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Dune (novel)

April 06, 2023

This article is about the 1965 novel. For the related franchise, see Dune (franchise).

Dune is a 1965 epic science fiction novel by American author Frank Herbert, originally published as two separate serials in Analog magazine. It tied with Roger Zelazny's This Immortal for the Hugo Award in 1966 and it won the inaugural Nebula Award for Best Novel. It is the first installment of the Dune saga. In 2003, it was described as the world's best-selling science fiction novel.

Dune
First edition cover
AuthorFrank Herbert
Cover artistJohn Schoenherr
CountryUnited States
LanguageEnglish
SeriesDune series
GenreScience fiction[1]
PublishedAugust 1965
PublisherChilton Books
Media typePrint (hardcover & paperback)
Pages412
Followed byDune Messiah 

Dune is set in the distant future amidst a feudal interstellar society in which various noble houses control planetary fiefs. It tells the story of young Paul Atreides, whose family accepts the stewardship of the planet Arrakis. While the planet is an inhospitable and sparsely populated desert wasteland, it is the only source of melange, or "spice", a drug that extends life and enhances mental abilities. Melange is also necessary for space navigation, which requires a kind of multidimensional awareness and foresight that only the drug provides. As melange can only be produced on Arrakis, control of the planet is a coveted and dangerous undertaking. The story explores the multilayered interactions of politics, religion, ecology, technology, and human emotion, as the factions of the empire confront each other in a struggle for the control of Arrakis and its spice.

Herbert wrote five sequels: Dune Messiah, Children of Dune, God Emperor of Dune, Heretics of Dune, and Chapterhouse: Dune. Following Herbert's death in 1986, his son Brian Herbert and author Kevin J. Anderson continued the series in over a dozen additional novels since 1999.

Adaptations of the novel to cinema have been notoriously difficult and complicated. In the 1970s, cult filmmaker Alejandro Jodorowsky attempted to make a film based on the novel. After three years of development, the project was canceled due to a constantly growing budget. In 1984, a film adaptation directed by David Lynch was released to a mostly negative response from critics and failed at the box office. The book was also adapted into the 2000 Sci-Fi Channel miniseries Frank Herbert's Dune and its 2003 sequel Frank Herbert's Children of Dune (which combines the events of Dune Messiah and Children of Dune). A second film adaptation directed by Denis Villeneuve was released on October 21, 2021, to generally positive reviews from critics and grossed $401 million worldwide. It also went on to win six Academy Awards. Villeneuve's film was essentially the first half of the original novel, and a sequel, which will cover the remaining story, has begun production and is set for release in 2023. The series has been used as the basis for several board, role-playing, and video games.

Since 2009, the names of planets from the Dune novels have been adopted for the real-life nomenclature of plains and other features on Saturn's moon Titan.

Origins

 
The Oregon Dunes, near Florence, Oregon, served as an inspiration for the Dune saga.

After his novel The Dragon in the Sea was published in 1957, Herbert traveled to Florence, Oregon, at the north end of the Oregon Dunes. Here, the United States Department of Agriculture was attempting to use poverty grasses to stabilize the sand dunes. Herbert claimed in a letter to his literary agent, Lurton Blassingame, that the moving dunes could "swallow whole cities, lakes, rivers, highways."[2] Herbert's article on the dunes, "They Stopped the Moving Sands", was never completed (and only published decades later in The Road to Dune), but its research sparked Herbert's interest in ecology and deserts.[3]

Herbert further drew inspiration from Native American mentors like “Indian Henry” (as Herbert referred to the man to his son; likely a Henry Martin of the Hoh tribe) and Howard Hansen. Both Martin and Hansen grew up on the Quileute reservation near Herbert's hometown. According to historian Daniel Immerwahr, Hansen regularly shared his writing with Herbert. "White men are eating the earth,” Hansen told Herbert in 1958, after sharing a piece on the effect of logging on the Quileute reservation. “They’re gonna turn this whole planet into a wasteland, just like North Africa.” The world could become a “big dune," Herbert responded in agreement.[4]

Herbert was also interested in the idea of the superhero mystique and messiahs. He believed that feudalism was a natural condition humans fell into, where some led and others gave up the responsibility of making decisions and just followed orders. He found that desert environments have historically given birth to several major religions with messianic impulses. He decided to join his interests together so he could play religious and ecological ideas against each other. In addition, he was influenced by the story of T. E. Lawrence and the “messianic overtones” in Lawrence's involvement in the Arab Revolt during World War I. In an early version of Dune, the hero was actually very similar to Lawrence of Arabia, but Herbert decided the plot was too straightforward and added more layers to his story.[5]

Herbert drew heavy inspiration also from Lesley Blanch's The Sabres of Paradise (1960), a narrative history recounting a mid-19th century conflict in the Caucasus, between rugged Islamized Turkic tribes and the expansive Russian Empire.[6] Language used on both sides of that conflict become terms in Herbert's world—chakobsa, a Caucasian hunting language, becomes a battle language of humans spread across the galaxy; kanly, a word for blood feud in the 19th century Caucasus, represents a feud between Dune's noble Houses; sietch and tabir are both words for camp borrowed from Ukrainian Cossacks (of the Pontic–Caspian steppe).[6]

Herbert also borrowed some lines which Blanch stated were Caucasian proverbs. "To kill with the point lacked artistry", used by Blanch to describe the Caucasus peoples' love of swordsmanship, becomes in Dune "Killing with the tip lacks artistry", a piece of advice given to a young Paul during his training. "Polish comes from the city, wisdom from the hills", a Caucasian aphorism, turns into a desert expression: "Polish comes from the cities, wisdom from the desert".[6]

Another significant source of inspiration for Dune was Herbert's experiences with psilocybin and his hobby of cultivating mushrooms, according to mycologist Paul Stamets's account of meeting Herbert in the 1980s:[7]

Frank went on to tell me that much of the premise of Dune—the magic spice (spores) that allowed the bending of space (tripping), the giant sand worms (maggots digesting mushrooms), the eyes of the Fremen (the cerulean blue of Psilocybe mushrooms), the mysticism of the female spiritual warriors, the Bene Gesserits (influenced by the tales of Maria Sabina and the sacred mushroom cults of Mexico)—came from his perception of the fungal life cycle, and his imagination was stimulated through his experiences with the use of magic mushrooms.

Herbert spent the next five years researching, writing, and revising. He published a three-part serial Dune World in the monthly Analog, from December 1963 to February 1964. The serial was accompanied by several illustrations that were not published again. After an interval of a year, he published the much slower-paced five-part The Prophet of Dune in the January–May 1965 issues.[8][9] The first serial became "Book 1: Dune" in the final published Dune novel, and the second serial was divided into "Book Two: Muad'dib" and "Book Three: The Prophet". The serialized version was expanded, reworked, and submitted to more than twenty publishers, each of whom rejected it. The novel, Dune, was finally accepted and published in August 1965 by Chilton Books, a printing house better known for publishing auto repair manuals.[10] Sterling Lanier, an editor at Chilton, had seen Herbert's manuscript and had urged his company to take a risk in publishing the book. However, the first printing, priced at $5.95 (equivalent to $51.16 in 2021), did not sell well and was poorly received by critics as being atypical of science fiction at the time. Chilton considered the publication of Dune a write-off and Lanier was fired.[11] Over the course of time, the book gained critical acclaim, and its popularity spread by word-of-mouth to allow Herbert to start working full time on developing the sequels to Dune, elements of which were already written alongside Dune.[12]

At first Herbert considered using Mars as setting for his novel, but eventually decided to use a fictional planet instead. His son Brian said that "Readers would have too many preconceived ideas about that planet, due to the number of stories that had been written about it."[13]

Herbert dedicated his work "to the people whose labors go beyond ideas into the realm of 'real materials'—to the dry-land ecologists, wherever they may be, in whatever time they work, this effort at prediction is dedicated in humility and admiration."[14]

Plot

Duke Leto Atreides of House Atreides, ruler of the ocean planet Caladan, is assigned by the Padishah Emperor Shaddam IV to serve as fief ruler of the planet Arrakis. Although Arrakis is a harsh and inhospitable desert planet, it is of enormous importance because it is the only planetary source of melange, or the "spice", a unique and incredibly valuable substance that extends human youth, vitality and lifespan. It is also through the consumption of spice that Spacing Guild Navigators are able to effect safe interstellar travel. Shaddam sees House Atreides as a potential future rival and threat, and conspires with House Harkonnen, the former stewards of Arrakis and the longstanding enemies of House Atreides, to destroy Leto and his family after their arrival. Leto is aware his assignment is a trap of some kind, but is compelled to obey the Emperor’s orders anyway.

Leto's concubine Lady Jessica is an acolyte of the Bene Gesserit, an exclusively female group that pursues mysterious political aims and wields seemingly superhuman physical and mental abilities, such as the ability to decide the sex of their children. Though Jessica was instructed by the Bene Gesserit to bear a daughter as part of their breeding program, out of love for Leto she bore a son, Paul. From a young age, Paul has been trained in warfare by Leto's aides, the elite soldiers Duncan Idaho and Gurney Halleck. Thufir Hawat, the Duke's Mentat (people with superhuman intelligence), has instructed Paul in the ways of political intrigue. Jessica has also trained her son in what Bene Gesserit disciplines she can. His prophetic dreams interest Jessica's superior, the Reverend Mother Gaius Helen Mohiam, who subjects Paul to the gom jabbar, a deadly test that causes blinding pain as part of an assessment of the subject's self-control. To her surprise, Paul passes despite being exposed to more pain than anyone else before him.

Leto, Jessica, and Paul travel with their household to occupy Arrakeen, the capital on Arrakis formerly held by House Harkonnen. Leto learns of the dangers involved in harvesting the spice, which is protected by giant sandworms, and negotiates with the planet's native Fremen people, seeing them as a valuable ally rather than foes. Soon after the Atreides' arrival, Harkonnen forces attack, joined by the Emperor's ferocious Sardaukar troops in disguise. Leto is betrayed by his personal physician, the Suk doctor Wellington Yueh, who delivers a drugged Leto to the Baron Vladimir Harkonnen and his twisted Mentat, Piter De Vries. Yueh, however, arranges for Jessica and Paul to escape into the desert, where they are presumed dead by the Harkonnens. Yueh replaces one of Leto's teeth with a poison gas capsule, hoping Leto can kill the Baron during their encounter. The Baron narrowly avoids the gas due to his shield, which instead kills Leto, De Vries, and others. The Baron forces Hawat to take over De Vries' position by dosing him with a long-lasting, fatal poison and threatening to withhold the regular antidote doses unless he obeys. While he follows the Baron's orders, Hawat works secretly to undermine the Harkonnens.

After fleeing into the desert, Paul realizes he has significant powers as a result of the Bene Gesserit breeding scheme, inadvertently caused by Jessica bearing a son and his exposure to high concentrations of spice. In visions, he foresees futures in which he lives among the planet's native Fremen, and is also informed of the addictive qualities of the spice. It is revealed Jessica is the daughter of Baron Harkonnen, a secret kept from her by the Bene Gesserit. After being captured by Fremen, Paul and Jessica are accepted into the Fremen community of Sietch Tabr, and teach them the Bene Gesserit fighting technique known as the "weirding way". Paul proves his manhood by killing a Fremen named Jamis in a ritualistic crysknife fight and chooses the Fremen name Muad'Dib, while Jessica opts to undergo a ritual to become a Reverend Mother by drinking the poisonous Water of Life. Pregnant with Leto's daughter, she inadvertently causes the unborn child, Alia, to become infused with the same powers in the womb. Paul takes a Fremen lover, Chani, and has a son with her, Leto II.

Two years pass and Paul's powerful prescience manifests, which confirms for the Fremen that he is their prophesied messiah, a legend planted by the Bene Gesserit's Missionaria Protectiva. Paul embraces his father's belief that the Fremen could be a powerful fighting force to take back Arrakis, but also sees that if he does not control them, their jihad could consume the entire universe. Word of the new Fremen leader reaches both Baron Harkonnen and the Emperor as spice production falls due to their increasingly destructive raids. The Baron encourages his brutish nephew Glossu Rabban to rule with an iron fist, hoping the contrast with his shrewder nephew Feyd-Rautha will make the latter popular among the people of Arrakis when he eventually replaces Rabban. The Emperor, suspecting the Baron of trying to create troops more powerful than the Sardaukar to seize power, sends spies to monitor activity on Arrakis. Hawat uses the opportunity to sow seeds of doubt in the Baron about the Emperor's true plans, putting further strain on their alliance.

Gurney, having survived the Harkonnen coup to become a smuggler, reunites with Paul and Jessica after a Fremen raid on his harvester. Believing Jessica to be the traitor, Gurney threatens to kill her, but is stopped by Paul. Paul did not foresee Gurney's attack, and concludes he must increase his prescience by drinking the Water of Life, which is traditionally fatal to males. Paul falls into unconsciousness for several weeks after drinking the poison, but when he wakes, he has clairvoyance across time and space: he is the Kwisatz Haderach, the ultimate goal of the Bene Gesserit breeding program.

Paul senses the Emperor and Baron are amassing fleets around Arrakis to quell the Fremen rebellion, and prepares the Fremen for a major offensive against the Harkonnen troops. The Emperor arrives with the Baron on Arrakis. The Emperor’s troops seize a Fremen outpost, killing many including young Leto II, while Alia is captured and taken to the Emperor. Under cover of an electric storm, which shorts out the Emperor's troops' defensive shields, Paul and the Fremen, riding giant sandworms, assault the capital while Alia assassinates the Baron and escapes. The Fremen quickly defeat both the Harkonnen and Sardaukar troops.

Paul faces the Emperor, threatening to destroy spice production forever unless Shaddam abdicates the throne. Feyd-Rautha attempts to stop Paul by challenging him to a ritualistic knife fight, during which he attempts to cheat and kill Paul with a poison spur in his belt. Paul gains the upper hand and kills him. The Emperor reluctantly cedes the throne to Paul and promises his daughter Princess Irulan's hand in marriage. As Paul takes control of the Empire, he realizes that while he has achieved his goal, he is no longer able to stop the Fremen jihad, as their belief in him is too powerful to restrain.

