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Extremes on Earth

September 14, 2023

For other lists of extreme places on Earth, see Lists of extreme points. For more detailed meteorological and climatic records, see List of weather records.

This article lists extreme locations on Earth that hold geographical records or are otherwise known for their geophysical or meteorological superlatives. All of these locations are Earth-wide extremes; extremes of individual continents or countries are not listed.

Latitude and longitude Edit

See also: List of northernmost items and List of southernmost items

Northernmost Edit

Southernmost Edit

Easternmost and westernmost Edit

Longest grid lines Edit

Along constant latitude Edit

Along constant longitude Edit

Along any geodesic Edit

These are the longest straight lines[c] that can be drawn between any two points on the surface of the Earth and remain exclusively over land or water; the points need not lie on the same line of latitude or longitude.

Along any diameter (straight line passing through the centre of the Earth) Edit

As distinct from geodesic lines, which appear straight only when projected onto the spheroidal surface of the Earth (i.e. arcs of great circles), straight lines passing through the Earth's centre can be constructed through the interior of the Earth between almost any two points on the surface of the Earth (some extreme topographical situations such as overhanging cliffs being the rare exceptions[citation needed]). A line projected from the summit of Cayambe in Ecuador (see highest points) through the axial centre of the Earth to its antipode on the island of Sumatra results in the longest diameter that can be produced anywhere through the Earth. As the variable circumference of the Earth approaches 40,000 kilometres (25,000 mi), such a maximum "diameter" or "antipodal" line would be on the order of 13,000 kilometres (8,000 mi) long.[citation needed]

Elevation Edit

See also: Lists of highest points, List of elevation extremes by region, and List of elevation extremes by country

Highest points Edit

 
The summit of Chimborazo in Ecuador is the farthest point from Earth's centre.
  • The highest point on Earth's surface measured from sea level is the summit of Mount Everest, on the border of Nepal and China. While measurements of its height vary slightly, the elevation of its peak was most recently established in 2020 by the Nepali and Chinese authorities as 8,848.86 m (29,032 ft) above sea level.[11] The summit was first reached probably by Sir Edmund Hillary of New Zealand and Tenzing Norgay Sherpa of Nepal in 1953.
  • The point farthest from Earth's centre is the summit of Chimborazo[12] in Ecuador, at 6,384.4 km (3,967.1 mi) from Earth's centre; the peak's elevation relative to sea level is 6,263.47 m (20,549 ft).[e] Because Earth is an oblate spheroid rather than a perfect sphere, it is wider at the equator and narrower toward each pole. Therefore, the summit of Chimborazo, which is near the Equator, is farther away from Earth's centre than the summit of Mount Everest is; the latter is 2,168 m (7,112.9 ft) closer, at 6,382.3 km (3,965.8 mi) from Earth's centre. Peru's Huascarán (at 6,384.4 m or 20,946 ft) contends closely with Chimborazo, though the former is a mere 10 m (33 ft) closer to the Earth's centre.
  • The fastest point on Earth or, in other words, the point farthest from Earth's rotational axis is the summit of Cayambe[14] in Ecuador, which rotates around Earth's axis at a speed of 1,675.89 km/h (1,041.35 mph) and is 6,383.95 km (3,966.80 mi) from the axis. Like Chimborazo, which is the fourth-fastest peak at 1,675.47 km/h (1,041.09 mph), Cayambe is close to the Equator and takes advantage of the oblate spheroid figure of Earth. More important, however, Cayambe's proximity to the Equator means that the majority of its distance from the Earth's centre contributes to Cayambe's distance from the Earth's axis.

Highest geographical features Edit

Highest points attainable by transportation Edit

  • The highest point accessible
    • by land vehicle is an elevation of 6,688 m (21,942 ft) on Ojos del Salado in Chile, which was reached by the Chilean duo of Gonzalo and Eduardo Canales Moya on 21 April 2007 with a modified Suzuki Samurai, setting the high-altitude record for a four-wheeled vehicle.
    • by road (dead end) is on a mining road to the summit of Aucanquilcha in Chile, which reaches an elevation of 6,176 m (20,262 ft). It was once usable by 20-tonne mining trucks.[20] The road is no longer usable. 21°12′50″S 68°28′30″W / 21.214°S 68.475°W / -21.214; -68.475
    • by road (mountain pass) is disputed; there are a number of competing claims for this title due to the definition of "motorable pass" (i.e. a surfaced road or one simply passable by a vehicle):
      • The highest asphalted road is the single-lane road to Umling La, located 17 km (11 mi) west of Demchok in Ladakh, India, which reaches 5,800 m (19,029 ft) ("19,300 feet" according to a Border Roads Organisation sign there that recognizes it as the "World's Highest Motorable Pass").[21][22] Before the asphalting of the road over Umling La, the highest asphalted road was Tibet's Semo La pass at 5,565 m (18,258 ft). It is used by trucks and buses regularly.[23] The Ticlio pass, on the Central Road of Peru, is the highest surfaced road in the Americas, at an elevation of 4,818 m (15,807 ft).
      • The highest unsurfaced road has several different claimants. All are unsurfaced or gravel roads including Mana Pass, between India and Tibet, which is crossed by a gravel road reaching 5,610 m (18,406 ft). The heavily trafficked Khardung La in Ladakh lies at 5,359 m (17,582 ft). A possibly motorable gravel road crosses Marsimik La in Ladakh at 5,582 m (18,314 ft).
    • by train is Tanggula Pass, located on the Qinghai–Tibet (Qingzang) Railway in the Tanggula Mountains of Qinghai/Tibet, China, at 5,072 m (16,640 ft). The Tanggula railway station is the world's highest railway station at 5,068 m (16,627 ft). Before the Qingzang Railway was built, the highest railway ran between Lima and Huancayo in Peru, reaching 4,829 m (15,843 ft) at Ticlio.[24]
    • by oceangoing vessel is a segment of the Rhine–Main–Danube Canal between the Hilpoltstein and Bachhausen locks in Bavaria, Germany. The locks artificially raise the surface level of the water in the canal to 406 m (1,332 ft) above mean sea level, higher than any other lock system in the world, making it the highest point currently accessible by oceangoing commercial watercraft.
 
La Rinconada, Peru
  • The highest commercial airport is Daocheng Yading Airport, Sichuan, China, at 4,411 m (14,472 ft).[25] The proposed Nagqu Dagring Airport in Tibet, if built, will be 25 m (82 ft) higher at 4,436 m (14,554 ft).
  • The highest helipad is Sonam, Siachen Glacier, India, at a height of 6,400 m (20,997 ft) above sea level.[26]
  • The highest permanent human settlement is La Rinconada, Peru, 5,100 m (16,732 ft), in the Peruvian Andes.
  • The farthest road from the Earth's centre is the Road to Carrel Hut in the Ecuadorian Andes, at an elevation of 4,850 m (15,912 ft) above sea level and a distance of 6,382.9 km (3,966 mi) from the centre of the Earth.[27]

Lowest points Edit

Lowest natural points Edit

See also: List of places on land with elevations below sea level
 
The shore of the Dead Sea in Israel
  • The lowest point on dry land is the shore of the Dead Sea, shared by Israel and Jordan, 432.65 m (1,419 ft) below sea level. As the Dead Sea waters are receding, the water surface level drops more than 1 metre (3.3 ft) per year.[34]
  • The point on the atmospheric surface closest to the Earth's centre (interpreted as a natural surface of the land or sea that is accessible by a person) is the surface of the Arctic Ocean at the Geographic North Pole (6,356.77 km or 3,950 mi).
    • The point on the surface of Earth's crust closest to the Earth's centre (interpreted as a land surface or sea floor) is the bottom of Litke Deep, in the Arctic Ocean, at 6,351.7043 km (3,947 mi) from Earth's centre; the deep's depth relative to sea level is 5,449 m (17,877 ft). Because Earth is an oblate spheroid rather than a perfect sphere, it is wider at the equator and narrower toward each pole. Therefore, the bottom of Litke Deep, which is near the North Pole, is closer to Earth's centre than the bottom of Challenger Deep is; the latter is 14.7268 km (48,316.3 ft) further, at 6,366.4311 km (3,955.9 mi) from Earth's centre.[35] Molloy Deep, also in Arctic Ocean (at 6,357.5178 km or 3,950 mi) from Earth's centre contends closely with Litke Deep, the difference from Earth's centre being just 389 m (1,276 ft).
    • The point on the ocean surface farthest below sea level is located in the Indian Ocean, about 1,200 km (746 mi) southwest of India, at 106 m (348 ft) below sea level.[36]

Lowest artificial points Edit

Lowest points attainable by transportation Edit

  • The lowest point accessible:
    • by road, excluding roads in mines, is any of the roads alongside the Dead Sea in Israel and Jordan, which are the lowest on Earth at 418 m (1,371 ft) below sea level.
      • The lowest undersea highway tunnel is the Ryfast tunnel in Norway, at 292 m (958 ft) below sea level.
    • by train, excluding tracks in mines, is located in the Seikan Tunnel in Japan, at 240 m (787 ft) below sea level. For comparison, the undersea Channel Tunnel between England and France reaches a depth of 115 m (377 ft) below sea level.
    • by ship, is located in the Indian Ocean, about 1,200 km (746 mi) southwest of India, at 106 m (348 ft) below sea level.[36]
    • Some mines have roads accessible from outside or rail tracks, located more than two thousand metres below sea level, for example in some South African gold mines.
  • The lowest railroad station was formerly the Japanese Yoshioka-Kaitei Station, at 150 m (492 ft) below sea level, but it closed in 2014. The lowest railroad station not inside a tunnel is 120 m (394 ft) below sea level, at Beit She'an railway station in Israel.[citation needed]
  • The lowest airfield is the Bar Yehuda Airfield, near Masada, Israel, at 378 m (1,240 ft) below sea level.
  • The lowest international airport is Atyrau Airport, near Atyrau, Kazakhstan, at 22 m (72 ft) below sea level, in the basin of the Caspian Sea.
  • The lowest major city is Baku, Azerbaijan, located 28 m (92 ft) below sea level, which makes it the lowest-lying national capital in the world and also the largest city in the world located below sea level.

