 1850–1953 reconsidered". The China Quarterly. 75 (75): 639–646. doi:10.1017/S0305741000042594. JSTOR 652987. S2CID 154294204.
  55. ^ "Reintegrating India with the World Economy" (PDF). Peterson Institute for International Economics. 2003. (PDF) from the original on 4 March 2012. Retrieved 8 November 2012.
  56. ^ . cia.gov. Archived from the original on 27 September 2011. Retrieved 8 January 2017.
  57. ^ "Java (island, Indonesia)". Encyclopædia Britannica. from the original on 10 November 2022. Retrieved 16 November 2022.
  58. ^ Jorge Durand (March 2004). "From Traitors to Heroes: 100 Years of Mexican Migration Policies". University of Guadalajara. from the original on 5 May 2011. Retrieved 16 July 2013.
  59. ^ "Population and Housing Census: Mexico 2010" (PDF). University of Minnesota. 3 March 2011. (PDF) from the original on 3 November 2013. Retrieved 16 July 2013.
  60. ^ Heinsohn, Gunnar (7 January 2008). "Kenya's Violence: Exploding population". The New York Times. from the original on 15 July 2014. Retrieved 7 July 2013.
  61. ^ Nations, United. "World population to reach 8 billion on 15 November 2022". United Nations. Retrieved 14 November 2022.
  62. ^ (PDF). United Nations. 1999. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 February 2016. Retrieved 14 July 2013.
  63. ^ "U.S. Census Bureau – World POPClock Projection". July 2013. from the original on 18 November 2011. Retrieved 18 February 2018. The number on this page is automatically updated daily.
  64. ^ "Population seven billion: UN sets out challenges". BBC News. 26 October 2011. from the original on 26 October 2011. Retrieved 27 October 2011.
  65. ^ Coleman, Jasmine (31 October 2011). "World's 'seven billionth baby' is born". The Guardian. London. from the original on 30 September 2013. Retrieved 31 October 2011.
  66. ^ "7 billion people is a 'serious challenge". United Press International. 31 October 2011. from the original on 3 November 2011. Retrieved 9 November 2011.
  67. ^ a b "World set to reach 8 billion people on 15 November 2022". United Nations Population Fund. Retrieved 8 October 2022.
  68. ^ a b "World Population Prospects 2019, Total Population – Both Sexes file, Medium Variant tab". United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs. 2019.
  69. ^ a b *"Ch. 5: Population Size and Composition" (PDF). World Population Prospects, the 2000 Revision. Vol. III. United Nations Population Division. p. 171. Retrieved 3 July 2010.
    • "Executive Summary" (PDF). World Population Prospects: The 2002 Revision Volume III: Analytical Report. 2002. Retrieved 3 July 2010.
    • "World Population to 2300" (PDF). New York: United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs: Population Division. 2004. pp. 3, 14. (PDF) from the original on 19 September 2018. Retrieved 3 July 2010.
    • "World Population: 1950–2050". United States Census Bureau. June 2010. from the original on 5 October 2013. Retrieved 3 July 2010.
    • "2009 World Population Data Sheet" (PDF). Washington, DC: Population Reference Bureau. 2009. (PDF) from the original on 22 April 2010. Retrieved 3 July 2010.
  70. ^ a b "Key Findings" (PDF). Long-Range Population Projections. 2003. Retrieved 3 July 2010. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
  71. ^ . UN Population Division. April 2011. Archived from the original on 7 June 2012. Retrieved 14 June 2012.
  72. ^ . Population Division of the Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the United Nations Secretariat. 10 November 2010. Archived from the original on 24 February 2015. Retrieved 26 March 2015.
  73. ^ "World population to reach 8 billion this year, as growth rate slows" 16 July 2022 at the Wayback Machine, UN News, 11 July 2022.
  74. ^ "World Health Statistics 2016: Monitoring health for the SDGs Annex B: tables of health statistics by country, WHO region and globally" (PDF). World Health Organization. 2016. p. 110. (PDF) from the original on 17 May 2018. Retrieved 3 August 2018.
  75. ^ a b "World Demographics Profile 2011". Index Mundi. from the original on 30 November 2011. Retrieved 10 October 2023. total population: 1.01 male(s)/female (2020 est.)
  76. ^ Janneh, Abdoulie (April 2012). "General debate on national experience in population matters: adolescents and youth" (PDF). United Nations Economic Commission for Africa. (PDF) from the original on 10 November 2013. Retrieved 19 February 2014.
  77. ^ "WHO, 2020 Life Expectancy". World Health Organization. Retrieved 27 July 2022.
  78. ^ "Children per woman". Our World in Data. Retrieved 1 November 2021.
  79. ^ "Global weight gain more damaging than rising numbers". BBC. 18 June 2012. from the original on 4 February 2013. Retrieved 12 February 2013.
  80. ^ "World Economic Outlook (October 2021)". Imf.org. Retrieved 1 November 2021.
  81. ^ "Poverty headcount ratio at $1.90 a day (2011 PPP) (% of population) | Data". World Bank. Retrieved 1 November 2021.
  82. ^ Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, The State of Food Insecurity in the World 11 June 2014 at the Wayback Machine. WorldHunger.org. 2012. Retrieved 26 April 2012.
  83. ^ "Literacy Rate, Adult Total (% of people ages 15 and above)". The World Bank. September 2021.
  84. ^ "Global digital population as of April 2022". Statista. April 2022.
  85. ^ "World’s Most Typical Person: Han Chinese Man" 6 June 2019 at the Wayback Machine. Wall Street Journal. 4 March 2011. Retrieved 18 November 2011.
  86. ^ Ghosh, Iman (15 February 2020). "Ranked: The 100 Most Spoken Languages Around the World". Visual Capitalist. Retrieved 1 November 2021.
  87. ^ "Religious Composition by Country, 2010–2050". Pew Research Center. 2 April 2015.
  88. ^ "Regions in the world by population (2020)". Retrieved 5 October 2020.
  89. ^ a b "Antarctica". The World Factbook. 19 June 2014. Retrieved 18 March 2015.
  90. ^ United Nations. Department of Economic and Social Affairs. World Population Prospects 2022. Summary of Results (PDF). New York.
  91. ^ "USA: Combined Metropolitan Areas". CityPopulation.de. August 2021. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
  92. ^ a b "Spotlight on family planning as India surpasses China as world's most populous country". france24.com. Retrieved 14 April 2023.
  93. ^ "人口总量保持增长，增长速度持续放缓" [The total population keeps growing, and the growth rate continues to slow down]. National Bureau of Statistics of China (in Chinese). Retrieved 18 January 2022.
  94. ^ "Population Clock". Census.gov. from the original on 17 November 2015. Retrieved 18 April 2020.
  95. ^ "Mid Year Population (Thousand People)". Badan Pusat Statistik – Indonesia. Retrieved 16 March 2022.
  96. ^ a b "World Population Prospects 2019". United Nations.
  97. ^ "IBGE | Projeção da população". Ibge.gov.br. from the original on 4 February 2020. Retrieved 22 November 2019.
  98. ^ "Monthly Statidtical Bulletin – Bangladesh" (PDF). 2022-05-12-10-42-55414488d843db66462b5410cb439c22.pdf. Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics. February 2022. (PDF) from the original on 8 June 2022. Retrieved 8 June 2022.
  99. ^ Times, The Moscow (30 May 2022). "Russia Reports 147M Population in 2021". Moscow Times. Retrieved 2 June 2022.
  100. ^ "World Population Day: India will overtake China in 2023, says the UN". bbc.com. Retrieved 14 April 2023.
  101. ^ a b . UN Population Division. Archived from the original on 22 December 2015. Retrieved 19 January 2016.. Linked to at , where it states that the figures are for 1 July of the given year.
  102. ^ a b "Countries – The World Factbook". cia.gov. Retrieved 15 November 2022.
  103. ^ "UNData app". United Nations. Retrieved 15 November 2022.
  104. ^ a b Demetriou, Danielle (17 April 2013). "Japan's population suffers biggest fall in history". The Daily Telegraph. London. from the original on 21 May 2013. Retrieved 22 July 2013.
  105. ^ "World Population Clock (under World Pop Milestone section)". Worldometer. 2022.
  106. ^ "The limits of a Green Revolution?". BBC News. 29 March 2007. from the original on 28 July 2011. Retrieved 1 August 2010.
  107. ^ . Energybulletin.net. Archived from the original on 22 April 2008. Retrieved 1 August 2010.
  108. ^ Roser, Max (18 June 2019). "Two centuries of rapid global population growth will come to an end". Our World in Data.
  109. ^ Ron Nielsen (2006). The Little Green Handbook. New York: Picador. ISBN 978-0-312-42581-4.
  110. ^ . United Nations. 11 March 2009. Archived from the original on 19 August 2010. Retrieved 1 August 2010.
  111. ^ Randers, Jorgen (2012). 2052: A Global Forecast for the Next Forty Years. Vermont: Chelsea Green Publishing. p. 62.
  112. ^ World population to keep growing this century, hit 11 billion by 2100 4 December 2016 at the Wayback Machine. UWToday. 18 September 2014
  113. ^ "World Population by Year". Worldometers.info. Retrieved 18 July 2023.
  114. ^ a b "World Population Prospects: The 2008 Revision" (PDF). Population Division of the Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the United Nations Secretariat. June 2009. (PDF) from the original on 19 March 2013. Retrieved 20 June 2013.
  115. ^ "The World at Six Billion". United Nations. 12 October 1999. from the original on 9 July 2013. Retrieved 1 August 2010.
  116. ^ . University of Michigan. 4 January 2006. Archived from the original on 24 July 2011. Retrieved 9 March 2013.
  117. ^ a b Figures include the former Soviet countries in Europe. Caselli, Graziella; Gillaume Wunsch; Jacques Vallin (20 December 2005). Demography: Analysis and Synthesis, Four Volume Set: A Treatise in Population. Academic Press. p. 42. ISBN 978-0-12-765660-1.
  118. ^ a b (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 February 2016. Retrieved 1 August 2010.
  119. ^ . Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 March 2014.
  120. ^ "The World at Six Billion". UN Population Division. from the original on 5 March 2016.,
  121. ^ Fewer than 15,000 individuals, according to the Toba catastrophe theory, though this theory has been criticized by some scientists. See: "Toba super-volcano catastrophe idea "dismissed"". BBC News. 30 April 2013. from the original on 7 January 2015. Retrieved 21 March 2015.
  122. ^ An approximation based on figures from different sources as listed at the US Census Bureau's Historical Estimates of World Population 2 May 2019 at the Wayback Machine; see also *Kremer, Michael (1993). "Population Growth and Technological Change: One Million B.C. to 1990". The Quarterly Journal of Economics. 108 (3): 681–716. doi:10.2307/2118405. JSTOR 2118405.
  123. ^ An approximation based on figures from different sources as listed at the US Census Bureau's Total Midyear Population for the World: 1950–2050 21 May 2017 at the Wayback Machine
  124. ^ "Notes on the World POPClock and World Vital Events". US Census Bureau. from the original on 2 October 2013. Retrieved 12 February 2013.
  125. ^ "World Population Prospects 2019, Crude Birth Rate file". United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs. 2019.
  126. ^ "World Population Prospects 2019, Crude Death Rate file". United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs. 2019.
  127. ^ . UN. 2012. Archived from the original on 1 July 2014. Retrieved 15 June 2013.