Characters

House Atreides
House Harkonnen
House Corrino
Bene Gesserit
Fremen
  • The Fremen, native inhabitants of Arrakis
  • Stilgar, Fremen leader of Sietch Tabr
  • Chani, Paul's Fremen concubine and a Sayyadina (female acolyte) of Sietch Tabr
  • Dr. Liet-Kynes, the Imperial Planetologist on Arrakis and father of Chani, as well as a revered figure among the Fremen
  • The Shadout Mapes, head housekeeper of imperial residence on Arrakis
  • Jamis, Fremen killed by Paul in ritual duel
  • Harah, wife of Jamis and later servant to Paul
  • Reverend Mother Ramallo, religious leader of Sietch Tabr
Smugglers
  • Esmar Tuek, a powerful smuggler and the father of Staban Tuek
  • Staban Tuek, the son of Esmar Tuek and a powerful smuggler who befriends and takes in Gurney Halleck and his surviving men after the attack on the Atreides

Themes and influences

The Dune series is a landmark of science fiction. Herbert deliberately suppressed technology in his Dune universe so he could address the politics of humanity, rather than the future of humanity's technology. For example, a key pre-history event to the novel's present is the "Butlerian Jihad", in which all robots and computers were destroyed, eliminating these common elements to science fiction from the novel as to allow focus on humanity.[12] Dune considers the way humans and their institutions might change over time.[1] Director John Harrison, who adapted Dune for Syfy's 2000 miniseries, called the novel a universal and timeless reflection of "the human condition and its moral dilemmas", and said:

A lot of people refer to Dune as science fiction. I never do. I consider it an epic adventure in the classic storytelling tradition, a story of myth and legend not unlike the Morte d'Arthur or any messiah story. It just happens to be set in the future ... The story is actually more relevant today than when Herbert wrote it. In the 1960s, there were just these two colossal superpowers duking it out. Today we're living in a more feudal, corporatized world more akin to Herbert's universe of separate families, power centers and business interests, all interrelated and kept together by the one commodity necessary to all.[15]

But Dune has also been called a mix of soft and hard science fiction since "the attention to ecology is hard, the anthropology and the psychic abilities are soft."[16] Hard elements include the ecology of Arrakis, suspensor technology, weapon systems, and ornithopters, while soft elements include issues relating to religion, physical and mental training, cultures, politics, and psychology.[17]

Herbert said Paul's messiah figure was inspired by the Arthurian legend,[18] and that the scarcity of water on Arrakis was a metaphor for oil, as well as air and water itself, and for the shortages of resources caused by overpopulation.[19] Novelist Brian Herbert, his son and biographer, wrote:

Dune is a modern-day conglomeration of familiar myths, a tale in which great sandworms guard a precious treasure of melange, the geriatric spice that represents, among other things, the finite resource of oil. The planet Arrakis features immense, ferocious worms that are like dragons of lore, with "great teeth" and a "bellows breath of cinnamon." This resembles the myth described by an unknown English poet in Beowulf, the compelling tale of a fearsome fire dragon who guarded a great treasure hoard in a lair under cliffs, at the edge of the sea. The desert of Frank Herbert’s classic novel is a vast ocean of sand, with giant worms diving into the depths, the mysterious and unrevealed domain of Shai-hulud. Dune tops are like the crests of waves, and there are powerful sandstorms out there, creating extreme danger. On Arrakis, life is said to emanate from the Maker (Shai-hulud) in the desert-sea; similarly all life on Earth is believed to have evolved from our oceans. Frank Herbert drew parallels, used spectacular metaphors, and extrapolated present conditions into world systems that seem entirely alien at first blush. But close examination reveals they aren’t so different from systems we know … and the book characters of his imagination are not so different from people familiar to us.[20]

Each chapter of Dune begins with an epigraph excerpted from the fictional writings of the character Princess Irulan. In forms such as diary entries, historical commentary, biography, quotations and philosophy, these writings set tone and provide exposition, context and other details intended to enhance understanding of Herbert's complex fictional universe and themes.[21][22][23] They act as foreshadowing and invite the reader to keep reading to close the gap between what the epigraph says and what is happening in the main narrative.[24] The epigraphs also give the reader the feeling that the world they are reading about is epically distanced, since Irulan writes about an idealized image of Paul as if he had already passed into memory.[25] Brian Herbert wrote: "Dad told me that you could follow any of the novel's layers as you read it, and then start the book all over again, focusing on an entirely different layer. At the end of the book, he intentionally left loose ends and said he did this to send the readers spinning out of the story with bits and pieces of it still clinging to them, so that they would want to go back and read it again."[26]

Middle-Eastern and Islamic references

Due to the similarities between some of Herbert's terms and ideas and actual words and concepts in the Arabic language, as well as the series' "Islamic undertones" and themes, a Middle-Eastern influence on Herbert's works has been noted repeatedly.[27][28] In his descriptions of the Fremen culture and language, Herbert uses both authentic Arabic words and Arabic-sounding words.[29][30] For example, one of the names for the sandworm, Shai-hulud, is derived from Arabic: شيء خلود, romanized: šayʾ ḫulūd, lit. 'immortal thing' or Arabic: شيخ خلود, romanized: šayḫ ḫulūd, lit. 'old man of eternity'.[31][30] The title of the Fremen housekeeper, the Shadout Mapes, is borrowed from the Arabic: شادوف‎, romanized: šādūf, the Egyptian term for a device used to raise water.[30] In particular, words related to the messianic religion of the Fremen, first implanted by the Bene Gesserit, are taken from Arabic, including Muad'Dib (from Arabic: مؤدب, romanized: muʾaddib, lit. 'educator'), Usul (from Arabic: أصول, romanized: ʾuṣūl, lit. 'fundamental principles'), Shari-a (from Arabic: شريعة, romanized: šarīʿa, lit. 'sharia; path'), Shaitan (from Arabic: شيطان, romanized: šayṭān, lit. 'Shaitan; devil; fiend', and jinn (from Arabic: جن, romanized: ǧinn, lit. 'jinn; spirit; demon; mythical being').[27] It is likely Herbert relied on second-hand resources such as phrasebooks and desert adventure stories to find these Arabic words and phrases for the Fremen.[30] They are meaningful and carefully chosen, and help create an "imagined desert culture that resonates with exotic sounds, enigmas, and pseudo-Islamic references" and has a distinctly Bedouin aesthetic.[30]

As a foreigner who adopts the ways of a desert-dwelling people and then leads them in a military capacity, Paul Atreides bears many similarities to the historical T. E. Lawrence.[32] His 1962 biopic Lawrence of Arabia has also been identified as a potential influence.[33] The Sabres of Paradise (1960) has also been identified as a potential influence upon Dune, with its depiction of Imam Shamil and the Islamic culture of the Caucasus inspiring some of the themes, characters, events and terminology of Dune.[6]

The environment of the desert planet Arrakis was primarily inspired by the environments of the Middle East. Similarly Arrakis as a bioregion is presented as a particular kind of political site. Herbert has made it resemble a desertified petrostate area.[34] The Fremen people of Arrakis were influenced by the Bedouin tribes of Arabia, and the Mahdi prophecy originates from Islamic eschatology.[35] Inspiration is also adopted from medieval historian Ibn Khaldun's cyclical history and his dynastic concept in North Africa, hinted at by Herbert's reference to Khaldun's book Kitāb al-ʿibar ("The Book of Lessons"). The fictionalized version of the "Kitab al-ibar" in Dune is a combination of a Fremen religious manual and a desert survival book.[36][37]

Additional language and historic influences

In addition to Arabic, Dune derives words and names from a variety of other languages, including Hebrew, Navajo, Latin, Dutch (“Landsraad”), Chakobsa, the Nahuatl language of the Aztecs, Greek, Persian, Sanskrit (“prana bindu”, “prajna”), Russian, Turkish, Finnish, and Old English.[38] Bene Gesserit is derived from the Latin meaning "it will have been well borne" symbolizing their doctrine in the story.[39]

Through the inspiration from The Sabres of Paradise, there are also allusions to the tsarist-era Russian nobility and Cossacks.[40] Frank Herbert stated that bureaucracy that lasted long enough would become a hereditary nobility, and a significant theme behind the aristocratic families in Dune was "aristocratic bureaucracy" which he saw as analogous to the Soviet Union.[41][42]

Environmentalism and ecology

Dune has been called the "first planetary ecology novel on a grand scale".[43] Herbert hoped it would be seen as an "environmental awareness handbook" and said the title was meant to "echo the sound of 'doom'".[44] It was reviewed in the best selling countercultural Whole Earth Catalog in 1968 as a "rich re-readable fantasy with clear portrayal of the fierce environment it takes to cohere a community”.[45]

After the publication of Silent Spring by Rachel Carson in 1962, science fiction writers began treating the subject of ecological change and its consequences. Dune responded in 1965 with its complex descriptions of Arrakis life, from giant sandworms (for whom water is deadly) to smaller, mouse-like life forms adapted to live with limited water. Dune was followed in its creation of complex and unique ecologies by other science fiction books such as A Door into Ocean (1986) and Red Mars (1992).[43] Environmentalists have pointed out that Dune's popularity as a novel depicting a planet as a complex—almost living—thing, in combination with the first images of Earth from space being published in the same time period, strongly influenced environmental movements such as the establishment of the international Earth Day.[46]

While the genre of climate fiction was popularized in the 2010s in response to real global climate change, Dune as well as other early science fiction works from authors like J. G. Ballard (The Drowned World) and Kim Stanley Robinson (the Mars trilogy) have retroactively been considered pioneering examples of the genre.[47][48]

Declining empires

The Imperium in Dune contains features of various empires in Europe and the near East, including the Roman Empire, Holy Roman Empire, and Ottoman Empire.[49][31][50] Lorenzo DiTommaso compared Dune's portrayal of the downfall of a galactic empire to Edward Gibbon's Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, which argues that Christianity allied with the profligacy of the Roman elite led to the fall of Ancient Rome. In "The Articulation of Imperial Decadence and Decline in Epic Science Fiction" (2007), DiTommaso outlines similarities between the two works by highlighting the excesses of the Emperor on his home planet of Kaitain and of the Baron Harkonnen in his palace. The Emperor loses his effectiveness as a ruler through an excess of ceremony and pomp. The hairdressers and attendants he brings with him to Arrakis are even referred to as "parasites". The Baron Harkonnen is similarly corrupt and materially indulgent. Gibbon's Decline and Fall partly blames the fall of Rome on the rise of Christianity. Gibbon claimed that this exotic import from a conquered province weakened the soldiers of Rome and left it open to attack. The Emperor's Sardaukar fighters are little match for the Fremen of Dune not only because of the Sardaukar's overconfidence and the fact that Jessica and Paul have trained the Fremen in their battle tactics, but because of the Fremen's capacity for self-sacrifice. The Fremen put the community before themselves in every instance, while the world outside wallows in luxury at the expense of others.[51]

The decline and long peace of the Empire sets the stage for revolution and renewal by genetic mixing of successful and unsuccessful groups through war, a process culminating in the Jihad led by Paul Atreides, described by Frank Herbert as depicting "war as a collective orgasm" (drawing on Norman Walter's 1950 The Sexual Cycle of Human Warfare),[52][53] themes that would reappear in God Emperor of Dune's Scattering and Leto II's all-female Fish Speaker army.

Gender dynamics

Gender dynamics are complex in Dune. Within the Fremen sietch communities, women have almost full equality. They carry weapons and travel in raiding parties with men, fighting when necessary alongside the men. They can take positions of leadership as a Sayyadina or as a Reverend Mother (if she can survive the ritual of ingesting the Water of Life.) Both of these sietch religious leaders are routinely consulted by the all-male Council and can have a decisive voice in all matters of sietch life, security and internal politics. They are also protected by the entire community. Due to the high mortality rate among their men, women outnumber men in most sietches. Polygamy is common, and sexual relationships are voluntary and consensual; as Stilgar says to Jessica, “women among us are not taken against their will.”

In contrast, the Imperial aristocracy leaves young women of noble birth very little agency. Frequently trained by the Bene Gesserit, they are raised to eventually marry other aristocrats. Marriages between Major and Minor Houses are political tools to forge alliances or heal old feuds; women are given very little say in the matter. Many such marriages are quietly maneuvered by the Bene Gesserit to produce offspring with some genetic characteristics needed by the sisterhood’s human-breeding program. In addition, such highly-placed sisters were in a position to subtly influence their husbands’ actions in ways that could move the politics of the Imperium toward Bene Gesserit goals.

The gom jabbar test of humanity is administered by the female Bene Gesserit order but rarely to males.[54] The Bene Gesserit have seemingly mastered the unconscious and can play on the unconscious weaknesses of others using the Voice, yet their breeding program seeks after a male Kwisatz Haderach.[32] Their plan is to produce a male who can “possess complete racial memory, both male and female,” and look into the black hole in the collective unconscious that they fear.[55] A central theme of the book is the connection, in Jessica's son, of this female aspect with his male aspect. This aligns with concepts in Jungian psychology, which features conscious/unconscious and taking/giving roles associated with males and females, as well as the idea of the collective unconscious.[56] Paul's approach to power consistently requires his upbringing under the matriarchal Bene Gesserit, who operate as a long-dominating shadow government behind all of the great houses and their marriages or divisions.[55] He is trained by Jessica in the Bene Gesserit Way, which includes prana-bindu training in nerve and muscle control and precise perception.[57] Paul also receives Mentat training, thus helping prepare him to be a type of androgynous Kwisatz Haderach, a male Reverend Mother.[55]

In a Bene Gesserit test early in the book, it is implied that people are generally "inhuman" in that they irrationally place desire over self-interest and reason.[citation needed] This applies Herbert's philosophy that humans are not created equal, while equal justice and equal opportunity are higher ideals than mental, physical, or moral equality.[58]

Heroism

I am showing you the superhero syndrome and your own participation in it.

