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American Geophysical Union

March 08, 2023

The American Geophysical Union (AGU) is a 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization of Earth, atmospheric, ocean, hydrologic, space, and planetary scientists and enthusiasts that according to their website includes 130,000 people (not members). AGU's activities are focused on the organization and dissemination of scientific information in the interdisciplinary and international fields within the Earth and space sciences. The geophysical sciences involve four fundamental areas: atmospheric and ocean sciences; solid-Earth sciences; hydrologic sciences; and space sciences. The organization's headquarters is located on Florida Avenue in Washington, D.C.[8]

American Geophysical Union
American Geophysical Union Headquarters in 2022
AbbreviationAGU
Formation1919; 104 years ago (1919)
TypeScientific society
52-0955532[1]
Legal status501(c)(3) non-profit[2]
PurposeGeophysics, and many other fields in Earth and Space sciences
HeadquartersWashington, D.C., United States
Coordinates38°54′53″N 77°02′43″W / 38.91472°N 77.04528°W / 38.91472; -77.04528Coordinates: 38°54′53″N 77°02′43″W / 38.91472°N 77.04528°W / 38.91472; -77.04528
Region served
Worldwide
Membership
62,000 individuals
Susan Lozier
Randy Fiser
Main organ
Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union
AffiliationsInternational Union of Geodesy and Geophysics
American Association for the Advancement of Science[3]
American Institute of Physics[4]
National Academy of Sciences
American Geosciences Institute
Council of Engineering and Scientific Society Executives
International Council of Scientific Unions[5]
Revenue (2017)
$52,606,635
Expenses (2017)$36,484,078
Endowment$602,625[1]
Employees (2017)
148[6]
Volunteers (2017)
21,000[6]
Websitewww.agu.org

History

The AGU was established in December 1919 by the National Research Council (NRC) to represent the United States in the International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics (IUGG), and its first chairman was William Bowie of the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey (USCGS).[9][10]: 267  For more than 50 years, it operated as an unincorporated affiliate of the National Academy of Sciences. On June 29, 1972, AGU was incorporated in the District of Columbia[11] and membership was opened to scientists and students worldwide.[12][13]

The AGU was intended to promote "pure" geophysics; exploration geophysics has its own society, the Society of Exploration Geophysicists.[13] In a March 1919 report by a committee chaired by Robert S. Woodward of the Carnegie Institution, geophysics was defined as a collection of "borderlands" (closely related, mutually dependent subjects): astronomy, geodesy, geology, meteorology, oceanography, seismology, terrestrial magnetism, terrestrial electricity, tides, and volcanology. The AGU was organized under seven sections: Geodesy, Seismology, Meteorology, Terrestrial magnetism and electricity, Oceanography, Volcanology, and Geophysical chemistry. Hydrology was added in 1930 and Tectonophysics in 1940. In suggesting the latter name, Norman Bowen evoked a familiar theme: to "designate this new borderline field between geophysics, physics and geology for the solution of problems of tectonics."[14]

The first meeting of the AGU took place on April 23, 1920. In attendance were 25 members. Up to 1930, the number of members was restricted and members were elected. In 1932 the first annual dues of US$2 were imposed.[14] The membership grew to 4600 in 1950; 13,000 in 1980; and 26,000 in 1990.[13] As of 2018, it had 62,000 members from 137 countries.[15]

Publications

Main category: American Geophysical Union academic journals

AGU publishes the online magazine Eos and more than twenty peer-reviewed scientific journals:[16]

The journal Radio Science is co-sponsored by the International Union of Radio Science.[17] The journal Earth Interactions is published in partnership with the American Meteorological Society (AMS) and the Association of American Geographers (AAG).[18][19] In addition, International Journal of Geomagnetism and Aeronomy is no longer published and AGU distributes Chinese Journal of Geophysics and Nonlinear Processes in Geophysics.[16] Many of the journals have high impact factors, with Paleoceanography having the highest within paleontology and Reviews of Geophysics the second highest within geochemistry and geophysics as of 2010.[20] AGU has also been publishing books for more than 85 years.[21]

AGU has also partnered with societies to publish:[22]

AGU co-published (along with the AMS and the AAG) its first electronic journal, Earth Interactions, in 1997. It started its own electronic journal, Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, in December 1999.[23] It made a full transition to electronic publishing in 2001. For all its journals, the electronic version became the publication of record. This was accompanied by a new identification scheme for articles that entirely did away with sequential page numbers. Instead, each article had a digital object identifier (DOI). As an example, 10.1029/2001GL014304 consists of the publisher identifier (10.1029), the year (2001), the journal code (GL), and an article number (014304). This new system was met with complaints from libraries and scientists. The article numbers provided no clue for libraries to find an article in printed versions, and even scientific databases were not set up to handle DOIs. AGU officials claimed that the problems were a temporary cost of being a frontrunner, but did retroactively assign each article a four-digit article number.[24]

In 2012 the journals and books, including over one and a half million pages of legacy content, were transferred to the Wiley Online Library. John Wiley & Sons were recognized for this work with the IT Project Team of the Year Award at the UK IT Industry Awards for 2013.[25][26][27]

Five AGU journals are open access only: AGU Advances, Earth’s Future, Earth and Space Science, GeoHealth, JAMES, and Space Weather.[28] The remainder are delayed open access journals, having free access after a two-year rolling period.[29]

The AGU hosts a number of blogs, collectively known as the AGU Blogosphere, informally publishing frequent updates on the Earth and space sciences.[30]

Texaco copyright case

Main article: American Geophysical Union v. Texaco

AGU publications are copyrighted, but in the United States many exceptions to the exclusive rights of copyright are allowed under the fair use provision, part of the Copyright Act of 1976. Making copies of publications are allowed for such uses as teaching and research as long as a set of four criteria are met. However, when Texaco's corporate library made systematic copies of journal articles for its collection, AGU and five other publishers took Texaco to court. The judges found for AGU. Texaco was fined and agreed to retroactively purchase a license from the Copyright Clearance Center.[31][32][33]

Executive

Presidents

Main article: List of presidents of the American Geophysical Union
 
William Bowie, first chairman of the AGU.
 
Louis Agricola Bauer

The presidents of the AGU have been:[5][14]

Executive directors

While more than 40 presidents have provided scientific leadership for the AGU since 1919, operational leadership has been provided by just four individuals. The first was John Adam Fleming, who was elected Secretary in 1925 and changed the name of his position to General Secretary. He served as a volunteer while working at the Department of Terrestrial Magnetism at the Carnegie Institution. By 1943, with the membership nearing 2,000, AGU recognized the need for a full-time professional administrator. The post was renamed Executive Secretary and Waldo E. Smith was hired. He served until 1970 and then Athelstan Spilhaus, Jr. was hired as executive director.[14][34] Christine McEntee replaced him in 2010.[5] Medals have been named after Fleming and Smith.[14]

Recognition

The AGU offers several awards, medals and fellowships.[35][36]