  128. ^ "World population projected to reach 9.6 billion by 2050 – UN report". UN News Centre. 14 June 2013. from the original on 23 August 2013. Retrieved 16 June 2013.
  129. ^ "A model predicts that the world's populations will stop growing in 2050". ScienceDaily.com. 4 April 2013. from the original on 2 January 2020. Retrieved 3 June 2013.
  130. ^ Carrington, Damien (18 September 2014). "World population to hit 12bn in 2100 – with 70% chance of continuous rise". The Guardian. from the original on 20 September 2014. Retrieved 21 September 2014.
  131. ^ Gerland, P.; Raftery, A. E.; Ev Ikova, H.; Li, N.; Gu, D.; Spoorenberg, T.; Alkema, L.; Fosdick, B. K.; Chunn, J.; Lalic, N.; Bay, G.; Buettner, T.; Heilig, G. K.; Wilmoth, J. (14 September 2014). "World population stabilization unlikely this century". Science. AAAS. 346 (6206): 234–7. Bibcode:2014Sci...346..234G. doi:10.1126/science.1257469. ISSN 1095-9203. PMC 4230924. PMID 25301627.
  132. ^ "World Population Prospects 2019: Highlights" (PDF). (PDF) from the original on 3 July 2019. Retrieved 8 July 2019.
  133. ^ Silk, John (21 December 2019). "World's population to hit 7.75 billion in 2019". Deutsche Welle. Retrieved 17 July 2020.
  134. ^ "World population in 2100 could be 2 billion below UN forecasts, study suggests". The Guardian. 15 July 2020. Retrieved 15 July 2020.
  135. ^ Stokstad, Erik (5 May 2019). "Landmark analysis documents the alarming global decline of nature". Science. AAAS. Retrieved 19 July 2020. Driving these threats are the growing human population, which has doubled since 1970 to 7.6 billion, and consumption. (Per capita of use of materials is up 15% over the past 5 decades.)
  136. ^ Crist, Eileen; Ripple, William J.; Ehrlich, Paul R.; Rees, William E.; Wolf, Christopher (2022). "Scientists' warning on population" (PDF). Science of the Total Environment. 845: 157166. Bibcode:2022ScTEn.845o7166C. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157166. PMID 35803428. S2CID 250387801.
  137. ^ Peter P. Rogers; Kazi F. Jalal & John A. Boyd (2008). An Introduction To Sustainable Development. Earthscan. p. 53. ISBN 978-1849770477.
  138. ^ . Time. 26 October 2011. Archived from the original on 18 February 2013. Retrieved 18 February 2013.
  139. ^ Zehner, Ozzie (2012). Green Illusions. Lincoln and London: University of Nebraska Press. pp. 187–331. from the original on 29 November 2019. Retrieved 10 April 2020.
  140. ^ a b "World Population Prospects: The 2019 Revision" (XLS). Population Division of the Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the United Nations Secretariat. June 2019. Retrieved 8 July 2019.
  141. ^ "World Population – Total Midyear Population for the World: 1950–2050". Census.gov. July 2015. from the original on 21 May 2017. Retrieved 7 March 2016.
  142. ^ Sebastien von Hoerner (1975). "Population Explosion and Interstellar Expansion". Journal of the British Interplanetary Society. 28 (28): 691–712. Bibcode:1975JBIS...28..691V.
  143. ^ Introduction to Social Macrodynamics. 10 February 2012 at the Wayback Machine. Andrey Korotayev et al. For a rigorous mathematical analysis of this issue, see "A Compact Mathematical Model of the World System Economic and Demographic Growth, 1 CE – 1973 CE". 17 February 2019 at the Wayback Machine.
  144. ^ Kapitsa, Sergei P. (1996). . Physics-Uspekhi. 39 (1): 57–71. Bibcode:1996PhyU...39...57K. doi:10.1070/pu1996v039n01abeh000127. S2CID 250877833. Archived from the original on 11 May 2009. Retrieved 26 July 2013.
  145. ^ Lutz, Wolfgang; Sanderson, Warren; Scherbov, Sergei (19 June 1997). "Doubling of world population unlikely" (PDF). Nature. 387 (6635): 803–805. Bibcode:1997Natur.387..803L. doi:10.1038/42935. PMID 9194559. S2CID 4306159.
  146. ^ "No way to stop human population growth?". www.science.org.
  147. ^ Sergei P. Kapitza, "The phenomenological theory of world population growth", Physics-Uspekhi 39(1) 57–71 (1996), citing K. M. Weiss, Human Biology 56637 (1984) and N. Keyfitz, Applied Mathematical Demography (New York: Wiley, 1977).
  148. ^ "How Many People Have Ever Lived on Earth?". PRB. Retrieved 1 November 2021.
  149. ^ Curtin, Ciara (1 March 2007). "Fact or Fiction?: Living People Outnumber the Dead". Scientific American. Scientific American, Inc. (published September 2007). 297 (3): 126. Bibcode:2007SciAm.297c.126C. doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0907-126. PMID 17784634. Retrieved 4 August 2008. Note: text of paper publication slightly different from text of on-line publication.
  150. ^ a b c Haub, Carl (November–December 2002). "How Many People Have Ever Lived on Earth?" (PDF). Population Today. Population Reference Bureau. 30 (8): 3–4. (PDF) from the original on 12 August 2011. Retrieved 4 August 2008.
  151. ^ Haub, Carl (October 2011). . Population Reference Bureau. Archived from the original on 24 April 2013. Retrieved 29 April 2013.
  152. ^ Kuhrt, A. (1995). The Ancient Near East, c. 3000–330 BCE. Vol. 2. London: Routledge. p. 695.
  153. ^ Bystroff, Chistopher (2021). "Footprints to singularity: A global population model explains late 20th century slow-down and predicts peak within ten years". PLoS ONE 16(5): e0247214. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0247214
  154. ^ a b c d Hopfenberg, Russell and Pimentel, David, "Human Population Numbers as a Function of Food Supply", Environment, Development and Sustainability, vol. 3, no. 1, March 2001, pp. 1–15
  155. ^ (PDF). Russel Hopfenberg, Duke University. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 September 2020. Retrieved 10 January 2023.
  156. ^ Abernathy, Virginia, Population Politics ISBN 0-7658-0603-7
  157. ^ Hardin, Garrett (1974). "Lifeboat Ethics: the Case Against Helping the Poor". Psychology Today. 8: 38–43.
  158. ^ Manning, Richard (7 September 2011). "Richard Manning on the Green Revolution and the End of Cheap Oil" (Interview). Interviewed by Sally Erickson and Timothy Scott Bennett. Retrieved 15 October 2013 – via YouTube.
  159. ^ Food Production & Population Growth, video with Daniel Quinn and Alan Thornhill
  160. ^ Quinn, Daniel, Ishmael Bantam/Turner, 1995, ISBN 0613080939
  161. ^ Zerzan, John (2 April 2008). On Modernity and the Technosphere (Speech). Binghamton University.
  162. ^ a b Gilland, Bernard (2006). "Population, nutrition and agriculture". Population and Environment, 28(1), 1.
  163. ^ Bocquet-Appel, Jean-Pierre (2011). "When the world’s population took off: the springboard of the Neolithic Demographic Transition". Science, 333(6042), 560-561.
  164. ^ a b Li, Xiaoqiang et al. (2009). "Increases of population and expansion of rice agriculture in Asia, and anthropogenic methane emissions since 5000 BP". Quaternary International, 202(1-2), 41-50.
  165. ^ Kopnina, Helen, & Washington, Haydn (2016). "Discussing why population growth is still ignored or denied". Chinese Journal of Population Resources and Environment, 14(2), 133-143.
  166. ^ "What Causes Overpopulation?" Euroscientist. Euroscience: "When agriculture advances, and it becomes easier to feed the population, it continues to grow."
  167. ^ a b "The Development of Agriculture". National Geographic. 2022.
  168. ^ Cohen, Joel E. (1995). Population growth and earth's human carrying capacity. Science, 269(5222), 341-346.
  169. ^ Fanta, V., Šálek, M., Zouhar, J., Sklenicka, P., & Storch, D. (2018). Equilibrium dynamics of European pre-industrial populations: the evidence of carrying capacity in human agricultural societies. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 285(1871), 20172500.
  170. ^ Henderson, Kirsten, & Loreau, Michel (2019). "An ecological theory of changing human population dynamics". People and Nature, 1(1), 32.
  171. ^ GJ Armelagos, AH Goodman, KH Jacobs Population and environment - 1991 link.springer.com
  172. ^ Farb, Peter: 1978, Humankind. Boston, Houghton Mifflin.
  173. ^ Van Den Bergh, Jeroen, & Rietveld, Piet (2004). "Reconsidering the limits to world population: meta-analysis and meta-prediction". BioScience, 54(3), 195-204.
  174. ^ Rosa, Daniele (2019). "Nel 2050 gli italiani saranno 20 milioni meno secondo l'Onu [Translation: In 2050 the Italians will be 20 million less, according to the UN]". Affaritaliani. Uomini & Affari Srl.
  175. ^ Salmony, Steven E. (2006). "The Human Population: Accepting Species Limits". Environmental Health Perspectives, 114(1), A 17. https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.114-a17.
  176. ^ Daniel Quinn (1996). The Story of B, pp. 304–305, Random House Publishing Group, ISBN 0553379011.
  177. ^ Quinn, Daniel: "The Question (ID Number 122)". Retrieved October 2014 from "Archived copy". from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 18 October 2014.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link).

General and cited sources

  •   This article incorporates public domain material from The World Factbook. CIA.

Further reading

External links

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to World population statistics.

