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Puncak Jaya

Puncak Jaya (Indonesian: [ˈpuntʃak ˈdʒaja]; literally "Glorious Peak"), (Amungme: Nemangkawi Ninggok)[2] or Carstensz Pyramid (/ˈkɑːrstəns/) on the island of New Guinea, with an elevation of 4,884 m (16,024 ft), is the highest mountain peak of an island on Earth. The mountain is located in the Sudirman Range of the highlands of Mimika Regency, Central Papua, Indonesia.

Puncak Jaya
Carstensz Pyramid / Nemangkawi Ninggok
Summit of Puncak Jaya seen from a Helicopter (c. 2020)
Highest point
Elevation4,884 m (16,024 ft)[1]
Prominence4,884 m (16,024 ft)
Ranked 9th
Isolation5,262 km (3,270 mi) 
ListingSeven Summits
Eight Summits
Country's highest point
Ultra-prominent peak
Ribu
Coordinates04°04′44″S 137°9′30″E / 4.07889°S 137.15833°E / -4.07889; 137.15833Coordinates: 04°04′44″S 137°9′30″E / 4.07889°S 137.15833°E / -4.07889; 137.15833
Geography
Puncak Jaya
Location in Western New Guinea
Puncak Jaya
Location in New Guinea
LocationCentral Papua, Indonesia
Parent rangeSudirman Range
Climbing
First ascent1936 by Colijn, Dozy, and Wissels
1962 by Harrer, Temple, Kippax, and Huizenga
Easiest routerock/snow/ice climb
Puncak Jaya region icecap, Papua

The massive, open cut Grasberg gold and copper mine, the world's fifth-largest gold mine, is 4 km (2.5 mi) west of Puncak Jaya.

Other summits are East Carstensz Peak (4,808 m [15,774 ft]), Sumantri (4,870 m [15,980 ft]) and Ngga Pulu (4,863 m [15,955 ft]). Other names include Nemangkawi in the Amungkal language, Carstensz Toppen and Gunung Soekarno.[3] It is also the highest point between the Himalayas and the Andes. Some sources claim Papua New Guinea's Mount Wilhelm, 4,509 m (14,793 ft), as the highest mountain peak in Oceania, on account of Indonesia being part of Asia (Southeast Asia).[4]

Etymology

The name of the mountain in the indigenous Amungme peoples' language is Nemangkawi Ninggok meaning Peak of the White Arrow. The name Puncak Jaya is Bahasa Indonesian for 'Glorious Peak'. It is also known as Carstensz Pyramid, Mount Jayawijaya, or Mount Carstensz.

History

The highlands surrounding the peak were inhabited before European contact, and the peak is known as Nemangkawi in Amungkal.

Dutch discovery

Puncak Jaya was named "Carstensz Pyramid" after Dutch explorer Jan Carstenszoon, who was the first European who sighted the glaciers on the peak of the mountain on a rare clear day in 1623.[5] The sighting went unverified for over two centuries, and Carstensz was ridiculed in Europe when he said he had seen snow near the equator. It appeared on maps of the time as Sneebergh.[6]

The snowfield of Puncak Trikora, 170 km (106 mi) east of here, was reached as early as 1909 by a Dutch explorer, Hendrik Albert Lorentz with six of his Dayak Kenyah porters recruited from the Apo Kayan in Borneo.[7] The predecessor of the Lorentz National Park, which encompasses the Carstensz Range, was established in 1919 following the report of this expedition.

 
Animated map of the extent of the glaciers of the Carstensz Range from 1850 to 2003.

Climbing history

 
Left to right: Anton Colijn, Frits Wissel and Jean Jacques Dozy during the Carstensz expedition in 1936.