Table of extreme elevations and air temperatures by continent Edit

See also: List of elevation extremes by region and List of weather records
Continent Elevation (height above/below sea level)A Air temperature (recorded)[39]B
Highest Lowest Highest Lowest
Africa 5,893 m (19,334 feet)
Kilimanjaro, Tanzania[40]
 
 −155 m (−509 feet)
Lake Assal, Djibouti[41]		 55 °C (131 °F)
Kebili, French Tunisia
7 July 1931C		 −23.9 °C (−11.0 °F)
Ifrane, French Morocco
11 February 1935
Antarctica 4,892 m (16,050 feet)
Vinson Massif[42]
 
 −50 m (−164 feet)[43]
Deep Lake, Vestfold Hills
(compare the deepest ice section below)		 20.75 °C (69.35 °F)
Comandante Ferraz Antarctic Station
9 February 2020		 −89.2 °C (−128.6 °F)
Vostok Station
21 July 1983
Asia 8,848.86 m (29,032 feet)
Mount Everest, Tibet-Nepal Border [44]
 
 −424 m (−1,391 feet)
Dead Sea, Israel-Jordan-Palestine[45]		 54 °C (129 °F)
Tirat Zvi, Israel (then in the British Mandate of Palestine)
21 June 1942		 −67.7 °C (−89.9 °F) Measured
Oymyakon, Siberia, Soviet Union
6 February 1933[46][47]
54 °C (129 °F)
Ahvaz Airport, Iran
29 June 2017[48]		 −71.2 °C (−96.2 °F) Extrapolated
Oymyakon, Siberia, Soviet Union
26 January 1926[49]
Europe 5,642 m (18,510 feet)
Mount Elbrus, Russian Federation[50]
 
 −28 m (−92 feet)
Caspian Sea shore, Russian Federation[51]		 48.0 °C (118.4 °F)
Athens, Greece
(and Elefsina, Greece)
10 July 1977 E		 −58.1 °C (−72.6 °F)
Ust-Shchuger, Soviet Union
31 December 1978
North America 6,190.5 m (20,310 feet)
Denali (Mount McKinley), Alaska, United States[52]
 
 −85 m (−279 feet)
Badwater Basin, California, United States[53]		 56.7 °C (134 °F)
Greenland Ranch (Furnace Creek), California, United States
10 July 1913C		 −66.1 °C (−87.0 °F)
North Ice, Greenland
9 January 1954F
Oceania 4,884 m (16,024 feet)
Puncak Jaya (Carstensz Pyramid), Indonesia
(compare Mount Wilhelm, Aoraki / Mount Cook and Mount Kosciuszko)[54]
 
 −15 m (−49 feet)
Lake Eyre, South Australia, Australia[55]		 50.7 °C (123.3 °F)
Oodnadatta, South Australia, Australia
2 January 1960G

50.7 °C (123.3 °F)
Onslow, Western Australia, Australia

13 January 2022[56]

 −25.6 °C (−14.1 °F)
Ranfurly, Otago, New Zealand
17 July 1903
South America 6,962 m (22,841 feet)
Aconcagua, Mendoza, Argentina[57]
 
 −105 m (−344 feet)
Laguna del Carbón, Argentina[58]		 48.9 °C (120.0 °F)
Rivadavia, Salta Province, Argentina
11 December 1905		 −32.8 °C (−27.0 °F)
Sarmiento, Chubut Province, Argentina
1 June 1907
A.^ Height above sea level is the usual choice of definition for elevation. The point farthest away from the centre of the Earth, however, is Chimborazo in Ecuador (6,267 m (20,561 feet)). This is due to the Earth's oblate spheroid shape, with points near the Equator being farther out from the centre than those at the poles.
B.^ All temperatures from the World Meteorological Organization unless noted.
C.^ The former record of 57.7 °C (135.9 °F) recorded at Al 'Aziziyah, Libya on 13 September 1922 was ruled no longer valid by the WMO due to mistakes made in the recording process.[59] The 1913 reading is, however, itself controversial, and a measurement of 54.0 °C (129.2 °F) at Furnace Creek on 30 June 2013 is undisputed, especially since the same or almost the same temperature has been recorded several times in the 21st century in the same and other places.
E.^ Temperatures greater than 50 °C (122 °F) in Spain and Portugal were recorded in 1881, but the standard with which they were measured and the accuracy of the thermometers used are unknown; therefore, they are not considered official. Unconfirmed reports also indicate that a set of Spanish stations may have hit 48.0 °C (118.4 °F) during the 2003 heat wave.[60]
F.^ Greenland is considered by the World Meteorological Organization to be part of WMO region 6 (Europe).[61][62]
G.^ A temperature of 53.1 °C (127.6 °F) was recorded in Cloncurry, Queensland on 16 January 1889 under non-standard exposure conditions and is therefore not considered official.[63][64]

Humans and biogeography Edit

 
On land, vegetation appears on a scale from brown (low vegetation) to dark green (heavy vegetation); at the ocean surface, phytoplankton are indicated on a scale from purple (low) to yellow (high).
 
For representational purposes only: The point on earth closest to everyone in the world on average was calculated to be in Central Asia, with a mean distance of 5,000 kilometers (3,000 mi). Its antipodal point is correspondingly the farthest point from everyone on earth, and is located in the South Pacific near Easter Island, with a mean distance of 15,000 kilometers (9,300 mi). The data used by this figure is lumped at the country level, and is therefore precise only to country-scale distances, larger nations heavily skewed. Far more granular data -- kilometer level, is now available -- compares with this old "textbook" example.

In contrast to places with the highest density of life, like terrestrial[65] tropical regions, and beside local extreme conditions, which might only be overcome by extremophiles, there are areas of extreme low amounts of life.

Next to terrestrial lifeless areas like the Antarctic desert's McMurdo Dry Valleys and its Don Juan Pond, the most lifeless area in the ocean studied (other than the more general dead zones) is the South Pacific Gyre,[66] corresponding to the oceanic pole of inaccessibility.

The oceanic pole of inaccessibility is also the antipodal area of the human center of population which lies today around southern Central Asia. Similarly the world's economic center of gravity has been drifting since antiquity from Central Asia to Northern Europe and contemporarily back to Central Asia.[67] The related centre of gravity of the worlds carbon emission has shifted from Britain during the Industrial Revolution to the Atlantic, back again and contemporarily into Central Asia.[68]

Remoteness Edit

Poles of inaccessibility Edit

Main article: Pole of inaccessibility

Each continent has its own continental pole of inaccessibility, defined as the place on the continent that is farthest from any ocean. Similarly, each ocean has its own oceanic pole of inaccessibility, defined as the place in the ocean that is farthest from any land.

Continental Edit

If adopted, this would place the final EPIA roughly 130 km (81 mi) closer to the ocean than the point that is currently agreed upon.[69] Coincidentally, EPIA1, or EPIA2, and the most remote of the Oceanic Pole of Inaccessibility (specifically, the point in the South Pacific Ocean that is farthest from land) are similarly remote; EPIA1 is less than 200 km (120 mi) closer to the ocean than the Oceanic Pole of Inaccessibility is to land.

Oceanic Edit

Other places considered the most remote Edit

 
Bouvet Island
  • The most remote island is Bouvet Island, a small, uninhabited island in the South Atlantic Ocean that is a dependency of Norway. It lies at coordinates 54°26′S 3°24′E / 54.433°S 3.400°E / -54.433; 3.400 (most remote island). The nearest land is the uninhabited Queen Maud Land, Antarctica (also claimed by Norway), over 1,600 km (994 mi) to the south. The nearest inhabited lands are Gough Island, 1,845 km (1,146 mi) away, Tristan da Cunha, 2,260 km (1,404 mi) away, and the coast of South Africa, 2,580 km (1,603 mi) away.
  • The title for most remote inhabited island or archipelago (the farthest away from any other permanently inhabited place) depends on how the question is interpreted. If the south Atlantic island Tristan da Cunha (population about 300) and its dependency Gough Island (with a small staffed research post), which are 399 km (248 mi) from each other, are considered part of the same archipelago, or if Gough Island is not counted because it has no permanent residents, then Tristan da Cunha is the world's most remote inhabited island/archipelago: the main island, also called Tristan da Cunha, is 2,434 km (1,512 mi) from the island Saint Helena, 2,816 km (1,750 mi) from South Africa, and 3,360 km (2,090 mi) from South America. It is 2,260 km (1,404 mi) away from uninhabited Bouvet Island. However, if Gough and Tristan da Cunha are considered separately, they disqualify each other, and the most remote inhabited island is Easter Island in the South Pacific Ocean, which lies 2,075 km (1,289 mi) from Pitcairn Island (about 50 residents in 2013), 2,606 km (1,619 mi) from Rikitea on the island of Mangareva (the nearest town with a population over 500), and 3,512 km (2,182 mi) from the coast of Chile (the nearest continental point and the country of which Easter Island is part). The Kerguelen Islands in the southern Indian Ocean are another contender, lying 1,340 km (830 mi) from the small Alfred Faure scientific station in Île de la Possession, but otherwise more than 3,300 km (2,100 mi) from the coast of Madagascar (the nearest permanently inhabited place), 450 km (280 mi) northwest of the uninhabited Heard Island and McDonald Islands (both a part of Australia), and 1,440 km (890 mi) from the non-permanent scientific station located in Île Amsterdam.
  • Remote cities
    • The most remote city with a population in excess of one million from the nearest city with a population in excess of one million is Auckland, New Zealand. The nearest city of comparable size or greater is Sydney, Australia, 2,168.9 km (1,347.7 mi) away.[72]
    • The most remote city with a population in excess of one million from the nearest city with a population above 100,000 is Perth, Australia, located 2,138 km (1,328 mi)[73] away from Adelaide, Australia.
    • The most remote city with a population in excess of 100,000 from the nearest city with a population in excess of 100,000 is Honolulu, Hawaii, United States. The nearest city of comparable size or greater is San Francisco, 3,850 km (2,390 mi) away.[74]
    • The most remote national capitals are Wellington, New Zealand, and Canberra, Australia, which are 2,326 km (1,445 mi) apart from each other and neither is closer to another capital.
  • The most remote airport in the world from another airport is Mataveri International Airport (IPC) on Easter Island, which has a single runway for military and public use. It is located 2,603 km (1,617 mi) from Totegegie Airport (GMR; very few flights) in the Gambier Islands, French Polynesia and 3,759 km (2,336 mi) from Santiago, Chile (SCL; a fairly large airport). In comparison, the airport at the Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station (NZSP) is not very remote at all, being located only 1,355 km (842 mi) from Williams Field (NZWD) near Ross Island.[75]