Organizations

  • The Day of 6 Billion and – Official homepages maintained by UNFPA
  • Population Reference Bureau – News and issues related to population
  • Berlin Institute for Population and Development

Statistics and maps

  • HiveGroup.com – World population statistics presented in a treemap interface
  • Win.tue.nl – World countries mapped by population size

Population clocks

  • U.S. and World Population Clock (US Census Bureau)
  • World Population Clock – Worldometer

October 23, 2023
world, population, world, demographics, world, population, total, number, humans, currently, living, estimated, united, nations, have, exceeded, eight, billion, november, 2022, took, around, years, human, prehistory, history, human, population, reach, billion,. In world demographics the world population is the total number of humans currently living It was estimated by the United Nations to have exceeded eight billion in mid November 2022 It took around 300 000 years of human prehistory and history for the human population to reach one billion and only 222 years more to reach 8 billion 3 World population growth from 10 000 BCE to 2021 1 High medium and low projections of the future human world population 2 The human population has experienced continuous growth following the Great Famine of 1315 1317 and the end of the Black Death in 1350 when it was nearly 370 000 000 4 The highest global population growth rates with increases of over 1 8 per year occurred between 1955 and 1975 peaking at 2 1 between 1965 and 1970 5 The growth rate declined to 1 1 between 2015 and 2020 and is projected to decline further in the 21st century 6 The global population is still increasing but there is significant uncertainty about its long term trajectory due to changing fertility and mortality rates 7 The UN Department of Economics and Social Affairs projects between 9 and 10 billion people by 2050 and gives an 80 confidence interval of 10 12 billion by the end of the 21st century 2 with a growth rate by then of zero Other demographers predict that the human population will begin to decline in the second half of the 21st century 8 The total number of births globally is currently 2015 2020 140 million year which is projected to peak during the period 2040 2045 at 141 million year and then decline slowly to 126 million year by 2100 9 The total number of deaths is currently 57 million year and is projected to grow steadily to 121 million year by 2100 10 The median age of human beings as of 2020 update is 31 years 11 Contents 1 History 1 1 Ancient and post classical history 1 2 Modern history 1 3 Milestones by the billions 2 Global demographics 3 Population by region 4 Largest populations by country 4 1 Ten most populous countries 4 2 Most densely populated countries 5 Fluctuation 5 1 Annual population growth 5 2 Population growth by region 5 3 Past population 5 4 Projections 6 Mathematical approximations 6 1 Years for world population to double 7 Number of humans who have ever lived 8 Human population as a function of food availability 9 See also 10 Explanatory notes 11 References 11 1 Citations 11 2 General and cited sources 12 Further reading 13 External linksHistory nbsp Visual comparison of the world population in past and presentFurther information Estimates of historical world population and Human history Estimates of world population by their nature are an aspect of modernity possible only since the Age of Discovery Early estimates for the population of the world 12 date to the 17th century William Petty in 1682 estimated the world population at 320 million current estimates ranging close to twice this number by the late 18th century estimates ranged close to one billion consistent with current estimates 13 More refined estimates broken down by continents were published in the first half of the 19th century at 600 million to 1 billion in the early 1800s and 800 million to 1 billion in the 1840s 14 It is difficult for estimates to be better than rough approximations as even current population estimates are fraught with uncertainties from 3 to 5 15 Ancient and post classical history Main articles Classical demography and Medieval demography Estimates of the population of the world at the time agriculture emerged in around 10 000 BC have ranged between 1 million and 15 million 16 17 Even earlier genetic evidence suggests humans may have gone through a population bottleneck of between 1 000 and 10 000 people about 70 000 BC according to the now largely discredited Toba catastrophe theory By contrast it is estimated that around 50 60 million people lived in the combined eastern and western Roman Empire in the 4th century AD 18 The Plague of Justinian caused Europe s population to drop by around 50 between the 6th and 8th centuries AD 19 The population of Europe was more than 70 million in 1340 20 From 1340 to 1400 the world s population fell from an estimated 443 million to 350 375 million 21 with the Indian subcontinent suffering the most tremendous loss and Europe suffering the Black Death pandemic 22 it took 200 years for European population figures to recover 23 The population of China decreased from 123 million in 1200 to 65 million in 1393 24 presumably from a combination of Mongol invasions famine and plague 25 Starting in AD 2 the Han dynasty of ancient China kept consistent family registers to properly assess the poll taxes and labor service duties of each household 26 In that year the population of Western Han was recorded as 57 671 400 individuals in 12 366 470 households decreasing to 47 566 772 individuals in 9 348 227 households by AD 146 towards the end of the Han dynasty 26 From 200 to 400 the world population fell from an estimated 257 million to 206 million with China suffering the greatest loss 22 At the founding of the Ming dynasty in 1368 China s population was reported to be close to 60 million toward the end of the dynasty in 1644 it may have approached 150 million 27 England s population reached an estimated 5 6 million in 1650 up from an estimated 2 6 million in 1500 28 New crops that were brought to Asia and Europe from the Americas by Portuguese and Spanish colonists in the 16th century are believed to have contributed to population growth 29 30 31 Since their introduction to Africa by Portuguese traders in the 16th century 32 maize and cassava have similarly replaced traditional African crops as the most important staple food crops grown on the continent 33 The pre Columbian population of the Americas is uncertain historian David Henige called it the most unanswerable question in the world 34 By the end of the 20th century scholarly consensus favored an estimate of roughly 55 million people but numbers from various sources have ranged from 10 million to 100 million 35 Encounters between European explorers and populations in the rest of the world often introduced local epidemics of extraordinary virulence 36 According to the most extreme scholarly claims as many as 90 of the Native American population of the New World died of Old World diseases such as smallpox measles and influenza 37 Over the centuries the Europeans had developed high degrees of immunity to these diseases while the indigenous peoples had no such immunity 38 Modern history nbsp Map showing urban areas with at least one million inhabitants in 2006 Only 3 of the world s population lived in urban areas in 1800 this proportion had risen to 47 by 2000 and reached 50 5 by 2010 39 By 2050 the proportion may reach 70 40 During the European Agricultural and Industrial Revolutions the life expectancy of children increased dramatically 41 The percentage of the children born in London who died before the age of five decreased from 74 5 in 1730 1749 to 31 8 in 1810 1829 42 43 Between 1700 and 1900 Europe s population increased from about 100 million to over 400 million 44 Altogether the areas populated by people of European descent comprised 36 of the world s population in 1900 45 Population growth in the Western world became more rapid after the introduction of vaccination and other improvements in medicine and sanitation 46 Improved material conditions led to the population of Britain increasing from 10 million to 40 million in the 19th century 47 The population of the United Kingdom reached 60 million in 2006 48 The United States saw its population grow from around 5 3 million in 1800 to 106 million in 1920 exceeding 307 million in 2010 49 The first half of the 20th century in Imperial Russia and the Soviet Union was marked by a succession of major wars famines and other disasters which caused large scale population losses approximately 60 million excess deaths 50 51 After the collapse of the Soviet Union Russia s population declined significantly from 150 million in 1991 to 143 million in 2012 52 but by 2013 this decline appeared to have halted 53 Many countries in the developing world have experienced extremely rapid population growth since the early 20th century due to economic development and improvements in public health China s population rose from approximately 430 million in 1850 to 580 million in 1953 54 and now stands at over 1 3 billion The population of the Indian subcontinent which was about 125 million in 1750 increased to 389 million in 1941 55 today India Pakistan and Bangladesh are collectively home to about 1 63 billion people 56 Java an island in Indonesia had about 5 million inhabitants in 1815 it had a population of over 139 million in 2020 57 In just one hundred years the population of Brazil decupled x10 from about 17 million in 1900 or about 1 of the world population in that year to about 176 million in 2000 or almost 3 of the global population in the very early 21st century Mexico s population grew from 13 6 million in 1900 to about 112 million in 2010 58 59 Between the 1920s and 2000s Kenya s population grew from 2 9 million to 37 million 60 Milestones by the billions Main article World population milestones World population milestones in billions 61 Worldometers estimates Population 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10Year 1804 1927 1960 1974 1987 1999 2011 2022 2037 2057Years elapsed 200 000 123 33 14 13 12 12 11 15 20The UN estimated that the world population reached one billion for the first time in 1804 It was another 123 years before it reached two billion in 1927 but it took only 33 years to reach three billion in 1960 62 Thereafter it took 14 years for the global population to reach four billion in 1974 13 years to reach five billion in 1987 12 years to reach six billion in 1999 and according to the United States Census Bureau 13 years to reach seven billion in March 2012 63 The United Nations however estimated that the world population reached seven billion in October 2011 64 65 66 According to the UN the global population reached eight billion in November 2022 67 but because the growth rate is slowing it will take another 15 years to reach around 9 billion by 2037 and 20 years to reach 10 billion by 2057 68 Alternative scenarios for 2050 range from a low of 7 4 billion to a high of more than 10 6 billion 69 Projected figures vary depending on underlying statistical assumptions and the variables used in projection calculations especially the fertility and mortality variables Long range predictions to 2150 range from a population decline to 3 2 billion in the low scenario to high scenarios of 24 8 billion 69 One extreme scenario predicted a massive increase to 256 billion by 2150 assuming the global fertility rate remained at its 1995 level of 3 04 children per woman however by 2010 the global fertility rate had declined to 2 52 70 71 There is no estimation for the exact day or month the world s population surpassed one or two billion The points at which it reached three and four billion were not officially noted but the International Database of the United States Census Bureau placed them in July 1959 and April 1974 respectively The United Nations did determine and commemorate the Day of 5 Billion on 11 July 1987 and the Day of 6 Billion on 12 October 1999 The Population Division of the United Nations declared the Day of Seven Billion to be 31 October 2011 72 The United Nations marked the birth of the eight billionth person on 15 November 2022 73 67 Global demographicsMain article Demographics of the world nbsp gt 80 77 5 80 75 77 5 72 5 75 70 72 5 67 5 70 65 67 5 60 65 55 60 50 55 2015 map showing average life expectancy by country in years In 2015 the World Health Organization estimated the average global life expectancy as 71 4 years 74 As of 2020 the global sex ratio is