Awards

  • The Africa Award for Research Excellence in Earth or Ocean Sciences (established 2015), awarded annually to an early career scientist from the continent of Africa, "for completing significant work that shows the focus and promise of making outstanding contributions to research in Earth or ocean sciences."
  • The Africa Award for Research Excellence in Space Science (established 2015), awarded annually to an early career scientist from the continent of Africa, "for completing significant work that shows the focus and promise of making outstanding contributions to research in space science."
  • The Ambassador Award (established 2013), awarded annually to up to five honorees in recognition "for outstanding contributions to one or more of the following area(s): societal impact, service to the Earth and space community, scientific leadership, and promotion of talent/career pool." This is the only AGU award whose recipients are conferred AGU Fellows.
  • The Athelstan Spilhaus Award (established 2006), named after Athelstan Frederick Spilhaus, Sr. who created the bathythermograph and also a long-running science cartoon, "for enhancement of the public understanding of Earth and space science."
  • The Charles S. Falkenberg Award (established in 2002), named after Falkenberg, who applied data visualization and information technology to earth sciences, to an individual "scientist under 45 years of age who has contributed to the quality of life, economic opportunities, and stewardship of the planet through the use of Earth science information and to the public awareness of the importance of understanding our planet."
  • The Pavel S. Molchanov Climate Communications Prize (established in 2011 and permanently endowed by Pavel S. Molchanov in 2023) is awarded "in recognition of the communication of climate science to promote scientific literacy, clarity of message, and efforts to foster respect and understanding of science-based values, particularly around climate change."
  • The David Perlman Award (established 2000), named after the science editor of the San Francisco Chronicle, "for excellence in researching and reporting a news story that meets one or more of the following criteria: brings new information or concepts about AGU sciences to the public's attention, identifies and corrects misconceptions about AGU sciences, or makes AGU sciences accessible and interesting to general audiences, without sacrificing accuracy."
  • The Edward A. Flinn III Award (established 1990), named after a leader of the NASA Geodynamics Program who directed efforts to detect motion of the Earth's crust using laser ranging, to an "individual who personifies the Union's motto 'unselfish cooperation in research' through their facilitating, coordinating, and implementing activities."
  • The Excellence in Geophysical Education Award (established in 1995) "to acknowledge a sustained commitment to excellence in geophysical education by a team, individual, or group. To educators who have had a major impact on geophysical education at any level (kindergarten through postgraduate), who have been outstanding teachers and trainers for a number of years, or who have made a long-lasting, positive impact on geophysical education through professional service."
  • The International Award (established 2007) "to recognize an individual scientist or a small team for making an outstanding contribution to furthering the Earth and space sciences and using science for the benefit of society in less favored nations."
  • The Outstanding Student Presentation Award (OSPA), "are awarded to promote, recognize and reward undergraduate, Master’s and PhD students for quality research in the geophysical sciences. Each year, Sections recruit judges to assess and score student oral and poster presentations at meetings. Typically the top 2–5% of presenters in each Section are awarded an OSPA."[37]
  • The Robert C. Cowen Award (established 1991), named after a long-time editor of The Christian Science Monitor, "for a journalist or a group that has made significant, lasting, and consistent contributions to accurate reporting or writing on the geophysical sciences for the general public."
  • The Science for Solutions Award (established 2012) "for significant contributions in the application and use of Earth and space sciences to solve societal problems."
  • The Walter Sullivan Award for Excellence in Science Journalism (established 2000), named after the renowned science writer of The New York Times, awarded annually for science feature writing.[38]
  • The William Kaula Award (established 2003), named after geophysicist and physical geodesist William M. Kaula, for "extraordinary dedication to, and exceptional efforts on behalf of, the Union's publications program." (Awarded on even-numbered years.)[39]

Fellowships

See also: Category:Fellows of the American Geophysical Union

AGU nominates members for fellowship in the society. According to the AGU website "To be elected a Fellow of AGU is a special tribute for those who have made exceptional scientific contributions to Earth and space sciences as valued by their peers and vetted by section and focus group committees."[40] A maximum of 0.1% of the membership can be elected each year.[41]

Medals

  • The Charles A. Whitten Medal (established 1984), named after Charles A. Whitten, a former AGU General Secretary and geodesist, "for outstanding achievement in research on the form and dynamics of the Earth and planets."
  • The Devendra Lal Memorial Medal (established 2016) was named after Devendra Lal. Lal had a founding role in developing the field in which cosmic rays produced isotopes on Earth and are used as tracers to investigate a wide range of Earth Science problems. The Medal is awarded "for outstanding Earth and/or space sciences research by a scientist belonging to and working in a developing country."[42]
  • The James B. Macelwane Medal (established 1961), named after James B. Macelwane, a former AGU president who was deeply interested in teaching young scientists, "to be awarded annually for significant contributions by outstanding young scientists." Recipients must be no more than 10 years past their highest degree.
  • The Joanne Simpson Medal (established in 2017), named after Joanne Simpson, the first woman in the United States to receive a PhD in meteorology, "for significant contributions to the earth and space sciences by an outstanding mid-career scientist."[43]
  • The John Adam Fleming Medal (established 1960), named after John Adam Fleming, a major contributor to magnetic standards and measurements, "for original research and technical leadership in geomagnetism, atmospheric electricity, aeronomy, space physics, and related sciences."
  • The Maurice Ewing Medal (established 1974 and co-sponsored by the United States Navy), named after Maurice Ewing, a major contributor to oceanography, "for significant original contributions to the scientific understanding of the processes in the ocean; for the advancement of oceanographic engineering, technology, and instrumentation; and for outstanding service to the marine sciences."
  • The Harry H. Hess Medal (established 1984), named after Harry Hammond Hess, who made major contributions to the study of the oceanic lithosphere, "for outstanding achievements in research of the constitution and evolution of Earth and other planets."
  • The Inge Lehmann Medal (established 1995), named after Inge Lehmann, the discoverer of the Earth's inner core, "for outstanding contributions to the understanding of the structure, composition, and dynamics of the Earth's mantle and core."
  • The Robert E. Horton Medal (established 1974), named after Robert E. Horton, who provided many of the analytical concepts for understanding the hydrologic cycle "for outstanding contributions to hydrology."
  • The Roger Revelle Medal (established 1991), named after Roger Revelle, an oceanographer notable for his contribution to the understanding of global change, "for outstanding contributions in atmospheric sciences, atmosphere-ocean coupling, atmosphere-land coupling, biogeochemical cycles, climate, or related aspects of the Earth system."
  • The Waldo E. Smith Medal (established 1982), named after Waldo E. Smith, the first Executive Secretary of AGU, to recognize "individuals who have played unique leadership roles in such diverse areas as scientific associations, education, legislation, research, public understanding of science, management, and philanthropy, and whose accomplishments have greatly strengthened and helped advance the geophysical sciences."
  • The Walter H. Bucher Medal (established 1966), named after Walter Hermann Bucher, a former AGU president and major contributor to crustal problems, "for original contributions to the basic knowledge of the crust and lithosphere."
  • The William Bowie Medal is the highest AGU honor and is awarded at most annually for "outstanding contributions to fundamental geophysics and for unselfish cooperation in research"; its namesake was the first recipient in 1939.

Sections

The AGU is divided into 25 sections that provide the main structure for managing volunteers, developing leaders and honoring scientists. These sections also reflect the breadth of science within Earth and space science: atmospheric and space electricity; atmospheric sciences; biogeosciences; cryosphere sciences; Earth and planetary surface processes; Earth and space science informatics; education; geodesy; geohealth; geomagnetism; paleomagnetism and electromagnetism; hydrology; mineral and rock physics; natural hazards; near surface geophysics; nonlinear geophysics; ocean sciences; paleoceanography; planetary sciences; seismology; societal impacts and policy sciences; space physics and aeronomy; study of the Earth's deep interior; tectonophysics; volcanology, geochemistry, and petrology.[44][45]

Meetings

 
Plenary session at an American Geophysical Union policy conference in Washington, DC in May 2012.

AGU holds an annual meeting every December (known as the Fall Meeting).[46] Until 2017, the meeting was held yearly in San Francisco. Because of renovations at the San Francisco venue, the 2017 meeting took place in New Orleans and the 2018 meeting in Washington, DC.[47] It returned to San Francisco in 2019 and its location will rotate among San Francisco, New Orleans, Chicago, and Washington, DC. Previously, a second meeting was held every Spring (April through May) in locations around the world. The latter grew out of AGU's annual Spring meeting, which had been held for many years in Baltimore, until declining interest caused AGU to move the meeting to different locations, starting with Boston in 1998. With the 2003 meeting in Nice, France, it became known as the Joint Assembly because AGU co-sponsors it with other societies such as the Geochemical Society, the Mineralogical Society of America (MSA), the Canadian Geophysical Union (CGU), and the European Geosciences Union (EGU). The Fall Meeting had more than 25,000 attendees in 2018.[48]

In addition to the Fall meeting that covers all areas of the geophysical sciences, AGU sponsors many specialized meetings that are intended to serve the needs of particular scientific disciplines or geographical areas, including the Ocean Sciences Meeting, which is held in even numbered years. Small, highly focused meetings are offered through the Chapman Conferences.[49]

The large numbers and international participation in the Fall Meeting results in a large contribution to greenhouse gases. The 9500 participants in the 2002 meeting traveled an average of 8,000 kilometres (5,000 mi) to attend, producing 1.3 metric tons of carbon dioxide, or one-sixteenth of the average yearly emissions for Americans. The AGU has made some adjustments such as asking shuttle bus drivers to turn off their engines when they are not moving, but 95% of the emissions come from jet fuel. In an unpublished study, David Scott and Lawrence Plug of Dalhousie University estimated that the AGU could reduce emissions by 7.7% if it moved the Fall Meeting to Denver, Colorado.[50][51]

In 2017, the first joint JpGU-AGU meeting was held in Chiba, Japan.[52] The meeting was a joint effort between AGU and the Japan Geoscience Union.