Farthest-apart cities Edit

The pairs of cities (with a population over 100,000) with the greatest distance between them (antipodes) are:[76]

  1. Xinghua, China to Rosario, Argentina: 19,996 km (12,425 mi)[77]
  2. Lu'an, China to Río Cuarto, Argentina: 19,994 km (12,424 mi)[78]
  3. Subang Jaya, Malaysia to Cuenca, Ecuador: 19,989 km (12,421 mi)[79]
  4. Shanghai, China to Concordia, Argentina: 19,984 km (12,417 mi)[80]
  5. Rancagua, Chile to Xi'an, China: 19,972 km (12,410 mi)[81]
  6. Rui'an, China to Resistencia, Argentina: 19,967 km (12,407 mi)[82]
  7. Yantai, China to Tandil, Argentina: 19,965 km (12,406 mi)[83]
  8. Lichuan, China to Coquimbo, Chile: 19,964 km (12,405 mi)[84]
  9. Bandung, Indonesia to Piedecuesta, Colombia: 19,962 km (12,404 mi)[85]
  10. Salamanca, Spain to Lower Hutt, New Zealand: 19,961 km (12,403 mi)[86]

The pair of airports with scheduled flights having the greatest distance between them are Sultan Mahmud Badaruddin II International Airport, which serves Palembang, Indonesia, and Benito Salas Airport, which serves Neiva, Colombia, located about 10,819 nautical miles (20,037 km) apart.[87] See longest flights for the longest non-stop flights.

Centre Edit

Main article: Geographical center of Earth
For other uses, see Axis mundi.

Since the Earth is a spheroid, its centre (the core) is thousands of kilometres beneath its crust. Still, there have been attempts to define various "centrepoints" on the Earth's surface.

  • The centre of the standard geographic model as viewed on a traditional world map is the point 0°, 0° (the coordinates of zero degrees latitude by zero degrees longitude), which is located in the Atlantic Ocean about 614 km (382 mi) south of Accra, Ghana, in the Gulf of Guinea. It lies at the intersection of the Equator and the Prime Meridian, is marked with a buoy and sometimes called Null Island. However, the selection of the Prime Meridian as the 0° longitude meridian depended on cultural and historical factors and is therefore geographically arbitrary (any of the Earth's meridians could, in principle, be defined as 0° longitude); consequently, the position of the "Null Island" centrepoint is also arbitrary.
  • The centre of population, the place to which there is the shortest average route for every individual human being in the world, could also be considered a "centre of the world". This point is located in the north of the Indian subcontinent, although the precise location has never been calculated and is constantly shifting due to changes in the distribution of the human population across the planet.

Geophysical extremes Edit

Tallest mountain Edit

Further information: List of tallest mountains in the Solar System
  • Mauna Kea, tallest mountain from base-to-peak, with a dry prominence of 9,330 m (30,610 ft) and a wet prominence above sea level of 4,207.3 m (13,803 ft).
  • Denali, tallest mountain from base-to-peak on land, measuring 5,500 m (18,000 ft).[88]

Greatest vertical drop Edit

Further information: List of tallest cliffs
Greatest purely vertical drop 1,250 m (4,101 ft)
Mount Thor, Auyuittuq National Park, Baffin Island, Nunavut, Canada (summit elevation 1,675 m (5,495 ft))[89][90]
 
Greatest nearly vertical drop 1,340 m (4,396 ft)
Trango Towers, Gilgit-Baltistan, Pakistan (summit elevation 6,286 m (20,623 ft))
 
Greatest mountain face 4,600 m (15,092 ft)
Nanga Parbat, Rupal Face, Azad Kashmir, Pakistan
 
Greatest ocean cliff Kermadec Trench, with cliffs around 8,000 m (26,247 ft) tall
 

Subterranean Edit

Further information: Mining § Records, and List of deepest caves
Deepest mine below ground level 4,000 m (13,123 ft)
Mponeng Gold Mine, Gauteng Province, South Africa
Deepest mine below sea level 2,733 m (8,967 ft) below sea level
Kidd Mine, Ontario, Canada
Deepest open-pit mine below ground level 1,200 m (3,937 ft)
Bingham Canyon Mine, Utah, United States
Deepest open-pit mine below sea level 293 m (961 ft) below sea level
Tagebau Hambach, Germany
Deepest cave (measured from the entrance) 2,204 m (7,231 ft)
Veryovkina, Arabika Massif, Abkhazia, Georgia[91]
Deepest pitch (single vertical drop) 1,026 m (3,366 ft)
Tian Xing Cave, China[92]
Deepest borehole 12,261 m (40,226 ft)
Kola Superdeep Borehole, Russia[93]

Greatest oceanic depths Edit

Deepest ice Edit

Ice sheets on land, but having the base below sea level. Places under ice are not considered to be on land.

Denman Subglacial Trench −3,500 m (−11,483 ft) Antarctica
Trough beneath Jakobshavn Isbræ −1,512 m (−4,961 ft)[100] Greenland, Denmark

Meteorological extremes Edit

Coldest and hottest inhabited places on Earth Edit

Hottest inhabited place Dallol, Ethiopia (Amharic: ዳሎል), whose annual mean temperature was recorded from 1960 to 1966 as 34.4 °C (93.9 °F).[101] The average daily maximum temperature during the same period was 41.1 °C (106.0 °F).[102]
Coldest inhabited place Oymyakon (Russian: Оймяко́н), a rural locality (selo) in Oymyakonsky District of the Sakha Republic, the Russian Federation, has the coldest monthly mean, with −46.4 °C (−51.5 °F) the average temperature in January, the coldest month. Eureka, Nunavut, Canada has the lowest annual mean temperature at −19.7 °C (−3.5 °F).[103]
The South Pole and some other places in Antarctica are colder and are populated year-round, but almost everyone stays less than a year and could be considered visitors, not inhabitants.

Ground temperatures Edit

Temperatures measured directly on the ground may exceed air temperatures by 30 to 50 °C.[104] A ground temperature of 84 °C (183.2 °F) has been recorded in Port Sudan, Sudan.[105] A ground temperature of 93.9 °C (201 °F) was recorded in Furnace Creek, Death Valley, California, United States on 15 July 1972; this may be the highest natural ground surface temperature ever recorded.[106] The theoretical maximum possible ground surface temperature has been estimated to be between 90 and 100 °C for dry, darkish soils of low thermal conductivity.[107]

Satellite measurements of ground temperature taken between 2003 and 2009, taken with the MODIS infrared spectroradiometer on the Aqua satellite, found a maximum temperature of 70.7 °C (159.3 °F), which was recorded in 2005 in the Lut Desert, Iran. The Lut Desert was also found to have the highest maximum temperature in 5 of the 7 years measured (2004, 2005, 2006, 2007 and 2009). These measurements reflect averages over a large region and so are lower than the maximum point surface temperature.[104]

Satellite measurements of the surface temperature of Antarctica, taken between 1982 and 2013, found a coldest temperature of −93.2 °C (−136 °F) on 10 August 2010, at 81°48′S 59°18′E / 81.8°S 59.3°E / -81.8; 59.3. Although this is not comparable to an air temperature, it is believed that the air temperature at this location would have been lower than the official record lowest air temperature of −89.2 °C.[108][109]

Extreme points by region Edit

Afro-Eurasia Edit

The Americas Edit

Oceania Edit

Antarctica Edit

Arctic Edit

See also Edit

Latitude and longitude
Elevation
Geophysical features
Meteorology and climate
Beyond Earth

Notes Edit

  1. ^ A 1995 realignment of the International Date Line 28 June 2006 at the Wayback Machine moved all of Kiribati to the Asian side of the Date Line, causing Caroline Island to be the easternmost point. If the previous Date Line were followed, the easternmost point would be Tafahi Niuatoputapu, in the Tonga Islands.
  2. ^ By comparison, the meridian that passes through the Great Pyramid of Giza in Egypt (31°08'3.69"E) is 855 km (531 mi) shorter.
  3. ^ A geodesic is defined as the shortest route between any two points on the surface of the Earth, as measured along the surface of the Earth (rather than through the Earth's interior); they are "straight lines" only in the sense that they are plotted on an idealized two-dimensional surface of the three-dimensional Earth, neglecting changes in surface elevation. On an idealized spherical model of the Earth, geodesics are equivalent to great-circle distances measured along the arcs of great circles.
  4. ^ The "longest continuous straight-line distance in any direction at sea" from Karachi to Kamchatka was originally added to Wikipedia by user Muh1974 on 21 January 2010 and then confirmed by Chabukswar and Mukherjee in 2018.[8] The source of this discovery before 2010 is unknown as of August 2022.
  5. ^ The elevation given here was established by a GPS survey in February 2016. The survey was carried out by a team from the French Research Institute for Development, working in cooperation with the Ecuadorian Military Geographic Institute.[13]

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External links Edit

  • AWOW Top List World Top 10 Hottest Places 27 October 2017 at the Wayback Machine