approximately 1 01 males to 1 female 75 Approximately 26 3 of the global population is aged under 15 while 65 9 is aged 15 64 and 7 9 is aged 65 or over 75 The median age of the world s population is estimated to be 31 years in 2020 11 and is expected to rise to 37 9 years by 2050 76 According to the World Health Organization the global average life expectancy is 73 3 years as of 2020 with women living an average of 75 9 years and men approximately 70 8 years 77 In 2010 the global fertility rate was estimated at 2 44 children per woman 78 In June 2012 British researchers calculated the total weight of Earth s human population as approximately 287 million tonnes 630 billion pounds with the average person weighing around 62 kilograms 137 lb 79 The IMF estimated nominal 2021 gross world product at US 94 94 trillion giving an annual global per capita figure of around US 12 290 80 Around 9 3 of the world population live in extreme poverty subsisting on less than US 1 9 per day 81 around 8 9 are malnourished 82 87 of the world s over 15s are considered literate 83 As of April 2022 there were about 5 billion global Internet users constituting 63 of the world population 84 The Han Chinese are the world s largest single ethnic group constituting over 19 of the global population in 2011 85 The world s most spoken languages are English 1 132B Mandarin Chinese 1 117B Hindi 615M Spanish 534M and French 280M More than three billion people speak an Indo European language which is the largest language family by number of speakers Standard Arabic is a language with no native speakers but the total number of speakers is estimated at 274 million people 86 The largest religious categories in the world as of 2020 are estimated as follows Christianity 31 Islam 25 Unaffiliated 16 and Hinduism 15 87 Population by regionFurther information Demographics of the world Six of the Earth s seven continents are permanently inhabited on a large scale Asia is the most populous continent with its 4 64 billion inhabitants accounting for 60 of the world population The world s two most populated countries China and India together constitute about 36 of the world s population Africa is the second most populated continent with around 1 34 billion people or 17 of the world s population Europe s 747 million people make up 10 of the world s population as of 2020 while the Latin American and Caribbean regions are home to around 653 million 8 Northern America primarily consisting of the United States and Canada has a population of around 368 million 5 and Oceania the least populated region has about 42 million inhabitants 0 5 88 Antarctica only has a very small fluctuating population of about 1200 people based mainly in polar science stations 89 nbsp Population pyramid of the world in continental groupings in 2023Current world population and latest projection according the UN Population in millions and percent of the global population in that year 90 Region 2022 percent 2030 percent 2050 percent Sub Saharan Africa 1 152 14 51 1 401 16 46 2 094 21 62 Northern Africa and Western Asia 549 6 91 617 7 25 771 7 96 Central Asia and Southern Asia 2 075 26 13 2 248 26 41 2 575 26 58 Eastern Asia and Southeastern Asia 2 342 29 49 2 372 27 87 2 317 23 92 Europe and Northern America 1 120 14 10 1 129 13 26 1 125 11 61 Latin America and the Caribbean 658 8 29 695 8 17 749 7 73 Australia and New Zealand 31 0 39 34 0 40 38 0 39 Oceania 14 0 18 15 0 18 20 0 21 World 7 942 8 512 9 687Graphs are temporarily unavailable due to technical issues Population by region 2020 estimates Region Density inhabitants km2 Population millions Most populous country Most populous city metropolitan area Asia 104 1 4 641 1 418 459 382 nbsp India 13 515 000 nbsp Tokyo Metropolis 37 400 000 nbsp Greater Tokyo Area Africa 44 4 1 340 0 211 401 000 nbsp Nigeria 0 9 500 000 nbsp Cairo 20 076 000 nbsp Greater Cairo Europe 73 4 747 0 146 171 000 nbsp Russia approx 110 million in Europe 13 200 000 nbsp Moscow 20 004 000 nbsp Moscow metropolitan area Latin America 24 1 653 0 214 103 000 nbsp Brazil 12 252 000 nbsp Sao Paulo City 21 650 000 nbsp Sao Paulo Metro Area Northern America note 1 14 9 368 0 332 909 000 nbsp United States 0 8 804 000 nbsp New York City 23 582 649 nbsp New York metropolitan area 91 Oceania 5 42 0 0 25 917 000 nbsp Australia 0 5 367 000 nbsp SydneyAntarctica 0 0 004 89 N A note 2 00 00 1 258 nbsp McMurdo StationLargest populations by countryFurther information List of countries and dependencies by population nbsp Cartogram showing the distribution of the world population each square represents half a million people nbsp A map of world population in 2019 nbsp 1901 to 2021 population graph of the five countries with the highest current populationsTen most populous countries Rank Country Dependency Population Percentage of the world Date Source official or from the United Nations 1 nbsp India 1 425 775 850 17 7 14 Apr 2023 UN projection 92 2 nbsp China 1 412 600 000 17 5 31 Dec 2021 National annual estimate 93 3 nbsp United States 335 542 524 4 16 21 Oct 2023 National population clock 94 4 nbsp Indonesia 275 773 800 3 42 1 Jul 2022 National annual estimate 95 5 nbsp Pakistan 229 488 994 2 84 1 Jul 2022 UN projection 96 6 nbsp Nigeria 216 746 934 2 69 1 Jul 2022 UN projection 96 7 nbsp Brazil 216 802 677 2 69 21 Oct 2023 National population clock 97 8 nbsp Bangladesh 168 220 000 2 09 1 Jul 2020 Annual Population Estimate 98 9 nbsp Russia 147 190 000 1 82 1 Oct 2021 2021 preliminary census results 99 10 nbsp Mexico 128 271 248 1 59 31 Mar 2022Approximately 4 5 billion people live in these ten countries representing around 56 of the world s population as of July 2022 The UN estimates that by 2023 India will have overtaken China in having the largest population 100 92 World population millions UN estimates 101 Most populous countries 2000 2015 2030 A Graphs are temporarily unavailable due to technical issues 1 nbsp China B 1 270 1 376 1 4162 nbsp India 1 053 1 311 1 5283 nbsp United States 283 322 3564 nbsp Indonesia 212 258 2955 nbsp Pakistan 136 208 2456 nbsp Brazil 176 206 2287 nbsp Nigeria 123 182 2638 nbsp Bangladesh 131 161 1869 nbsp Russia 146 146 14910 nbsp Mexico 103 127 148World total 6 127 7 349 8 501Notes 2030 Medium variant China excludes Hong Kong and Macau Most densely populated countries Further information List of countries and dependencies by population density The tables below list the world s most densely populated countries both in absolute terms and in comparison to their total populations as of November 2022 All areas and populations are from The World Factbook unless otherwise noted nbsp Population density people per km2 map of the world in 2020 Red areas denote regions of highest population density10 most densely populated countries with population above 5 million 102 Rank Country Population Area km2 Density pop km2 1 nbsp Singapore 5 921 231 719 8 2352 nbsp Bangladesh 165 650 475 148 460 1 1163 nbsp Palestine note 3 103 5 223 000 6 025 8674 nbsp Taiwan note 4 23 580 712 35 980 6555 nbsp South Korea 51 844 834 99 720 5206 nbsp Lebanon 5 296 814 10 400 5097 nbsp Rwanda 13 173 730 26 338 5008 nbsp Burundi 12 696 478 27 830 4569 nbsp India 1 389 637 446 3 287 263 42310 nbsp Netherlands 17 400 824 41 543 419Countries ranking highly in both total population more than 20 million people and population density more than 250 people per square kilometer 102 Rank Country Population Area km2 Density pop km2 Population trend citation needed 1 nbsp India 1 389 637 446 3 287 263 423 Growing2 nbsp Pakistan 242 923 845 796 095 305 Rapidly growing3 nbsp Bangladesh 165 650 475 148 460 1 116 Growing4 nbsp Japan 124 214 766 377 915 329 Declining 104 5 nbsp Philippines 114 597 229 300 000 382 Growing6 nbsp Vietnam 103 808 319 331 210 313 Growing7 nbsp United Kingdom 67 791 400 243 610 278 Growing8 nbsp South Korea 51 844 834 99 720 520 Steady9 nbsp Taiwan 23 580 712 35 980 655 Steady10 nbsp Sri Lanka 23 187 516 65 610 353 GrowingFluctuationMain articles Population growth Projections of population growth and Population dynamics nbsp Estimates of population evolution in different continents between 1950 and 2050 according to the United Nations The vertical axis is logarithmic and is in millions of people Population size fluctuates at differing rates in differing regions Nonetheless population growth has been the long standing trend on all inhabited continents as well as in most individual states During the 20th century the global population saw its greatest increase in known history rising from about 1 6 billion in 1900 to over 6 billion in 2000 105 as the whole world entered the early phases of what has come to be called the demographic transition Some of the key factors contributing to this increase included the lessening of the mortality rate in many countries by improved sanitation and medical advances and a massive increase in agricultural productivity attributed to the Green Revolution 106 107 By 2000 there were approximately ten times as many people on Earth as there had been in 1700 However this rapid growth did not last During the period 2000 2005 the United Nations estimates that the world s population was growing at an annual rate of 1 3 equivalent to around 80 million people down from a peak of 2 1 during the period 1965 1970 6 Globally although the population growth rate has been steadily declining from its peak in 1968 108 growth still remains high in Sub Saharan Africa 109 nbsp Map of countries by fertility rate 2020 according to the Population Reference Bureau nbsp A world population clock in August 2022 at Eureka in Halifax West Yorkshire In fact during the 2010s Japan and some countries in Europe began to reduce in population due to sub replacement fertility rates 104 In 2019 the United Nations reported that the rate of population growth continues to decline due to the ongoing global demographic transition If this trend continues the rate of growth may diminish to zero by 2100 concurrent with a world population plateau of 10 9 billion 6 68 However this is only one of many estimates published by the UN in 2009 UN population projections for 2050 ranged between around 8 billion and 10 5 billion 110 An alternative scenario is given by the statistician Jorgen Randers who argues that traditional projections insufficiently take into account the downward impact of global urbanization on fertility Randers most likely scenario reveals a peak in the world population in the early 2040s at about 8 1 billion people followed by decline 111 Adrian Raftery a University of Washington professor of statistics and of sociology states that there s a 70 percent probability the world population will not stabilize this century Population which had sort of fallen off the world s agenda remains a very important issue 112 nbsp Estimated world population figures 10 000 BC AD 2000 nbsp Estimated world population figures 10 000 BC AD 2000 in log y scale nbsp World population figures 1950 2017Annual population growth Graphs are temporarily unavailable due to technical issues Graphs are temporarily unavailable due to technical issues Global annual population growth 113 Year Population Yearly growth Density pop km2 Number1951 2 543 130 380 1 75 43 808 223 171952 2 590 270 899 1 85 47 140 519 171953 2 640 278 797 1 93 50 007 898 181954 2 691 979 339 1 96 51 700 542 181955 2 746 072 141 2 01 54 092 802 181956 2 801 002 631 2 00 54 930 490 191957 2 857 866 857 2 03 56 864 226 191958 2 916 108 097 2 04 58 241 240 201959 2 970 292 188 1 86 54 184 091 201960 3 019 233 434 1 65 48 941 246 201961 3 068 370 609 1 63 49 137 175 211962 3 126 686 743 1 90 58 316 134 211963 3 195 779 247 2 21 69 092 504 211964 3 267 212 338 2 24 71 433 091 221965 3 337 111 983 2 14 69 899 645 221966 3 406 417 036 2 08 69 305 053 231967 3 475 448 166 2 03 69 031 130 231968 3 546 810 808 2 05 71 362 642 241969 3 620 655 275 2 08 73 844 467 241970 3 695 390 336 2 06 74 735 061 251971 3 770 163 092 2 02 74 772 756 251972 3 844 800 885 1 98 74 637 793 261973 3 920 251 504 1 96 75 450 619 261974 3 995 517 077 1 92 75 265 573 271975 4 069 437 231 1 85 73 920 154 271976 4 142 505 882 1 80 73 068 651 281977 4 215 772 490 1 77 73 266 608 281978 4 289 657 708 1 75 73 885 218 291979 4 365 582 871 1 77 75 925 163 291980 4 444 007 706 1 80 78 424 835 301981 4 524 627 658 1 81 80 619 952 301982 4 607 984 871 1 84 83 357 213 311983 4 691 884 238 1 82 83 899 367 321984 4 775 836 074 1 79 83 951 836 321985 4 861 730 613 1 80 85 894 539 331986 4 950 063 339 1 82 88 332 726 331987 5 040 984 495 1 84 90 921 156 341988 5 132 