In 1936, the Dutch Carstensz Expedition, unable to establish definitively which of the three summits was the highest, attempted to climb each. Anton Colijn, Jean Jacques Dozy and Frits Wissel reached both the glacier-covered East Carstensz and Ngga Pulu summits on December 5, but, due to bad weather, failed in their attempts to climb the bare Carstensz Pyramid. Because of extensive snow melt, Ngga Pulu has become a 4,862 m (15,951 ft) subsidiary peak, but it has been estimated that in 1936 (when glaciers still covered 13 km2 (5.0 sq mi) of the mountain; see map) Ngga Pulu was indeed the highest summit, reaching over 4,900 m (16,100 ft).[8]

The now-highest Carstensz Pyramid summit was not climbed until 1962, by an expedition led by the Austrian mountaineer Heinrich Harrer (of Seven Years in Tibet fame, and climber of the Eiger North Face) with three other expedition members – the New Zealand mountaineer Philip Temple, the Australian rock climber Russell Kippax, and the Dutch patrol officer Albertus (Bert) Huizenga. Temple had previously led an expedition into the area and pioneered the access route to the mountains.[9]

When Indonesia took control of the province in 1963, the peak was renamed Poentja' Soekarno (Simplified Indonesian: Puncak Sukarno) or Sukarno Peak, after the then-President of Indonesia Sukarno; later this was changed to Puncak Jaya due to the subsequent de-Sukarnoization. Puncak means peak or mountain and Jaya means 'victory', 'victorious' or 'glorious'. The name Carstensz Pyramid is still used among mountaineers.[10]

Geology

Puncak Jaya is the highest point on the Central Range, which was created in the late Miocene Melanesian orogeny,[11] caused by oblique collision between the Australian and Pacific plates, and is made of middle Miocene limestones.[12]

Access

Access to the peak requires a government permit. The mountain was closed to tourists and climbers between 1995 and 2005. As of 2006, access is possible through various adventure tourism agencies.[13]

Glaciers

 
Puncak Jaya icecap 1936
 
Puncak Jaya icecap 1972

While Puncak Jaya's peak is free of ice, there are several glaciers on its slopes, including the Carstensz Glacier, West Northwall Firn, East Northwall Firn and the recently vanished Meren Glacier in the Meren Valley (meren is Dutch for "lakes").[14] Being equatorial, there is little variation in the mean temperature during the year (around 0.5 °C [0.90 °F]) and the glaciers fluctuate on a seasonal basis only slightly. However, analysis of the extent of these rare equatorial glaciers from historical records show significant retreat since the 1850s, around the time of the Little Ice Age Maximum which primarily affected the Northern Hemisphere, indicating a regional warming of around 0.6 °C (1.1 °F) per century between 1850 and 1972.

The glacier on Puncak Trikora in the Maoke Mountains disappeared completely some time between 1939 and 1962.[15] Since the 1970s, evidence from satellite imagery indicates the Puncak Jaya glaciers have been retreating rapidly. The Meren Glacier melted away sometime between 1994 and 2000.[14]

An expedition led by paleoclimatologist Lonnie Thompson in 2010 found that the glaciers are disappearing at a rate of seven metres (23 ft) thickness per year and in 2018 they were predicted to vanish in the 2020s.[16][17]

 
Disappearance of glaciers from Puncak Jaya, 1984–2020

Climbing

 
The highland area in 2005, with the Grasberg copper mine pit in the foreground. Its summit is at the far end of the central rib.

Puncak Jaya is one of the more demanding climbs in one version of the Seven Summits, despite having the lowest elevation. It is held to have the highest technical rating, though not the greatest physical demands of that list's ascents.

The standard route to climb the peak from its base camp is up the north face and along the summit ridge, which is all hard rock surface.[18] Despite the large mine, the area is highly inaccessible to hikers and the general public. The standard route to access base camp as of 2013 is to fly into the nearest major town with an airport, Timika, and then take a small aircraft over the mountain range and onto an unimproved runway at one of the local villages far down from the peak. It is then typically a five-day hike via the Jungle route to the base camp through very dense rainforest and with regular rainfall, making the approach probably the "most miserable" of the Seven Summits. Rain during most days of the hike inbound and out are not uncommon. Unlike the other Seven Summits, if one sustains an injury on the inbound hike, there is little or no ability to get rescued via helicopter. Anyone injured must evacuate by foot over very difficult and slippery terrain.

The descent from the peak's base camp can take three to four days. Anecdotally, it appears most injuries occur during the descent due to a combination of exhaustion and difficulty controlling hiking speed on the wet and slippery terrain.