September 14, 2023
extremes, earth, other, lists, extreme, places, earth, lists, extreme, points, more, detailed, meteorological, climatic, records, list, weather, records, this, article, needs, additional, citations, verification, please, help, improve, this, article, adding, c. For other lists of extreme places on Earth see Lists of extreme points For more detailed meteorological and climatic records see List of weather records This article needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed Find sources Extremes on Earth news newspapers books scholar JSTOR January 2008 Learn how and when to remove this template message This article lists extreme locations on Earth that hold geographical records or are otherwise known for their geophysical or meteorological superlatives All of these locations are Earth wide extremes extremes of individual continents or countries are not listed Contents 1 Latitude and longitude 1 1 Northernmost 1 2 Southernmost 1 3 Easternmost and westernmost 1 4 Longest grid lines 1 4 1 Along constant latitude 1 4 2 Along constant longitude 1 4 3 Along any geodesic 1 4 4 Along any diameter straight line passing through the centre of the Earth 2 Elevation 2 1 Highest points 2 1 1 Highest geographical features 2 1 2 Highest points attainable by transportation 2 2 Lowest points 2 2 1 Lowest natural points 2 2 2 Lowest artificial points 2 2 3 Lowest points attainable by transportation 2 3 Table of extreme elevations and air temperatures by continent 3 Humans and biogeography 4 Remoteness 4 1 Poles of inaccessibility 4 1 1 Continental 4 1 2 Oceanic 4 2 Other places considered the most remote 4 3 Farthest apart cities 5 Centre 6 Geophysical extremes 6 1 Tallest mountain 6 2 Greatest vertical drop 6 3 Subterranean 6 4 Greatest oceanic depths 6 5 Deepest ice 7 Meteorological extremes 7 1 Coldest and hottest inhabited places on Earth 7 2 Ground temperatures 8 Extreme points by region 8 1 Afro Eurasia 8 2 The Americas 8 3 Oceania 8 4 Antarctica 8 5 Arctic 9 See also 10 Notes 11 References 12 External linksLatitude and longitude EditSee also List of northernmost items and List of southernmost items Northernmost Edit The northernmost point on Earth is the Geographic North Pole in the Arctic Ocean The northernmost point of land is the northern tip of Kaffeklubben Island north of Greenland 83 40 N 29 50 W 83 667 N 29 833 W 83 667 29 833 northernmost point on land which lies slightly north of Cape Morris Jesup Greenland 83 38 N 32 40 W 83 633 N 32 667 W 83 633 32 667 Cape Morris Jesup Various shifting gravel bars lie farther north the most famous being Oodaaq There have been other islands more northern such as 83 42 and ATOW1996 but they have not been confirmed as permanent Southernmost Edit The southernmost point on Earth and the southernmost point on land is the Geographic South Pole which is on the continent of Antarctica The southernmost continental point of land outside Antarctica is in South America at Cape Froward Magallanes Region Chile 53 56 00 S 071 20 00 W 53 93333 S 71 33333 W 53 93333 71 33333 The southernmost point of liquid water is a bay on the Filchner Ronne Ice Shelf along the coast of Antarctica 83 S 59 W 83 S 59 W 83 59 citation needed about 100 km 62 mi south of Berkner Island The southernmost point of ocean is located on the Gould Coast 84 30 S 150 0 W 84 500 S 150 000 W 84 500 150 000 southernmost point of ocean citation needed 1 The southernmost point of open ocean is in the Bay of Whales also part of the Ross Sea at 78 30 S at the edge of the Ross Ice Shelf 2 The southernmost island is considered to be Deverall Island near the Shackleton Coast surrounded by the Ross Ice Shelf although there is an island in Lake Vostok but it is currently under ice 3 Easternmost and westernmost Edit The easternmost and westernmost points on Earth based on the east west standard for describing longitude can be found anywhere along the 180th meridian which passes through the Arctic Pacific and Southern Oceans as well as parts of Siberia including Wrangel Island Antarctica and three islands of Fiji Vanua Levu s eastern peninsula the middle of Taveuni and the western part of Rabi Island Using instead the path of the International Date Line which is not a straight line the westernmost point on land is Attu Island Alaska and the easternmost point on land is Caroline Island Kiribati a Longest grid lines Edit This section has multiple issues Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page Learn how and when to remove these template messages This section does not cite any sources Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed August 2012 Learn how and when to remove this template message This section possibly contains original research Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations Statements consisting only of original research should be removed May 2019 Learn how and when to remove this template message Learn how and when to remove this template message Along constant latitude Edit The longest continuous east west distance on land is 10 726 km 6 665 mi along the latitude 48 24 53 N from the west coast of France Pointe de Corsen 48 24 53 N 4 47 44 W 48 41472 N 4 79556 W 48 41472 4 79556 through Central Europe Ukraine Russia Kazakhstan Mongolia and China to a point on the east coast of Russia 48 24 53 N 140 6 3 E 48 41472 N 140 10083 E 48 41472 140 10083 The longest continuous east west distance at sea is 22 471 km 13 963 mi along the latitude 55 59 S south of Cape Horn South America The longest continuous east west distance at sea between two continents is 15 409 km 9 575 mi along the latitude 18 39 12 N from the coast of Hainan China 18 39 12 N 110 15 9 E 18 65333 N 110 25250 E 18 65333 110 25250 across the Pacific Ocean to the coast of Michoacan Mexico 18 39 12 N 103 42 6 W 18 65333 N 103 70167 W 18 65333 103 70167 Along constant longitude Edit The longest continuous north south distance on land is 7 590 km 4 720 mi along the meridian 99 1 30 E from the northern tip of Siberia in the Russian Federation 76 13 6 N 99 1 30 E 76 21833 N 99 02500 E 76 21833 99 02500 through Mongolia China and Myanmar to a point on the south coast of Thailand 7 53 24 N 99 1 30 E 7 89000 N 99 02500 E 7 89000 99 02500 The longest in Africa is 7 417 km 4 609 mi along the meridian 20 12 E from the north coast of Libya 32 19 0 N 20 12 0 E 32 31667 N 20 20000 E 32 31667 20 20000 through Chad Central African Republic Democratic Republic of the Congo Angola Namibia and Botswana to the south coast of South Africa 34 41 30 S 20 12 0 E 34 69167 S 20 20000 E 34 69167 20 20000 The longest in South America is the length 7 098 km 4 410 mi along the meridian 70 2 W from the north coast of Venezuela 11 30 30 N 70 2 0 W 11 50833 N 70 03333 W 11 50833 70 03333 through Colombia Ecuador Peru and Chile to the southern tip of Argentina 52 33 30 S 70 2 0 W 52 55833 S 70 03333 W 52 55833 70 03333 The longest in North America is 5 813 km 3 612 mi along the meridian 97 52 30 W from northern Canada 68 21 0 N 97 52 30 W 68 35000 N 97 87500 W 68 35000 97 87500 through the United States to southern Mexico 16 1 0 N 97 52 30 W 16 01667 N 97 87500 W 16 01667 97 87500 The longest continuous north south distance at sea is 15 986 km 9 933 mi along the meridian 34 45 45 W from the coast of Eastern Greenland 66 23 45 N 34 45 45 W 66 39583 N 34 76250 W 66 39583 34 76250 across the Atlantic Ocean to the Filchner Ronne Ice Shelf on the coast of Antarctica 77 37 0 S 34 45 45 W 77 61667 S 34 76250 W 77 61667 34 76250 The longest in the Pacific Ocean is 15 883 km 9 869 mi along the meridian 172 8 30 W from the coast of Siberia 64 45 0 N 172 8 30 W 64 75000 N 172 14167 W 64 75000 172 14167 to the Ross Ice Shelf in Antarctica 78 20 0 S 172 8 30 W 78 33333 S 172 14167 W 78 33333 172 14167 The meridian that crosses the greatest total distance on land disregarding intervening bodies of water is still to be determined It is likely located in the vicinity of 22 E which is the longest integer meridian that fits that criterion crossing a total of 13 035 km 8 100 mi of land through Europe 3 370 km or 2 090 mi Africa 7 458 km or 4 634 mi and Antarctica 2 207 km or 1 371 mi b More than 65 of this meridian s length is located on land The next six longest integer meridians by total distance over land are in order 23 E 12 953 km 8 049 mi through Europe 3 325 km or 2 066 mi Africa 7 415 km or 4 607 mi and Antarctica 2 214 km or 1 376 mi 27 E 12 943 km 8 042 mi through Europe 3 254 km or 2 022 mi Asia 246 km or 153 mi Africa 7 223 km or 4 488 mi and Antarctica 2 221 km or 1 380 mi 25 E 12 875 km 8 000 mi through Europe 3 344 km or 2 078 mi Africa 7 327 km or 4 553 mi and Antarctica 2 204 km or 1 370 mi 26 E 12 858 km 7 990 mi through Europe 3 404 km or 2 115 mi Africa 7 258 km or 4 510 mi and Antarctica 2 196 km or 1 365 mi 24 E 12 794 km 7 950 mi through Europe 3 263 km or 2 028 mi Africa 7 346 km or 4 565 mi and Antarctica 2 185 km or 1 358 mi 28 E 12 778 km 7 940 mi through Europe 3 039 km or 1 888 mi Asia 388 km or 241 mi and Africa 7 117 km or 4 422 mi Along any geodesic Edit These are the longest straight lines c that can be drawn between any two points on the surface of the Earth and remain exclusively over land or water the points need not lie on the same line of latitude or longitude The longest continuous straight line great circle path over land is 13 588 km 8 443 mi long and spans between the West African coast near Greenville Liberia 5 2 51 59 N 9 7 23 26 W 5 0476639 N 9 1231278 W 5 0476639 9 1231278 and a peninsula about 100 km 62 mi northeast of Wenzhou China 28 17 7 68 N 121 38 17 31 E 28 2854667 N 121 6381417 E 28 2854667 121 6381417 passing over the Suez Canal 4 The longest continuous straight line land distance solely within continental Africa is 8 402 km 5 221 mi along a line that begins just east of Tangier Morocco and ends 100 km 62 mi east of Port Elizabeth South Africa This line passes through Morocco Algeria Mali Niger Nigeria Cameroon Equatorial Guinea Gabon Republic of the Congo Democratic Republic of the Congo Angola Namibia Botswana and South Africa citation needed The longest continuous straight line land distance solely within continental Asia is 10 152 km 6 308 mi along a line that begins on the Indian coast near Kanyakumari and ends at the Bering Sea coast of the Chukchi Peninsula in Russia This line passes through India Nepal China Mongolia and Russia citation needed The longest continuous straight line land distance solely within continental Europe defining the Ural Mountains as the border between Europe