— Frank Herbert[59]

Throughout Paul's rise to superhuman status, he follows a plotline common to many stories describing the birth of a hero.[60] He has unfortunate circumstances forced onto him. After a long period of hardship and exile, he confronts and defeats the source of evil in his tale.[61][62] As such, Dune is representative of a general trend beginning in 1960s American science fiction in that it features a character who attains godlike status through scientific means.[63] Eventually, Paul Atreides gains a level of omniscience which allows him to take over the planet and the galaxy, and causes the Fremen of Arrakis to worship him like a god. Author Frank Herbert said in 1979, "The bottom line of the Dune trilogy is: beware of heroes. Much better [to] rely on your own judgment, and your own mistakes."[64] He wrote in 1985, "Dune was aimed at this whole idea of the infallible leader because my view of history says that mistakes made by a leader (or made in a leader's name) are amplified by the numbers who follow without question."[65]

Juan A. Prieto-Pablos says Herbert achieves a new typology with Paul's superpowers, differentiating the heroes of Dune from earlier heroes such as Superman, van Vogt's Gilbert Gosseyn and Henry Kuttner's telepaths. Unlike previous superheroes who acquire their powers suddenly and accidentally, Paul's are the result of "painful and slow personal progress." And unlike other superheroes of the 1960s—who are the exception among ordinary people in their respective worlds—Herbert's characters grow their powers through "the application of mystical philosophies and techniques." For Herbert, the ordinary person can develop incredible fighting skills (Fremen, Ginaz swordsmen and Sardaukar) or mental abilities (Bene Gesserit, Mentats, Spacing Guild Navigators).[66]

Zen and religion

Main article: List of Dune religions

Early in his newspaper career, Herbert was introduced to Zen by two Jungian psychologists, Ralph and Irene Slattery, who "gave a crucial boost to his thinking".[67] Zen teachings ultimately had "a profound and continuing influence on [Herbert's] work".[67] Throughout the Dune series and particularly in Dune, Herbert employs concepts and forms borrowed from Zen Buddhism.[67][68] The Fremen are Zensunni adherents, and many of Herbert's epigraphs are Zen-spirited.[69] In "Dune Genesis", Frank Herbert wrote:

What especially pleases me is to see the interwoven themes, the fugue like relationships of images that exactly replay the way Dune took shape. As in an Escher lithograph, I involved myself with recurrent themes that turn into paradox. The central paradox concerns the human vision of time. What about Paul's gift of prescience - the Presbyterian fixation? For the Delphic Oracle to perform, it must tangle itself in a web of predestination. Yet predestination negates surprises and, in fact, sets up a mathematically enclosed universe whose limits are always inconsistent, always encountering the unprovable. It's like a koan, a Zen mind breaker. It's like the Cretan Epimenides saying, "All Cretans are liars."[58]

Brian Herbert called the Dune universe "a spiritual melting pot", noting that his father incorporated elements of a variety of religions, including Buddhism, Sufi mysticism and other Islamic belief systems, Catholicism, Protestantism, Judaism, and Hinduism.[70] He added that Frank Herbert's fictional future in which "religious beliefs have combined into interesting forms" represents the author's solution to eliminating arguments between religions, each of which claimed to have "the one and only revelation."[70][71]

Asimov's Foundation

Tim O'Reilly suggests that Herbert also wrote Dune as a counterpoint to Isaac Asimov's Foundation series. In his monograph on Frank Herbert, O'Reilly wrote that "Dune is clearly a commentary on the Foundation trilogy. Herbert has taken a look at the same imaginative situation that provoked Asimov's classic—the decay of a galactic empire—and restated it in a way that draws on different assumptions and suggests radically different conclusions. The twist he has introduced into Dune is that the Mule, not the Foundation, is his hero."[72] According to O'Reilly, Herbert bases the Bene Gesserit on the scientific shamans of the Foundation, though they use biological rather than statistical science.[72] In contrast to the Foundation series and its praise of science and rationality, Dune proposes that the unconscious and unexpected are actually what are needed for humanity.[72]

However, both works contain a similar theme of the restoration of civilization[73] and seem to make the fundamental assumption that “political maneuvering, the need to control material resources, and friendship or mating bonds will be fundamentally the same in the future as they are now.”[74]

Critical reception

Dune tied with Roger Zelazny's This Immortal for the Hugo Award in 1966[75] and won the inaugural Nebula Award for Best Novel.[76] Reviews of the novel have been largely positive, and Dune is considered by some critics to be the best science fiction book ever written.[77] The novel has been translated into dozens of languages, and has sold almost 20 million copies.[78] Dune has been regularly cited as one of the world's best-selling science fiction novels.[79][80]

Arthur C. Clarke described Dune as "unique" and wrote, "I know nothing comparable to it except The Lord of the Rings."[81] Robert A. Heinlein described the novel as "powerful, convincing, and most ingenious."[81][82] It was described as "one of the monuments of modern science fiction" by the Chicago Tribune,[81] and P. Schuyler Miller called Dune "one of the landmarks of modern science fiction ... an amazing feat of creation."[82] The Washington Post described it as "a portrayal of an alien society more complete and deeply detailed than any other author in the field has managed ... a story absorbing equally for its action and philosophical vistas ... An astonishing science fiction phenomenon."[81][82] Algis Budrys praised Dune for the vividness of its imagined setting, saying "The time lives. It breathes, it speaks, and Herbert has smelt it in his nostrils". He found that the novel, however, "turns flat and tails off at the end. ... [T]ruly effective villains simply simper and melt; fierce men and cunning statesmen and seeresses all bend before this new Messiah". Budrys faulted in particular Herbert's decision to kill Paul's infant son offstage, with no apparent emotional impact, saying "you cannot be so busy saving a world that you cannot hear an infant shriek".[83] After criticizing unrealistic science fiction, Carl Sagan in 1978 listed Dune as among stories "that are so tautly constructed, so rich in the accommodating details of an unfamiliar society that they sweep me along before I have even a chance to be critical".[84]

The Louisville Times wrote, "Herbert's creation of this universe, with its intricate development and analysis of ecology, religion, politics, and philosophy, remains one of the supreme and seminal achievements in science fiction."[82] Writing for The New Yorker, Jon Michaud praises Herbert's "clever authorial decision" to exclude robots and computers ("two staples of the genre") from his fictional universe, but suggests that this may be one explanation why Dune lacks "true fandom among science-fiction fans" to the extent that it "has not penetrated popular culture in the way that The Lord of the Rings and Star Wars have".[12] Tamara I. Hladik wrote that the story "crafts a universe where lesser novels promulgate excuses for sequels. All its rich elements are in balance and plausible—not the patchwork confederacy of made-up languages, contrived customs, and meaningless histories that are the hallmark of so many other, lesser novels."[85]

On November 5, 2019, the BBC News listed Dune on its list of the 100 most influential novels.[86]

J. R. R. Tolkien refused to review Dune, on the grounds that he disliked it "with some intensity" and thus felt it would be unfair to Herbert, another working author, if he gave an honest review of the book.[87]

First edition prints and manuscripts

The first edition of Dune is one of the most valuable in science fiction book collecting. Copies have been sold for more than $10,000 at auction.[88] The Chilton first edition of the novel is 9+1⁄4 inches (235 mm) tall, with bluish green boards and a price of $5.95 on the dust jacket, and notes Toronto as the Canadian publisher on the copyright page. Up to this point, Chilton had been publishing only automobile repair manuals.[89]

California State University, Fullerton's Pollack Library has several of Herbert's draft manuscripts of Dune and other works, with the author's notes, in their Frank Herbert Archives.[90]

Sequels and prequels

See also: Dune (franchise) § Development and publication

After Dune proved to be a critical and financial success for Herbert, he was able to devote himself full time to writing additional novels in the series. He had already drafted parts of the second and third while writing Dune.[12] The series included Dune Messiah (1969), Children of Dune (1976), God Emperor of Dune (1981), Heretics of Dune (1984), and Chapterhouse: Dune (1985), each sequentially continuing on the narrative from Dune. Herbert died on February 11, 1986.[91]

Herbert's son, Brian Herbert, had found several thousand pages of notes left by his father that outlined ideas for other narratives related to Dune. Brian Herbert enlisted author Kevin J. Anderson to help build out prequel novels to the events of Dune. Brian Herbert's and Anderson's Dune prequels first started publication in 1999, and have led to additional stories that take place between those of Frank Herbert's books.[92] The notes for what would have been Dune 7 also enabled them to publish Hunters of Dune (2006) and Sandworms of Dune (2007), sequels to Frank Herbert's final novel Chapterhouse: Dune, which complete the chronological progression of his original series, and wrap up storylines that began in Heretics of Dune.

Adaptations

Further information: Dune (franchise) § In other media

Dune has been considered as an "unfilmable" and "uncontainable" work to adapt from novel to film or other visual medium.[93] Described by Wired, "It has four appendices and a glossary of its own gibberish, and its action takes place on two planets, one of which is a desert overrun by worms the size of airport runways. Lots of important people die or try to kill each other, and they're all tethered to about eight entangled subplots."[94] There have been several attempts to achieve this difficult conversion with various degrees of success.[95]

Early stalled attempts

In 1971, the production company Apjac International (APJ) (headed by Arthur P. Jacobs) optioned the rights to film Dune. As Jacobs was busy with other projects, such as the sequel to Planet of the Apes, Dune was delayed for another year. Jacobs' first choice for director was David Lean, but he turned down the offer. Charles Jarrott was also considered to direct. Work was also under way on a script while the hunt for a director continued. Initially, the first treatment had been handled by Robert Greenhut, the producer who had lobbied Jacobs to make the movie in the first place, but subsequently Rospo Pallenberg was approached to write the script, with shooting scheduled to begin in 1974. However, Jacobs died in 1973.[96]

 
Pre-release flyer for Jodorowsky's Dune

In December 1974, a French consortium led by Jean-Paul Gibon purchased the film rights from APJ, with Alejandro Jodorowsky set to direct.[97] In 1975, Jodorowsky planned to film the story as a 10-hour feature, set to star his own son Brontis Jodorowsky in the lead role of Paul Atreides, Salvador Dalí as Shaddam IV, Padishah Emperor, Amanda Lear as Princess Irulan, Orson Welles as Baron Vladimir Harkonnen, Gloria Swanson as Reverend Mother Gaius Helen Mohiam, David Carradine as Duke Leto Atreides, Geraldine Chaplin as Lady Jessica, Alain Delon as Duncan Idaho, Hervé Villechaize as Gurney Halleck, Udo Kier as Piter De Vries, and Mick Jagger as Feyd-Rautha. It was at first proposed to score the film with original music by Karlheinz Stockhausen, Henry Cow, and Magma; later on, the soundtrack was to be provided by Pink Floyd.[98] Jodorowsky set up a pre-production unit in Paris consisting of Chris Foss, a British artist who designed covers for science fiction periodicals, Jean Giraud (Moebius), a French illustrator who created and also wrote and drew for Metal Hurlant magazine, and H. R. Giger.[97] Moebius began designing creatures and characters for the film, while Foss was brought in to design the film's space ships and hardware.[97] Giger began designing the Harkonnen Castle based on Moebius's storyboards. Dan O'Bannon was to head the special effects department.[97]

Dalí was cast as the Emperor.[97] Dalí later demanded to be paid $100,000 per hour; Jodorowsky agreed, but tailored Dalí's part to be filmed in one hour, drafting plans for other scenes of the emperor to use a mechanical mannequin as substitute for Dalí.[97] According to Giger, Dalí was "later invited to leave the film because of his pro-Franco statements".[99] Just as the storyboards, designs, and script were finished, the financial backing dried up. Frank Herbert traveled to Europe in 1976 to find that $2 million of the $9.5 million budget had already been spent in pre-production, and that Jodorowsky's script would result in a 14-hour movie ("It was the size of a phone book", Herbert later recalled). Jodorowsky took creative liberties with the source material, but Herbert said that he and Jodorowsky had an amicable relationship. Jodorowsky said in 1985 that he found the Dune story mythical and had intended to recreate it rather than adapt the novel; though he had an "enthusiastic admiration" for Herbert, Jodorowsky said he had done everything possible to distance the author and his input from the project.[97] Although Jodorowsky was embittered by the experience, he said the Dune project changed his life, and some of the ideas were used in his and Moebius's The Incal.[100] O'Bannon entered a psychiatric hospital after the production failed, then worked on 13 scripts, the last of which became Alien.[97] A 2013 documentary, Jodorowsky's Dune, was made about Jodorowsky's failed attempt at an adaptation.

In 1976, Dino De Laurentiis acquired the rights from Gibon's consortium. De Laurentiis commissioned Herbert to write a new screenplay in 1978; the script Herbert turned in was 175 pages long, the equivalent of nearly three hours of screen time. De Laurentiis then hired director Ridley Scott in 1979, with Rudy Wurlitzer writing the screenplay and H. R. Giger retained from the Jodorowsky production; Scott and Giger had also just worked together on the film Alien, after O'Bannon recommended the artist.[101][102] Scott intended to split the novel into two movies. He worked on three drafts of the script, using The Battle of Algiers as a point of reference, before moving on to direct another science fiction film, Blade Runner (1982). As he recalls, the pre-production process was slow, and finishing the project would have been even more time-intensive:

But after seven months I dropped out of Dune, by then Rudy Wurlitzer had come up with a first-draft script which I felt was a decent distillation of Frank Herbert's. But I also realised Dune was going to take a lot more work—at least two and a half years' worth. And I didn't have the heart to attack that because my older brother Frank unexpectedly died of cancer while I was prepping the De Laurentiis picture. Frankly, that freaked me out. So I went to Dino and told him the Dune script was his.

—From Ridley Scott: The Making of his Movies by Paul M. Sammon

1984 film by David Lynch

Main article: Dune (1984 film)

In 1981, the nine-year film rights were set to expire. De Laurentiis re-negotiated the rights from the author, adding to them the rights to the Dune sequels (written and unwritten). After seeing The Elephant Man, De Laurentiis' daughter Raffaella decided that David Lynch should direct the movie. Around that time Lynch received several other directing offers, including Return of the Jedi. He agreed to direct Dune and write the screenplay even though he had not read the book, was not familiar with the story, or even been interested in science fiction.[103] Lynch worked on the script for six months with Eric Bergren and Christopher De Vore. The team yielded two drafts of the script before it split over creative differences. Lynch would subsequently work on five more drafts. Production of the work was troubled by problems at the Mexican studio and hampering the film's timeline.[104] Lynch ended up producing a nearly three-hour long film, but at demands from Universal Pictures, the film's distributor, he cut it back to about two hours, hastily filming additional scenes to make up for some of the cut footage.[105]

This first film of Dune, directed by Lynch, was released in 1984, nearly 20 years after the book's publication. Though Herbert said the book's depth and symbolism seemed to intimidate many filmmakers, he was pleased with the film, saying that "They've got it. It begins as Dune does. And I hear my dialogue all the way through. There are some interpretations and liberties, but you're gonna come out knowing you've seen Dune."[106] Reviews of the film were negative, saying that it was incomprehensible to those unfamiliar with the book, and that fans would be disappointed by the way it strayed from the book's plot.[107][108][109][93][110] Upon release for television and other forms of home media, Universal opted to reintroduce much of the footage that Lynch had cut, creating an over-three-hour long version with extensive monologue exposition. Lynch was extremely displeased with this move, and demanded that Universal replace his name on these cuts with the pseudonym "Alan Smithee", and has generally distanced himself from the film since.[105]

2000 miniseries by John Harrison

Main article: Frank Herbert's Dune

In 2000, John Harrison adapted the novel into Frank Herbert's Dune, a miniseries which premiered on American Sci-Fi Channel.[15] As of 2004, the miniseries was one of the three highest-rated programs broadcast on the Sci-Fi Channel.[111]

Further film attempts

In 2008, Paramount Pictures announced that they would produce a new film based on the book, with Peter Berg attached to direct.[112] Producer Kevin Misher, who spent a year securing the rights from the Herbert estate, was to be joined by Richard Rubinstein and John Harrison (of both Sci Fi Channel miniseries) as well as Sarah Aubrey and Mike Messina.[112] The producers stated that they were going for a "faithful adaptation" of the novel, and considered "its theme of finite ecological resources particularly timely."[112] Science fiction author Kevin J. Anderson and Frank Herbert's son Brian Herbert, who had together written multiple Dune sequels and prequels since 1999, were attached to the project as technical advisors.[113] In October 2009, Berg dropped out of the project, later saying that it "for a variety of reasons wasn't the right thing" for him.[114] Subsequently, with a script draft by Joshua Zetumer, Paramount reportedly sought a new director who could do the film for under $175 million.[115] In 2010, Pierre Morel was signed on to direct, with screenwriter Chase Palmer incorporating Morel's vision of the project into Zetumer's original draft.[116][117] By November 2010, Morel left the project.[118] Paramount finally dropped plans for a remake in March 2011.[119]