An additional complication is relatively common work strikes by the climbing porters that accompany most expeditions, occasionally halting their work to demand (and usually receive) higher pay before agreeing to continue. The one-day summit bid is technically challenging for those with little rock climbing experience, and it can be quite cold with temperatures at or below freezing near the summit. Patches of snow sometimes appear on the route up or on the ropes of the Tyrolean traverse just below the summit.

See also

References

  1. ^ The elevation given here was determined by the 1971–73 Australian Universities' Expedition and is supported by the Seven Summits authorities and modern high resolution radar data. An older but still often quoted elevation of 5,030 metres (16,503 ft) is obsolete.
  2. ^ Müller, Kal (2008). Amungme : tradition and change in the highlands of Papua. Freeport Indonesia. OCLC 316516243.
  3. ^ Greater Atlas of the World, Mladinska knjiga, Ljubljana, Slovenia, 1986.
  4. ^ Statistical Yearbook of Croatia, 2007
  5. ^ Neill, Wilfred T. (1973). Twentieth-Century Indonesia. Columbia University Press. p. 14. ISBN 978-0-231-08316-4.
  6. ^ Wilhelm and Johan Blaeu, India quae orientalis dicitur, et insulae adiacentes, Amsterdam, 1664
  7. ^ Lorentz, H.A., 1910. Zwarte Menschen – Witte Bergen: Verhaal van den Tocht naar het Sneeuwgebergte van Nieuw-Guinea, Leiden: EJ. Brill.
  8. ^ Interview with Jean Jacques Dozy in 2002 (in Dutch).
  9. ^ Temple, Philip (4 October 2013). "Account of first ascent". Retrieved 7 January 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  10. ^ Parfet, Bo; Buskin, Richard (2009). Die Trying: One Man's Quest to Conquer the Seven Summits. New York, N.Y.: American Management Association. p. 178. ISBN 978-0-8144-1084-4.
  11. ^ Dow, D.B.; Sukamto R. (1984). "Late Tertiary to Quaternary Tectonics of Irian Jaya". Episodes. 7 (4): 3–9. doi:10.18814/epiiugs/1984/v7i4/001.
  12. ^ Weiland, Richard J.; Cloos, Mark (1996). "Pliocene-Pleistocene asymmetric unroofing of the Irian fold belt, Irian Jaya, Indonesia: Apatite fission-track thermochronology". GSA Bulletin. 108 (11): 1438–49. Bibcode:1996GSAB..108.1438W. doi:10.1130/0016-7606(1996)108<1438:ppauot>2.3.co;2.
  13. ^ "Cartensz Pyramid". 7summits.com. Retrieved 7 July 2006.
  14. ^ a b Kincaid, Joni L.; Klein, Andrew G (2004). "Retreat of the Irian Jaya Glaciers from 2000 to 2002 as Measured from IKONOS Satellite Images" (PDF). 61st Eastern Snow Conference. pp. 147–157. Retrieved 3 November 2011.
  15. ^ Allison, Ian; Peterson, James A. "Glaciers of Irian Jaya, Indonesia and New Zealand". U.S. Geological Survey, U.S.Department of the Interior. Retrieved 2018-09-06.
  16. ^ . Jakarta Globe. Agence France-Presse. July 2, 2010. Archived from the original on 2010-07-05. Retrieved 3 July 2010.
  17. ^ Wang, Shan-shan; Veettil, Bijeesh Kozhikkodan (2018-03-01). "State and fate of the remaining tropical mountain glaciers in australasia using satellite imagery". Journal of Mountain Science. 15 (3): 495–503. doi:10.1007/s11629-017-4539-0. ISSN 1993-0321. S2CID 135211598.
  18. ^ Jones, Lola (15 December 2009). "The most technical of the 7 summits". Xtreme Sport.