and Asia is 5 325 km 3 309 mi along a line that begins at Cape St Vincent Portugal and ends at the Urals near the town of Perm Russia This line passes through Portugal Spain France Germany Poland Lithuania Belarus and Russia citation needed The longest continuous straight line land distance solely within continental North America is 7 602 km 4 724 mi along a line that begins at Point Hope Alaska United States and ends 34 km 21 mi southwest of the town of Salina Cruz Mexico This line passes through Alaska Canada the contiguous United States and Mexico citation needed The longest continuous straight line land distance solely within continental South America is 7 248 km 4 504 mi along a line that begins 10 km 6 2 mi northeast of Puerto Cumarebo Venezuela and ends 80 km 50 mi south of the town of Punta Arenas Chile This line passes through Venezuela Colombia Brazil Peru Chile and Argentina citation needed The longest continuous straight line land distance solely within continental Australia is 4 053 km 2 518 mi along a line that begins at the southern end of Cape Range National Park in Western Australia and ends at the town of Byron Bay in New South Wales citation needed There are several possible candidates for the longest continuous straight line distance in any direction at sea as there are many possible ways to travel along a great circle for more than the antipodic length of 19 840 km 12 330 mi Some examples of such routes would be From the south coast of Balochistan province somewhere near Port of Karachi Pakistan 25 25 N 66 25 E 25 417 N 66 417 E 25 417 66 417 across the Arabian Sea southwest through the Indian Ocean near Comoros passing Namaete Canyon near the South African coast across the South Atlantic Ocean then west across Cape Horn then northwest across the Pacific Ocean near Easter Island passing the antipodal point near Emlilia island through the South Bering Sea and ending somewhere on the northeast coast of Kamchatka near Ossora 59 38 N 163 24 E 59 633 N 163 400 E 59 633 163 400 This route is 32 040 km 19 910 mi long 5 This route was confirmed to be the longest at about 32090 km given map data at a 1 8 km level of resolution 6 7 d From the south coast of Hormozgan province Iran 25 35 N 58 22 E 25 583 N 58 367 E 25 583 58 367 across the Gulf of Oman southeast across the Arabian Sea passing south of Australia and New Zealand near the Antarctic coast then northeast across the South Pacific Ocean passing the antipodal point and ending on the southwest coast of Mexico somewhere near Ciudad Lazaro Cardenas 17 57 N 101 57 W 17 950 N 101 950 W 17 950 101 950 This route is 25 267 km 15 700 mi long 9 From Invercargill New Zealand 46 37 S 168 59 E 46 617 S 168 983 E 46 617 168 983 across Cape Horn then off the coast of Brazil close to Recife passing north of Cape Verde passing the antipodal point and ending somewhere on the southwest coast of Ireland 52 09 N 6 34 W 52 150 N 6 567 W 52 150 6 567 This route is 20 701 km 12 863 mi long 10 Along any diameter straight line passing through the centre of the Earth Edit As distinct from geodesic lines which appear straight only when projected onto the spheroidal surface of the Earth i e arcs of great circles straight lines passing through the Earth s centre can be constructed through the interior of the Earth between almost any two points on the surface of the Earth some extreme topographical situations such as overhanging cliffs being the rare exceptions citation needed A line projected from the summit of Cayambe in Ecuador see highest points through the axial centre of the Earth to its antipode on the island of Sumatra results in the longest diameter that can be produced anywhere through the Earth As the variable circumference of the Earth approaches 40 000 kilometres 25 000 mi such a maximum diameter or antipodal line would be on the order of 13 000 kilometres 8 000 mi long citation needed Elevation EditSee also Lists of highest points List of elevation extremes by region and List of elevation extremes by country Highest points Edit nbsp The summit of Chimborazo in Ecuador is the farthest point from Earth s centre The highest point on Earth s surface measured from sea level is the summit of Mount Everest on the border of Nepal and China While measurements of its height vary slightly the elevation of its peak was most recently established in 2020 by the Nepali and Chinese authorities as 8 848 86 m 29 032 ft above sea level 11 The summit was first reached probably by Sir Edmund Hillary of New Zealand and Tenzing Norgay Sherpa of Nepal in 1953 The point farthest from Earth s centre is the summit of Chimborazo 12 in Ecuador at 6 384 4 km 3 967 1 mi from Earth s centre the peak s elevation relative to sea level is 6 263 47 m 20 549 ft e Because Earth is an oblate spheroid rather than a perfect sphere it is wider at the equator and narrower toward each pole Therefore the summit of Chimborazo which is near the Equator is farther away from Earth s centre than the summit of Mount Everest is the latter is 2 168 m 7 112 9 ft closer at 6 382 3 km 3 965 8 mi from Earth s centre Peru s Huascaran at 6 384 4 m or 20 946 ft contends closely with Chimborazo though the former is a mere 10 m 33 ft closer to the Earth s centre The fastest point on Earth or in other words the point farthest from Earth s rotational axis is the summit of Cayambe 14 in Ecuador which rotates around Earth s axis at a speed of 1 675 89 km h 1 041 35 mph and is 6 383 95 km 3 966 80 mi from the axis Like Chimborazo which is the fourth fastest peak at 1 675 47 km h 1 041 09 mph Cayambe is close to the Equator and takes advantage of the oblate spheroid figure of Earth More important however Cayambe s proximity to the Equator means that the majority of its distance from the Earth s centre contributes to Cayambe s distance from the Earth s axis Highest geographical features Edit The highest volcano is Ojos del Salado on the Argentina Chile border It has the highest summit 6 893 m 22 615 ft of any volcano on Earth The highest natural lake is an unnamed crater lake on Ojos del Salado at 6 390 m 20 965 ft 15 on the Argentina side Another candidate was Lhagba Pool on the northeast slopes of Mount Everest Tibet at an elevation of 6 368 m 20 892 ft which has since dried up 16 The highest navigable lake is Lake Titicaca on the border of Bolivia and Peru in the Andes at 3 812 m 12 507 ft The highest glacier is the Khumbu Glacier on the southwest slopes of Mount Everest in Nepal beginning on the west side of Lhotse at an elevation of 7 600 to 8 000 m 24 900 to 26 200 ft 17 The highest river is disputed one candidate from many possibilities is the Ating Ho which flows into the Aong Tso Hagung Tso a large lake in Tibet and has an elevation of about 6 100 m 20 013 ft at its source at 32 49 30 N 81 03 45 E 32 82500 N 81 06250 E 32 82500 81 06250 Ating Ho source Another very large and high river is the Yarlung Tsangpo or upper Brahmaputra River in Tibet whose main stem the Maquan River has its source at about 6 020 m 19 751 ft above sea level at 30 48 59 N 82 42 45 E 30 81639 N 82 71250 E 30 81639 82 71250 Maquan River source 18 Above these elevations there are no constantly flowing rivers since the temperature is almost always below freezing The highest island is one of a number of islands in the Orba Co lake in Tibet at an elevation of 5 209 m 17 090 ft 19 Highest points attainable by transportation Edit The highest point accessible by land vehicle is an elevation of 6 688 m 21 942 ft on Ojos del Salado in Chile which was reached by the Chilean duo of Gonzalo and Eduardo Canales Moya on 21 April 2007 with a modified Suzuki Samurai setting the high altitude record for a four wheeled vehicle by road dead end is on a mining road to the summit of Aucanquilcha in Chile which reaches an elevation of 6 176 m 20 262 ft It was once usable by 20 tonne mining trucks 20 The road is no longer usable 21 12 50 S 68 28 30 W 21 214 S 68 475 W 21 214 68 475 by road mountain pass is disputed there are a number of competing claims for this title due to the definition of motorable pass i e a surfaced road or one simply passable by a vehicle The highest asphalted road is the single lane road to Umling La located 17 km 11 mi west of Demchok in Ladakh India which reaches 5 800 m 19 029 ft 19 300 feet according to a Border Roads Organisation sign there that recognizes it as the World s Highest Motorable Pass 21 22 Before the asphalting of the road over Umling La the highest asphalted road was Tibet s Semo La pass at 5 565 m 18 258 ft It is used by trucks and buses regularly 23 The Ticlio pass on the Central Road of Peru is the highest surfaced road in the Americas at an elevation of 4 818 m 15 807 ft The highest unsurfaced road has several different claimants All are unsurfaced or gravel roads including Mana Pass between India and Tibet which is crossed by a gravel road reaching 5 610 m 18 406 ft The heavily trafficked Khardung La in Ladakh lies at 5 359 m 17 582 ft A possibly motorable gravel road crosses Marsimik La in Ladakh at 5 582 m 18 314 ft by train is Tanggula Pass located on the Qinghai Tibet Qingzang Railway in the Tanggula Mountains of Qinghai Tibet China at 5 072 m 16 640 ft The Tanggula railway station is the world s highest railway station at 5 068 m 16 627 ft Before the Qingzang Railway was built the highest railway ran between Lima and Huancayo in Peru reaching 4 829 m 15 843 ft at Ticlio 24 by oceangoing vessel is a segment of the Rhine Main Danube Canal between the Hilpoltstein and Bachhausen locks in Bavaria Germany The locks artificially raise the surface level of the water in the canal to 406 m 1 332 ft above mean sea level higher than any other lock system in the world making it the highest point currently accessible by oceangoing commercial watercraft nbsp La Rinconada PeruThe highest commercial airport is Daocheng Yading Airport Sichuan China at 4 411 m 14 472 ft 25 The proposed Nagqu Dagring Airport in Tibet if built will be 25 m 82 ft higher at 4 436 m 14 554 ft The highest helipad is Sonam Siachen Glacier India at a height of 6 400 m 20 997 ft above sea level 26 The highest permanent human settlement is La Rinconada Peru 5 100 m 16 732 ft in the Peruvian Andes The farthest road from the Earth s centre is the Road to Carrel Hut in the Ecuadorian Andes at an elevation of 4 850 m 15 912 ft above sea level and a distance of 6 382 9 km 3 966 mi from the centre of the Earth 27 Lowest points Edit Lowest natural points Edit See also List of places on land with elevations below sea level The deepest point below the