Films by Denis Villeneuve

Main articles: Dune (2021 film) and Dune: Part Two

In November 2016, Legendary Entertainment acquired the film and TV rights for Dune.[120][121] Variety reported in December 2016 that Denis Villeneuve was in negotiations to direct the project,[122] which was confirmed in February 2017.[123] In April 2017, Legendary announced that Eric Roth would write the screenplay.[124] Villeneuve explained in March 2018 that his adaptation will be split into two films, with the first installment scheduled to begin production in 2019.[125] Casting includes Timothée Chalamet as Paul Atreides,[126] Dave Bautista as Rabban, Stellan Skarsgård as Baron Harkonnen,[127] Rebecca Ferguson as Lady Jessica,[128] Charlotte Rampling as Reverend Mother Mohiam,[129] Oscar Isaac as Duke Leto Atreides,[130] Zendaya as Chani,[131] Javier Bardem as Stilgar,[132] Josh Brolin as Gurney Halleck,[133] Jason Momoa as Duncan Idaho,[134] David Dastmalchian as Piter De Vries,[135] Chang Chen as Dr. Yueh,[136] and Stephen Henderson as Thufir Hawat.[137] Warner Bros. Pictures distributed the film, which had its initial premiere on September 3, 2021, at the Venice Film Festival,[138] and wide release in both theaters and streaming on HBO Max on October 21, 2021, as part of Warner Bros.'s approach to handling the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the film industry.[139][140] The film received "generally favorable reviews" on Metacritic.[141] It has gone on to win multiple awards and was named by the National Board of Review as one of the 10 best films of 2021, as well as the American Film Institute in their annual top 10 list.[142] The film went on to be nominated for ten Academy Awards, winning six, the most wins of the night for any film in contention.[143]

A sequel, Dune: Part Two, is scheduled for release in October 2023.[144]

Audiobooks

In 1993, Recorded Books Inc. released a 20-disc audiobook narrated by George Guidall. In 2007, Audio Renaissance released an audio book narrated by Simon Vance with some parts performed by Scott Brick, Orlagh Cassidy, Euan Morton, and other performers.

Cultural influence

Dune has been widely influential, inspiring numerous novels, music, films, television, games, and comic books.[145] It is considered one of the greatest and most influential science fiction novels of all time, with numerous modern science fiction works such as Star Wars owing their existence to Dune.[146] Dune has also been referenced in numerous other works of popular culture, including Star Trek, Chronicles of Riddick, The Kingkiller Chronicle and Futurama.[147] Dune was cited as a source of inspiration for Hayao Miyazaki's anime film Nausicaä of the Valley of the Wind (1984) for its post-apocalyptic world.[148][149][150][151][152]

Dune was parodied in 1984's National Lampoon's Doon by Ellis Weiner, which William F. Touponce called "something of a tribute to Herbert's success on college campuses", noting that "the only other book to have been so honored is Tolkien's The Lord of the Rings," which was parodied by The Harvard Lampoon in 1969.[153]

Music

  • In 1978, French electronic musician Richard Pinhas released the nine-track Dune-inspired album Chronolyse, which includes the seven-part Variations sur le thème des Bene Gesserit.[154]
  • In 1979, German electronic music pioneer Klaus Schulze released an LP titled Dune featuring motifs and lyrics inspired by the novel.[155]
  • A similar musical project, Visions of Dune, was released also in 1979 by Zed (a pseudonym of French electronic musician Bernard Sjazner).[156]
  • Heavy metal band Iron Maiden wrote the song "To Tame a Land" based on the Dune story. It appears as the closing track to their 1983 album Piece of Mind. The original working title of the song was "Dune"; however, the band was denied permission to use it, with Frank Herbert's agents stating "Frank Herbert doesn't like rock bands, particularly heavy rock bands, and especially bands like Iron Maiden".[157]
  • Dune inspired the German happy hardcore band Dune, who have released several albums with space travel-themed songs.[citation needed]
  • The progressive hardcore band Shai Hulud took their name from Dune.[158]
  • "Traveller in Time", from the 1991 Blind Guardian album Tales from the Twilight World, is based mostly on Paul Atreides' visions of future and past.[159][160]
  • The title of the 1993 Fear Factory album Fear is The Mindkiller is a quote from the "litany against fear".[161]
  • The song "Near Fantastica", from the Matthew Good album Avalanche, makes reference to the "litany against fear", repeating "can't feel fear, fear's the mind killer" through a section of the song.[162]
  • In the Fatboy Slim song "Weapon of Choice", the line "If you walk without rhythm/You won't attract the worm" is a near quotation from the sections of novel in which Stilgar teaches Paul to ride sandworms.[citation needed]
  • Dune also inspired the 1999 album The 2nd Moon by the German death metal band Golem, which is a concept album about the series.[163]
  • Dune influenced Thirty Seconds to Mars on their self-titled debut album.[164]
  • The Youngblood Brass Band's song "Is an Elegy" on Center:Level:Roar references "Muad'Dib", "Arrakis" and other elements from the novel.[165]
  • The debut album of Canadian musician Grimes, called Geidi Primes, is a concept album based on Dune.[166][167]
  • Japanese singer Kenshi Yonezu, released a song titled "Dune", also known as "Sand Planet". The song was released on 2017, and it was created using the voice synthesizer Hatsune Miku for her 10th anniversary.[168]
  • "Fear is the Mind Killer", a song released in 2018 by Zheani (an Australian rapper) uses a quote from Dune.[169]
  • "Litany Against Fear" is a spoken track released in 2018 under the 'Eight' album by Zheani. She recites an extract from Dune.[170]
  • Sleep's 2018 album The Sciences features a song, Giza Butler, that references several aspects of Dune.[171]
  • Tool's 2019 album Fear Inoculum has a song entitled "Litanie contre la peur (Litany against fear)".[172]
  • "Rare to Wake", from Shannon Lay's album Geist (2019), is inspired by Dune.[173]
  • Heavy Metal band Diamond Head based the song "The Sleeper" and its prelude, both off the album The Coffin Train, on the series.

Games

Further information: List of games based on Dune

There have been a number of games based on the book, starting with the strategy–adventure game Dune (1992). The most important game adaptation is Dune II (1992), which established the conventions of modern real-time strategy games and is considered to be among the most influential video games of all time.[174]

The online game Lost Souls includes Dune-derived elements, including sandworms and melange—addiction to which can produce psychic talents.[175] The 2016 game Enter the Gungeon features the spice melange as a random item which gives the player progressively stronger abilities and penalties with repeated uses, mirroring the long-term effects melange has on users.[176]

Rick Priestley cites Dune as a major influence on his 1987 wargame, Warhammer 40,000.[177]

Space exploration

The Apollo 15 astronauts named a small crater on Earth's Moon after the novel during the 1971 mission,[178] and the name was formally adopted by the International Astronomical Union in 1973.[179] Since 2009, the names of planets from the Dune novels have been adopted for the real-world nomenclature of plains and other features on Saturn's moon Titan, like Arrakis Planitia.[180][181][182]

See also

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Further reading

External links

 
Wikiquote has quotations related to Dune.
  • Official website for Dune and its sequels
  • Dune title listing at the Internet Speculative Fiction Database
  • Turner, Paul (October 1973). (Interview). Vol. 1, no. 4. Archived from the original on May 19, 2009.
  • Spark Notes: Dune, detailed study guide
  • Dune by Frank Herbert, reviewed by Ted Gioia (Conceptual Fiction)
  • . www.litweb.net. Archived from the original on April 2, 2009. Retrieved January 2, 2009.
  • Works of Frank Herbert at Curlie
  • Timberg, Scott (April 18, 2010). . Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on December 3, 2013. Retrieved November 27, 2013.
  • Walton, Jo (January 12, 2011). "In league with the future: Frank Herbert's Dune (Review)". Tor.com. Retrieved November 27, 2013.
  • Leonard, Andrew (June 4, 2015). . Nautilus. Archived from the original on November 4, 2017. Retrieved June 15, 2015.
  • Dune by Frank Herbert - Foreshadowing & Dedication at Fact Behind Fiction
  • Frank Herbert by Tim O'Reilly
  • DuneScholar.com – Collection of scholarly essays