External links

  • "Mountains of the Indonesian Archipelago"- Peaklist.org
  • Racing Time on Oceania's Highest Peak by The Earth Institute
  • Puncak Jaya on Peakware 2020-04-14 at the Wayback Machine
  • Puncak Jaya on Peakbagger
  • Carstensz Expedition Report – 90+ Photos

puncak, jaya, this, article, about, mountain, peak, regency, located, southwest, peak, regency, this, article, expanded, with, text, translated, from, corresponding, article, french, september, 2020, click, show, important, translation, instructions, view, mac. This article is about the mountain peak For the regency located southwest of the peak see Puncak Jaya Regency This article may be expanded with text translated from the corresponding article in French September 2020 Click show for important translation instructions View a machine translated version of the French article Machine translation like DeepL or Google Translate is a useful starting point for translations but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate rather than simply copy pasting machine translated text into the English Wikipedia Consider adding a topic to this template there are already 5 563 articles in the main category and specifying topic will aid in categorization Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low quality If possible verify the text with references provided in the foreign language article You must provide copyright attribution in the edit summary accompanying your translation by providing an interlanguage link to the source of your translation A model attribution edit summary is Content in this edit is translated from the existing French Wikipedia article at fr Puncak Jaya see its history for attribution You should also add the template Translated fr Puncak Jaya to the talk page For more guidance see Wikipedia Translation Puncak Jaya Indonesian ˈpuntʃak ˈdʒaja literally Glorious Peak Amungme Nemangkawi Ninggok 2 or Carstensz Pyramid ˈ k ɑːr s t en s on the island of New Guinea with an elevation of 4 884 m 16 024 ft is the highest mountain peak of an island on Earth The mountain is located in the Sudirman Range of the highlands of Mimika Regency Central Papua Indonesia Puncak JayaCarstensz Pyramid Nemangkawi NinggokSummit of Puncak Jaya seen from a Helicopter c 2020 Highest pointElevation4 884 m 16 024 ft 1 Prominence4 884 m 16 024 ft Ranked 9thIsolation5 262 km 3 270 mi ListingSeven SummitsEight SummitsCountry s highest pointUltra prominent peakRibuCoordinates04 04 44 S 137 9 30 E 4 07889 S 137 15833 E 4 07889 137 15833 Coordinates 04 04 44 S 137 9 30 E 4 07889 S 137 15833 E 4 07889 137 15833GeographyPuncak JayaLocation in Western New GuineaShow map of Western New GuineaPuncak JayaLocation in New GuineaShow map of New GuineaLocationCentral Papua IndonesiaParent rangeSudirman RangeClimbingFirst ascent1936 by Colijn Dozy and Wissels1962 by Harrer Temple Kippax and HuizengaEasiest routerock snow ice climb Puncak Jaya region icecap Papua The massive open cut Grasberg gold and copper mine the world s fifth largest gold mine is 4 km 2 5 mi west of Puncak Jaya Other summits are East Carstensz Peak 4 808 m 15 774 ft Sumantri 4 870 m 15 980 ft and Ngga Pulu 4 863 m 15 955 ft Other names include Nemangkawi in the Amungkal language Carstensz Toppen and Gunung Soekarno 3 It is also the highest point between the Himalayas and the Andes Some sources claim Papua New Guinea s Mount Wilhelm 4 509 m 14 793 ft as the highest mountain peak in Oceania on account of Indonesia being part of Asia Southeast Asia 4 Contents 1 Etymology 2 History 3 Dutch discovery 3 1 Climbing history 4 Geology 5 Access 6 Glaciers 7 Climbing 8 See also 9 References 10 External linksEtymology EditThe name of the mountain in the indigenous Amungme peoples language is Nemangkawi Ninggok meaning Peak of the White Arrow The name Puncak Jaya is Bahasa Indonesian for Glorious Peak It is also known as Carstensz Pyramid Mount Jayawijaya or Mount Carstensz History EditThe highlands surrounding the peak were inhabited before European contact and the peak is known as Nemangkawi in Amungkal Dutch discovery EditPuncak Jaya was named Carstensz Pyramid after Dutch explorer Jan Carstenszoon who was the first European who sighted the glaciers on the peak of the mountain on a rare clear day in 1623 5 The sighting went unverified for over two centuries and Carstensz was ridiculed in Europe when he said he had seen snow near the equator It appeared on maps of the time as Sneebergh 6 The snowfield of Puncak Trikora 170 km 106 mi east of here was reached as early as 1909 by a Dutch explorer