ocean s atmospheric surface is Challenger Deep at the bottom of the Mariana Trench 11 034 m 36 201 ft below sea level 28 Jacques Piccard and U S Navy Lieutenant Don Walsh first reached Challenger Deep in 1960 aboard the bathyscaphe Trieste followed by filmmaker James Cameron in 2012 aboard Deepsea Challenger Between 2020 and 2022 DSV Limiting Factor made 19 dives to Challenger Deep carrying with it 19 further visitors 29 30 The lowest point underground is in the Veryovkina Cave in Abkhazia where the altitude difference between the cave s entrance and the deepest explored point the maximum depth is 2 212 meters 7 257 ft The world record was broken in 2017 by the Perovo speleo team reaching a depth of 2 204 meters 7 231 ft the team set the current world record in 2019 31 The lowest point on land not covered by liquid water is the canyon under Denman Glacier in Antarctica with the bedrock being 3 500 m 11 500 ft below sea level 32 33 nbsp The shore of the Dead Sea in IsraelThe lowest point on dry land is the shore of the Dead Sea shared by Israel and Jordan 432 65 m 1 419 ft below sea level As the Dead Sea waters are receding the water surface level drops more than 1 metre 3 3 ft per year 34 The point on the atmospheric surface closest to the Earth s centre interpreted as a natural surface of the land or sea that is accessible by a person is the surface of the Arctic Ocean at the Geographic North Pole 6 356 77 km or 3 950 mi The point on the surface of Earth s crust closest to the Earth s centre interpreted as a land surface or sea floor is the bottom of Litke Deep in the Arctic Ocean at 6 351 7043 km 3 947 mi from Earth s centre the deep s depth relative to sea level is 5 449 m 17 877 ft Because Earth is an oblate spheroid rather than a perfect sphere it is wider at the equator and narrower toward each pole Therefore the bottom of Litke Deep which is near the North Pole is closer to Earth s centre than the bottom of Challenger Deep is the latter is 14 7268 km 48 316 3 ft further at 6 366 4311 km 3 955 9 mi from Earth s centre 35 Molloy Deep also in Arctic Ocean at 6 357 5178 km or 3 950 mi from Earth s centre contends closely with Litke Deep the difference from Earth s centre being just 389 m 1 276 ft The point on the ocean surface farthest below sea level is located in the Indian Ocean about 1 200 km 746 mi southwest of India at 106 m 348 ft below sea level 36 Lowest artificial points Edit The lowest point underground ever reached was 12 262 m 40 230 ft deep SG 3 at the Kola Superdeep Borehole which has since been enclosed The lowest human sized point underground is 3 900 m 12 800 ft 37 below ground at the TauTona Mine Carletonville South Africa The lowest from sea level artificially made point with open sky may be the Hambach surface mine Germany which reaches a depth of 293 m 961 ft below sea level The lowest from surface artificially made point with open sky may be the Bingham Canyon Open Pit Copper Mine Utah United States at a depth of 1 200 m 3 900 ft below surface level The lowest point underwater is the 10 685 m 35 056 ft deep as measured from the subsea wellhead oil and gas well drilled on the Tiber Oil Field in the Gulf of Mexico The wellhead of this well is an additional 1 259 m 4 131 ft underwater for a total distance of 11 944 m 39 186 ft as measured from sea level 38 28 44 12 N 88 23 13 W 28 736667 N 88 386944 W 28 736667 88 386944Lowest points attainable by transportation Edit The lowest point accessible by road excluding roads in mines is any of the roads alongside the Dead Sea in Israel and Jordan which are the lowest on Earth at 418 m 1 371 ft below sea level The lowest undersea highway tunnel is the Ryfast tunnel in Norway at 292 m 958 ft below sea level by train excluding tracks in mines is located in the Seikan Tunnel in Japan at 240 m 787 ft below sea level For comparison the undersea Channel Tunnel between England and France reaches a depth of 115 m 377 ft below sea level by ship is located in the Indian Ocean about 1 200 km 746 mi southwest of India at 106 m 348 ft below sea level 36 Some mines have roads accessible from outside or rail tracks located more than two thousand metres below sea level for example in some South African gold mines The lowest railroad station was formerly the Japanese Yoshioka Kaitei Station at 150 m 492 ft below sea level but it closed in 2014 The lowest railroad station not inside a tunnel is 120 m 394 ft below sea level at Beit She an railway station in Israel citation needed The lowest airfield is the Bar Yehuda Airfield near Masada Israel at 378 m 1 240 ft below sea level The lowest international airport is Atyrau Airport near Atyrau Kazakhstan at 22 m 72 ft below sea level in the basin of the Caspian Sea The lowest major city is Baku Azerbaijan located 28 m 92 ft below sea level which makes it the lowest lying national capital in the world and also the largest city in the world located below sea level Table of extreme elevations and air temperatures by continent Edit See also List of elevation extremes by region and List of weather records Continent Elevation height above below sea level A Air temperature recorded 39 BHighest Lowest Highest LowestAfrica 5 893 m 19 334 feet Kilimanjaro Tanzania 40 nbsp 155 m 509 feet Lake Assal Djibouti 41 55 C 131 F Kebili French Tunisia7 July 1931C 23 9 C 11 0 F Ifrane French Morocco11 February 1935Antarctica 4 892 m 16 050 feet Vinson Massif 42 nbsp 50 m 164 feet 43 Deep Lake Vestfold Hills compare the deepest ice section below 20 75 C 69 35 F Comandante Ferraz Antarctic Station9 February 2020 89 2 C 128 6 F Vostok Station21 July 1983Asia 8 848 86 m 29 032 feet Mount Everest Tibet Nepal Border 44 nbsp 424 m 1 391 feet Dead Sea Israel Jordan Palestine 45 54 C 129 F Tirat Zvi Israel then in the British Mandate of Palestine 21 June 1942 67 7 C 89 9 F MeasuredOymyakon Siberia Soviet Union6 February 1933 46 47 54 C 129 F Ahvaz Airport Iran29 June 2017 48 71 2 C 96 2 F ExtrapolatedOymyakon Siberia Soviet Union26 January 1926 49 Europe 5 642 m 18 510 feet Mount Elbrus Russian Federation 50 nbsp 28 m 92 feet Caspian Sea shore Russian Federation 51 48 0 C 118 4 F Athens Greece and Elefsina Greece 10 July 1977 E 58 1 C 72 6 F Ust Shchuger Soviet Union31 December 1978North America 6 190 5 m 20 310 feet Denali Mount McKinley Alaska United States 52 nbsp 85 m 279 feet Badwater Basin California United States 53 56 7 C 134 F Greenland Ranch Furnace Creek California United States10 July 1913C 66 1 C 87 0 F North Ice Greenland9 January 1954FOceania 4 884 m 16 024 feet Puncak Jaya Carstensz Pyramid Indonesia compare Mount Wilhelm Aoraki Mount Cook and Mount Kosciuszko 54 nbsp 15 m 49 feet Lake Eyre South Australia Australia 55 50 7 C 123 3 F Oodnadatta South Australia Australia2 January 1960G50 7 C 123 3 F Onslow Western Australia Australia13 January 2022 56 25 6 C 14 1 F Ranfurly Otago New Zealand17 July 1903South America 6 962 m 22 841 feet Aconcagua Mendoza Argentina 57 nbsp 105 m 344 feet Laguna del Carbon Argentina 58 48 9 C 120 0 F Rivadavia Salta Province Argentina11 December 1905 32 8 C 27 0 F Sarmiento Chubut Province Argentina 1 June 1907A Height above sea level is the usual choice of definition for elevation The point farthest away from the centre of the Earth however is Chimborazo in Ecuador 6 267 m 20 561 feet This is due to the Earth s oblate spheroid shape with points near the Equator being farther out from the centre than those at the poles B All temperatures from the World Meteorological Organization unless noted C The former record of 57 7 C 135 9 F recorded at Al Aziziyah Libya on 13 September 1922 was ruled no longer valid by the WMO due to mistakes made in the recording process 59 The 1913 reading is however itself controversial and a measurement of 54 0 C 129 2 F at Furnace Creek on 30 June 2013 is undisputed especially since the same or almost the same temperature has been recorded several times in the 21st century in the same and other places E Temperatures greater than 50 C 122 F in Spain and Portugal were recorded in 1881 but the standard with which they were measured and the accuracy of the thermometers used are unknown therefore they are not considered official Unconfirmed reports also indicate that a set of Spanish stations may have hit 48 0 C 118 4 F during the 2003 heat wave 60 F Greenland is considered by the World Meteorological Organization to be part of WMO region 6 Europe 61 62 G A temperature of 53 1 C 127 6 F was recorded in Cloncurry Queensland on 16 January 1889 under non standard exposure conditions and is therefore not considered official 63 64 Humans and biogeography Edit nbsp On land vegetation appears on a scale from brown low vegetation to dark green heavy vegetation at the ocean surface phytoplankton are indicated on a scale from purple low to yellow high nbsp For representational purposes only The point on earth closest to everyone in the world on average was calculated to be in Central Asia with a mean distance of 5 000 kilometers 3 000 mi Its antipodal point is correspondingly the farthest point from everyone on earth and is located in the South Pacific near Easter Island with a mean distance of 15 000 kilometers 9 300 mi The data used by this figure is lumped at the country level and is therefore precise only to country scale distances larger nations heavily skewed Far more granular data kilometer level is now available compares with this old textbook example In contrast to places with the highest density of life like terrestrial 65 tropical regions and beside local extreme conditions which might only be overcome by extremophiles there are areas of extreme low amounts of life Next to terrestrial lifeless areas like the Antarctic desert s McMurdo Dry Valleys and its Don Juan Pond the most lifeless area in the ocean studied other than the more general dead zones is the South Pacific Gyre 66 corresponding to the oceanic pole of inaccessibility The oceanic pole of inaccessibility is also the antipodal area of the human center of population which lies today around southern Central Asia Similarly the world s economic center of gravity has been drifting since antiquity from Central Asia to Northern Europe and contemporarily back to Central Asia 67 The related centre of gravity of the worlds carbon emission has shifted from Britain during the Industrial Revolution to the Atlantic back again and contemporarily into Central Asia 68 Remoteness EditPoles of inaccessibility Edit Main article Pole of inaccessibility Each continent has its own continental pole of inaccessibility defined as