April 06, 2023
dune, novel, this, article, about, 1965, novel, related, franchise, dune, franchise, dune, 1965, epic, science, fiction, novel, american, author, frank, herbert, originally, published, separate, serials, analog, magazine, tied, with, roger, zelazny, this, immo. This article is about the 1965 novel For the related franchise see Dune franchise Dune is a 1965 epic science fiction novel by American author Frank Herbert originally published as two separate serials in Analog magazine It tied with Roger Zelazny s This Immortal for the Hugo Award in 1966 and it won the inaugural Nebula Award for Best Novel It is the first installment of the Dune saga In 2003 it was described as the world s best selling science fiction novel DuneFirst edition coverAuthorFrank HerbertCover artistJohn SchoenherrCountryUnited StatesLanguageEnglishSeriesDune seriesGenreScience fiction 1 PublishedAugust 1965PublisherChilton BooksMedia typePrint hardcover amp paperback Pages412Followed byDune Messiah Dune is set in the distant future amidst a feudal interstellar society in which various noble houses control planetary fiefs It tells the story of young Paul Atreides whose family accepts the stewardship of the planet Arrakis While the planet is an inhospitable and sparsely populated desert wasteland it is the only source of melange or spice a drug that extends life and enhances mental abilities Melange is also necessary for space navigation which requires a kind of multidimensional awareness and foresight that only the drug provides As melange can only be produced on Arrakis control of the planet is a coveted and dangerous undertaking The story explores the multilayered interactions of politics religion ecology technology and human emotion as the factions of the empire confront each other in a struggle for the control of Arrakis and its spice Herbert wrote five sequels Dune Messiah Children of Dune God Emperor of Dune Heretics of Dune and Chapterhouse Dune Following Herbert s death in 1986 his son Brian Herbert and author Kevin J Anderson continued the series in over a dozen additional novels since 1999 Adaptations of the novel to cinema have been notoriously difficult and complicated In the 1970s cult filmmaker Alejandro Jodorowsky attempted to make a film based on the novel After three years of development the project was canceled due to a constantly growing budget In 1984 a film adaptation directed by David Lynch was released to a mostly negative response from critics and failed at the box office The book was also adapted into the 2000 Sci Fi Channel miniseries Frank Herbert s Dune and its 2003 sequel Frank Herbert s Children of Dune which combines the events of Dune Messiah and Children of Dune A second film adaptation directed by Denis Villeneuve was released on October 21 2021 to generally positive reviews from critics and grossed 401 million worldwide It also went on to win six Academy Awards Villeneuve s film was essentially the first half of the original novel and a sequel which will cover the remaining story has begun production and is set for release in 2023 The series has been used as the basis for several board role playing and video games Since 2009 the names of planets from the Dune novels have been adopted for the real life nomenclature of plains and other features on Saturn s moon Titan Contents 1 Origins 2 Plot 3 Characters 4 Themes and influences 4 1 Middle Eastern and Islamic references 4 1 1 Additional language and historic influences 4 2 Environmentalism and ecology 4 3 Declining empires 4 4 Gender dynamics 4 5 Heroism 4 6 Zen and religion 4 7 Asimov s Foundation 5 Critical reception 6 First edition prints and manuscripts 7 Sequels and prequels 8 Adaptations 8 1 Early stalled attempts 8 2 1984 film by David Lynch 8 3 2000 miniseries by John Harrison 8 4 Further film attempts 8 5 Films by Denis Villeneuve 8 6 Audiobooks 9 Cultural influence 9 1 Music 9 2 Games 9 3 Space exploration 10 See also 11 References 12 Further reading 13 External linksOrigins Edit The Oregon Dunes near Florence Oregon served as an inspiration for the Dune saga After his novel The Dragon in the Sea was published in 1957 Herbert traveled to Florence Oregon at the north end of the Oregon Dunes Here the United States Department of Agriculture was attempting to use poverty grasses to stabilize the sand dunes Herbert claimed in a letter to his literary agent Lurton Blassingame that the moving dunes could swallow whole cities lakes rivers highways 2 Herbert s article on the dunes They Stopped the Moving Sands was never completed and only published decades later in The Road to Dune but its research sparked Herbert s interest in ecology and deserts 3 Herbert further drew inspiration from Native American mentors like Indian Henry as Herbert referred to the man to his son likely a Henry Martin of the Hoh tribe and Howard Hansen Both Martin and Hansen grew up on the Quileute reservation near Herbert s hometown According to historian Daniel Immerwahr Hansen regularly shared his writing with Herbert White men are eating the earth Hansen told Herbert in 1958 after sharing a piece on the effect of logging on the Quileute reservation They re gonna turn this whole planet into a wasteland just like North Africa The world could become a big dune Herbert responded in agreement 4 Herbert was also interested in the idea of the superhero mystique and messiahs He believed that feudalism was a natural condition humans fell into where some led and others gave up the responsibility of making decisions and just followed orders He found that desert environments have historically given birth to several major religions with messianic impulses He decided to join his interests together so he could play religious and ecological ideas against each other In addition he was influenced by the story of T E Lawrence and the messianic overtones in Lawrence s involvement in the Arab Revolt during World War I In an early version of Dune the hero was actually very similar to Lawrence of Arabia but Herbert decided the plot was too straightforward and added more layers to his story 5 Herbert drew heavy inspiration also from Lesley Blanch s The Sabres of Paradise 1960 a narrative history recounting a mid 19th century conflict in the Caucasus between rugged Islamized Turkic tribes and the expansive Russian Empire 6 Language used on both sides of that conflict become terms in Herbert s world chakobsa a Caucasian hunting language becomes a battle language of humans spread across the galaxy kanly a word for blood feud in the 19th century Caucasus represents a feud between Dune s noble Houses sietch and tabir are both words for camp borrowed from Ukrainian Cossacks of the Pontic Caspian steppe 6 Herbert also borrowed some lines which Blanch stated were Caucasian proverbs To kill with the point lacked artistry used by Blanch to describe the Caucasus peoples love of swordsmanship becomes in Dune Killing with the tip lacks artistry a piece of advice given to a young Paul during his training Polish comes from the city wisdom from the hills a Caucasian aphorism turns into a desert expression Polish comes from the cities wisdom from the desert 6 Another significant source of inspiration for Dune was Herbert s experiences with psilocybin and his hobby of cultivating mushrooms according to mycologist Paul Stamets s account of meeting Herbert in the 1980s 7 Frank went on to tell me that much of the premise of Dune the magic spice spores that allowed the bending of space tripping the giant sand worms maggots digesting mushrooms the eyes of the Fremen the cerulean blue of Psilocybe mushrooms the mysticism of the female spiritual warriors the Bene Gesserits influenced by the tales of Maria Sabina and the sacred mushroom cults of Mexico came from his perception of the fungal life cycle and his imagination was stimulated through his experiences with the use of magic mushrooms Herbert spent the next five years researching writing and revising He published a three part serial Dune World in the monthly Analog from December 1963 to February 1964 The serial was accompanied by several illustrations that were not published again After an interval of a year he published the much slower paced five part The Prophet of Dune in the January May 1965 issues 8 9 The first serial became Book 1 Dune in the final published Dune novel and the second serial was divided into Book Two Muad dib and Book Three The Prophet The serialized version was expanded reworked and submitted to more than twenty publishers each of whom rejected it The novel Dune was finally accepted and published in August 1965 by Chilton Books a printing house better known for publishing auto repair manuals 10 Sterling Lanier an editor at Chilton had seen Herbert s manuscript and had urged his company to take a risk in publishing the book However the first printing priced at 5 95 equivalent to 51 16 in 2021 did not sell well and was poorly received by critics as being atypical of science fiction at the time Chilton considered the publication of Dune a write off and Lanier was fired 11 Over the course of time the book gained critical acclaim and its popularity spread by word of mouth to allow Herbert to start working full time on developing the sequels to Dune elements of which were already written alongside Dune 12 At first Herbert considered using Mars as setting for his novel but eventually decided to use a fictional planet instead His son Brian said that Readers would have too many preconceived ideas about that planet due to the number of stories that had been written about it 13 Herbert dedicated his work to the people whose labors go beyond ideas into the realm of real materials to the dry land ecologists wherever they may be in whatever time they work this effort at prediction is dedicated in humility and admiration 14 Plot EditDuke Leto Atreides of House Atreides ruler of the ocean planet Caladan is assigned by the Padishah Emperor Shaddam IV to serve as fief ruler of the planet Arrakis Although Arrakis is a harsh and inhospitable desert planet it is of enormous importance because it is the only planetary source of melange or the spice a unique and incredibly valuable substance that extends human youth vitality and lifespan It is also through the consumption of spice that Spacing Guild Navigators are able to effect safe interstellar travel Shaddam sees House Atreides as a potential future rival and threat and conspires with House Harkonnen the former stewards of Arrakis and the longstanding enemies of House Atreides to destroy Leto and his family after their arrival Leto is aware his assignment is a trap of some kind but is compelled to obey the Emperor s orders anyway Leto s concubine Lady Jessica is an acolyte of the Bene Gesserit an exclusively female group that pursues mysterious political aims and wields seemingly superhuman physical and mental abilities such as the ability to decide the sex of their children Though Jessica was instructed by the Bene Gesserit to bear a daughter as part of their breeding program out of love for Leto she bore a son Paul From a young age Paul has been trained in warfare by Leto s aides the elite soldiers Duncan Idaho and Gurney Halleck Thufir Hawat the Duke s Mentat people with superhuman intelligence has instructed Paul in the ways of political intrigue Jessica has also trained her son in what Bene Gesserit disciplines she can His prophetic dreams interest Jessica s superior the Reverend Mother Gaius Helen Mohiam who subjects Paul to the gom jabbar a deadly test that causes blinding pain as part of an assessment of the subject s self control To her surprise Paul passes despite being exposed to more pain than anyone else before him Leto Jessica and Paul travel with their household to occupy Arrakeen the capital on Arrakis formerly held by House Harkonnen Leto learns of the dangers involved in harvesting the spice which is protected by giant sandworms and negotiates with the planet s native Fremen people seeing them as a valuable ally rather than foes Soon after the Atreides arrival Harkonnen forces attack joined by the Emperor s ferocious Sardaukar troops in disguise Leto is betrayed by his personal physician the Suk doctor Wellington Yueh who delivers a drugged Leto to the Baron Vladimir Harkonnen and his twisted Mentat Piter De Vries Yueh however arranges for Jessica and Paul to escape into the desert where they are presumed dead by the Harkonnens Yueh replaces one of Leto s teeth with a poison gas capsule hoping Leto can kill the Baron during their encounter The Baron narrowly avoids the gas due to his shield which instead kills Leto De Vries and others The Baron forces Hawat to take over De Vries position by dosing him with a long lasting fatal poison and threatening to withhold the regular antidote doses unless he obeys While he follows the Baron s orders Hawat works secretly to undermine the Harkonnens After fleeing into the desert Paul realizes he has significant powers as a result of the Bene Gesserit breeding scheme inadvertently caused by Jessica bearing a son and his exposure to high concentrations of spice In visions he foresees futures in which he lives among the planet s native Fremen and is also informed of the addictive qualities of the spice It is revealed Jessica is the daughter of Baron Harkonnen a secret kept from her by the Bene Gesserit After being captured by Fremen Paul and Jessica are accepted into the Fremen community of Sietch Tabr and teach them the Bene Gesserit fighting technique known as the weirding way Paul proves his manhood by killing a Fremen named Jamis in a ritualistic crysknife fight and chooses the Fremen name Muad Dib while Jessica opts to undergo a ritual to become a Reverend Mother by drinking the poisonous Water of Life Pregnant with Leto s daughter she inadvertently causes the unborn child Alia to become infused with the same powers in the womb Paul takes a Fremen lover Chani and has a son with her Leto II Two years pass and Paul s powerful prescience manifests which confirms for the Fremen that he is their prophesied messiah a legend planted by the Bene Gesserit s Missionaria Protectiva Paul embraces his father s belief that the Fremen could be a powerful fighting force to take back Arrakis but also sees that if he does not control them their jihad could consume the entire universe Word of the new Fremen leader reaches both Baron Harkonnen and the Emperor as spice production falls due to their increasingly destructive raids The Baron encourages his brutish nephew Glossu Rabban to rule with an iron fist hoping the contrast with his shrewder nephew Feyd Rautha will make the latter popular among the people of Arrakis when he eventually replaces Rabban The Emperor suspecting the Baron of trying to create troops more powerful than the Sardaukar to seize power sends spies to monitor activity on Arrakis Hawat uses the opportunity to sow seeds of doubt in the Baron about the Emperor s true plans putting further strain on their alliance Gurney having survived the Harkonnen coup to become a smuggler reunites with Paul and Jessica after a Fremen raid on his harvester Believing Jessica to be the traitor Gurney threatens to kill her but is stopped by Paul Paul did not foresee Gurney s attack and concludes he must increase his prescience by drinking the Water of Life which is traditionally fatal to males Paul falls into unconsciousness for several weeks after drinking the poison but when he wakes he has clairvoyance across time and space he is the Kwisatz Haderach the ultimate goal of the Bene Gesserit breeding program Paul senses the Emperor and Baron are amassing fleets around Arrakis to quell the Fremen rebellion and prepares the Fremen for a major offensive against the Harkonnen troops The Emperor arrives with the Baron on Arrakis The Emperor s troops seize a Fremen outpost killing many including young Leto II while Alia is captured and taken to the Emperor Under cover of an electric storm which shorts out the Emperor s troops defensive shields Paul and the Fremen riding giant sandworms assault the capital while Alia assassinates the Baron and escapes The Fremen quickly defeat both the Harkonnen and Sardaukar troops Paul faces the Emperor threatening to destroy spice production forever unless Shaddam abdicates the throne Feyd Rautha attempts to stop Paul by challenging him to a ritualistic knife fight during which he attempts to cheat and kill Paul with a poison spur in his belt Paul gains the upper hand and kills him The Emperor reluctantly cedes the throne to Paul and promises his daughter Princess Irulan s hand in marriage As Paul takes control of the Empire he realizes that while he has achieved his goal he is no longer able to stop the Fremen jihad as their belief in him is too powerful to restrain Characters EditHouse AtreidesPaul Atreides the Duke s son and main character of the novel Duke Leto Atreides head of House Atreides Lady Jessica Bene Gesserit and concubine of the Duke mother of Paul and Alia Alia Atreides Paul s younger sister Thufir Hawat Mentat and Master of Assassins to House Atreides Gurney Halleck staunchly loyal troubadour warrior of the Atreides Duncan Idaho Swordmaster for House Atreides graduate of the Ginaz School Wellington Yueh Suk doctor for the Atreides who is secretly working for House HarkonnenHouse HarkonnenBaron Vladimir Harkonnen head of House Harkonnen Piter De Vries twisted Mentat Feyd Rautha nephew and heir presumptive of the Baron Glossu Beast Rabban also called Rabban Harkonnen older nephew of the Baron Iakin Nefud Captain of the GuardHouse CorrinoShaddam IV Padishah Emperor of the Known Universe the Imperium Princess Irulan Shaddam s eldest daughter and heir also a historian Count Fenring the Emperor s closest friend advisor and errand boy Bene GesseritReverend Mother Gaius Helen Mohiam Proctor Superior of the Bene Gesserit school and the Emperor s Truthsayer Lady Margot Fenring Bene Gesserit wife of Count FenringFremenThe Fremen native inhabitants of Arrakis Stilgar Fremen leader of Sietch Tabr Chani Paul s Fremen concubine and a Sayyadina female acolyte of Sietch Tabr Dr Liet Kynes the Imperial Planetologist on Arrakis and father of Chani as well as a revered figure among the Fremen The Shadout Mapes head housekeeper of imperial residence on Arrakis Jamis Fremen killed by Paul in ritual duel Harah wife of Jamis and later servant to Paul Reverend Mother Ramallo religious leader of Sietch TabrSmugglersEsmar Tuek a powerful smuggler and the father of Staban Tuek Staban Tuek the