Hendrik Albert Lorentz with six of his Dayak Kenyah porters recruited from the Apo Kayan in Borneo 7 The predecessor of the Lorentz National Park which encompasses the Carstensz Range was established in 1919 following the report of this expedition Animated map of the extent of the glaciers of the Carstensz Range from 1850 to 2003 Climbing history Edit Left to right Anton Colijn Frits Wissel and Jean Jacques Dozy during the Carstensz expedition in 1936 In 1936 the Dutch Carstensz Expedition unable to establish definitively which of the three summits was the highest attempted to climb each Anton Colijn Jean Jacques Dozy and Frits Wissel reached both the glacier covered East Carstensz and Ngga Pulu summits on December 5 but due to bad weather failed in their attempts to climb the bare Carstensz Pyramid Because of extensive snow melt Ngga Pulu has become a 4 862 m 15 951 ft subsidiary peak but it has been estimated that in 1936 when glaciers still covered 13 km2 5 0 sq mi of the mountain see map Ngga Pulu was indeed the highest summit reaching over 4 900 m 16 100 ft 8 The now highest Carstensz Pyramid summit was not climbed until 1962 by an expedition led by the Austrian mountaineer Heinrich Harrer of Seven Years in Tibet fame and climber of the Eiger North Face with three other expedition members the New Zealand mountaineer Philip Temple the Australian rock climber Russell Kippax and the Dutch patrol officer Albertus Bert Huizenga Temple had previously led an expedition into the area and pioneered the access route to the mountains 9 When Indonesia took control of the province in 1963 the peak was renamed Poentja Soekarno Simplified Indonesian Puncak Sukarno or Sukarno Peak after the then President of Indonesia Sukarno later this was changed to Puncak Jaya due to the subsequent de Sukarnoization Puncak means peak or mountain and Jaya means victory victorious or glorious The name Carstensz Pyramid is still used among mountaineers 10 Geology EditPuncak Jaya is the highest point on the Central Range which was created in the late Miocene Melanesian orogeny 11 caused by oblique collision between the Australian and Pacific plates and is made of middle Miocene limestones 12 Access EditAccess to the peak requires a government permit The mountain was closed to tourists and climbers between 1995 and 2005 As of 2006 access is possible through various adventure tourism agencies 13 Glaciers Edit Puncak Jaya icecap 1936 Puncak Jaya icecap 1972 While Puncak Jaya s peak is free of ice there are several glaciers on its slopes including the Carstensz Glacier West Northwall Firn East Northwall Firn and the recently vanished Meren Glacier in the Meren Valley meren is Dutch for lakes 14 Being equatorial there is little variation in the mean temperature during the year around 0 5 C 0 90 F and the glaciers fluctuate on a seasonal basis only slightly However analysis of the extent of these rare equatorial glaciers from historical records show significant retreat since the 1850s around the time of the Little Ice Age Maximum which primarily affected the Northern Hemisphere indicating a regional warming of around 0 6 C 1 1 F per century between 1850 and 1972 The glacier on Puncak Trikora in the Maoke Mountains disappeared completely some time between 1939 and 1962 15 Since the 1970s evidence from satellite imagery indicates the Puncak Jaya glaciers have been retreating rapidly The Meren Glacier melted away sometime between 1994 and 2000 14 An expedition led by paleoclimatologist Lonnie Thompson in 2010 found that the glaciers are disappearing at a rate of seven metres 23 ft thickness per year and in 2018 they were predicted to vanish in the 2020s 16 17 Disappearance of glaciers from Puncak Jaya 1984 2020Climbing EditThis section needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources in this section Unsourced material may be challenged and removed August 2018 Learn how and when to remove this template message The highland area in 2005 with the Grasberg copper mine pit in the foreground Its summit is at the far end of the central rib Puncak Jaya is one of the more demanding climbs in one version of the Seven Summits despite having the lowest elevation It is held to have the highest technical rating though not the greatest physical demands of that list s ascents The standard route to climb the peak from its base camp is up the north face and along the summit ridge which is all hard rock surface 18 Despite the large mine the area is highly inaccessible to hikers and the general public The standard route to access base camp as of 2013 is to