Science and society

On occasion the AGU Council issues position statements on matters affecting public policy that are related to geophysics. These include biological evolution, natural hazards, science education and funding, and climate change.[53] The AGU adopted its first position statement on climate change in December 1998.[54] That statement began

Atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases have substantially increased as a consequence of fossil fuel combustion and other human activities. These elevated concentrations of greenhouse gases are predicted to persist in the atmosphere for times ranging to thousands of years. Increasing concentrations of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases affect the Earth-atmosphere energy balance, enhancing the natural greenhouse effect and thereby exerting a warming influence at the Earth's surface.[55]

The statement continued,

Present understanding of the Earth climate system provides a compelling basis for legitimate public concern over future global and regional-scale changes resulting from increased concentrations of greenhouse gases.[55]

After a discussion of scientific uncertainties the statement concluded

AGU believes that the present level of scientific uncertainty does not justify inaction in the mitigation of human induced climate change and/or the adaptation to it.[55]

The adopted position statement was backed up by a detailed supporting document.[56] The AGU position statement has undergone several revisions, most recently revised and reaffirmed in 2012.[57]

In 2014, AGU developed the Sharing Science program to provide scientists with the skills and tools that they need to communicate science with any audience.[58] The program offers resources, workshops, hands-on support, and opportunities to help scientists more effectively communicate with broader audiences about Earth and space science. Audiences range from journalists, educators and students, policy makers, and the broader public.

Members of the AGU who work in politically-controversial fields have come under legal attack. For example, Michael Mann, a Fellow of the AGU and lead author of the original "hockey stick graph" study, faced a legal demand to turn over his private emails from Kenneth Cuccinelli II, at the time the attorney general of the state of Virginia, a conservative Republican who argues that there is no persuasive evidence that human activity is warming the planet. The court rejected Cuccinelli's demand.[59] However, such legal challenges continue, so in 2012 AGU entered in a partnership with the Climate Science Legal Defense Fund to offer legal counseling at the Fall Meeting.[60]

Scientific ethics

In 2011, AGU created a Task Force on Scientific Ethics, "to review and update existing policies and procedures for dealing with scientific misconduct."[61] This effort received a setback when its chairman, Peter Gleick, announced that he had lied to obtain internal documents from the Heartland Institute and then leaked them to the public.[62] Gleick, a climate scientist and recipient of the MacArthur Fellowship, said he was motivated by frustration with the efforts of groups such as the Heartland Institute to attack climate science and scientists, but admitted that it was a serious lapse of judgement.[63] He resigned from the task force on February 16, 2012, and was replaced by Linda Gundersen, director of the Office of Science Quality and Integrity at the United States Geological Survey (USGS).[64]

In 2017, AGU adopted and updated ethics policy, called the AGU Scientific Integrity and Professional Ethics.[65][66] Among other updates, the policy updated its definitions of what counts as scientific misconduct to include harassment, bullying, and discrimination. The change came, in part, as a result of a 2016 workshop AGU convened to address the challenge of sexual and gender-based harassment, with co-sponsorship by the American Association for the Advancement of Science, the American Chemical Society (ACS), the American Geosciences Institute (AGI), the Association for Women Geoscientists (AWG), and the Earth Science Women's Network (ESWN). Additionally, AGU staff are trained in how to address incidents of harassment at their annual meeting and wear "Safe AGU" buttons to signify themselves as resources.[67]

On February 27, 2018, AGU CEO Chris McEntee testified before the House Committee on Science, Space, & Technology Subcommittee on Research and Technology Hearing – A Review of Sexual Harassment and Misconduct in Science.[68] His testimony was alongside those of Rhonda Davis, head of the National Science Foundation's (NSF) Office of Diversity and Inclusion, Kathryn Clancy, an anthropologist at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, and attorney Kristina Larsen.

In July 2019, the AGU was awarded a three-year grant from the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation to launch the AGU Ethics and Equity Initiative, a collaboration among the AGU and the National Center for Professional and Research Ethics at the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign.[69] The initiative will tackle issues around sexual harassment and gender-based discrimination by developing new educational resources and tracking tools to measure impact.

In December 2022, AGU punished climate scientists Rose Abramoff and Peter Kalmus for misconduct, who interrupted a plenary session of the annual Fall Meeting with a call for scientists to engage in protest against climate change. AGU removed their research presentations from the meeting, banned them from participation, launched a misconduct inquiry, and complained to Abramoff's employer, Oak Ridge National Laboratory. Kalmus and Abramoff further claimed that AGU threatened to have them arrested if they returned to the meeting.[70] Abramoff was fired by Oak Ridge in January 2023.[71]

Corporate sponsorship

See also: ExxonMobil climate change controversy

In 2014, the AGU accepted 5469 gifts, grants and pledges from individuals and corporations. Of these, the 1919 Society (gifts of over $100,000) included ExxonMobil, Integrated Ocean Drilling Program Management International, and Nature's Own.[72]: 19  AGU also was found to have many annual events sponsored by corporations, including an annual Student Breakfast (supported by ExxonMobil) and Amazon Web Services supported research grants and that offer access to its cloud computing resources.[72]: 26–27  In 2015, the AGU Board approved a new Organizational Support Policy. The policy covers subjects such as advertorials and member surveys. It requires that partnerships contribute to AGU's mission, vision and goals and that the AGU "apply vetting to ascertain that partners are not engaged in false misinterpretations of science."[73]

The sponsorship of AGU by ExxonMobil became a source of concern for many members after evidence surfaced that ExxonMobil had known about climate change for decades but had actively worked to undermine climate science.[74][75][76][77] On February 22, 2016, a letter signed by 100 scientists was delivered to the AGU, requesting that they cut all ties with ExxonMobil and other companies that foster climate misinformation.[78][79][80] The AGU Board of Directors met on 22 April 2016 and voted to continue accepting sponsorship from ExxonMobil, arguing that there was not unequivocal evidence that ExxonMobil continues to participate in climate misinformation.[81] Instead of making a short-term political statement, the Board wished to engage with the energy industry over the long term.[82][83] In response, Senator Sheldon Whitehouse and Representative Ted Lieu sent a critical letter saying that ExxonMobil continues to fund climate denial and is misleading the AGU.[84] The Union of Concerned Scientists also sent a letter urging them to reconsider.[85] However, in a meeting on 23 September 2016, the Board upheld its previous decision.[86]

Fossil fuel divestment

In November 2021, AGU announced in a video presentation that, as a consequence of its Environmental, social, and corporate governance policies, it no longer had any direct investments in fossil-fuel companies and it was beginning to divest its investment portfolio from mutual fund holdings in fossil-fuel companies.[87]

See also

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Further reading

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to American Geophysical Union.
  • Fleming, J. A. (1954). "Origin and development of the American Geophysical Union, 1919–1952". Transactions, American Geophysical Union. 35 (1): 5. Bibcode:1954TrAGU..35....5F. doi:10.1029/TR035i001p00005. from the original on 8 March 2023. Retrieved 22 November 2013.