son of Esmar Tuek and a powerful smuggler who befriends and takes in Gurney Halleck and his surviving men after the attack on the AtreidesThemes and influences EditThe Dune series is a landmark of science fiction Herbert deliberately suppressed technology in his Dune universe so he could address the politics of humanity rather than the future of humanity s technology For example a key pre history event to the novel s present is the Butlerian Jihad in which all robots and computers were destroyed eliminating these common elements to science fiction from the novel as to allow focus on humanity 12 Dune considers the way humans and their institutions might change over time 1 Director John Harrison who adapted Dune for Syfy s 2000 miniseries called the novel a universal and timeless reflection of the human condition and its moral dilemmas and said A lot of people refer to Dune as science fiction I never do I consider it an epic adventure in the classic storytelling tradition a story of myth and legend not unlike the Morte d Arthur or any messiah story It just happens to be set in the future The story is actually more relevant today than when Herbert wrote it In the 1960s there were just these two colossal superpowers duking it out Today we re living in a more feudal corporatized world more akin to Herbert s universe of separate families power centers and business interests all interrelated and kept together by the one commodity necessary to all 15 But Dune has also been called a mix of soft and hard science fiction since the attention to ecology is hard the anthropology and the psychic abilities are soft 16 Hard elements include the ecology of Arrakis suspensor technology weapon systems and ornithopters while soft elements include issues relating to religion physical and mental training cultures politics and psychology 17 Herbert said Paul s messiah figure was inspired by the Arthurian legend 18 and that the scarcity of water on Arrakis was a metaphor for oil as well as air and water itself and for the shortages of resources caused by overpopulation 19 Novelist Brian Herbert his son and biographer wrote Dune is a modern day conglomeration of familiar myths a tale in which great sandworms guard a precious treasure of melange the geriatric spice that represents among other things the finite resource of oil The planet Arrakis features immense ferocious worms that are like dragons of lore with great teeth and a bellows breath of cinnamon This resembles the myth described by an unknown English poet in Beowulf the compelling tale of a fearsome fire dragon who guarded a great treasure hoard in a lair under cliffs at the edge of the sea The desert of Frank Herbert s classic novel is a vast ocean of sand with giant worms diving into the depths the mysterious and unrevealed domain of Shai hulud Dune tops are like the crests of waves and there are powerful sandstorms out there creating extreme danger On Arrakis life is said to emanate from the Maker Shai hulud in the desert sea similarly all life on Earth is believed to have evolved from our oceans Frank Herbert drew parallels used spectacular metaphors and extrapolated present conditions into world systems that seem entirely alien at first blush But close examination reveals they aren t so different from systems we know and the book characters of his imagination are not so different from people familiar to us 20 Each chapter of Dune begins with an epigraph excerpted from the fictional writings of the character Princess Irulan In forms such as diary entries historical commentary biography quotations and philosophy these writings set tone and provide exposition context and other details intended to enhance understanding of Herbert s complex fictional universe and themes 21 22 23 They act as foreshadowing and invite the reader to keep reading to close the gap between what the epigraph says and what is happening in the main narrative 24 The epigraphs also give the reader the feeling that the world they are reading about is epically distanced since Irulan writes about an idealized image of Paul as if he had already passed into memory 25 Brian Herbert wrote Dad told me that you could follow any of the novel s layers as you read it and then start the book all over again focusing on an entirely different layer At the end of the book he intentionally left loose ends and said he did this to send the readers spinning out of the story with bits and pieces of it still clinging to them so that they would want to go back and read it again 26 Middle Eastern and Islamic references Edit Due to the similarities between some of Herbert s terms and ideas and actual words and concepts in the Arabic language as well as the series Islamic undertones and themes a Middle Eastern influence on Herbert s works has been noted repeatedly 27 28 In his descriptions of the Fremen culture and language Herbert uses both authentic Arabic words and Arabic sounding words 29 30 For example one of the names for the sandworm Shai hulud is derived from Arabic شيء خلود romanized sayʾ ḫulud lit immortal thing or Arabic شيخ خلود romanized sayḫ ḫulud lit old man of eternity 31 30 The title of the Fremen housekeeper the Shadout Mapes is borrowed from the Arabic شادوف romanized saduf the Egyptian term for a device used to raise water 30 In particular words related to the messianic religion of the Fremen first implanted by the Bene Gesserit are taken from Arabic including Muad Dib from Arabic مؤدب romanized muʾaddib lit educator Usul from Arabic أصول romanized ʾuṣul lit fundamental principles Shari a from Arabic شريعة romanized sariʿa lit sharia path Shaitan from Arabic شيطان romanized sayṭan lit Shaitan devil fiend and jinn from Arabic جن romanized ǧinn lit jinn spirit demon mythical being 27 It is likely Herbert relied on second hand resources such as phrasebooks and desert adventure stories to find these Arabic words and phrases for the Fremen 30 They are meaningful and carefully chosen and help create an imagined desert culture that resonates with exotic sounds enigmas and pseudo Islamic references and has a distinctly Bedouin aesthetic 30 As a foreigner who adopts the ways of a desert dwelling people and then leads them in a military capacity Paul Atreides bears many similarities to the historical T E Lawrence 32 His 1962 biopic Lawrence of Arabia has also been identified as a potential influence 33 The Sabres of Paradise 1960 has also been identified as a potential influence upon Dune with its depiction of Imam Shamil and the Islamic culture of the Caucasus inspiring some of the themes characters events and terminology of Dune 6 The environment of the desert planet Arrakis was primarily inspired by the environments of the Middle East Similarly Arrakis as a bioregion is presented as a particular kind of political site Herbert has made it resemble a desertified petrostate area 34 The Fremen people of Arrakis were influenced by the Bedouin tribes of Arabia and the Mahdi prophecy originates from Islamic eschatology 35 Inspiration is also adopted from medieval historian Ibn Khaldun s cyclical history and his dynastic concept in North Africa hinted at by Herbert s reference to Khaldun s book Kitab al ʿibar The Book of Lessons The fictionalized version of the Kitab al ibar in Dune is a combination of a Fremen religious manual and a desert survival book 36 37 Additional language and historic influences Edit In addition to Arabic Dune derives words and names from a variety of other languages including Hebrew Navajo Latin Dutch Landsraad Chakobsa the Nahuatl language of the Aztecs Greek Persian Sanskrit prana bindu prajna Russian Turkish Finnish and Old English 38 Bene Gesserit is derived from the Latin meaning it will have been well borne symbolizing their doctrine in the story 39 Through the inspiration from The Sabres of Paradise there are also allusions to the tsarist era Russian nobility and Cossacks 40 Frank Herbert stated that bureaucracy that lasted long enough would become a hereditary nobility and a significant theme behind the aristocratic families in Dune was aristocratic bureaucracy which he saw as analogous to the Soviet Union 41 42 Environmentalism and ecology Edit Dune has been called the first planetary ecology novel on a grand scale 43 Herbert hoped it would be seen as an environmental awareness handbook and said the title was meant to echo the sound of doom 44 It was reviewed in the best selling countercultural Whole Earth Catalog in 1968 as a rich re readable fantasy with clear portrayal of the fierce environment it takes to cohere a community 45 After the publication of Silent Spring by Rachel Carson in 1962 science fiction writers began treating the subject of ecological change and its consequences Dune responded in 1965 with its complex descriptions of Arrakis life from giant sandworms for whom water is deadly to smaller mouse like life forms adapted to live with limited water Dune was followed in its creation of complex and unique ecologies by other science fiction books such as A Door into Ocean 1986 and Red Mars 1992 43 Environmentalists have pointed out that Dune s popularity as a novel depicting a planet as a complex almost living thing in combination with the first images of Earth from space being published in the same time period strongly influenced environmental movements such as the establishment of the international Earth Day 46 While the genre of climate fiction was popularized in the 2010s in response to real global climate change Dune as well as other early science fiction works from authors like J G Ballard The Drowned World and Kim Stanley Robinson the Mars trilogy have retroactively been considered pioneering examples of the genre 47 48 Declining empires Edit The Imperium in Dune contains features of various empires in Europe and the near East including the Roman Empire Holy Roman Empire and Ottoman Empire 49 31 50 Lorenzo DiTommaso compared Dune s portrayal of the downfall of a galactic empire to Edward Gibbon s Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire which argues that Christianity allied with the profligacy of the Roman elite led to the fall of Ancient Rome In The Articulation of Imperial Decadence and Decline in Epic Science Fiction 2007 DiTommaso outlines similarities between the two works by highlighting the excesses of the Emperor on his home planet of Kaitain and of the Baron Harkonnen in his palace The Emperor loses his effectiveness as a ruler through an excess of ceremony and pomp The hairdressers and attendants he brings with him to Arrakis are even referred to as parasites The Baron Harkonnen is similarly corrupt and materially indulgent Gibbon s Decline and Fall partly blames the fall of Rome on the rise of Christianity Gibbon claimed that this exotic import from a conquered province weakened the soldiers of Rome and left it open to attack The Emperor s Sardaukar fighters are little match for the Fremen of Dune not only because of the Sardaukar s overconfidence and the fact that Jessica and Paul have trained the Fremen in their battle tactics but because of the Fremen s capacity for self sacrifice The Fremen put the community before themselves in every instance while the world outside wallows in luxury at the expense of others 51 The decline and long peace of the Empire sets the stage for revolution and renewal by genetic mixing of successful and unsuccessful groups through war a process culminating in the Jihad led by Paul Atreides described by Frank Herbert as depicting war as a collective orgasm drawing on Norman Walter s 1950 The Sexual Cycle of Human Warfare 52 53 themes that would reappear in God Emperor of Dune s Scattering and Leto II s all female Fish Speaker army Gender dynamics Edit Gender dynamics are complex in Dune Within the Fremen sietch communities women have almost full equality They carry weapons and travel in raiding parties with men fighting when necessary alongside the men They can take positions of leadership as a Sayyadina or as a Reverend Mother if she can survive the ritual of ingesting the Water of Life Both of these sietch religious leaders are routinely consulted by the all male Council and can have a decisive voice in all matters of sietch life security and internal politics They are also protected by the entire community Due to the high mortality rate among their men women outnumber men in most sietches Polygamy is common and sexual relationships are voluntary and consensual as Stilgar says to Jessica women among us are not taken against their will In contrast the Imperial aristocracy leaves young women of noble birth very little agency Frequently trained by the Bene Gesserit they are raised to eventually marry other aristocrats Marriages between Major and Minor Houses are political tools to forge alliances or heal old feuds women are given very little say in the matter Many such marriages are quietly maneuvered by the Bene Gesserit to produce offspring with some genetic characteristics needed by the sisterhood s human breeding program In addition such highly placed sisters were in a position to subtly influence their husbands actions in ways that could move the politics of the Imperium toward Bene Gesserit goals The gom jabbar test of humanity is administered by the female Bene Gesserit order but rarely to males 54 The Bene Gesserit have seemingly mastered the unconscious and can play on the unconscious weaknesses of others using the Voice yet their breeding program seeks after a male Kwisatz Haderach 32 Their plan is to produce a male who can possess complete racial memory both male and female and look into the black hole in the collective unconscious that they fear 55 A central theme of the book is the connection in Jessica s son of this female aspect with his male aspect This aligns with concepts in Jungian psychology which features conscious unconscious and taking giving roles associated with males and females as well as the idea of the collective unconscious 56 Paul s approach to power consistently requires his upbringing under the matriarchal Bene Gesserit who operate as a long dominating shadow government behind all of the great houses and their marriages or divisions 55 He is trained by Jessica in the Bene Gesserit Way which includes prana bindu training in nerve and muscle control and precise perception 57 Paul also receives Mentat training thus helping prepare him to be a type of androgynous Kwisatz Haderach a male Reverend Mother 55 In a Bene Gesserit test early in the book it is implied that people are generally inhuman in that they irrationally place desire over self interest and reason citation needed This applies Herbert s philosophy that humans are not created equal while equal justice and equal opportunity are higher ideals than mental physical or moral equality 58 Heroism Edit I am showing you the superhero syndrome and your own participation in it Frank Herbert 59 Throughout Paul s rise to superhuman status he follows a plotline common to many stories describing the birth of a hero 60 He has unfortunate circumstances forced onto him After a long period of hardship and exile he confronts and defeats the source of evil in his tale 61 62 As such Dune is representative of a general trend beginning in 1960s American science fiction in that it features a character who attains godlike status through scientific means 63 Eventually Paul Atreides gains a level of omniscience which allows him to take over the planet and the galaxy and causes the Fremen of Arrakis to worship him like a god Author Frank Herbert said in 1979 The bottom line of the Dune trilogy is beware of heroes Much better to rely on your own judgment and your own mistakes 64 He wrote in 1985 Dune was aimed at this whole idea of the infallible leader because my view of history says that mistakes made by a leader or made in a leader s name are amplified by the numbers who follow without question 65 Juan A Prieto Pablos says Herbert achieves a new typology with Paul s superpowers differentiating the heroes of Dune from earlier heroes such as Superman van Vogt s Gilbert Gosseyn and Henry Kuttner s telepaths Unlike previous superheroes who acquire their powers suddenly and accidentally Paul s are the result of painful and slow personal progress And unlike other superheroes of the 1960s who are the exception among ordinary people in their respective worlds Herbert s characters grow their powers through the application of mystical philosophies and techniques For Herbert the ordinary person can develop incredible fighting skills Fremen Ginaz swordsmen and Sardaukar or mental abilities Bene Gesserit Mentats Spacing Guild Navigators 66 Zen and religion Edit Main article List of Dune religions Early in his newspaper career Herbert was introduced to Zen by two Jungian psychologists Ralph and Irene Slattery who gave a crucial boost to his thinking 67 Zen teachings ultimately had a profound and continuing influence on Herbert s work 67 Throughout the Dune series and particularly in Dune Herbert employs concepts and forms borrowed from Zen Buddhism 67 68 The Fremen are Zensunni adherents and many of Herbert s epigraphs are Zen spirited 69 In Dune Genesis Frank Herbert wrote What especially pleases me is to see the interwoven themes the fugue like relationships of images that exactly replay the way Dune took shape As in an Escher lithograph I involved myself with recurrent themes that turn into paradox The central paradox concerns the human vision of time What about Paul s gift of prescience the Presbyterian fixation For the Delphic Oracle to perform it must tangle itself in a web of predestination Yet predestination negates surprises and in fact sets up a mathematically enclosed universe whose limits are always inconsistent always encountering the unprovable It s like a koan a Zen mind breaker It s like the Cretan Epimenides saying All Cretans are liars 58 Brian Herbert called the Dune universe a spiritual melting pot noting that his father incorporated elements of a variety of religions including Buddhism Sufi mysticism and other Islamic belief systems Catholicism Protestantism Judaism and Hinduism 70 He added that Frank Herbert s fictional future in which religious beliefs have combined into interesting forms represents the author s solution to eliminating arguments between religions each of which claimed to have the one and only revelation 70 71 Asimov s Foundation Edit Tim O Reilly suggests that Herbert also wrote Dune as a counterpoint to Isaac Asimov s Foundation series In his monograph on Frank Herbert O