the place on the continent that is farthest from any ocean Similarly each ocean has its own oceanic pole of inaccessibility defined as the place in the ocean that is farthest from any land Continental Edit The most distant point from an ocean is the Eurasian Pole of Inaccessibility or EPIA 46 17 N 86 40 E 46 283 N 86 667 E 46 283 86 667 Continental Pole of Inaccessibility in China s Xinjiang region near the border with Kazakhstan Calculations have shown that this point located in the Dzoosotoyn Elisen Desert is 2 645 km 1 644 mi from the nearest coastline The nearest settlement to the EPIA is Suluk at 46 15 N 86 50 E 46 250 N 86 833 E 46 250 86 833 Suluk about 11 km 6 8 mi to the east citation needed A 2007 study suggests that the historical calculation of the EPIA failed to recognize the point where the Gulf of Ob joins the Arctic Ocean and proposes instead that varying definitions of coastline could result in other locations for the EPIA EPIA1 somewhere between 44 17 N 82 11 E 44 283 N 82 183 E 44 283 82 183 EPIA1 1 and 44 29 N 82 19 E 44 483 N 82 317 E 44 483 82 317 EPIA1 2 is about 2 510 10 km 1 559 6 6 2 mi from the nearest ocean EPIA2 somewhere between 45 17 N 88 08 E 45 283 N 88 133 E 45 283 88 133 EPIA2 1 and 45 28 N 88 14 E 45 467 N 88 233 E 45 467 88 233 EPIA2 2 is about 2 514 7 km 1 562 1 4 3 mi from the nearest ocean 69 If adopted this would place the final EPIA roughly 130 km 81 mi closer to the ocean than the point that is currently agreed upon 69 Coincidentally EPIA1 or EPIA2 and the most remote of the Oceanic Pole of Inaccessibility specifically the point in the South Pacific Ocean that is farthest from land are similarly remote EPIA1 is less than 200 km 120 mi closer to the ocean than the Oceanic Pole of Inaccessibility is to land The continental poles of inaccessibility for the other continents are as follows Africa 5 39 N 26 10 E 5 65 N 26 17 E 5 65 26 17 Continental Pole of Inaccessibility of Africa 69 close to the tripoint of the Central African Republic South Sudan and the Democratic Republic of the Congo Australia either 23 2 S 132 10 E 23 033 S 132 167 E 23 033 132 167 Australian Pole of Inaccessibility 70 or 23 10 S 132 16 E 23 17 S 132 27 E 23 17 132 27 Continental Pole of Inaccessibility of Australia 69 near Papunya Northern Territory North America 43 22 N 101 58 W 43 36 N 101 97 W 43 36 101 97 Pole of Inaccessibility North America 69 between Kyle South Dakota and Allen South Dakota United States South America 14 03 S 56 51 W 14 05 S 56 85 W 14 05 56 85 Continental Pole of Inaccessibility in South America 69 near Arenapolis Mato Grosso BrazilOceanic Edit The most distant point from land is the Pacific pole of inaccessibility also called Point Nemo at a region known as the spacecraft cemetery which lies in the South Pacific Ocean at 48 52 6 S 123 23 6 W 48 8767 S 123 3933 W 48 8767 123 3933 Point Nemo about 2 688 km 1 670 mi from the nearest land equidistant from Ducie Island in the Pitcairn Islands to the north Motu Nui off Rapa Nui to the northeast and Maher Island off Siple Island near Marie Byrd Land Antarctica to the south 71 The centre of the Pacific Ocean and the Water Hemisphere lie west to it closer to Oceania off the coast of Kiribati at 47 24 42 N 2 37 15 W 47 411667 N 2 620833 W 47 411667 2 620833 and New Zealand at 47 24 42 S 177 22 45 E 47 411667 S 177 379167 E 47 411667 177 379167 respectively Other places considered the most remote Edit nbsp Bouvet IslandThe most remote island is Bouvet Island a small uninhabited island in the South Atlantic Ocean that is a dependency of Norway It lies at coordinates 54 26 S 3 24 E 54 433 S 3 400 E 54 433 3 400 most remote island The nearest land is the uninhabited Queen Maud Land Antarctica also claimed by Norway over 1 600 km 994 mi to the south The nearest inhabited lands are Gough Island 1 845 km 1 146 mi away Tristan da Cunha 2 260 km 1 404 mi away and the coast of South Africa 2 580 km 1 603 mi away The title for most remote inhabited island or archipelago the farthest away from any other permanently inhabited place depends on how the question is interpreted If the south Atlantic island Tristan da Cunha population about 300 and its dependency Gough Island with a small staffed research post which are 399 km 248 mi from each other are considered part of the same archipelago or if Gough Island is not counted because it has no permanent residents then Tristan da Cunha is the world s most remote inhabited island archipelago the main island also called Tristan da Cunha is 2 434 km 1 512 mi from the island Saint Helena 2 816 km 1 750 mi from South Africa and 3 360 km 2 090 mi from South America It is 2 260 km 1 404 mi away from uninhabited Bouvet Island However if Gough and Tristan da Cunha are considered separately they disqualify each other and the most remote inhabited island is Easter Island in the South Pacific Ocean which lies 2 075 km 1 289 mi from Pitcairn Island about 50 residents in 2013 2 606 km 1 619 mi from Rikitea on the island of Mangareva the nearest town with a population over 500 and 3 512 km 2 182 mi from the coast of Chile the nearest continental point and the country of which Easter Island is part The Kerguelen Islands in the southern Indian Ocean are another contender lying 1 340 km 830 mi from the small Alfred Faure scientific station in Ile de la Possession but otherwise more than 3 300 km 2 100 mi from the coast of Madagascar the nearest permanently inhabited place 450 km 280 mi northwest of the uninhabited Heard Island and McDonald Islands both a part of Australia and 1 440 km 890 mi from the non permanent scientific station located in Ile Amsterdam Remote cities The most remote city with a population in excess of one million from the nearest city with a population in excess of one million is Auckland New Zealand The nearest city of comparable size or greater is Sydney Australia 2 168 9 km 1 347 7 mi away 72 The most remote city with a population in excess of one million from the nearest city with a population above 100 000 is Perth Australia located 2 138 km 1 328 mi 73 away from Adelaide Australia The most remote city with a population in excess of 100 000 from the nearest city with a population in excess of 100 000 is Honolulu Hawaii United States The nearest city of comparable size or greater is San Francisco 3 850 km 2 390 mi away 74 The most remote national capitals are Wellington New Zealand and Canberra Australia which are 2 326 km 1 445 mi apart from each other and neither is closer to another capital The most remote airport in the world from another airport is Mataveri International Airport IPC on Easter Island which has a single runway for military and public use It is located 2 603 km 1 617 mi from Totegegie Airport GMR very few flights in the Gambier Islands French Polynesia and 3 759 km 2 336 mi from Santiago Chile SCL a fairly large airport In comparison the airport at the Amundsen Scott South Pole Station NZSP is not very remote at all being located only 1 355 km 842 mi from Williams Field NZWD near Ross Island 75 Farthest apart cities Edit The pairs of cities with a population over 100 000 with the greatest distance between them antipodes are 76 Xinghua China to Rosario Argentina 19 996 km 12 425 mi 77 Lu an China to Rio Cuarto Argentina 19 994 km 12 424 mi 78 Subang Jaya Malaysia to Cuenca Ecuador 19 989 km 12 421 mi 79 Shanghai China to Concordia Argentina 19 984 km 12 417 mi 80 Rancagua Chile to Xi an China 19 972 km 12 410 mi 81 Rui an China to Resistencia Argentina 19 967 km 12 407 mi 82 Yantai China to Tandil Argentina 19 965 km 12 406 mi 83 Lichuan China to Coquimbo Chile 19 964 km 12 405 mi 84 Bandung Indonesia to Piedecuesta Colombia 19 962 km 12 404 mi 85 Salamanca Spain to Lower Hutt New Zealand 19 961 km 12 403 mi 86 The pair of airports with scheduled flights having the greatest distance between them are Sultan Mahmud Badaruddin II International Airport which serves Palembang Indonesia and Benito Salas Airport which serves Neiva Colombia located about 10 819 nautical miles 20 037 km apart 87 See longest flights for the longest non stop flights Centre EditMain article Geographical center of Earth For other uses see Axis mundi Since the Earth is a spheroid its centre the core is thousands of kilometres beneath its crust Still there have been attempts to define various centrepoints on the Earth s surface The centre of the standard geographic model as viewed on a traditional world map is the point 0 0 the coordinates of zero degrees latitude by zero degrees longitude which is located in the Atlantic Ocean about 614 km 382 mi south of Accra Ghana in the Gulf of Guinea It lies at the intersection of the Equator and the Prime Meridian is marked with a buoy and sometimes called Null Island However the selection of the Prime Meridian as the 0 longitude meridian depended on cultural and historical factors and is therefore geographically arbitrary any of the Earth s meridians could in principle be defined as 0 longitude consequently the position of the Null Island centrepoint is also arbitrary The centre of population the place to which there is the shortest average route for every individual human being in the world could also be considered a centre of the world This point is located in the north of the Indian subcontinent although the precise location has never been calculated and is constantly shifting due to changes in the distribution of the human population across the planet Geophysical extremes EditTallest mountain Edit Further information List of tallest mountains in the Solar System Mauna Kea tallest mountain from base to peak with a dry prominence of 9 330 m 30 610 ft and a wet prominence above sea level of 4 207 3 m 13 803 ft Denali tallest mountain from base to peak on land measuring 5 500 m 18 000 ft 88 Greatest vertical drop Edit Further information List of tallest cliffs Greatest purely vertical drop 1 250 m 4 101 ft Mount Thor Auyuittuq National Park Baffin Island Nunavut Canada summit elevation 1 675 m 5 495 ft 89 90 nbsp Greatest nearly vertical drop 1 340 m 4 396 ft Trango Towers Gilgit Baltistan Pakistan summit elevation 6 286 m 20 623 ft nbsp Greatest mountain face 4 600 m 15 092 ft Nanga Parbat Rupal Face Azad Kashmir Pakistan nbsp Greatest ocean cliff Kermadec Trench with cliffs around 8 000 m 26 247 ft tall nbsp Subterranean Edit Further information Mining Records and List of deepest caves Deepest mine below ground level 4 000 m 13 123 ft Mponeng Gold Mine Gauteng Province South AfricaDeepest mine below sea level 2 733 m 8 967 ft below sea levelKidd Mine