293 974 1 81 91 309 479 341989 5 223 704 308 1 78 91 410 334 351990 5 316 175 862 1 77 92 471 554 361991 5 406 245 867 1 69 90 070 005 361992 5 492 686 093 1 60 86 440 226 371993 5 577 433 523 1 54 84 747 430 371994 5 660 727 993 1 49 83 294 470 381995 5 743 219 454 1 46 82 491 461 391996 5 825 145 298 1 43 81 925 844 391997 5 906 481 261 1 40 81 335 963 401998 5 987 312 480 1 37 80 831 219 401999 6 067 758 458 1 34 80 445 978 412000 6 148 898 975 1 34 81 140 517 412001 6 230 746 982 1 33 81 848 007 422002 6 312 407 360 1 31 81 660 378 422003 6 393 898 365 1 29 81 491 005 432004 6 475 751 478 1 28 81 853 113 432005 6 558 176 119 1 27 82 424 641 442006 6 641 416 218 1 27 83 240 099 452007 6 725 948 544 1 27 84 532 326 452008 6 811 597 272 1 27 85 648 728 462009 6 898 305 908 1 27 86 708 636 462010 6 985 603 105 1 27 87 297 197 472011 7 073 125 425 1 25 87 522 320 472012 7 161 697 921 1 25 88 572 496 482013 7 250 593 370 1 24 88 895 449 492014 7 339 013 419 1 22 88 420 049 492015 7 426 597 537 1 19 87 584 118 502016 7 513 474 238 1 17 86 876 701 502017 7 599 822 404 1 15 86 348 166 512018 7 683 789 828 1 10 83 967 424 522019 7 764 951 032 1 06 81 161 204 522020 7 840 952 880 0 98 76 001 848 532021 7 909 295 151 0 87 68 342 271 532022 7 975 105 156 0 83 65 810 005 542023 8 045 311 447 0 88 70 206 291 54Population growth by region Main article Population growth Further information Total fertility rate and Birth rate The table below shows historical and predicted regional population figures in millions 114 115 116 The availability of historical population figures varies by region World historical and predicted populations in millions 117 118 119 Region 1500 1600 1700 1750 1800 1850 1900 1950 1999 2008 2010 2012 2050 2150World 585 660 710 791 978 1 262 1 650 2 521 6 008 6 707 6 896 7 052 9 725 9 746Africa 86 114 106 106 107 111 133 221 783 973 1 022 1 052 2 478 2 308Asia 282 350 411 502 635 809 947 1 402 3 700 4 054 4 164 4 250 5 267 5 561Europe 168 170 178 190 203 276 408 547 675 732 738 740 734 517Latin America Note 1 40 20 10 16 24 38 74 167 508 577 590 603 784 912Northern America Note 1 6 3 2 2 7 26 82 172 312 337 345 351 433 398Oceania 3 3 3 2 2 2 6 13 30 34 37 38 57 51World historical and predicted populations by percentage distribution 117 118 Region 1500 1600 1700 1750 1800 1850 1900 1950 1999 2008 2010 2012 2050 2150Africa 14 7 17 3 14 9 13 4 10 9 8 8 8 1 8 8 13 0 14 5 14 8 15 2 25 5 23 7Asia 48 2 53 0 57 9 63 5 64 9 64 1 57 4 55 6 61 6 60 4 60 4 60 3 54 2 57 1Europe 28 7 25 8 25 1 20 6 20 8 21 9 24 7 21 7 11 2 10 9 10 7 10 5 7 6 5 3Latin America Note 1 6 8 3 0 1 4 2 0 2 5 3 0 4 5 6 6 8 5 8 6 8 6 8 6 8 1 9 4Northern America Note 1 1 0 0 5 0 3 0 3 0 7 2 1 5 0 6 8 5 2 5 0 5 0 5 0 4 5 4 1Oceania 0 5 0 5 0 4 0 3 0 2 0 2 0 4 0 5 0 5 0 5 0 5 0 5 0 6 0 5Past population Main article Estimates of historical world population The following table gives estimates in millions of population in the past The data for 1750 to 1900 are from the UN report The World at Six Billion 120 whereas the data from 1950 to 2015 are from a UN data sheet 101 Year World Africa Asia Europe Latin America amp Carib Note 1 North America Note 1 Oceania Notes70 000 BC lt 0 015 121 10 000 BC 4 122 8000 BC 56500 BC 55000 BC 54000 BC 73000 BC 142000 BC 271000 BC 50 7 33 9 citation needed 500 BC 100 14 66 16AD 1 200 23 141 281000 400 70 269 50 8 1 21500 458 86 243 84 39 3 31600 580 114 339 111 10 3 31700 682 106 436 125 10 2 31750 791 106 502 163 16 2 21800 1 000 107 656 203 24 7 31850 1 262 111 809 276 38 26 21900 1 650 133 947 408 74 82 61950 2 525 229 1 394 549 169 172 12 7 123 1955 2 758 254 1 534 577 193 187 14 21960 3 018 285 1 687 606 221 204 15 81965 3 322 322 1 875 635 254 219 17 51970 3 682 366 2 120 657 288 231 19 71975 4 061 416 2 378 677 326 242 21 51980 4 440 478 2 626 694 365 254 23 01985 4 853 550 2 897 708 406 267 24 91990 5 310 632 3 202 721 447 281 27 01995 5 735 720 3 475 728 487 296 29 12000 6 127 814 3 714 726 527 314 31 12005 6 520 920 3 945 729 564 329 33 42010 6 930 1 044 4 170 735 600 344 36 42015 7 349 1 186 4 393 738 634 358 39 3Using the above figures the change in population from 2010 to 2015 was World 420 million Africa 142 million Asia 223 million Europe 3 million Latin America and Caribbean 35 million Northern America 14 million Oceania 2 9 million a b c d e f North America is here defined to include the northernmost countries and territories of North America Canada the United States Greenland Bermuda and Saint Pierre and Miquelon Latin America amp Carib comprises Mexico Central America the Caribbean and South America Projections Main articles Projections of population growth and Future generations This section needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources in this section Unsourced material may be challenged and removed April 2020 Learn how and when to remove this template message Long term global population growth is difficult to predict The United Nations and the US Census Bureau both give different estimates according to the UN the world population reached seven billion in late 2011 114 while the USCB asserted that this occurred in March 2012 124 Since 1951 the UN has issued multiple projections of future world population based on different assumptions From 2000 to 2005 the UN consistently revised these projections downward until the 2006 revision issued on 14 March 2007 revised the 2050 mid range estimate upwards by 273 million citation needed Complicating the UN s and others attempts to project future populations is the fact that average global birth rates as well as mortality rates are declining rapidly as the nations of the world progress through the stages of the demographic transition but both vary greatly between developed countries where birth rates and mortality rates are often low and developing countries where birth and mortality rates typically remain high Different ethnicities also display varying birth rates citation needed Both of these can change rapidly due to disease epidemics wars and other mass catastrophes or advances in medicine and public health The UN s first report in 1951 showed that during the period 1950 55 the crude birth rate was 36 9 1 000 population and the crude death rate was 19 1 1 000 By the period 2015 20 both numbers had dropped significantly to 18 5 1 000 for the crude birth rate and 7 5 1 000 for the crude death rate UN projections for 2100 show a further decline in the crude birth rate to 11 6 1 000 and an increase in the crude death rate to 11 2 1 000 125 126 The total number of births globally is currently 2015 20 140 million year is projected to peak during the period 2040 45 at 141 million year and thereafter decline slowly to 126 million year by 2100 9 The total number of deaths is currently 57 million year and is projected to grow steadily to 121 million year by 2100 10 2012 United Nations projections show a continued increase in population in the near future with a steady decline in population growth rate the global population is expected to reach between 8 3 and 10 9 billion by 2050 127 128 2003 UN Population Division population projections for the year 2150 range between 3 2 and 24 8 billion 70 One of many independent mathematical models supports the lower estimate 129 while a 2014 estimate forecasts between 9 3 and 12 6 billion in 2100 and continued growth thereafter 130 131 The 2019 Revision of the UN estimates gives the medium variant population as nearly 8 6 billion in 2030 about 9 7 billion in 2050 and about 10 9 billion in 2100 132 In December 2019 the German Foundation for World Population projected that the global population will reach 8 billion by 2023 as it increases by 156 every minute 133 In a modeled future projection by the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation the global population was projected to peak in 2064 at 9 73 billion people and decline to 8 79 billion in 2100 134 Some analysts have questioned the sustainability of further world population growth highlighting the growing pressures on the environment 135 136 global food supplies and energy resources 137 138 139 UN medium variant 2019 revision and US Census Bureau June 2015 estimates 140 141 Year UN est millions Difference USCB est millions Difference2005 6 542 6 473 2010 6 957 415 6 866 3932015 7 380 423 7 256 3902020 7 795 415 7 643 3802025 8 184 390 8 007 3632030 8 549 364 8 341 3342035 8 888 339 8 646 3062040 9 199 311 8 926 2802045 9 482 283 9 180 2542050 9 735 253 9 408 228UN 2019 estimates and medium variant projections in millions 140 Year World Asia Africa Europe Latin America Caribbean Northern America Oceania2000 6 144 3 741 60 9 811 13 2 726 11 8 522 8 5 312 5 1 31 0 5 2005 6 542 3 978 60 8 916 14 0 729 11 2 558 8 5 327 5 0 34 0 5 2010 6 957 4 210 60 5 1 039 14 9 736 10 6 591 8 5 343 4 9 37 0 5 2015 7 380 4 434 60 1 1 182 16 0 743 10 1 624 8 5 357 4 8 40 0 5 2020 7 795 4 641 59 5 1 341 17 2 748 9 6 654 8 4 369 4 7 43 0 6 2025 8 184 4 823 58 9 1 509 18 4 746 9 1 682 8 3 380 4 6 45 0 6 2030 8 549 4 974 58 2 1 688 19 8 741 8 7 706 8 3 391 4 6 48 0 6 2035 8 888 5 096 57 3 1 878 21 1 735 8 3 726 8 2 401 4 5 50 0 6 2040 9 199 5 189 56 4 2 077 22 6 728 7 9 742 8 1 410 4 5 53 0 6 2045 9 482 5 253 55 4 2 282 24 1 720 7 6 754 8 0 418 4 4 55 0 6 2050 9 735 5 290 54 3 2 489 25 6 711 7 3 762 7 8 425 4 4 57 0 6 2055 9 958 5 302 53 2 2 698 27 1 700 7 0 767 7 7 432 4 3 60 0 6 2060 10 152 5 289 52 1 2 905 28 6 689 6 8 768 7 6 439 4 3 62 0 6 2065 10 318 5 256 51 0 3 109 30 1 677 6 6 765 7 4 447 4 3 64 0 6 2070 10 459 5 207 49 8 3 308 31 6 667 6 4 759 7 3 454 4 3 66 0 6 2075 10 577 5 143 48 6 3 499 33 1 657 6 2 750 7 1 461 4 4 67 0 6 2080 10 674 5 068 47 5 3 681 34 5 650 6 1 739 6 9 468 4 4 69 0 7 2085 10 750 4 987 46 4 3 851 35 8 643 6 0 726 6 8 474 4 4 71 0 7 2090 10 810 4 901 45 3 4 008 37 1 638 5 9 711 6 6 479 4 4 72 0 7 2095 10 852 4 812 44 3 4 152 38 3 634 5 8 696 6 4 485 4 5 74 0 7 2100 10 875 4 719 43 4 4 280 39 4 630 5 8 680 6 3 491 4 5 75 0 7 Mathematical approximationsIn 1975 Sebastian von Hoerner proposed a formula for population growth which represented hyperbolic growth with an infinite population in 2025 142 The hyperbolic growth of the world population observed until the 1970s was later correlated to a non linear second order positive feedback between demographic growth and technological development This feedback can be described as follows technological advance increase in the carrying capacity of land for people demographic growth more people more potential inventors acceleration of technological advance accelerating growth of the carrying capacity faster population growth accelerating growth of the number of potential inventors faster technological advance hence the faster growth of the Earth s carrying capacity for people and so on 143 The transition from hyperbolic growth to slower rates of growth is related to the demographic transition According to the Russian demographer Sergey Kapitsa 144 the world population grew between 67 000 BC and 1965 according to the following formula N C t arccot T 0 T t displaystyle N frac C tau operatorname arccot frac T 0 T tau nbsp where N is current population T is the current year C 1 86 0 01 1011 T0 2007 1 t displaystyle tau nbsp 42 1 Years for world population to double According to linear interpolation and extrapolation of UNDESA population estimates the world population has doubled or will double in the years listed in the tables below with two different starting points During the 2nd millennium each doubling took roughly half as long as the previous doubling fitting the hyperbolic growth model mentioned above However after 2024 it is unlikely that there will be another doubling of the global population in the 21st century 145 nbsp Historic chart showing the periods of time the world population has taken to double from 1700 to 2000Starting at 500 million Population in billions 0 5 1 2 4 8 16Year 1500 1804 1927 1974 2022 n aYears elapsed 304 123 47 48 Starting at 375 million Population in billions 0 375 0 75 1 5 3 6 12Year 1171 1715 1881 1960 1999 c 2100 146 Years elapsed 544 166 79 39 c 100 Number of humans who have ever livedFurther information Prehistoric demography The total number of humans who have ever lived is estimated to be approximately 100 billion Such estimates can only be rough approximations as even modern population estimates are subject to uncertainty of around 3 to 5 15 Kapitsa 1996 cites estimates ranging between 80 and 150 billion 147 The PRB puts the figure at 117 billion as of 2020 estimating that the current world population is 6 7 of all the humans who have