Reilly wrote that Dune is clearly a commentary on the Foundation trilogy Herbert has taken a look at the same imaginative situation that provoked Asimov s classic the decay of a galactic empire and restated it in a way that draws on different assumptions and suggests radically different conclusions The twist he has introduced into Dune is that the Mule not the Foundation is his hero 72 According to O Reilly Herbert bases the Bene Gesserit on the scientific shamans of the Foundation though they use biological rather than statistical science 72 In contrast to the Foundation series and its praise of science and rationality Dune proposes that the unconscious and unexpected are actually what are needed for humanity 72 However both works contain a similar theme of the restoration of civilization 73 and seem to make the fundamental assumption that political maneuvering the need to control material resources and friendship or mating bonds will be fundamentally the same in the future as they are now 74 Critical reception EditDune tied with Roger Zelazny s This Immortal for the Hugo Award in 1966 75 and won the inaugural Nebula Award for Best Novel 76 Reviews of the novel have been largely positive and Dune is considered by some critics to be the best science fiction book ever written 77 The novel has been translated into dozens of languages and has sold almost 20 million copies 78 Dune has been regularly cited as one of the world s best selling science fiction novels 79 80 Arthur C Clarke described Dune as unique and wrote I know nothing comparable to it except The Lord of the Rings 81 Robert A Heinlein described the novel as powerful convincing and most ingenious 81 82 It was described as one of the monuments of modern science fiction by the Chicago Tribune 81 and P Schuyler Miller called Dune one of the landmarks of modern science fiction an amazing feat of creation 82 The Washington Post described it as a portrayal of an alien society more complete and deeply detailed than any other author in the field has managed a story absorbing equally for its action and philosophical vistas An astonishing science fiction phenomenon 81 82 Algis Budrys praised Dune for the vividness of its imagined setting saying The time lives It breathes it speaks and Herbert has smelt it in his nostrils He found that the novel however turns flat and tails off at the end T ruly effective villains simply simper and melt fierce men and cunning statesmen and seeresses all bend before this new Messiah Budrys faulted in particular Herbert s decision to kill Paul s infant son offstage with no apparent emotional impact saying you cannot be so busy saving a world that you cannot hear an infant shriek 83 After criticizing unrealistic science fiction Carl Sagan in 1978 listed Dune as among stories that are so tautly constructed so rich in the accommodating details of an unfamiliar society that they sweep me along before I have even a chance to be critical 84 The Louisville Times wrote Herbert s creation of this universe with its intricate development and analysis of ecology religion politics and philosophy remains one of the supreme and seminal achievements in science fiction 82 Writing for The New Yorker Jon Michaud praises Herbert s clever authorial decision to exclude robots and computers two staples of the genre from his fictional universe but suggests that this may be one explanation why Dune lacks true fandom among science fiction fans to the extent that it has not penetrated popular culture in the way that The Lord of the Rings and Star Wars have 12 Tamara I Hladik wrote that the story crafts a universe where lesser novels promulgate excuses for sequels All its rich elements are in balance and plausible not the patchwork confederacy of made up languages contrived customs and meaningless histories that are the hallmark of so many other lesser novels 85 On November 5 2019 the BBC News listed Dune on its list of the 100 most influential novels 86 J R R Tolkien refused to review Dune on the grounds that he disliked it with some intensity and thus felt it would be unfair to Herbert another working author if he gave an honest review of the book 87 First edition prints and manuscripts EditThe first edition of Dune is one of the most valuable in science fiction book collecting Copies have been sold for more than 10 000 at auction 88 The Chilton first edition of the novel is 9 1 4 inches 235 mm tall with bluish green boards and a price of 5 95 on the dust jacket and notes Toronto as the Canadian publisher on the copyright page Up to this point Chilton had been publishing only automobile repair manuals 89 California State University Fullerton s Pollack Library has several of Herbert s draft manuscripts of Dune and other works with the author s notes in their Frank Herbert Archives 90 Sequels and prequels EditSee also Dune franchise Development and publication After Dune proved to be a critical and financial success for Herbert he was able to devote himself full time to writing additional novels in the series He had already drafted parts of the second and third while writing Dune 12 The series included Dune Messiah 1969 Children of Dune 1976 God Emperor of Dune 1981 Heretics of Dune 1984 and Chapterhouse Dune 1985 each sequentially continuing on the narrative from Dune Herbert died on February 11 1986 91 Herbert s son Brian Herbert had found several thousand pages of notes left by his father that outlined ideas for other narratives related to Dune Brian Herbert enlisted author Kevin J Anderson to help build out prequel novels to the events of Dune Brian Herbert s and Anderson s Dune prequels first started publication in 1999 and have led to additional stories that take place between those of Frank Herbert s books 92 The notes for what would have been Dune 7 also enabled them to publish Hunters of Dune 2006 and Sandworms of Dune 2007 sequels to Frank Herbert s final novel Chapterhouse Dune which complete the chronological progression of his original series and wrap up storylines that began in Heretics of Dune Adaptations EditFurther information Dune franchise In other media Dune has been considered as an unfilmable and uncontainable work to adapt from novel to film or other visual medium 93 Described by Wired It has four appendices and a glossary of its own gibberish and its action takes place on two planets one of which is a desert overrun by worms the size of airport runways Lots of important people die or try to kill each other and they re all tethered to about eight entangled subplots 94 There have been several attempts to achieve this difficult conversion with various degrees of success 95 Early stalled attempts Edit In 1971 the production company Apjac International APJ headed by Arthur P Jacobs optioned the rights to film Dune As Jacobs was busy with other projects such as the sequel to Planet of the Apes Dune was delayed for another year Jacobs first choice for director was David Lean but he turned down the offer Charles Jarrott was also considered to direct Work was also under way on a script while the hunt for a director continued Initially the first treatment had been handled by Robert Greenhut the producer who had lobbied Jacobs to make the movie in the first place but subsequently Rospo Pallenberg was approached to write the script with shooting scheduled to begin in 1974 However Jacobs died in 1973 96 Pre release flyer for Jodorowsky s Dune In December 1974 a French consortium led by Jean Paul Gibon purchased the film rights from APJ with Alejandro Jodorowsky set to direct 97 In 1975 Jodorowsky planned to film the story as a 10 hour feature set to star his own son Brontis Jodorowsky in the lead role of Paul Atreides Salvador Dali as Shaddam IV Padishah Emperor Amanda Lear as Princess Irulan Orson Welles as Baron Vladimir Harkonnen Gloria Swanson as Reverend Mother Gaius Helen Mohiam David Carradine as Duke Leto Atreides Geraldine Chaplin as Lady Jessica Alain Delon as Duncan Idaho Herve Villechaize as Gurney Halleck Udo Kier as Piter De Vries and Mick Jagger as Feyd Rautha It was at first proposed to score the film with original music by Karlheinz Stockhausen Henry Cow and Magma later on the soundtrack was to be provided by Pink Floyd 98 Jodorowsky set up a pre production unit in Paris consisting of Chris Foss a British artist who designed covers for science fiction periodicals Jean Giraud Moebius a French illustrator who created and also wrote and drew for Metal Hurlant magazine and H R Giger 97 Moebius began designing creatures and characters for the film while Foss was brought in to design the film s space ships and hardware 97 Giger began designing the Harkonnen Castle based on Moebius s storyboards Dan O Bannon was to head the special effects department 97 Dali was cast as the Emperor 97 Dali later demanded to be paid 100 000 per hour Jodorowsky agreed but tailored Dali s part to be filmed in one hour drafting plans for other scenes of the emperor to use a mechanical mannequin as substitute for Dali 97 According to Giger Dali was later invited to leave the film because of his pro Franco statements 99 Just as the storyboards designs and script were finished the financial backing dried up Frank Herbert traveled to Europe in 1976 to find that 2 million of the 9 5 million budget had already been spent in pre production and that Jodorowsky s script would result in a 14 hour movie It was the size of a phone book Herbert later recalled Jodorowsky took creative liberties with the source material but Herbert said that he and Jodorowsky had an amicable relationship Jodorowsky said in 1985 that he found the Dune story mythical and had intended to recreate it rather than adapt the novel though he had an enthusiastic admiration for Herbert Jodorowsky said he had done everything possible to distance the author and his input from the project 97 Although Jodorowsky was embittered by the experience he said the Dune project changed his life and some of the ideas were used in his and Moebius s The Incal 100 O Bannon entered a psychiatric hospital after the production failed then worked on 13 scripts the last of which became Alien 97 A 2013 documentary Jodorowsky s Dune was made about Jodorowsky s failed attempt at an adaptation In 1976 Dino De Laurentiis acquired the rights from Gibon s consortium De Laurentiis commissioned Herbert to write a new screenplay in 1978 the script Herbert turned in was 175 pages long the equivalent of nearly three hours of screen time De Laurentiis then hired director Ridley Scott in 1979 with Rudy Wurlitzer writing the screenplay and H R Giger retained from the Jodorowsky production Scott and Giger had also just worked together on the film Alien after O Bannon recommended the artist 101 102 Scott intended to split the novel into two movies He worked on three drafts of the script using The Battle of Algiers as a point of reference before moving on to direct another science fiction film Blade Runner 1982 As he recalls the pre production process was slow and finishing the project would have been even more time intensive But after seven months I dropped out of Dune by then Rudy Wurlitzer had come up with a first draft script which I felt was a decent distillation of Frank Herbert s But I also realised Dune was going to take a lot more work at least two and a half years worth And I didn t have the heart to attack that because my older brother Frank unexpectedly died of cancer while I was prepping the De Laurentiis picture Frankly that freaked me out So I went to Dino and told him the Dune script was his From Ridley Scott The Making of his Movies by Paul M Sammon 1984 film by David Lynch Edit Main article Dune 1984 film In 1981 the nine year film rights were set to expire De Laurentiis re negotiated the rights from the author adding to them the rights to the Dune sequels written and unwritten After seeing The Elephant Man De Laurentiis daughter Raffaella decided that David Lynch should direct the movie Around that time Lynch received several other directing offers including Return of the Jedi He agreed to direct Dune and write the screenplay even though he had not read the book was not familiar with the story or even been interested in science fiction 103 Lynch worked on the script for six months with Eric Bergren and Christopher De Vore The team yielded two drafts of the script before it split over creative differences Lynch would subsequently work on five more drafts Production of the work was troubled by problems at the Mexican studio and hampering the film s timeline 104 Lynch ended up producing a nearly three hour long film but at demands from Universal Pictures the film s distributor he cut it back to about two hours hastily filming additional scenes to make up for some of the cut footage 105 This first film of Dune directed by Lynch was released in 1984 nearly 20 years after the book s publication Though Herbert said the book s depth and symbolism seemed to intimidate many filmmakers he was pleased with the film saying that They ve got it It begins as Dune does And I hear my dialogue all the way through There are some interpretations and liberties but you re gonna come out knowing you ve seen Dune 106 Reviews of the film were negative saying that it was incomprehensible to those unfamiliar with the book and that fans would be disappointed by the way it strayed from the book s plot 107 108 109 93 110 Upon release for television and other forms of home media Universal opted to reintroduce much of the footage that Lynch had cut creating an over three hour long version with extensive monologue exposition Lynch was extremely displeased with this move and demanded that Universal replace his name on these cuts with the pseudonym Alan Smithee and has generally distanced himself from the film since 105 2000 miniseries by John Harrison Edit Main article Frank Herbert s Dune In 2000 John Harrison adapted the novel into Frank Herbert s Dune a miniseries which premiered on American Sci Fi Channel 15 As of 2004 the miniseries was one of the three highest rated programs broadcast on the Sci Fi Channel 111 Further film attempts Edit In 2008 Paramount Pictures announced that they would produce a new film based on the book with Peter Berg attached to direct 112 Producer Kevin Misher who spent a year securing the rights from the Herbert estate was to be joined by Richard Rubinstein and John Harrison of both Sci Fi Channel miniseries as well as Sarah Aubrey and Mike Messina 112 The producers stated that they were going for a faithful adaptation of the novel and considered its theme of finite ecological resources particularly timely 112 Science fiction author Kevin J Anderson and Frank Herbert s son Brian Herbert who had together written multiple Dune sequels and prequels since 1999 were attached to the project as technical advisors 113 In October 2009 Berg dropped out of the project later saying that it for a variety of reasons wasn t the right thing for him 114 Subsequently with a script draft by Joshua Zetumer Paramount reportedly sought a new director who could do the film for under 175 million 115 In 2010 Pierre Morel was signed on to direct with screenwriter Chase Palmer incorporating Morel s vision of the project into Zetumer s original draft 116 117 By November 2010 Morel left the project 118 Paramount finally dropped plans for a remake in March 2011 119 Films by Denis Villeneuve Edit Main articles Dune 2021 film and Dune Part Two In November 2016 Legendary Entertainment acquired the film and TV rights for Dune 120 121 Variety reported in December 2016 that Denis Villeneuve was in negotiations to direct the project 122 which was confirmed in February 2017 123 In April 2017 Legendary announced that Eric Roth would write the screenplay 124 Villeneuve explained in March 2018 that his adaptation will be split into two films with the first installment scheduled to begin production in 2019 125 Casting includes Timothee Chalamet as Paul Atreides 126 Dave Bautista as Rabban Stellan Skarsgard as Baron Harkonnen 127 Rebecca Ferguson as Lady Jessica 128 Charlotte Rampling as Reverend Mother Mohiam 129 Oscar Isaac as Duke Leto Atreides 130 Zendaya as Chani 131 Javier Bardem as Stilgar 132 Josh Brolin as Gurney Halleck 133 Jason Momoa as Duncan Idaho 134 David Dastmalchian as Piter De Vries 135 Chang Chen as Dr Yueh 136 and Stephen Henderson as Thufir Hawat 137 Warner Bros Pictures distributed the film which had its initial premiere on September 3 2021 at the Venice Film Festival 138 and wide release in both theaters and streaming on HBO Max on October 21 2021 as part of Warner Bros s approach to handling the impact of the COVID 19 pandemic on the film industry 139 140 The film received generally favorable reviews on Metacritic 141 It has gone on to win multiple awards and was named by the National Board of Review as one of the 10 best films of 2021 as well as the American Film Institute in their annual top 10 list 142 The film went on to be nominated for ten Academy Awards winning six the most wins of the night for any film in contention 143 A sequel Dune Part Two is scheduled for release in October 2023 144 Audiobooks Edit In 1993 Recorded Books Inc released a 20 disc audiobook narrated by George Guidall In 2007 Audio Renaissance released an audio book narrated by Simon Vance with some parts performed by Scott Brick Orlagh Cassidy Euan Morton and other performers Cultural influence EditDune has been widely influential inspiring numerous novels music films television games and comic books 145 It is considered one of the greatest and most influential science fiction novels of all time with numerous modern science fiction works such as Star Wars owing their existence to Dune 146 Dune has also been referenced in numerous other works of popular culture including Star Trek Chronicles of Riddick The Kingkiller Chronicle and Futurama 147 Dune was cited as a source of inspiration for Hayao Miyazaki s anime film Nausicaa of the Valley of the Wind 1984 for its post apocalyptic world 148 149 150 151 152 Dune was parodied in 1984 s National Lampoon s Doon by Ellis Weiner which William F Touponce called something of a tribute to Herbert s success on college campuses noting that the only other book to have been so honored is Tolkien s The Lord of the Rings which was parodied by The Harvard Lampoon in 1969 153 Music Edit In 1978 French electronic musician Richard Pinhas released the nine track Dune inspired album Chronolyse which includes the seven part Variations sur le theme des Bene Gesserit 154 In 1979 