fly into the nearest major town with an airport Timika and then take a small aircraft over the mountain range and onto an unimproved runway at one of the local villages far down from the peak It is then typically a five day hike via the Jungle route to the base camp through very dense rainforest and with regular rainfall making the approach probably the most miserable of the Seven Summits Rain during most days of the hike inbound and out are not uncommon Unlike the other Seven Summits if one sustains an injury on the inbound hike there is little or no ability to get rescued via helicopter Anyone injured must evacuate by foot over very difficult and slippery terrain The descent from the peak s base camp can take three to four days Anecdotally it appears most injuries occur during the descent due to a combination of exhaustion and difficulty controlling hiking speed on the wet and slippery terrain An additional complication is relatively common work strikes by the climbing porters that accompany most expeditions occasionally halting their work to demand and usually receive higher pay before agreeing to continue The one day summit bid is technically challenging for those with little rock climbing experience and it can be quite cold with temperatures at or below freezing near the summit Patches of snow sometimes appear on the route up or on the ropes of the Tyrolean traverse just below the summit See also Edit Indonesia portalEight Summits List of elevation extremes by country List of highest mountains of New Guinea List of Southeast Asian mountains Seven SummitsReferences Edit The elevation given here was determined by the 1971 73 Australian Universities Expedition and is supported by the Seven Summits authorities and modern high resolution radar data An older but still often quoted elevation of 5 030 metres 16 503 ft is obsolete Muller Kal 2008 Amungme tradition and change in the highlands of Papua Freeport Indonesia OCLC 316516243 Greater Atlas of the World Mladinska knjiga Ljubljana Slovenia 1986 Statistical Yearbook of Croatia 2007 Neill Wilfred T 1973 Twentieth Century Indonesia Columbia University Press p 14 ISBN 978 0 231 08316 4 Wilhelm and Johan Blaeu India quae orientalis dicitur et insulae adiacentes Amsterdam 1664 Lorentz H A 1910 Zwarte Menschen Witte Bergen Verhaal van den Tocht naar het Sneeuwgebergte van Nieuw Guinea Leiden EJ Brill Interview with Jean Jacques Dozy in 2002 in Dutch Temple Philip 4 October 2013 Account of first ascent Retrieved 7 January 2021 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint url status link Parfet Bo Buskin Richard 2009 Die Trying One Man s Quest to Conquer the Seven Summits New York N Y American Management Association p 178 ISBN 978 0 8144 1084 4 Dow D B Sukamto R 1984 Late Tertiary to Quaternary Tectonics of Irian Jaya Episodes 7 4 3 9 doi 10 18814 epiiugs 1984 v7i4 001 Weiland Richard J Cloos Mark 1996 Pliocene Pleistocene asymmetric unroofing of the Irian fold belt Irian Jaya Indonesia Apatite fission track thermochronology GSA Bulletin 108 11 1438 49 Bibcode 1996GSAB 108 1438W doi 10 1130 0016 7606 1996 108 lt 1438 ppauot gt 2 3 co 2 Cartensz Pyramid 7summits com Retrieved 7 July 2006 a b Kincaid Joni L Klein Andrew G 2004 Retreat of the Irian Jaya Glaciers from 2000 to 2002 as Measured from IKONOS Satellite Images PDF 61st Eastern Snow Conference pp 147 157 Retrieved 3 November 2011 Allison Ian Peterson James A Glaciers of Irian Jaya Indonesia and New Zealand U S Geological Survey U S Department of the Interior Retrieved 2018 09 06 Papua Glacier s Secrets Dripping Away Scientists Jakarta Globe Agence France Presse July 2 2010 Archived from the original on 2010 07 05 Retrieved 3 July 2010 Wang Shan shan Veettil Bijeesh Kozhikkodan 2018 03 01 State and fate of the remaining tropical mountain glaciers in australasia using satellite imagery Journal of Mountain Science 15 3 495 503 doi 10 1007 s11629 017 4539 0 ISSN 1993 0321 S2CID 135211598 Jones Lola 15 December 2009 The most technical of the 7 summits Xtreme Sport External links Edit Wikimedia Commons has media related to Puncak Jaya Mountains of the Indonesian Archipelago Peaklist org Racing Time on Oceania s Highest Peak by The Earth Institute Puncak Jaya on Peakware Archived 2020 04 14 at the Wayback Machine Puncak Jaya on Peakbagger Carstensz Expedition Report 90 Photos Aerial photos from the Puncak Jaya region Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Puncak Jaya amp oldid 1153906320, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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