ever lived 148 Haub 1995 prepared another figure updated in 2002 and 2011 the 2011 figure was approximately 107 billion 149 150 151 Haub characterized this figure as an estimate that required selecting population sizes for different points from antiquity to the present and applying assumed birth rates to each period 150 Robust population data only exist for the last two or three centuries Until the late 18th century few governments had ever performed an accurate census In many early attempts such as in Ancient Egypt and the Persian Empire the focus was on counting merely a subset of the population for purposes of taxation or military service 152 Thus there is a significant margin of error when estimating ancient global populations Pre modern infant mortality rates are another critical factor for such an estimate these rates are very difficult to estimate for ancient times due to a lack of accurate records Haub 1995 estimates that around 40 of those who have ever lived did not survive beyond their first birthday Haub also stated that life expectancy at birth probably averaged only about ten years for most of human history 150 which is not to be mistaken for the life expectancy after reaching adulthood The latter equally depended on period location and social standing but calculations identify averages from roughly 30 years upward Human population as a function of food availabilityIndividuals from a wide range of academic fields and political backgrounds have proposed that like all other animal populations any human population and by extension the world population predictably grows and shrinks according to available food supply growing during an abundance of food and shrinking in times of scarcity 153 This idea may run counter to the popular thinking that as population grows food supply must also be increased to support the growing population instead the claim here is that growing population is the result of a growing food supply Notable proponents of this notion include agronomist and insect ecologist David Pimentel 154 behavioral scientist Russell Hopfenberg the former two publishing a study on the topic in 2001 155 anthropologist and activist Virginia Abernethy 156 ecologist Garrett Hardin 157 science writer and anthropologist Peter Farb journalist Richard Manning 158 environmental biologist Alan D Thornhill 159 cultural critic and writer Daniel Quinn 160 and anarcho primitivist John Zerzan 161 Scientists generally acknowledge that at least one significant factor contributing to population growth or overpopulation is that as agriculture advances in creating more food the population consequently increases the Neolithic Revolution and Green Revolution often specifically provided as examples of such agricultural breakthroughs 162 163 164 165 166 167 Furthermore certain scientific studies do lend evidence to food availability in particular being the dominant factor within a more recent timeframe 168 169 154 Other studies take it as a basic model from which to make broad population conjectures 162 The idea became taboo following the United Nations 1994 International Conference on Population and Development where framing human population growth as negatively impacting the natural environment became regarded as anti human 170 Most human populations throughout history validate this theory as does the overall current global population Populations of hunter gatherers fluctuate in accordance with the amount of available food The world human population began consistently and sharply to rise and continues to do so after sedentary agricultural lifestyles became common due to the Neolithic Revolution and its increased food supply 171 164 167 This was subsequent to the Green Revolution starting in the 1940s followed by even more severely accelerated population growth Often wealthier countries send their surplus food resources to the aid of starving communities however some proponents of this theory argue that this seemingly beneficial strategy only results in further harm to those communities in the long run Anthropologist Peter Farb for example has commented on the paradox that intensification of production to feed an increased population leads to a still greater increase in population 172 Environmental writer Daniel Quinn has also focused on this phenomenon which he calls the food race coining a term he felt was comparable in terms of both escalation and potential catastrophe to the nuclear arms race Criticism of this theory can come from multiple angles for example by demonstrating that human population is not solely an effect of food availability but that the situation is more complex For instance other relevant factors that can increase or limit human population include fresh water availability arable land availability energy consumed per person heat removal forest products and various nonrenewable resources like fertilizers 173 Another criticism is that in the modern era birth rates are lowest in the developed nations which also have the highest access to food In fact some developed countries have both a diminishing population and an abundant food supply The United Nations projects that the population of 51 countries or areas including Germany Italy Japan and most of the states of the former Soviet Union is expected to be lower in 2050 than in 2005 174 This shows that limited to the scope of the population living within a single given political boundary particular human populations do not always grow to match the available food supply However the global population as a whole still grows in accordance with the total food supply and many of these wealthier countries are major exporters of food to poorer populations so that according to Hopfenberg and Pimentel s 2001 research it is through exports from food rich to food poor areas that the population growth in these food poor areas is further fueled 154 Their study thus suggests that human population growth is an exacerbating feedback loop in which food availability creates a growing population which then causes the misimpression that food production must be consequently expanded even further 175 Regardless of criticisms against the theory that population is a function of food availability the human population is on the global scale undeniably increasing 176 as is the net quantity of human food produced a pattern that has been true for roughly 10 000 years since the human development of agriculture The fact that some affluent countries demonstrate negative population growth fails to discredit the theory as a whole since the world has become a globalized system with food moving across national borders from areas of abundance to areas of scarcity Hopfenberg and Pimentel s 2001 findings support both this 154 and Daniel Quinn s direct accusation in the early 2010s that First World farmers are fueling the Third World population explosion 177 See also nbsp World portalDemographics of the world Anthropocene Birth control Coastal population growth Demographic transition Population decline Doomsday argument Family planning Food security Human overpopulation Megacity Natalism One child policy Population growth Population dynamics Two child policyLists List of population concern organizations List of countries and dependencies by population List of sovereign states and dependencies by total fertility rate List of countries by population growth rate List of countries by past and projected future population List of countries by population in 1900 List of countries and dependencies by population density List of largest cities List of religious populations Lists of organisms by population for non human global populationsHistorical Historical censuses Historical demographyExplanatory notes Excludes Mexico Central America and the Caribbean which are included here under Latin America The Antarctic Treaty System limits the nature of national claims in Antarctica Of the territorial claims in Antarctica the Ross Dependency has the largest population Has limited international recognition as a country Area for the purposes of these calculations is that claimed not controlled by the State of Palestine Has limited international recognition as a country Area for the purposes of these calculations is that controlled not claimed by Taiwan ReferencesCitations World population estimates and UN projection Our World in Data Retrieved 1 November 2021 a b World Population Prospects 2022 Graphs Profiles United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs Population Division 2022 Kight Stef W Lysik Tory 14 November 2022 The human race at 8 billion Axios Retrieved 15 November 2022 Jean Noel Biraben 1980 An Essay Concerning Mankind s Evolution Population Selected Papers Vol 4 pp 1 13 Original paper in French b Jean Noel Biraben 1979 Essai sur l evolution du nombre des hommes Population Vol 34 no 1 pp 13 25 World Population Prospects United Nations Archived from the original on 19 September 2016 Retrieved 15 September 2016 a b c World Population Prospects Standard Projections Archive 2019 Revision United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs Population Division 2019 Ortiz Ospina Esteban Roser Max 9 May 2013 World Population Growth Our World in Data Archived from the original on 13 October 2016 Retrieved 13 October 2016 Cave Damien Bubola Emma Sang Hun Choe 22 May 2021 Long Slide Looms for World Population With Sweeping Ramifications The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Archived from the original on 28 December 2021 Retrieved 23 May 2021 a b World Population Prospects 2019 Births file United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs 2019 a b World Population Prospects 2019 Deaths file United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs 2019 a b World The World Factbook Central Intelligence Agency 19 October 2021 retrieved 1 November 2021 the compound world population becomes common from c the 1930s adapted from early 20th century world s population pre 20th century authors use population of the world The population of the world which Sir W P in 1682 stated at only 320 millions has been estimated by some writers at about 730 million by others at upwards of 900 million Mr Wallace of Edinburgh conjectured it might amount to 1 billion and this number has since generally been adopted who have noticed the subject The Monthly Magazine 4 July December 1797 p 167 600 million Simon Gray The Happiness of States 1818 p 356 Archived 6 June 2019 at the Wayback Machine 800 million Gordon Hall Samuel Newell The Conversion of the World 1818 p 10 Archived 6 June 2019 at the Wayback Machine 800 to 1000 million John Redman Coxe Considerations Respecting the Recognition of Friends in Another World 1845 p 21 footnote with references a b E ven recent demographic data is accurate only from 3 to 5 although in demography traditionally more digits are indicated than those having a meaning This is partially due to the ethical difficulty in rounding off numbers that supposedly represent real people officially counted during a census Sergei P Kapitza The phenomenological theory of world population growth Physics Uspekhi 39 1 57 71 1996 Luc Normand Tellier 2009 Urban world history an economic and geographical perspective p 26 ISBN 978 2 7605 1588 8 Ralph Thomlinson 1975 Demographic Problems Controversy over population control 2nd Ed Dickenson Publishing Company Ecino CA ISBN 0 8221 0166 1 Dr Kenneth W Harl 1998 Population estimates of the Roman Empire Tulane edu Archived from the original on 7 May 2016 Retrieved 8 December 2012 Plague Plague Information Black Death Facts News Photos National Geographic Archived from the original on 22 July 2013 Retrieved 3 November 2008 History of Europe Demographic and agricultural growth Encyclopaedia Britannica 2012 Archived from the original on 20 December 2012 Retrieved 17 December 2012 Historical Estimates of World Population Census gov Archived from the original on 9 July 2012 Retrieved 12 November 2016 a b Biraben Jean Noel 1979 Essai sur l evolution du nombre des hommes Population 34 1 13 25 doi 10 2307 1531855 JSTOR 1531855 Retrieved 11 February 2022 Jay Peter 17 July 2000 A Distant Mirror TIME Europe 156 3 Archived from the original on 25 July 2008 Retrieved 9 August 2014 Horst R Thieme 2003 Mathematics in population biology Princeton University Press p 285 ISBN 978 0 691 09291 1 Graziella Caselli Gillaume Wunsch amp Jacques Vallin 2005 Demography Analysis and Synthesis Four Volume Set A Treatise in Population Academic Press p 34 ISBN 978 0 12 765660 1 a b Nishijima Sadao 1986 The economic and social history of