March 08, 2023
american, geophysical, union, nonprofit, organization, earth, atmospheric, ocean, hydrologic, space, planetary, scientists, enthusiasts, that, according, their, website, includes, people, members, activities, focused, organization, dissemination, scientific, i. The American Geophysical Union AGU is a 501 c 3 nonprofit organization of Earth atmospheric ocean hydrologic space and planetary scientists and enthusiasts that according to their website includes 130 000 people not members AGU s activities are focused on the organization and dissemination of scientific information in the interdisciplinary and international fields within the Earth and space sciences The geophysical sciences involve four fundamental areas atmospheric and ocean sciences solid Earth sciences hydrologic sciences and space sciences The organization s headquarters is located on Florida Avenue in Washington D C 8 American Geophysical UnionAmerican Geophysical Union Headquarters in 2022AbbreviationAGUFormation1919 104 years ago 1919 TypeScientific societyTax ID no 52 0955532 1 Legal status501 c 3 non profit 2 PurposeGeophysics and many other fields in Earth and Space sciencesHeadquartersWashington D C United StatesCoordinates38 54 53 N 77 02 43 W 38 91472 N 77 04528 W 38 91472 77 04528 Coordinates 38 54 53 N 77 02 43 W 38 91472 N 77 04528 W 38 91472 77 04528Region servedWorldwideMembership62 000 individualsPresidentSusan LozierExecutive Director Chief Executive OfficerRandy FiserMain organEos Transactions American Geophysical UnionAffiliationsInternational Union of Geodesy and GeophysicsAmerican Association for the Advancement of Science 3 American Institute of Physics 4 National Academy of SciencesAmerican Geosciences InstituteCouncil of Engineering and Scientific Society ExecutivesInternational Council of Scientific Unions 5 Revenue 2017 52 606 635Expenses 2017 36 484 078Endowment 602 625 1 Employees 2017 148 6 Volunteers 2017 21 000 6 Websitewww wbr agu wbr org Contents 1 History 2 Publications 2 1 Texaco copyright case 3 Executive 3 1 Presidents 3 2 Executive directors 4 Recognition 4 1 Awards 4 2 Fellowships 4 3 Medals 5 Sections 6 Meetings 7 Science and society 8 Scientific ethics 9 Corporate sponsorship 10 Fossil fuel divestment 11 See also 12 References 13 Further readingHistory EditThe AGU was established in December 1919 by the National Research Council NRC to represent the United States in the International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics IUGG and its first chairman was William Bowie of the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey USCGS 9 10 267 For more than 50 years it operated as an unincorporated affiliate of the National Academy of Sciences On June 29 1972 AGU was incorporated in the District of Columbia 11 and membership was opened to scientists and students worldwide 12 13 The AGU was intended to promote pure geophysics exploration geophysics has its own society the Society of Exploration Geophysicists 13 In a March 1919 report by a committee chaired by Robert S Woodward of the Carnegie Institution geophysics was defined as a collection of borderlands closely related mutually dependent subjects astronomy geodesy geology meteorology oceanography seismology terrestrial magnetism terrestrial electricity tides and volcanology The AGU was organized under seven sections Geodesy Seismology Meteorology Terrestrial magnetism and electricity Oceanography Volcanology and Geophysical chemistry Hydrology was added in 1930 and Tectonophysics in 1940 In suggesting the latter name Norman Bowen evoked a familiar theme to designate this new borderline field between geophysics physics and geology for the solution of problems of tectonics 14 The first meeting of the AGU took place on April 23 1920 In attendance were 25 members Up to 1930 the number of members was restricted and members were elected In 1932 the first annual dues of US 2 were imposed 14 The membership grew to 4600 in 1950 13 000 in 1980 and 26 000 in 1990 13 As of 2018 it had 62 000 members from 137 countries 15 Publications EditMain category American Geophysical Union academic journals AGU publishes the online magazine Eos and more than twenty peer reviewed scientific journals 16 AGU Advances Earth and Space Science Earth s Future Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems GeoHealth Geophysical Research Letters Global Biogeochemical Cycles Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems Journal of Geophysical Research sections A Space Physics B Solid Earth C Oceans D Atmospheres E Planets F Earth Surface and G Biogeosciences Paleoceanography and Paleoclimatology Radio Science Reviews of Geophysics Space Weather Tectonics Water Resources Research The journal Radio Science is co sponsored by the International Union of Radio Science 17 The journal Earth Interactions is published in partnership with the American Meteorological Society AMS and the Association of American Geographers AAG 18 19 In addition International Journal of Geomagnetism and Aeronomy is no longer published and AGU distributes Chinese Journal of Geophysics and Nonlinear Processes in Geophysics 16 Many of the journals have high impact factors with Paleoceanography having the highest within paleontology and Reviews of Geophysics the second highest within geochemistry and geophysics as of 2010 20 AGU has also been publishing books for more than 85 years 21 AGU has also partnered with societies to publish 22 Chinese Journal of Geophysics with the Chinese Academy of Sciences Earth and Planetary Physics with the Chinese Geophysical Society Earth Interactions with the American Meteorological Society Nonlinear Processes in Geophysics with the European Geosciences Union Interpretation with the Society of Exploration Geophysicists The Leading Edge with the Society of Exploration GeophysicistsAGU co published along with the AMS and the AAG its first electronic journal Earth Interactions in 1997 It started its own electronic journal Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems in December 1999 23 It made a full transition to electronic publishing in 2001 For all its journals the electronic version became the publication of record This was accompanied by a new identification scheme for articles that entirely did away with sequential page numbers Instead each article had a digital object identifier DOI As an example 10 1029 2001GL014304 consists of the publisher identifier 10 1029 the year 2001 the journal code GL and an article number 014304 This new system was met with complaints from libraries and scientists The article numbers provided no clue for libraries to find an article in printed versions and even scientific databases were not set up to handle DOIs AGU officials claimed that the problems were a temporary cost of being a frontrunner but did retroactively assign each article a four digit article number 24 In 2012 the journals and books including over one and a half million pages of legacy content were transferred to the Wiley Online Library John Wiley amp Sons were recognized for this work with the IT Project Team of the Year Award at the UK IT Industry Awards for 2013 25 26 27 Five AGU journals are open access only AGU Advances Earth s Future Earth and Space Science GeoHealth JAMES and Space Weather 28 The remainder are delayed open access journals having free access after a two year rolling period 29 The AGU hosts a number of blogs collectively known as the AGU Blogosphere informally publishing frequent updates on the Earth and space sciences 30 Texaco copyright case Edit Main article American Geophysical Union v Texaco AGU publications are copyrighted but in the United States many exceptions to the exclusive rights of copyright are allowed under the fair use provision part of the Copyright Act of 1976 Making copies of publications are allowed for such uses as teaching and research as long as a set of four criteria are met However when Texaco s corporate library made systematic copies of journal articles for its collection AGU and five other publishers took Texaco to court The judges found for AGU Texaco was fined and agreed to retroactively purchase a license from the Copyright Clearance Center 31 32 33 Executive EditPresidents Edit Main article List of presidents of the American Geophysical Union William Bowie first chairman of the AGU Louis Agricola Bauer The presidents of the AGU have been 5 14 William Bowie 1920 1922 Louis Agricola Bauer 1922 1924 Harry Fielding Reid 1924 1926 Henry S Washington 1926 1928 William Bowie 1929 1932 William Jackson Humphreys 1932 1935 Nicholas H Heck 1935 1938 Richard M Field 1938 1941 Walter C Lowdermilk 1941 1944 Leason H Adams 1944 1947 Oscar Edward Meinzer 1947 1948 Walter Hermann Bucher 1948 1953 James B Macelwane 1953 1956 Maurice Ewing 1956 1959 Lloyd V Berkner 1959 1961 Thomas F Malone 1961 1964 George P Woollard 1964 1966 William C Ackermann 1966 1968 Helmut Landsberg 1968 1970 Homer E Newell Jr 1970 1972 Philip H Abelson 