Ontario CanadaDeepest open pit mine below ground level 1 200 m 3 937 ft Bingham Canyon Mine Utah United StatesDeepest open pit mine below sea level 293 m 961 ft below sea levelTagebau Hambach GermanyDeepest cave measured from the entrance 2 204 m 7 231 ft Veryovkina Arabika Massif Abkhazia Georgia 91 Deepest pitch single vertical drop 1 026 m 3 366 ft Tian Xing Cave China 92 Deepest borehole 12 261 m 40 226 ft Kola Superdeep Borehole Russia 93 Greatest oceanic depths Edit Atlantic Ocean 8 376 m 27 480 ft 94 Milwaukee Deep within the Brownson Deep Puerto Rico TrenchArctic Ocean 5 550 m 18 209 ft 95 Molloy Deep Fram StraitIndian Ocean 7 192 m 23 596 ft 96 Sunda TrenchMediterranean Sea 5 267 m 17 280 ft Calypso Deep Hellenic TrenchPacific Ocean 10 928 m 35 853 ft 97 Challenger Deep Mariana Trench 98 Southern Ocean 7 433 6 m 24 388 ft 99 South Sandwich Trench southernmost portion at 60 28 46 S 025 32 32 W 60 47433 S 25 53867 W 60 47433 25 53867 Deepest ice Edit Ice sheets on land but having the base below sea level Places under ice are not considered to be on land Denman Subglacial Trench 3 500 m 11 483 ft AntarcticaTrough beneath Jakobshavn Isbrae 1 512 m 4 961 ft 100 Greenland DenmarkMeteorological extremes EditColdest and hottest inhabited places on Earth Edit Hottest inhabited place Dallol Ethiopia Amharic ዳሎል whose annual mean temperature was recorded from 1960 to 1966 as 34 4 C 93 9 F 101 The average daily maximum temperature during the same period was 41 1 C 106 0 F 102 Coldest inhabited place Oymyakon Russian Ojmyako n a rural locality selo in Oymyakonsky District of the Sakha Republic the Russian Federation has the coldest monthly mean with 46 4 C 51 5 F the average temperature in January the coldest month Eureka Nunavut Canada has the lowest annual mean temperature at 19 7 C 3 5 F 103 The South Pole and some other places in Antarctica are colder and are populated year round but almost everyone stays less than a year and could be considered visitors not inhabitants Ground temperatures Edit Temperatures measured directly on the ground may exceed air temperatures by 30 to 50 C 104 A ground temperature of 84 C 183 2 F has been recorded in Port Sudan Sudan 105 A ground temperature of 93 9 C 201 F was recorded in Furnace Creek Death Valley California United States on 15 July 1972 this may be the highest natural ground surface temperature ever recorded 106 The theoretical maximum possible ground surface temperature has been estimated to be between 90 and 100 C for dry darkish soils of low thermal conductivity 107 Satellite measurements of ground temperature taken between 2003 and 2009 taken with the MODIS infrared spectroradiometer on the Aqua satellite found a maximum temperature of 70 7 C 159 3 F which was recorded in 2005 in the Lut Desert Iran The Lut Desert was also found to have the highest maximum temperature in 5 of the 7 years measured 2004 2005 2006 2007 and 2009 These measurements reflect averages over a large region and so are lower than the maximum point surface temperature 104 Satellite measurements of the surface temperature of Antarctica taken between 1982 and 2013 found a coldest temperature of 93 2 C 136 F on 10 August 2010 at 81 48 S 59 18 E 81 8 S 59 3 E 81 8 59 3 Although this is not comparable to an air temperature it is believed that the air temperature at this location would have been lower than the official record lowest air temperature of 89 2 C 108 109 Extreme points by region EditAfro Eurasia Edit Extreme points of Afro Eurasia Africa AlgeriaAngolaBeninBotswanaBurkina FasoBurundiCameroonCape VerdeCentral African RepublicChadComorosDemocratic Republic of the CongoRepublic of CongoCote d IvoireDjiboutiEgyptEquatorial GuineaEritreaEthiopiaGabonGambiaGhanaGuineaGuinea BissauKenyaLesothoLiberiaLibyaMadagascarMalawiMaliMauritaniaMauritiusMoroccoMozambiqueNamibiaNigerNigeriaRwandaSao Tome and PrincipeSenegalSeychellesSierra LeoneSomaliaSouth AfricaSudanSouth SudanSwazilandTanzaniaTogoTunisiaUgandaWestern SaharaZambiaZimbabwe dd Eurasia Asia AfghanistanArmeniaAzerbaijanBangladeshBhutanCambodiaChinaGeorgiaIndiaIndonesiaIranIsraelJapanJordanKazakhstanKyrgyzstanLaosMalaysiaMaldivesMongoliaMyanmarNepalNorth KoreaPakistanPhilippinesRussiaSingaporeSouth KoreaSri LankaTaiwanTajikistanThailandTurkmenistanUzbekistanVietnam Europe European UnionAlbaniaAndorraAustriaBelarusBelgiumBosnia and HerzegovinaBulgariaCroatiaCzech RepublicDenmarkEstoniaFinlandFranceGermanyGreeceHungaryIcelandIrelandItalyKosovoLatviaLiechtensteinLithuaniaLuxembourgMaltaMoldovaMonacoMontenegroNetherlandsNorth MacedoniaNorwayPolandPortugalRomaniaRussiaSan MarinoSerbiaSlovakiaSloveniaSpainSwedenSwitzerlandTurkeyUkraineUnited KingdomVatican CityThe Americas Edit Extreme points of the Americas North America Canada provinces communities GreenlandMexicoUnited States states New England dd Central America BelizeCosta RicaEl SalvadorGuatemalaHondurasNicaraguaPanama The Caribbean CubaJamaica South America ArgentinaBoliviaBrazilChileColombiaEcuadorFrench GuianaGuyanaParaguayPeruSurinameUruguayVenezuela dd Oceania Edit Extreme points of Oceania AustraliaFijiGuamIndonesiaKiribatiMarshall IslandsMicronesiaNauruNew ZealandNiuethe Northern Mariana IslandsPalauPapua New GuineaTuvalu dd dd Antarctica Edit Extreme points of AntarcticaArctic Edit Extreme points of the ArcticSee also Edit nbsp Earth sciences portalGeographical centre Lists of extreme pointsLatitude and longitudeList of northernmost items city capital island etc List of southernmost items city capital island etc List of countries by northernmost point List of countries by southernmost point Northernmost settlements Southernmost settlementsElevationList of elevation extremes by country List of elevation extremes by region List of highest towns by country Extreme points of the Commonwealth of NationsGeophysical featuresList of deepest caves List of deepest oceanic trenches List of deserts by area List of highest mountains on Earth List of volcanoes by elevation List of impact craters on Earth List of islands by area List of lakes by area List of lakes by depth List of rivers by length List of waterfalls by heightMeteorology and climateList of weather recordsBeyond EarthList of Solar System extremes List of extrasolar planet extremesNotes Edit A 1995 realignment of the International Date Line Archived 28 June 2006 at the Wayback Machine moved all of Kiribati to the Asian side of the Date Line causing Caroline Island to be the easternmost point If the previous Date Line were followed the easternmost point would be Tafahi Niuatoputapu in the Tonga Islands By comparison the meridian that passes through the Great Pyramid of Giza in Egypt 31 08 3 69 E is 855 km 531 mi shorter A geodesic is defined as the shortest route between any two points on the surface of the Earth as measured along the surface of the Earth rather than through the Earth s interior they are straight lines only in the sense that they are plotted on an idealized two dimensional surface of the three dimensional Earth neglecting changes in surface elevation On an idealized spherical model of the Earth geodesics are equivalent to great circle distances measured along the arcs of great circles The longest continuous straight line distance in any direction at sea from Karachi to Kamchatka was originally added to Wikipedia by user Muh1974 on 21 January 2010 and then confirmed by Chabukswar and Mukherjee in 2018 8 The source of this discovery before 2010 is unknown as of August 2022 update The elevation given here was established by a GPS survey in February 2016 The survey was carried out by a team from the French Research Institute for Development working in cooperation with the Ecuadorian Military Geographic Institute 13 References Edit Gould Coast US Geographic Survey Bay of Whales former bay Antarctica Encyclopaedia Britannica Online Encyclopaedia Britannica Whitehouse D 25 May 2005 Russia to resume Vostok drilling BBC News Retrieved 28 January 2011 Map from gcmap Map from gcmap Chabukswar Rohan Mukherjee Kushal 9 April 2018 Longest Straight Line Paths on Water or Land on the Earth arXiv 1804 07389 Bibcode 2018arXiv180407389C a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a Cite journal requires journal help David Shultz 30 April 2018 This ocean path will take you on the longest straight line journey on Earth Science Magazine Chabukswar Rohan Mukherjee Kushal 2 July 2018 Longest Straight Line Paths on Water or Land on the Earth arXiv 1804 07389 a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a Cite journal requires journal help Map from gcmap Map from gcmap Mount Everest is more than two feet taller China and Nepal announce nationalgeographib com 9 February 2021 Highest Mountain in the World geology com Chimborazo el volcan de Ecuador mas alto que el Everest si se mide desde el centro de la Tierra BBC Mundo 7 April 2016 Retrieved 8 April 2016 Klenke Paul Distance to the Center of the Earth Summit Post Retrieved 4 July 2018 Andes Website Information about Ojos del Salado volcano a high mountain in South America and the world s highest volcano Retrieved 18 January 2013 The Highest Lake in the World Archived from the original on 24 August 2007 Retrieved 7 September 2007 ASTER measurement of supraglacial lakes in the Mount Everest region of the Himalaya The main Khumbu Glacier is about 17 km long with elevations ranging from 4900m at the terminus to 7600m at the source The 7600m to 8000m elevations are also depicted on numerous detailed topographic 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2011BAMS 92 855M doi 10 1175 2011BAMS3067 1 Table 9 2 p 158 Dryland Climatology Sharon E Nicholson Cambridge University Press 2011 ISBN 1139500244 A possible world record maximum natural ground surface temperature Paul Kubecka Weather 56 7 July 2001 Weather pp 218 221 doi 10 1002 j 1477 8696 2001 tb06577 x Extreme Maximum Land Surface Temperatures J R Garratt Journal of Applied Meteorology 31 9 September 1992 pp 1096 1105 doi 10 1175 1520 0450 1992 031 lt 1096 EMLST gt 2 0 CO 2 Coldest spot on Earth identified by satellite Jonathan Amos BBC News 9 December 2013 The Coldest Place on Earth 90 C and below from Landsat 8 and other satellite thermal sensors Ted Scambos Allen Pope Garrett Campbell and Terry Haran American Geophysical Union fall meeting 9 December 2013 External links EditUnited States National Climatic Data Center AWOW Top List World Top 10 Hottest Places Archived 27 October 2017 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Extremes on Earth 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