Former Han in Twitchett Denis Loewe Michael Cambridge History of China Volume I the Ch in and Han Empires 221 B C A D 220 Cambridge Cambridge University Press pp 595 96 Qing China s Internal Crisis Land Shortage Famine Rural Poverty Columbia University Asia for Educators 2009 Archived from the original on 8 July 2011 Retrieved 9 July 2013 History of Europe Demographics Encyclopaedia Britannica Archived from the original on 23 July 2013 Retrieved 9 July 2013 China s Population Readings and Maps Columbia University East Asian Curriculum Project Archived from the original on 19 July 2011 Retrieved 18 December 2012 The Columbian Exchange University of North Carolina Archived from the original on 26 July 2011 Retrieved 18 December 2012 Collingham Lizzie 2006 Vindaloo the Portuguese and the chilli pepper Curry A Tale of Cooks and Conquerors Oxford Oxford University Press pp 47 73 ISBN 978 0 19 988381 3 Super Sized Cassava Plants May Help Fight Hunger in Africa Ohio State University 24 May 2006 Archived from the original on 8 December 2013 Retrieved 9 July 2013 Brabazon James 2000 Albert Schweitzer a biography Syracuse University Press p 242 ISBN 978 0 8156 0675 8 U S News amp World Report How many people were here before Columbus Pick a number 18 August 1997 Archived from the original on 5 March 2008 Retrieved 9 August 2019 Snow D R 16 June 1995 Microchronology and Demographic Evidence Relating to the Size of Pre Columbian North American Indian Populations Science 268 5217 1601 1604 Bibcode 1995Sci 268 1601S doi 10 1126 science 268 5217 1601 PMID 17754613 S2CID 8512954 Arthur C Aufderheide Conrado Rodriguez Martin amp Odin Langsjoen 1998 The Cambridge encyclopedia of human paleopathology Cambridge University Press p 205 ISBN 978 0 521 55203 5 The Story Of Smallpox and other Deadly Eurasian Germs Public Broadcasting Service 2005 Archived from the original on 29 January 2018 Retrieved 24 April 2013 Austin Alchon Suzanne 2003 A pest in the land new world epidemics in a global perspective University of New Mexico Press p 31 ISBN 978 0 8263 2871 7 Archived from the original on 18 May 2016 Retrieved 15 November 2015 World Demographics Profile 2012 Index Mundi Archived from the original on 7 June 2012 Retrieved 22 May 2012 By 2050 70 of the world s population will be urban Is that a good thing Fast Co Design 2012 Archived from the original on 12 May 2012 Retrieved 1 May 2012 Population crises and cycles in history A review by Claire Russell and W M S Russell Vicnet net au archived from the original on 5 April 2011 retrieved 26 March 2015 Buer Mabel C 1926 Health Wealth and Population in the Early Days of the Industrial Revolution London George Routledge amp Sons p 30 ISBN 978 0 415 38218 2 The Foundling Hospital BBC History 5 October 2012 Archived from the original on 17 June 2013 Retrieved 22 April 2013 Modernization Population Change Encyclopaedia Britannica Archived from the original on 6 April 2009 Retrieved 6 February 2013 Graziella Caselli Gillaume Wunsch amp Jacques Vallin 2005 Demography Analysis and Synthesis Four Volume Set A Treatise in Population Academic Press p 42 ISBN 978 0 12 765660 1 Victorian Medicine From Fluke to Theory BBC History 1 February 2002 Archived from the original on 5 March 2013 Retrieved 17 February 2013 A portrait of Britain in 2031 The Independent 24 October 2007 Archived from the original on 9 December 2017 Retrieved 17 February 2013 UK population breaks through 60m BBC News 24 August 2006 Archived from the original on 8 February 2009 Retrieved 14 April 2012 US population through history About com Archived from the original on 13 January 2012 Retrieved 14 April 2012 Jay Winter Emmanuel Sivan 2000 War and Remembrance in the Twentieth Century Cambridge University Press p 64 ISBN 978 0521794367 Archived from the original on 4 September 2015 Retrieved 20 July 2015 Mark Harrison 2002 Accounting for War Soviet Production Employment and the Defence Burden 1940 1945 Cambridge University Press p 167 ISBN 978 0 521 89424 1 Vladimir Putin vows to reverse Russian population decline The Daily Telegraph 13 February 2012 Archived from the original on 24 April 2012 Retrieved 13 April 2012 Russia s Population Decline Said To Have Stopped Radio Free Europe Radio Liberty 27 May 2013 Retrieved 15 June 2013 Schran Peter 1978 China s demographic evolution 1850 1953 reconsidered The China Quarterly 75 75 639 646 doi 10 1017 S0305741000042594 JSTOR 652987 S2CID 154294204 Reintegrating India with the World Economy PDF Peterson Institute for International Economics 2003 Archived PDF from the original on 4 March 2012 Retrieved 8 November 2012 The World Factbook Central Intelligence Agency cia gov Archived from the original on 27 September 2011 Retrieved 8 January 2017 Java island Indonesia Encyclopaedia Britannica Archived from the original on 10 November 2022 Retrieved 16 November 2022 Jorge Durand March 2004 From Traitors to Heroes 100 Years of Mexican Migration Policies University of Guadalajara Archived from the original on 5 May 2011 Retrieved 16 July 2013 Population and Housing Census Mexico 2010 PDF University of Minnesota 3 March 2011 Archived PDF from the original on 3 November 2013 Retrieved 16 July 2013 Heinsohn Gunnar 7 January 2008 Kenya s Violence Exploding population The New York Times Archived from the original on 15 July 2014 Retrieved 7 July 2013 Nations United World population to reach 8 billion on 15 November 2022 United Nations Retrieved 14 November 2022 The World at Six Billion Introduction PDF United Nations 1999 Archived from the original PDF on 5 February 2016 Retrieved 14 July 2013 U S Census Bureau World POPClock Projection July 2013 Archived from the original on 18 November 2011 Retrieved 18 February 2018 The number on this page is automatically updated daily Population seven billion UN sets out challenges BBC News 26 October 2011 Archived from the original on 26 October 2011 Retrieved 27 October 2011 Coleman Jasmine 31 October 2011 World s seven billionth baby is born The Guardian London Archived from the original on 30 September 2013 Retrieved 31 October 2011 7 billion people is a serious challenge United Press International 31 October 2011 Archived from the original on 3 November 2011 Retrieved 9 November 2011 a b World set to reach 8 billion people on 15 November 2022 United Nations Population Fund Retrieved 8 October 2022 a b World Population Prospects 2019 Total Population Both Sexes file Medium Variant tab United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs 2019 a b Ch 5 Population Size and Composition PDF World Population Prospects the 2000 Revision Vol III United Nations Population Division p 171 Retrieved 3 July 2010 Executive Summary PDF World Population Prospects The 2002 Revision Volume III Analytical Report 2002 Retrieved 3 July 2010 World Population to 2300 PDF New York United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs Population Division 2004 pp 3 14 Archived PDF from the original on 19 September 2018 Retrieved 3 July 2010 World Population 1950 2050 United States Census Bureau June 2010 Archived from the original on 5 October 2013 Retrieved 3 July 2010 2009 World Population Data Sheet PDF Washington DC Population Reference Bureau 2009 Archived PDF from the original on 22 April 2010 Retrieved 3 July 2010 a b Key Findings PDF Long Range Population Projections 2003 Retrieved 3 July 2010 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a work ignored help Total fertility estimates 1950 2010 UN Population Division April 2011 Archived from the original on 7 June 2012 Retrieved 14 June 2012 World Population Prospects the 2008 Revision Frequently Asked Questions Population Division of the Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the United Nations Secretariat 10 November 2010 Archived from the original on 24 February 2015 Retrieved 26 March 2015 World population to reach 8 billion this year as growth rate slows Archived 16 July 2022 at the Wayback Machine UN News 11 July 2022 World Health Statistics 2016 Monitoring health for the SDGs Annex B tables of health statistics by country WHO region and globally PDF World Health Organization 2016 p 110 Archived PDF from the original on 17 May 2018 Retrieved 3 August 2018 a b World Demographics Profile 2011 Index Mundi Archived from the original on 30 November 2011 Retrieved 10 October 2023 total population 1 01 male s female 2020 est Janneh Abdoulie April 2012 General debate on national experience in population matters adolescents and youth PDF United Nations Economic Commission for Africa Archived PDF from the original on 10 November 2013 Retrieved 19 February 2014 WHO 2020 Life Expectancy World Health Organization Retrieved 27 July 2022 Children per woman Our World in Data Retrieved 1 November 2021 Global weight gain more damaging than rising numbers BBC 18 June 2012 Archived from the original on 4 February 2013 Retrieved 12 February 2013 World Economic Outlook October 2021 Imf org Retrieved 1 November 2021 Poverty headcount ratio at 1 90 a day 2011 PPP of population Data World Bank Retrieved 1 November 2021 Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations The State of Food Insecurity in the World Archived 11 June 2014 at the Wayback Machine WorldHunger org 2012 Retrieved 26 April 2012 Literacy Rate Adult Total of people ages 15 and above The World Bank September 2021 Global digital population as of April 2022 Statista April 2022 World s Most Typical Person Han Chinese Man Archived 6 June 2019 at the Wayback Machine Wall Street Journal 4 March 2011 Retrieved 18 November 2011 Ghosh Iman 15 February 2020 Ranked The 100 Most Spoken Languages Around the World Visual Capitalist Retrieved 1 November 2021 Religious Composition by Country 2010 2050 Pew Research Center 2 April 2015 Regions in the world by population 2020 Retrieved 5 October 2020 a b Antarctica The World Factbook 19 June 2014 Retrieved 18 March 2015 United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs World Population Prospects 2022 Summary of Results PDF New York USA Combined Metropolitan Areas CityPopulation de August 2021 Retrieved 19 November 2021 a b Spotlight on family planning as India surpasses China as world s most populous country france24 com Retrieved 14 April 2023 人口总量保持增长 增长速度持续放缓 The total population keeps growing and the growth rate continues to slow down National Bureau of Statistics of China in Chinese Retrieved 18 January 2022 Population Clock Census gov Archived from the original on 17 November 2015 Retrieved 18 April 2020 Mid Year Population Thousand People Badan Pusat Statistik Indonesia Retrieved 16 March 2022 a b World Population Prospects 2019 United Nations IBGE Projecao da populacao Ibge gov br Archived from the original on 4 February 2020 Retrieved 22 November 2019 Monthly Statidtical Bulletin Bangladesh PDF 2022 05 12 10 42 55414488d843db66462b5410cb439c22 pdf Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics February 2022 Archived PDF from the original on 8 June 2022 Retrieved 8 June 2022 Times The Moscow 30 May 2022 Russia Reports 147M Population in 2021 Moscow Times Retrieved 2 June 2022 World Population Day India will overtake China in 2023 says the UN bbc com Retrieved 14 April 2023 a b World Population Prospects The 2015 Revision UN Population Division Archived from the original on 22 December 2015 Retrieved 19 January 2016 Linked to at Download Files where it states that the figures are for 1 July of the given year a b Countries The World Factbook cia gov Retrieved 15 November 2022 UNData app United Nations Retrieved 15 November 2022 a b Demetriou Danielle 17 April 2013 Japan s population suffers biggest fall in history The Daily Telegraph London Archived from the original on 21 May 2013 Retrieved 22 July 2013 World Population Clock under World Pop Milestone section Worldometer 2022 The limits of a Green Revolution BBC News 29 March 2007 Archived from the original on 28 July 2011 Retrieved 1 August 2010 The Real Green Revolution Energybulletin net Archived from the original on 22 April 2008 Retrieved 1 August 2010 Roser Max 18 June 2019 Two centuries of rapid global population growth will come to an end Our World in Data Ron Nielsen 2006 The Little Green Handbook New York Picador ISBN 978 0 312 42581 4 UN population estimates and projections database query August 2009 United Nations 11 March 2009 Archived from the original on 19 August 2010 Retrieved 1 August 2010 Randers Jorgen 2012 2052 A Global Forecast for the Next Forty Years Vermont Chelsea Green Publishing p 62 World population to keep growing this century hit 11 billion by 2100 Archived 4 December 2016 