1972 1974 Frank Press 1974 1976 Arthur E Maxwell 1976 1978 Allan V Cox 1978 1980 John T Wilson 1980 1982 James Van Allen 1982 1984 Charles L Drake 1984 1986 Peter S Eagleson 1986 1988 Don L Anderson 1988 1990 Brent Dalrymple 1990 1992 Ralph J Cicerone 1992 1994 Marcia Neugebauer 1994 1996 Sean Solomon 1996 1998 John A Knauss 1998 2000 Marcia McNutt 2000 2002 Robert E Dickenson 2002 2004 John A Orcutt 2004 2006 Tim Killeen 2006 2008 Tim Grove 2008 2010 Michael McPhaden 2010 2013 Carol Finn 2013 2014 Margaret Leinen 2015 2017 Eric A Davidson 2017 2019 Robin Bell 2019 2021 Susan Lozier 2021 Michael Brandon Jones 2023 Executive directors Edit While more than 40 presidents have provided scientific leadership for the AGU since 1919 operational leadership has been provided by just four individuals The first was John Adam Fleming who was elected Secretary in 1925 and changed the name of his position to General Secretary He served as a volunteer while working at the Department of Terrestrial Magnetism at the Carnegie Institution By 1943 with the membership nearing 2 000 AGU recognized the need for a full time professional administrator The post was renamed Executive Secretary and Waldo E Smith was hired He served until 1970 and then Athelstan Spilhaus Jr was hired as executive director 14 34 Christine McEntee replaced him in 2010 5 Medals have been named after Fleming and Smith 14 Recognition EditThe AGU offers several awards medals and fellowships 35 36 Awards Edit The Africa Award for Research Excellence in Earth or Ocean Sciences established 2015 awarded annually to an early career scientist from the continent of Africa for completing significant work that shows the focus and promise of making outstanding contributions to research in Earth or ocean sciences The Africa Award for Research Excellence in Space Science established 2015 awarded annually to an early career scientist from the continent of Africa for completing significant work that shows the focus and promise of making outstanding contributions to research in space science The Ambassador Award established 2013 awarded annually to up to five honorees in recognition for outstanding contributions to one or more of the following area s societal impact service to the Earth and space community scientific leadership and promotion of talent career pool This is the only AGU award whose recipients are conferred AGU Fellows The Athelstan Spilhaus Award established 2006 named after Athelstan Frederick Spilhaus Sr who created the bathythermograph and also a long running science cartoon for enhancement of the public understanding of Earth and space science The Charles S Falkenberg Award established in 2002 named after Falkenberg who applied data visualization and information technology to earth sciences to an individual scientist under 45 years of age who has contributed to the quality of life economic opportunities and stewardship of the planet through the use of Earth science information and to the public awareness of the importance of understanding our planet The Pavel S Molchanov Climate Communications Prize established in 2011 and permanently endowed by Pavel S Molchanov in 2023 is awarded in recognition of the communication of climate science to promote scientific literacy clarity of message and efforts to foster respect and understanding of science based values particularly around climate change The David Perlman Award established 2000 named after the science editor of the San Francisco Chronicle for excellence in researching and reporting a news story that meets one or more of the following criteria brings new information or concepts about AGU sciences to the public s attention identifies and corrects misconceptions about AGU sciences or makes AGU sciences accessible and interesting to general audiences without sacrificing accuracy The Edward A Flinn III Award established 1990 named after a leader of the NASA Geodynamics Program who directed efforts to detect motion of the Earth s crust using laser ranging to an individual who personifies the Union s motto unselfish cooperation in research through their facilitating coordinating and implementing activities The Excellence in Geophysical Education Award established in 1995 to acknowledge a sustained commitment to excellence in geophysical education by a team individual or group To educators who have had a major impact on geophysical education at any level kindergarten through postgraduate who have been outstanding teachers and trainers for a number of years or who have made a long lasting positive impact on geophysical education through professional service The International Award established 2007 to recognize an individual scientist or a small team for making an outstanding contribution to furthering the Earth and space sciences and using science for the benefit of society in less favored nations The Outstanding Student Presentation Award OSPA are awarded to promote recognize and reward undergraduate Master s and PhD students for quality research in the geophysical sciences Each year Sections recruit judges to assess and score student oral and poster presentations at meetings Typically the top 2 5 of presenters in each Section are awarded an OSPA 37 The Robert C Cowen Award established 1991 named after a long time editor of The Christian Science Monitor for a journalist or a group that has made significant lasting and consistent contributions to accurate reporting or writing on the geophysical sciences for the general public The Science for Solutions Award established 2012 for significant contributions in the application and use of Earth and space sciences to solve societal problems The Walter Sullivan Award for Excellence in Science Journalism established 2000 named after the renowned science writer of The New York Times awarded annually for science feature writing 38 The William Kaula Award established 2003 named after geophysicist and physical geodesist William M Kaula for extraordinary dedication to and exceptional efforts on behalf of the Union s publications program Awarded on even numbered years 39 Fellowships Edit See also Category Fellows of the American Geophysical Union AGU nominates members for fellowship in the society According to the AGU website To be elected a Fellow of AGU is a special tribute for those who have made exceptional scientific contributions to Earth and space sciences as valued by their peers and vetted by section and focus group committees 40 A maximum of 0 1 of the membership can be elected each year 41 Medals Edit The Charles A Whitten Medal established 1984 named after Charles A Whitten a former AGU General Secretary and geodesist for outstanding achievement in research on the form and dynamics of the Earth and planets The Devendra Lal Memorial Medal established 2016 was named after Devendra Lal Lal had a founding role in developing the field in which cosmic rays produced isotopes on Earth and are used as tracers to investigate a wide range of Earth Science problems The Medal is awarded for outstanding Earth and or space sciences research by a scientist belonging to and working in a developing country 42 The James B Macelwane Medal established 1961 named after James B Macelwane a former AGU president who was deeply interested in teaching young scientists to be awarded annually for significant contributions by outstanding young scientists Recipients must be no more than 10 years past their highest degree The Joanne Simpson Medal established in 2017 named after Joanne Simpson the first woman in the United States to receive a PhD in meteorology for significant contributions to the earth and space sciences by an outstanding mid career scientist 43 The John Adam Fleming Medal established 1960 named after John Adam Fleming a major contributor to magnetic standards and measurements for original research and technical leadership in geomagnetism atmospheric electricity aeronomy space physics and related sciences The Maurice Ewing Medal established 1974 and co sponsored by the United States Navy named after Maurice Ewing a major contributor to oceanography for significant original contributions to the scientific understanding of the processes in the ocean for the advancement of oceanographic engineering technology and instrumentation and for outstanding service to the marine sciences The Harry H Hess Medal established 1984 named after Harry Hammond Hess who made major contributions to the study of the oceanic lithosphere for outstanding achievements in research of the constitution and evolution of Earth and other planets The Inge Lehmann Medal established 1995 named after Inge Lehmann the discoverer of the Earth s inner core for outstanding contributions to the understanding of the structure composition and dynamics of the Earth s mantle and core The Robert E Horton Medal established 1974 named after Robert E Horton who provided many of the analytical concepts for understanding the hydrologic cycle for outstanding contributions