at the Wayback Machine UWToday 18 September 2014 World Population by Year Worldometers info Retrieved 18 July 2023 a b World Population Prospects The 2008 Revision PDF Population Division of the Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the United Nations Secretariat June 2009 Archived PDF from the original on 19 March 2013 Retrieved 20 June 2013 The World at Six Billion United Nations 12 October 1999 Archived from the original on 9 July 2013 Retrieved 1 August 2010 Population Growth over Human History University of Michigan 4 January 2006 Archived from the original on 24 July 2011 Retrieved 9 March 2013 a b Figures include the former Soviet countries in Europe Caselli Graziella Gillaume Wunsch Jacques Vallin 20 December 2005 Demography Analysis and Synthesis Four Volume Set A Treatise in Population Academic Press p 42 ISBN 978 0 12 765660 1 a b UN report 2004 data PDF Archived from the original PDF on 5 February 2016 Retrieved 1 August 2010 World Population Prospects The 2015 Revision Archived from the original PDF on 20 March 2014 The World at Six Billion UN Population Division Archived from the original on 5 March 2016 Table 2 Fewer than 15 000 individuals according to the Toba catastrophe theory though this theory has been criticized by some scientists See Toba super volcano catastrophe idea dismissed BBC News 30 April 2013 Archived from the original on 7 January 2015 Retrieved 21 March 2015 An approximation based on figures from different sources as listed at the US Census Bureau s Historical Estimates of World Population Archived 2 May 2019 at the Wayback Machine see also Kremer Michael 1993 Population Growth and Technological Change One Million B C to 1990 The Quarterly Journal of Economics 108 3 681 716 doi 10 2307 2118405 JSTOR 2118405 An approximation based on figures from different sources as listed at the US Census Bureau s Total Midyear Population for the World 1950 2050 Archived 21 May 2017 at the Wayback Machine Notes on the World POPClock and World Vital Events US Census Bureau Archived from the original on 2 October 2013 Retrieved 12 February 2013 World Population Prospects 2019 Crude Birth Rate file United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs 2019 World Population Prospects 2019 Crude Death Rate file United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs 2019 World Population Prospects the 2012 Revision Low variant and High variant values UN 2012 Archived from the original on 1 July 2014 Retrieved 15 June 2013 World population projected to reach 9 6 billion by 2050 UN report UN News Centre 14 June 2013 Archived from the original on 23 August 2013 Retrieved 16 June 2013 A model predicts that the world s populations will stop growing in 2050 ScienceDaily com 4 April 2013 Archived from the original on 2 January 2020 Retrieved 3 June 2013 Carrington Damien 18 September 2014 World population to hit 12bn in 2100 with 70 chance of continuous rise The Guardian Archived from the original on 20 September 2014 Retrieved 21 September 2014 Gerland P Raftery A E Ev Ikova H Li N Gu D Spoorenberg T Alkema L Fosdick B K Chunn J Lalic N Bay G Buettner T Heilig G K Wilmoth J 14 September 2014 World population stabilization unlikely this century Science AAAS 346 6206 234 7 Bibcode 2014Sci 346 234G doi 10 1126 science 1257469 ISSN 1095 9203 PMC 4230924 PMID 25301627 World Population Prospects 2019 Highlights PDF Archived PDF from the original on 3 July 2019 Retrieved 8 July 2019 Silk John 21 December 2019 World s population to hit 7 75 billion in 2019 Deutsche Welle Retrieved 17 July 2020 World population in 2100 could be 2 billion below UN forecasts study suggests The Guardian 15 July 2020 Retrieved 15 July 2020 Stokstad Erik 5 May 2019 Landmark analysis documents the alarming global decline of nature Science AAAS Retrieved 19 July 2020 Driving these threats are the growing human population which has doubled since 1970 to 7 6 billion and consumption Per capita of use of materials is up 15 over the past 5 decades Crist Eileen Ripple William J Ehrlich Paul R Rees William E Wolf Christopher 2022 Scientists warning on population PDF Science of the Total Environment 845 157166 Bibcode 2022ScTEn 845o7166C doi 10 1016 j scitotenv 2022 157166 PMID 35803428 S2CID 250387801 Peter P Rogers Kazi F Jalal amp John A Boyd 2008 An Introduction To Sustainable Development Earthscan p 53 ISBN 978 1849770477 Overpopulation s Real Victim Will Be the Environment Time 26 October 2011 Archived from the original on 18 February 2013 Retrieved 18 February 2013 Zehner Ozzie 2012 Green Illusions Lincoln and London University of Nebraska Press pp 187 331 Archived from the original on 29 November 2019 Retrieved 10 April 2020 a b World Population Prospects The 2019 Revision XLS Population Division of the Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the United Nations Secretariat June 2019 Retrieved 8 July 2019 World Population Total Midyear Population for the World 1950 2050 Census gov July 2015 Archived from the original on 21 May 2017 Retrieved 7 March 2016 Sebastien von Hoerner 1975 Population Explosion and Interstellar Expansion Journal of the British Interplanetary Society 28 28 691 712 Bibcode 1975JBIS 28 691V Introduction to Social Macrodynamics Archived 10 February 2012 at the Wayback Machine Andrey Korotayev et al For a rigorous mathematical analysis of this issue see A Compact Mathematical Model of the World System Economic and Demographic Growth 1 CE 1973 CE Archived 17 February 2019 at the Wayback Machine Kapitsa Sergei P 1996 The phenomenological theory of world population growth Physics Uspekhi 39 1 57 71 Bibcode 1996PhyU 39 57K doi 10 1070 pu1996v039n01abeh000127 S2CID 250877833 Archived from the original on 11 May 2009 Retrieved 26 July 2013 Lutz Wolfgang Sanderson Warren Scherbov Sergei 19 June 1997 Doubling of world population unlikely PDF Nature 387 6635 803 805 Bibcode 1997Natur 387 803L doi 10 1038 42935 PMID 9194559 S2CID 4306159 No way to stop human population growth www science org Sergei P Kapitza The phenomenological theory of world population growth Physics Uspekhi 39 1 57 71 1996 citing K M Weiss Human Biology 56637 1984 and N Keyfitz Applied Mathematical Demography New York Wiley 1977 How Many People Have Ever Lived on Earth PRB Retrieved 1 November 2021 Curtin Ciara 1 March 2007 Fact or Fiction Living People Outnumber the Dead Scientific American Scientific American Inc published September 2007 297 3 126 Bibcode 2007SciAm 297c 126C doi 10 1038 scientificamerican0907 126 PMID 17784634 Retrieved 4 August 2008 Note text of paper publication slightly different from text of on line publication a b c Haub Carl November December 2002 How Many People Have Ever Lived on Earth PDF Population Today Population Reference Bureau 30 8 3 4 Archived PDF from the original on 12 August 2011 Retrieved 4 August 2008 Haub Carl October 2011 How Many People Have Ever Lived on Earth Population Reference Bureau Archived from the original on 24 April 2013 Retrieved 29 April 2013 Kuhrt A 1995 The Ancient Near East c 3000 330 BCE Vol 2 London Routledge p 695 Bystroff Chistopher 2021 Footprints to singularity A global population model explains late 20th century slow down and predicts peak within ten years PLoS ONE 16 5 e0247214 https doi org 10 1371 journal pone 0247214 a b c d Hopfenberg Russell and Pimentel David Human Population Numbers as a Function of Food Supply Environment Development and Sustainability vol 3 no 1 March 2001 pp 1 15 Human Carrying Capacity is Determined by Food Availability PDF Russel Hopfenberg Duke University Archived from the original PDF on 21 September 2020 Retrieved 10 January 2023 Abernathy Virginia Population Politics ISBN 0 7658 0603 7 Hardin Garrett 1974 Lifeboat Ethics the Case Against Helping the Poor Psychology Today 8 38 43 Manning Richard 7 September 2011 Richard Manning on the Green Revolution and the End of Cheap Oil Interview Interviewed by Sally Erickson and Timothy Scott Bennett Retrieved 15 October 2013 via YouTube Food Production amp Population Growth video with Daniel Quinn and Alan Thornhill Quinn Daniel Ishmael Bantam Turner 1995 ISBN 0613080939 Zerzan John 2 April 2008 On Modernity and the Technosphere Speech Binghamton University a b Gilland Bernard 2006 Population nutrition and agriculture Population and Environment 28 1 1 Bocquet Appel Jean Pierre 2011 When the world s population took off the springboard of the Neolithic Demographic Transition Science 333 6042 560 561 a b Li Xiaoqiang et al 2009 Increases of population and expansion of rice agriculture in Asia and anthropogenic methane emissions since 5000 BP Quaternary International 202 1 2 41 50 Kopnina Helen amp Washington Haydn 2016 Discussing why population growth is still ignored or denied Chinese Journal of Population Resources and Environment 14 2 133 143 What Causes Overpopulation Euroscientist Euroscience When agriculture advances and it becomes easier to feed the population it continues to grow a b The Development of Agriculture National Geographic 2022 Cohen Joel E 1995 Population growth and earth s human carrying capacity Science 269 5222 341 346 Fanta V Salek M Zouhar J Sklenicka P amp Storch D 2018 Equilibrium dynamics of European pre industrial populations the evidence of carrying capacity in human agricultural societies Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences 285 1871 20172500 Henderson Kirsten amp Loreau Michel 2019 An ecological theory of changing human population dynamics People and Nature 1 1 32 GJ Armelagos AH Goodman KH Jacobs Population and environment 1991 link springer com Farb Peter 1978 Humankind Boston Houghton Mifflin Van Den Bergh Jeroen amp Rietveld Piet 2004 Reconsidering the limits to world population meta analysis and meta prediction BioScience 54 3 195 204 Rosa Daniele 2019 Nel 2050 gli italiani saranno 20 milioni meno secondo l Onu Translation In 2050 the Italians will be 20 million less according to the UN Affaritaliani Uomini amp Affari Srl Salmony Steven E 2006 The Human Population Accepting Species Limits Environmental Health Perspectives 114 1 A 17 https doi org 10 1289 ehp 114 a17 Daniel Quinn 1996 The Story of B pp 304 305 Random House Publishing Group ISBN 0553379011 Quinn Daniel The Question ID Number 122 Retrieved October 2014 from Archived copy Archived from the original on 4 March 2016 Retrieved 18 October 2014 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint archived copy as title link General and cited sources nbsp This article incorporates public domain material from The World Factbook CIA Further readingCohen Joel E 1995 How Many People Can the Earth Support New York W W Norton ISBN 978 0 393 31495 3 Guinnane Timothy W 2023 We Do Not Know the Population of Every Country in the World for the Past Two Thousand Years The Journal of Economic History 83 3 912 938 doi 10 1017 S0022050723000293 ISSN 0022 0507 World Population Prospects the 2010 Revision United Nations Population Division Retrieved 25 June 2013 World Population Prospects the 2012 Revision United Nations Population Division Retrieved 19 May 2014 World Population History Graph World population graph 10 000 BC AD 1950 World The World Factbook US Central Intelligence Agency CIA Retrieved 6 November 2012 The World in Balance transcript Two part PBS Nova episode on world population 20 April 2004 Retrieved 19 July 2013 Global population Faces of the future The Economist 22 June 2013 Retrieved 25 June 2013 Creating new life and other ways to feed the world BBC News 23 July 2013 Retrieved 23 July 2013 World Population Growth October 2016 Esteban Ortiz Ospina and Max Roser OurWorldInData org Human population numbers as a function of food supply Russel Hopfenberg Duke University Durham NC David Pimentel Cornell University Ithaca NY External links nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to World population statistics Organizations The Day of 6 Billion and 7 Billion Official homepages maintained by UNFPA Population Reference Bureau News and issues related to population Berlin Institute for Population and DevelopmentStatistics and maps HiveGroup com World population statistics presented in a treemap interface Win tue nl World countries mapped by population sizePopulation clocks U S and World Population Clock US Census Bureau World Population Clock Worldometer Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title World population amp oldid 1181220687, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

article

, read, download, free, free download, mp3, video, mp4, 3gp, jpg, jpeg, gif, png, picture, music, song, movie, book, game, games.