to hydrology The Roger Revelle Medal established 1991 named after Roger Revelle an oceanographer notable for his contribution to the understanding of global change for outstanding contributions in atmospheric sciences atmosphere ocean coupling atmosphere land coupling biogeochemical cycles climate or related aspects of the Earth system The Waldo E Smith Medal established 1982 named after Waldo E Smith the first Executive Secretary of AGU to recognize individuals who have played unique leadership roles in such diverse areas as scientific associations education legislation research public understanding of science management and philanthropy and whose accomplishments have greatly strengthened and helped advance the geophysical sciences The Walter H Bucher Medal established 1966 named after Walter Hermann Bucher a former AGU president and major contributor to crustal problems for original contributions to the basic knowledge of the crust and lithosphere The William Bowie Medal is the highest AGU honor and is awarded at most annually for outstanding contributions to fundamental geophysics and for unselfish cooperation in research its namesake was the first recipient in 1939 Sections EditThe AGU is divided into 25 sections that provide the main structure for managing volunteers developing leaders and honoring scientists These sections also reflect the breadth of science within Earth and space science atmospheric and space electricity atmospheric sciences biogeosciences cryosphere sciences Earth and planetary surface processes Earth and space science informatics education geodesy geohealth geomagnetism paleomagnetism and electromagnetism hydrology mineral and rock physics natural hazards near surface geophysics nonlinear geophysics ocean sciences paleoceanography planetary sciences seismology societal impacts and policy sciences space physics and aeronomy study of the Earth s deep interior tectonophysics volcanology geochemistry and petrology 44 45 Meetings Edit Plenary session at an American Geophysical Union policy conference in Washington DC in May 2012 AGU holds an annual meeting every December known as the Fall Meeting 46 Until 2017 the meeting was held yearly in San Francisco Because of renovations at the San Francisco venue the 2017 meeting took place in New Orleans and the 2018 meeting in Washington DC 47 It returned to San Francisco in 2019 and its location will rotate among San Francisco New Orleans Chicago and Washington DC Previously a second meeting was held every Spring April through May in locations around the world The latter grew out of AGU s annual Spring meeting which had been held for many years in Baltimore until declining interest caused AGU to move the meeting to different locations starting with Boston in 1998 With the 2003 meeting in Nice France it became known as the Joint Assembly because AGU co sponsors it with other societies such as the Geochemical Society the Mineralogical Society of America MSA the Canadian Geophysical Union CGU and the European Geosciences Union EGU The Fall Meeting had more than 25 000 attendees in 2018 48 In addition to the Fall meeting that covers all areas of the geophysical sciences AGU sponsors many specialized meetings that are intended to serve the needs of particular scientific disciplines or geographical areas including the Ocean Sciences Meeting which is held in even numbered years Small highly focused meetings are offered through the Chapman Conferences 49 The large numbers and international participation in the Fall Meeting results in a large contribution to greenhouse gases The 9500 participants in the 2002 meeting traveled an average of 8 000 kilometres 5 000 mi to attend producing 1 3 metric tons of carbon dioxide or one sixteenth of the average yearly emissions for Americans The AGU has made some adjustments such as asking shuttle bus drivers to turn off their engines when they are not moving but 95 of the emissions come from jet fuel In an unpublished study David Scott and Lawrence Plug of Dalhousie University estimated that the AGU could reduce emissions by 7 7 if it moved the Fall Meeting to Denver Colorado 50 51 In 2017 the first joint JpGU AGU meeting was held in Chiba Japan 52 The meeting was a joint effort between AGU and the Japan Geoscience Union Science and society EditOn occasion the AGU Council issues position statements on matters affecting public policy that are related to geophysics These include biological evolution natural hazards science education and funding and climate change 53 The AGU adopted its first position statement on climate change in December 1998 54 That statement began Atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases have substantially increased as a consequence of fossil fuel combustion and other human activities These elevated concentrations of greenhouse gases are predicted to persist in the atmosphere for times ranging to thousands of years Increasing concentrations of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases affect the Earth atmosphere energy balance enhancing the natural greenhouse effect and thereby exerting a warming influence at the Earth s surface 55 The statement continued Present understanding of the Earth climate system provides a compelling basis for legitimate public concern over future global and regional scale changes resulting from increased concentrations of greenhouse gases 55 After a discussion of scientific uncertainties the statement concluded AGU believes that the present level of scientific uncertainty does not justify inaction in the mitigation of human induced climate change and or the adaptation to it 55 The adopted position statement was backed up by a detailed supporting document 56 The AGU position statement has undergone several revisions most recently revised and reaffirmed in 2012 57 In 2014 AGU developed the Sharing Science program to provide scientists with the skills and tools that they need to communicate science with any audience 58 The program offers resources workshops hands on support and opportunities to help scientists more effectively communicate with broader audiences about Earth and space science Audiences range from journalists educators and students policy makers and the broader public Members of the AGU who work in politically controversial fields have come under legal attack For example Michael Mann a Fellow of the AGU and lead author of the original hockey stick graph study faced a legal demand to turn over his private emails from Kenneth Cuccinelli II at the time the attorney general of the state of Virginia a conservative Republican who argues that there is no persuasive evidence that human activity is warming the planet The court rejected Cuccinelli s demand 59 However such legal challenges continue so in 2012 AGU entered in a partnership with the Climate Science Legal Defense Fund to offer legal counseling at the Fall Meeting 60 Scientific ethics EditIn 2011 AGU created a Task Force on Scientific Ethics to review and update existing policies and procedures for dealing with scientific misconduct 61 This effort received a setback when its chairman Peter Gleick announced that he had lied to obtain internal documents from the Heartland Institute and then leaked them to the public 62 Gleick a climate scientist and recipient of the MacArthur Fellowship said he was motivated by frustration with the efforts of groups such as the Heartland Institute to attack climate science and scientists but admitted that it was a serious lapse of judgement 63 He resigned from the task force on February 16 2012 and was replaced by Linda Gundersen director of the Office of Science Quality and Integrity at the United States Geological Survey USGS 64 In 2017 AGU adopted and updated ethics policy called the AGU Scientific Integrity and Professional Ethics 65 66 Among other updates the policy updated its definitions of what counts as scientific misconduct to include harassment bullying and discrimination The change came in part as a result of a 2016 workshop AGU convened to address the challenge of sexual and gender based harassment with co sponsorship by the American Association for the Advancement of Science the American Chemical Society ACS the American Geosciences Institute AGI the Association for Women Geoscientists AWG and the Earth Science Women s Network ESWN Additionally AGU staff are trained in how to address incidents of harassment at their annual meeting and wear Safe AGU buttons to signify themselves as resources 67 On February 27 2018 AGU CEO Chris McEntee testified before the House Committee on Science Space amp Technology Subcommittee on Research and Technology Hearing A Review of Sexual Harassment and Misconduct in Science 68 His testimony was alongside those of Rhonda Davis head of the National Science Foundation s NSF Office of Diversity and Inclusion Kathryn Clancy an anthropologist at the University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign and attorney Kristina Larsen In July 2019 the AGU was awarded a three year grant from the Alfred P Sloan Foundation to launch the AGU Ethics and Equity Initiative a collaboration among the AGU and the National Center for Professional and Research Ethics at the University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign 69 The initiative will tackle issues around sexual harassment and gender based discrimination by developing new educational resources and tracking tools to measure impact In December 2022 AGU punished climate scientists Rose Abramoff and Peter Kalmus for misconduct who interrupted a plenary session of the annual Fall Meeting with a call for scientists to engage in protest against climate change AGU removed their research presentations from the meeting banned them from participation launched a misconduct inquiry and complained to Abramoff s employer Oak Ridge National Laboratory Kalmus and Abramoff further claimed that AGU threatened to have them arrested if they returned to the meeting 70 Abramoff was fired by Oak Ridge in January 2023 71 Corporate sponsorship EditSee also ExxonMobil climate change controversy In 2014 the AGU accepted 5469 gifts grants and pledges from individuals and corporations Of these the 1919 Society gifts of over 100 000 included ExxonMobil Integrated Ocean Drilling Program Management International and Nature s Own 72 19 AGU also was found to have many annual events sponsored by corporations including an annual Student Breakfast supported by ExxonMobil and Amazon Web Services supported research grants and that offer access to its cloud computing resources 72 26 27 In 2015 the AGU Board approved a new Organizational Support Policy The policy covers subjects such as advertorials and member surveys It requires that partnerships contribute to AGU s mission vision and goals and that the AGU apply vetting to ascertain that partners are not engaged in false misinterpretations of science 73 The sponsorship of AGU by ExxonMobil became a source of concern for many members after evidence surfaced that ExxonMobil had known about climate change for decades but had actively worked to undermine climate science 74 75 76 77 On February 22 2016 a letter signed by 100 scientists was delivered to the AGU requesting that they cut all ties with ExxonMobil and other companies that foster climate misinformation 78 79 80 The AGU Board of Directors met on 22 April 2016 and voted to continue accepting sponsorship from ExxonMobil arguing that there was not unequivocal evidence that ExxonMobil continues to participate in climate misinformation 81 Instead of making a short term political statement the Board wished to engage with the energy industry over the long term 82 83 In response Senator Sheldon Whitehouse and Representative Ted Lieu sent a critical letter saying that ExxonMobil continues to fund climate denial and is misleading the AGU 84 The Union of Concerned Scientists also sent a letter urging them to reconsider 85 However in a meeting on 23 September 2016 the Board upheld its previous decision 86 Fossil fuel divestment EditIn November 2021 AGU announced in a video presentation that as a consequence of its Environmental social and corporate governance policies it no longer had any direct investments in fossil fuel companies and it was beginning to divest its investment portfolio from mutual fund holdings in fossil fuel companies 87 See also Edit geophysics portalGeological Society of America List of geoscience organizations List of geophysicists Scientific consensus on climate changeReferences Edit a b Form 990 Return of Organization Exempt from Income Tax Archived 2021 01 23 at the Wayback Machine American Geophysical Union Guidestar December 31 2014 Anonymous 2009 Articles of Incorporation of the American Geophysical Union Eos Transactions American Geophysical Union 90 37 326 Bibcode 2009EOSTr 90 326 doi 10 1029 2009EO370004 Reports from CAIP Affiliates American Geophysical Union CAIP Annual Report 2001 2002 American Association for the Advancement of Science Archived from the original on 21 February 2014 Retrieved 22 November 2013 Anonymous 1971 AGU affiliates with American Institute of Physics Eos Transactions American Geophysical Union 52 8 610 Bibcode 1971EOSTr 52Q 610 doi 10 1029 EO052i008p00610 01 a b c Finding Aid to the American Geophysical Union records 1919 2008 American Institute of Physics Niels Bohr Library amp Archives Archived from the original on 6 March 2016 Retrieved 22 November 2013 a b Form 990 Return of Organization Exempt from Income Tax American Geophysical Union PDF Archived PDF from the original on 2021 01 22 Retrieved 2020 04 03 Anonymous 1992 Leadership Eos Transactions American Geophysical Union 73 49S 10 22 Bibcode 1992EOSTr 73 10 doi 10 1029 EO073i49Sp00010 S2CID 251421275 Archived from the original on 2022 03 06 Retrieved 2020 02 01 AGU American Geophysical Union American Geophysical Union Archived from the original on 2015 09 12 Retrieved 2016 09 19 Bauer Louis A January 1924 The organization and aims of the American Geophysical Union Bulletin of the National Research Council 7 41 7 18 Bibcode 1923TrAGU 4 7B doi 10 1029 TR004i001p00007 Cochrane Rexmond C 1978 The National Academy of Sciences The First Hundred Years 1863 1963 National Academies doi 10 17226 579 ISBN 978 0 309 02518 8 PMID 25032423 American Geophysical Union permanent dead link District of Columbia Department of Consumer and Regulatory Affairs Government of the District of Columbia Accessed on April 13 2016 AGU History American Geophysical Union Archived from the original on 6 June 2011 Retrieved 10 October 2016 a b c Doel Ronald E 2012 American Geophysical Union In Rothenberg Marc ed History of Science in the United States Routledge ISBN 9781135583187 a b c d e AGU celebrates 80 years of leadership 1919 1999 PDF American Geophysical Union Archived PDF from the original on 26 October 2012 Retrieved 22 November 2013 AGU Centennial celebrates past shares narrative stories and looks to future discovery AGU Centennial Archived from the original on 2019 09 18 Retrieved 2019 10 03 a b Journals Publications American Geophysical Union Archived from the original on 12 April 2019 Retrieved 25 November 2013 URSI sponsored Journals International Union of Radio Science Archived from the original on 2016 03 04 Retrieved 11 October 2016 Earth Interactions ametsoc org American Meteorological Society Archived from the original on 24 April 2019 Retrieved 11 October 2016 Winkler Julie 29 May 2014 Earth Interactions Journal Undergoes Recent Changes AAG Newsletter American Association of Geographers Archived from the original on 2 May 2019 Retrieved 17 November 2014 Journal Citation Reports Thompson Reuters Archived from the original on 30 May 2013 Retrieved 10 October 2016 Aldred Maxine 2010 New Imprint for AGU Books Eos Transactions American Geophysical Union 91 34 299 Bibcode 2010EOSTr 91 299A doi 10 1029 2010EO340004 Journals Publications Archived from the original on 2019 07 01 Retrieved 2019 10 03 Holoviak Judy C January 2001 Scientific e Journals Geotimes Archived from the original on 2 December 2013 Retrieved 25 November 2013 Renner Rebecca 30 August 2002 Online pioneer ends up lost in cyberspace Science 297 5586 1468 1469 doi 10 1126 science 297 5586 1468 PMID 12202800 S2CID 58108268 American Geophysical Union and Wiley Blackwell Announce Publishing Partnership Press release Wiley 18 July 2012 Archived from the original on 2 December 2013 Retrieved 2013 11 23 Wiley Wins IT Project Team of the Year at the UK IT Industry Awards 2013 Press release Wiley 21 November 2013 Archived from the original on 2 December 2013 Retrieved 2013 11 23 Anonymous 1994 AGU on the move Eos Transactions American Geophysical Union 75 24 265 Bibcode 1994EOSTr 75 256 doi 10 1029 94EO00939 Open access AGU Archived from the original on 2020 07 14 Retrieved 2020 06 01 AGU offers free access to journal articles and open access publishing AGU Archived from the original on 21 September 2017 Retrieved 5 October 2017 AGU Blogosphere American Geophysical Union 2014 Archived from the original on 2014 05 22 Retrieved 2014 03 30 AGU Blogosphere American Geophysical Union v Texaco Inc 60 F 3d 913 2d Cir 1995 Copyright amp Photocopies Copyright Clearance Cente Archived from the original on 3 December 2013 Retrieved 25 November 2013 Harper Georgia Professional fair use after Texaco building on others creative expression University of Texas Libraries Archived from the original on 5 March 2014 Retrieved 25 November 2013 Newell H E 1984 Waldo E Smith A quarter century of service History of Geophysics Vol 1 p 144 Bibcode 1984HGeo 1 144N doi 10 1029 HG001p0144 ISBN 9781118665213 Archived from the original on 3 December 2013 Retrieved 23 November 2013 Union Awards Medals amp Prizes American Geophysical Union Archived from the original on 17 April 2019 Retrieved 10 October 2016 Medals Honors program American Geophysical Union Archived from the original on 2 May 2019 Retrieved 26 November 2013 https web archive org web 20190701055436 https membership agu org ospa winners Archived 2019 07 01 at the Wayback Machine Outstanding Student Presentation Award Winners Walter Sullivan Award Honors Program American Geophysical Union Archived from the original on 26 March 2019 Retrieved 26 November 2013 Kaula award Publications American Geophysical Union Archived from the original on 24 May 2019 Retrieved 26 November 2013 Union Fellows American Geophysical Union Archived from the original on 19 October 2016 Retrieved 10 October 2016 Nomination Process Honors Program 3 August 2016 Archived from the original on 11 October 2016 Retrieved 11 October 2016 S K Satheesh Receives 2017 Devendra Lal Memorial Medal Eos 27 December 2017 Archived from the original on 2019 10 03 Retrieved 2019 10 03 Bachmann and Yizengaw Receive 2018 Joanne Simpson Medal Eos 4 January 2019 Archived from the original on 2019 10 03 Retrieved 2019 10 03 Sections Focus Groups American Geophysical Union Archived from the original on 17 April 2019 Retrieved 10 October 2016 Mission GeoHealthConnect American Geophysical Union Archived from the original on 14 March 2018 Retrieved 13 March 2018 Fall Meeting 2019 AGU agu org Archived from the original on 2019 10 02 Retrieved 2019 10 04 AGU Announces Locations for the 2022 and 2024 Fall Meetings From The Prow 2018 12 10 Archived from the original on 2020 08 14 Retrieved 2019 10 04 Beginner s Guide to the AGU Fall Meeting Eos 6 December 2017 Archived from the original on 2018 06 02 Retrieved 2019 10 04 Meetings American Geophysical Union Archived from the original on 8 July 2011 Mason Betsy 11 December 2003 Scientists contribute to greenhouse gas emissions Nature News doi 10 1038 news031208 13 Archived from the original on 4 December 2013 Retrieved 24 November 2013 Lester B 5 October 2007 Greening the Meeting Science 318 5847 36 38 doi 10 1126 science 318 5847 36 PMID 17916703 S2CID 129385767 JpGU AGU Joint Meeting 2020 TOP PAGE jpgu org Archived from the original on 2019 10 04 Retrieved 2019 10 04 AGU Position Statements and Letters Science policy American Geophysical Union Archived from the original on 2 September 2017 Retrieved 23 November 2013 AGU adopts position statement on climate change and greenhouse gases FYI The AIP Bulletin of Science Policy News American Institute of Physics 29 January 1999 Archived from the original on 2 May 2019 Retrieved 10 October 2016 a b c Anonymous 28 September 1999 Position statement on climate change and greenhouse gases Eos Transactions American Geophysical Union 80 39 458 Bibcode 1999EOSTr 80 458 doi 10 1029 99EO00330 Ledley Tamara S Sundquist Eric T Schwartz Stephen E Hall Dorothy K Fellows Jack D Killeen Timothy L 28 September 1999 Climate change and greenhouse gases Eos Transactions American Geophysical Union 80 39 453 458 Bibcode 1999EOSTr 80Q 453L doi 10 1029 99EO00325 S2CID 129735079 Human induced climate change requires urgent action PDF American Geophysical Union August 2013 Archived from the original PDF on 3 April 2019 Retrieved 11 October 2016 Sharing Science Sharing Science Archived from the original on 2019 09 22 Retrieved 2019 10 04 Kaufman Leslie March 2 2012 Virginia Court Rejects Climate Skeptic s Demand for Records The New York Times Archived from the original on 2 May 2019 Retrieved 25 November 2013 Konkel Lindsey 21 November 2013 Climate science lawyers up Archived from the original on 24 November 2013 Retrieved 25 November 2013 Geoethics gets bigger spotlight among scientists Yale Climate Connections Yale Climate Connections 2014 12 19 Archived from the original on 2016 08 26 Retrieved 2019 10 04 Joyce Christopher 22 February 2012 Climate Scientist Admits To Lying Leaking Documents npr Archived from the original on 3 December 2013 Retrieved 25 November 2013 Gleick P H 20 February 2012 The Origin of the Heartland Documents Huffington Post Archived from the original on 11 November 2013 Retrieved 25 November 2013 McPhaden Mike We must remain committed to scientific integrity President s message archive American Geophysical Union Archived from the original on 3 December 2013 Retrieved 25 November 2013 AGU Revises Its Integrity and Ethics Policy Eos 18 September 2017 Archived from the original on 2019 11 09 Retrieved 2019 10 04 Scientific Societies Update Policies to Address MeToo The Scientist Magazine Archived from the original on 2019 09 25 Retrieved 2019 10 04 Safe AGU program AGU agu org Archived from the original on 2020 05 19 Retrieved 2019 10 04 House Panel Unites Against Sexual Harassment in the Sciences aip org 2018 03 06 Archived from the original on 2022 12 17 Retrieved 2019 10 04 AGU Awarded Grant from the Alfred P Sloan Foundation Eos 12 July 2019 Archived from the original on 2019 07 23 Retrieved 2019 10 04 McFall Johnsen Morgan 16 December 2022 2 climate activists got kicked out of the world s biggest Earth science conference for protesting and one says the association is silencing scientists Business Insider Archived from the original on 10 January 2023 Retrieved 11 January 2023 Abramoff Rose 10 January 2023 I m a Scientist Who Spoke Up About Climate Change My Employer Fired Me The New York Times Archived from the original on 11 January 2023 Retrieved 11 January 2023 a b Making a global impact 2014 annual report PDF Report AGU Archived PDF from the original on 9 October 2016 Retrieved 8 October 2016 McEntee Chris 31 August 2015 AGU Introduces New Organizational Support Policy From The Prow From The Prow American Geophysical Union Archived from the original on 2 May 2019 Retrieved 8 October 2016 Frumhoff Peter C Heede Richard Oreskes Naomi 23 July 2015 The climate responsibilities of industrial carbon producers Climatic Change 132 2 157 171 Bibcode 2015ClCh 132 157F doi 10 1007 s10584 015 1472 5 S2CID 152573421 Brulle Robert J 21 December 2013 Institutionalizing delay foundation funding and the creation of U S climate change counter movement organizations Climatic Change 122 4 681 694 Bibcode 2014ClCh 122 681B doi 10 1007 s10584 013 1018 7 S2CID 27538787 Times Editorial Board Exxon s damaging denial on climate change Los Angeles Times Archived from the original on 2 May 2019 Retrieved 11 October 2016 Achakulwisut Ploy Scandella Ben Voss Britta 6 January 2016 Why is the largest Earth science conference still sponsored by Exxon The Guardian Archived from the original on 2 May 2019 Retrieved 11 October 2016 Scientists to AGU Drop Exxon Sponsorship The Natural History Museum 22 February 2016 Archived from the original on 2 May 2019 Retrieved 11 October 2016 Leinen Margaret 17 March 2016 UPDATE Exxon AGU and Corporate Support From The Prow From The Prow American Geophysical Union Archived from the original on 2 May 2019 Retrieved 10 October 2016 Hirji Zahra 22 February 2016 Scientists Urge American Geophysical Union to Cut Ties With Exxon Over Climate Denial Inside Climate News Archived from the original on 2 May 2019 Retrieved 10 October 2016 Leinen Margaret 14 April 2016 AGU Board Votes to Continue Relationship with ExxonMobil and to Accept Sponsorship Support From The Prow From The Prow American Geophysical Union Archived from the original on 2 May 2019 Retrieved 10 October 2016 Leinen Margaret 21 February 2016 Exxon AGU and Corporate Support From The Prow From The Prow American Geophysical Union Archived from the original on 11 October 2016 Retrieved 10 October 2016 McKenna Phil Zahra Hijri Song Lisa 26 May 2016 Exxon s Donations and Ties to American Geophysical Union Are Larger and Deeper Than Previously Recognized Inside Climate News Archived from the original on 9 October 2016 Retrieved 10 October 2016 Readfern Graham You Have Been Fooled AGU Reopens Exxon Sponsorship Review After Stinging Letter From Sen Whitehouse and Rep Lieu DeSmogBlog Archived from the original on 18 April 2019 Retrieved 11 October 2016 Frumhoff Peter C 2016 09 07 Why the American Geophysical Union Should Reject Corporate Sponsorship from ExxonMobil The Equation blog ucsusa org Archived from the original on 3 January 2018 Retrieved 11 October 2016 Buhrman Joan 23 September 2016 UPDATE AGU Board Maintains Its Decision Regarding ExxonMobil From The Prow From The Prow American Geophysical Union Archived from the original on 2 May 2019 Retrieved 10 October 2016 Bell Susan Lozier Lisa J Graumlich Robin E 15 November 2021 AGU announces change in its investment strategy From The Prow Archived from the original on 11 January 2023 Retrieved 11 January 2023 Further reading Edit Wikimedia Commons has media related to American Geophysical Union Fleming J A 1954 Origin and development of the American Geophysical Union 1919 1952 Transactions American Geophysical Union 35 1 5 Bibcode 1954TrAGU 35 5F doi 10 1029 TR035i001p00005 Archived from the original on 8 March 2023 Retrieved 22 November 2013 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title American Geophysical Union amp oldid 1143511559, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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