German electronic music pioneer Klaus Schulze released an LP titled Dune featuring motifs and lyrics inspired by the novel 155 A similar musical project Visions of Dune was released also in 1979 by Zed a pseudonym of French electronic musician Bernard Sjazner 156 Heavy metal band Iron Maiden wrote the song To Tame a Land based on the Dune story It appears as the closing track to their 1983 album Piece of Mind The original working title of the song was Dune however the band was denied permission to use it with Frank Herbert s agents stating Frank Herbert doesn t like rock bands particularly heavy rock bands and especially bands like Iron Maiden 157 Dune inspired the German happy hardcore band Dune who have released several albums with space travel themed songs citation needed The progressive hardcore band Shai Hulud took their name from Dune 158 Traveller in Time from the 1991 Blind Guardian album Tales from the Twilight World is based mostly on Paul Atreides visions of future and past 159 160 The title of the 1993 Fear Factory album Fear is The Mindkiller is a quote from the litany against fear 161 The song Near Fantastica from the Matthew Good album Avalanche makes reference to the litany against fear repeating can t feel fear fear s the mind killer through a section of the song 162 In the Fatboy Slim song Weapon of Choice the line If you walk without rhythm You won t attract the worm is a near quotation from the sections of novel in which Stilgar teaches Paul to ride sandworms citation needed Dune also inspired the 1999 album The 2nd Moon by the German death metal band Golem which is a concept album about the series 163 Dune influenced Thirty Seconds to Mars on their self titled debut album 164 The Youngblood Brass Band s song Is an Elegy on Center Level Roar references Muad Dib Arrakis and other elements from the novel 165 The debut album of Canadian musician Grimes called Geidi Primes is a concept album based on Dune 166 167 Japanese singer Kenshi Yonezu released a song titled Dune also known as Sand Planet The song was released on 2017 and it was created using the voice synthesizer Hatsune Miku for her 10th anniversary 168 Fear is the Mind Killer a song released in 2018 by Zheani an Australian rapper uses a quote from Dune 169 Litany Against Fear is a spoken track released in 2018 under the Eight album by Zheani She recites an extract from Dune 170 Sleep s 2018 album The Sciences features a song Giza Butler that references several aspects of Dune 171 Tool s 2019 album Fear Inoculum has a song entitled Litanie contre la peur Litany against fear 172 Rare to Wake from Shannon Lay s album Geist 2019 is inspired by Dune 173 Heavy Metal band Diamond Head based the song The Sleeper and its prelude both off the album The Coffin Train on the series Games Edit Further information List of games based on Dune There have been a number of games based on the book starting with the strategy adventure game Dune 1992 The most important game adaptation is Dune II 1992 which established the conventions of modern real time strategy games and is considered to be among the most influential video games of all time 174 The online game Lost Souls includes Dune derived elements including sandworms and melange addiction to which can produce psychic talents 175 The 2016 game Enter the Gungeon features the spice melange as a random item which gives the player progressively stronger abilities and penalties with repeated uses mirroring the long term effects melange has on users 176 Rick Priestley cites Dune as a major influence on his 1987 wargame Warhammer 40 000 177 Space exploration Edit The Apollo 15 astronauts named a small crater on Earth s Moon after the novel during the 1971 mission 178 and the name was formally adopted by the International Astronomical Union in 1973 179 Since 2009 the names of planets from the Dune novels have been adopted for the real world nomenclature of plains and other features on Saturn s moon Titan like Arrakis Planitia 180 181 182 See also Edit Novels portalSoft science fiction Sub genre of science fiction emphasizing soft sciences or human emotions Hydraulic empire Government by control of access to waterReferences Edit a b Hanson Matt 2005 Building Sci fi Moviescapes The Science Behind the Fiction Gulf Professional Publishing ISBN 978 0 240 80772 0 The Road to Dune 2005 p 264 letter by Frank Herbert to his agent Lurton Blassingame outlining They Stopped the Moving Sands O Reilly Timothy 1981 Frank Herbert Frederick Ungar Publishing Company p 39 Immerwahr Daniel November 19 2020 Heresies of Dune Los Angeles Review of Books O Reilly Timothy January 1 1981 Frank Herbert Frederick Ungar Publishing Company pp 43 45 a b c d Collins Will September 16 2017 The Secret History of Dune Los Angeles Review of Books Retrieved October 20 2017 Stamets Paul March 9 2011 Mycelium Running How Mushrooms Can Help Save the World Potter Ten Speed Harmony Rodale pp 126 127 ISBN 978 1 60774 124 4 The Road to Dune p 272 Frank Herbert toyed with the story about a desert world full of hazards and riches He plotted a short adventure novel Spice Planet but he set that outline aside when his concept grew into something much more ambitious The Road to Dune pp 263 264 Herbert Brian July 2004 Dreamer of Dune The Biography of Frank Herbert Macmillan pp 194 208 ISBN 978 0 7653 0647 0 DaSilva Steve October 26 2021 Nobody Wanted To Publish Dune Except A Car Repair Manual Company Jalopnik Retrieved October 27 2021 a b c d Michaud Jon July 12 2013 Dune Endures The New Yorker Retrieved August 18 2015 Boyle Alan October 21 2021 How the Dune science fiction saga parallels the real science of Oregon s dunes GeekWire Retrieved June 14 2022 Landa Edward R Feller Christian January 28 2010 Soil and Culture Springer Science amp Business Media p 101 ISBN 978 90 481 2960 7 a b Stasio Marilyn December 3 2000 Cover Story Future Myths Adrift in the Sands of Time The New York Times Retrieved August 21 2015 Gunn James 1986 The Readers of Hard Science Fiction In Slusser George E Rabkin Eric S eds Hard Science Fiction Southern Illinois University Press p 79 Allen L David 1975 Herbert s Dune and Other Works Cliffs Notes pp 7 8 Rare DUNE Interview with Frank Herbert video Archived from the original on August 29 2020 Retrieved May 10 2020 Archived at Ghostarchive and the Wayback Machine Frank Herbert Interview video Retrieved April 17 2020 Herbert Frank 1965 Afterword by Brian Herbert Dune Kindle ed Penguin Group p 876 Fritz Steve December 4 2000 Dune Remaking the Classic Novel Cinescape com Archived from the original on March 16 2008 Retrieved November 9 2008 Edison David February 3 2014 Quotes from the End of the World Tor com Retrieved June 29 2014 Collected Sayings of Princess Irulan DuneMessiah com Archived from the original on June 18 2008 Retrieved November 9 2008 Manlove C N 1986 Science fiction ten explorations Basingstoke Hampshire Macmillan pp 88 89 ISBN 978 0 333 36919 7 OCLC 14933209 Touponce William F 1988 Frank Herbert Boston Twayne Publishers p 30 ISBN 978 0 8057 7514 3 OCLC 16717899 Herbert Frank 1965 Afterword by Brian Herbert Dune Kindle ed Penguin Group pp 881 882 a b Csicsery Ronay Jr Istvan November 28 2008 The Seven Beauties of Science Fiction Wesleyan ISBN 978 0 8195 6889 2 Bahayeldin Khalid January 22 2004 Arabic and Islamic themes in Frank Herbert s Dune Baheyeldin com Retrieved July 21 2009 Zaki Hoda M 1994 Orientalism in Science Fiction In Kadi Joanna ed Food for Our Grandmothers Writings by Arab American and Arab Canadian Feminists South End Press a b c d e Ryding Karin 2021 The Arabic of Dune Language and Landscape In Virdis Daniela Francesca Zurru Elisabetta Lahey Ernestine eds Language in Place Stylistic Perspectives on Landscape Place and Environment John Benjamins Publishing Company a b Kennedy Kara April 2 2016 Epic World Building Names and Cultures in Dune Names A Journal of Onomastics 64 2 99 108 doi 10 1080 00277738 2016 1159450 S2CID 192897269 a b O Reilly Tim Chapter 3 From Concept to Fable Frank Herbert Retrieved December 27 2019 via oreilly com Lawrence of Arabia Is the Unlikely Prequel to Star Wars Dune And All Your Favorite Fantasy Epics New York Post December 3 2015 Retrieved June 14 2019 via Decider com Lynch Tom Glotfelty Cheryll Armbruster Karla 2012 The Bioregional Imagination Literature Ecology and Place University of Georgia Press p 230 ISBN 978 0 8203 4367 9 Kunzru Hari July 3 2015 Dune 50 years on how a science fiction novel changed the world The Guardian ISSN 0261 3077 Retrieved February 11 2019 Hammond Joseph October 18 2021 Dune novels draw on Islamic motifs and have in turn inspired Muslim artists Religion News Service ISSN 0190 8286 Retrieved October 31 2021 Determann Jorg Matthias 2021 Islam science fiction and extraterrestrial life the culture of astrobiology in the Muslim world London p 97 ISBN 978 0 7556 0130 1 OCLC 1197808773 Herbert Frank 1965 Afterword by Brian Herbert Dune Kindle ed Penguin Group p 878 Tim O Reilly Frank Herbert Chapter 3 From Concept to Fable O Reilly Media www oreilly com Retrieved November 7 2021 Collins Will September 16 2017 The Secret History of Dune Los Angeles Review of Books Retrieved October 20 2017 Tim O Reilly Frank Herbert Chapter 5 Rogue Gods O Reilly Media www oreilly com Retrieved November 7 2021 Archived at 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in the World of Dune Tor com a b Herbert Frank July 1980 Dune Genesis Omni FrankHerbert org Archived from the original on January 7 2012 Retrieved February 14 2014 Herbert liner notes quoted in Touponce p 24 Palumbo Donald 1998 The Monomyth as Fractal Pattern in Frank Herbert s Dune Novels Science Fiction Studies 25 433 458 Tilley E Allen The Modes of Fiction A Plot Morphology College English Feb 1978 39 6 pp 692 706 Hume Kathryn Romance A Perdurable Pattern College English Oct 1974 36 2 pp 129 146 Attebery Brian Decoding Gender in Science Fiction New York Routledge 2002 p 66 ISBN 978 0 415 93949 2 Clareson Thomas 1992 Understanding Contemporary American Science Fiction the Formative Period Columbia University of South Carolina Press pp 169 172 ISBN 978 0 87249 870 9 Herbert Frank 1985 Introduction Eye ISBN 978 0 425 08398 7 Prieto Pablos Juan A Spring 1991 The Ambivalent Hero of Contemporary Fantasy and Science Fiction Extrapolation The University of Texas at Brownsville 32 1 64 80 doi 10 3828 extr 1991 32 1 64 a b c O Reilly Tim Chapter 2 Under Pressure Frank Herbert Retrieved March 26 2019 via oreilly com Unpublished interview with Frank Herbert and Professor Willis E McNelly February 3 1969 Retrieved March 21 2019 via sinanvural com Touponce 1988 Life and Intellectual Background Frank Herbert p 10 ISBN 978 0 8057 7514 3 a b Herbert Frank 1965 Afterword by Brian Herbert Dune Kindle ed Penguin Group p 873 Herbert Frank February 3 1969 Interview with Dr Willis E McNelly Sinanvural com Retrieved January 26 2010 During my studies of deserts of course and previous studies of religions we all know that many religions began in a desert atmosphere so I decided to put the two together because I don t think that any one story should have any one thread I build on a layer technique and of course putting in religion and religious ideas you can play one against the other a b c O Reilly Tim Chapter 5 Rogue Gods Frank Herbert Retrieved May 15 2020 via oreilly com Grigsby John L 1981 Asimov s Foundation Trilogy and Herbert s Dune Trilogy A Vision Reversed La Trilogie de Fondation chez Asimov et la trilogie de Dune chez Herbert une vision inversee Science Fiction Studies 8 2 149 155 ISSN 0091 7729 JSTOR 4239405 Riggs Don 1988 Future and Progress in Foundation and Dune In Palumbo Donald ed Spectrum of the Fantastic Selected Essays from the Sixth International Conference on the Fantastic in the Arts Greenwood Press ISBN 978 0 313 25502 1 The Hugo Awards 1966 TheHugoAwards org World Science Fiction Society July 26 2007 Retrieved March 8 2011 1965 Nebula Awards NebulaAwards com Archived from the original on December 17 2005 Retrieved March 17 2010 Frans Johansson 2004 The Medici effect breakthrough insights at the intersection of ideas concepts and cultures Boston Mass Harvard Business School Press p 78 ISBN 978 1 59139 186 9 Frank Herbert Macmillan Archived from the original on January 12 2016 Retrieved April 9 2019 Today the novel is more popular than ever It has been translated into dozens of languages and has sold almost 20 million copies Touponce William F 1988 Herbert s Reputation Frank Herbert Boston Massachusetts Twayne Publishers imprint G K Hall amp Co p 119 ISBN 978 0 8057 7514 3 Locus ran a poll of readers on April 15 1975 in which Dune was voted the all time best science fiction novel It has sold over ten million copies in numerous editions SCI FI Channel Auction to Benefit Reading Is Fundamental PNNonline org Internet Archive March 18 2003 Archived from the original on September 28 2007 Retrieved September 28 2007 Since its debut in 1965 Frank Herbert s Dune has sold over 12 million copies worldwide making it the best selling science fiction novel of all time Frank Herbert s Dune saga is one of the greatest 20th Century contributions to literature a b c d Dune 40th Anniversary Edition Editorial Reviews Retrieved January 26 2010 via Amazon com a b c d Herbert Frank 1976 Praise for the Dune Chronicles Children of Dune 2008 ed 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Retrieved October 28 2014 Frank Herbert author of sci fi best sellers dies Pittsburgh Post Gazette February 13 1986 Retrieved July 27 2009 permanent dead link Quinn Judy November 17 1997 Bantam Pays 3M for Dune Prequels by Herbert s Son Publishers Weekly Retrieved February 6 2014 a b Kurchak Sarah October 20 2021 Why Frank Herbert s Dune Has Proved So Hard to Adapt Time Retrieved October 31 2021 Lynch s Dune was widely panned in its time Spice World WIRED Traces the Dune Legacy Wired September 28 2021 Retrieved September 28 2021 Child Ben August 27 2021 Will Denis Villeneuve s Dune finally succeed where others failed The Guardian Retrieved September 28 2021 Dune Book to Screen Timeline Duneinfo com Archived from the original on May 17 2011 Retrieved January 18 2013 a b c d e f g h Jodorowsky Alejandro 1985 Dune Le Film Que Vous Ne Verrez Jamais Dune The Film You Will Never See Metal Hurlant DuneInfo com Retrieved February 8 2014 Chris Cutler book included with Henry Cow 40th Anniversary CD box set 2008 Falk Gaby ed HR GIGER Arh Taschen 2001 p 52 Kalder Daniel January 25 2011 Alejandro Jodorowsky s dance on the edge of meaning The Guardian Retrieved July 28 2020 The Visualists Direction and Design The Beast Within The Making of Alien McIntee David 2005 Beautiful Monsters The Unofficial and Unauthorized Guide to the Alien and Predator Films Surrey Telos Publishing p 27 ISBN 978 1 903889 94 7 Cinefantastique September 1984 Vol 14 No 4 amp 5 Double issue Harmetz Aljean September 4 1983 The World Of Dune Is Filmed In Mexico The New York Times Retrieved October 31 2021 a b Fye Eleanor June 8 2020 The Story of Dune David Lynch and Hollywood s Most Notorious Pseudonym Gizmodo Retrieved October 31 2021 Rozen Leah June 25 1984 With Another Best Seller and An Upcoming Film Dune Is Busting Out All Over For Frank Herbert People pp 129 130 Retrieved March 21 2010 Feeney Mark Screen of dreams The Boston Globe December 16 2007 p N12 The Messy Misunderstood Glory of David Lynch s Dune The Atlantic March 14 2014 Retrieved October 31 2021 The deeply flawed film version of Frank Herbert s novel was universally hated when it premiered 30 years ago Oleksinski Johnny October 21 2021 David Lynch s 1984 Dune is still the stuff of migraines New York Post Retrieved October 31 2021 Dune Metacritic Retrieved October 30 2021 Kevin J Anderson Interview DigitalWebbing com 2004 Internet Archive July 3 2007 a b c Siegel Tatiana March 18 2008 Berg to direct Dune for Paramount Variety Retrieved February 15 2019 Neuman Clayton August 17 2009 Winds of Dune Author Brian Herbert on Flipping the Myth of Jihad AMCtv com Archived from the original on September 21 2009 Retrieved August 19 2009 Roush George December 1 2009 Special Preview El Guapo Spends A Day On A Navy Destroyer For Peter Berg s Battleship LatinoReview com Retrieved January 5 2010 Rowles Dustin October 27 2009 Pajiba Exclusive An Update on the Dune Remake Pajiba com Archived from the original on October 30 2009 Retrieved January 5 2010 Sperling Nicole January 4 2010 Dune remake back on track with director Pierre Morel Entertainment Weekly Archived from the original on January 14 2010 Retrieved January 5 2010 Dune Remake Lands New Screenwriter Archived August 10 2011 at the Wayback Machine Screen Crave February 11 2010 Fleming Mike November 8 2010 Sands of Time Running Out For New Dune Deadline Hollywood Retrieved December 27 2010 Reynolds Simon March 23 2011 Dune remake dropped by Paramount Digital Spy Retrieved March 24 2011 Busch Anita November 21 2016 Legendary Acquires Frank Herbert s Classic Sci Fi Novel Dune For Film And TV Deadline Hollywood Retrieved November 27 2016 Kroll Justin November 21 2016 Legendary Lands Rights to Classic Sci Fi Novel Dune Variety Retrieved November 27 2016 Kroll Justin December 21 2016 Blade Runner 2049 Helmer Denis Villeneuve Eyed to Direct Dune Reboot Variety Retrieved December 21 2016 Watters Bill February 1 2017 It s Official The Dune Reboot Has Found Its Director Bleeding Cool Retrieved February 1 2017 Kroll Justin April 5 2017 Forrest Gump Writer Eric Roth to Pen Denis Villeneuve s Dune Reboot Variety Retrieved July 21 2017 Hughes William March 9 2018 Denis Villeneuve says he s now making two Dune movies actually The A V Club Retrieved September 28 2018 Colburn Randall September 27 2018 Dune star Timothee Chalamet also loves the David Lynch version The A V Club Retrieved September 28 2018 Kit Borys January 9 2019 Stellan Skarsgard to Play Villain in Legendary s Dune The Hollywood Reporter Retrieved January 9 2019 Kit Borys September 5 2018 Rebecca Ferguson in Talks to Star in Denis Villeneuve s Dune The Hollywood Reporter Retrieved January 16 2019 Kit Borys January 15 2019 Charlotte Rampling Joins Timothee Chalamet in Dune The Hollywood Reporter Retrieved January 16 2019 Kit Borys Couch Aaron January 29 2019 Oscar Isaac Joining Denis Villeneuve s Dune The Hollywood Reporter Retrieved January 30 2019 Galuppo Mia January 30 2019 Zendaya Circling Denis Villeneuve s Dune The Hollywood Reporter Retrieved January 30 2019 Kroll Justin February 1 2019 Javier Bardem Joins Timothee Chalamet in Dune Reboot Variety Retrieved February 1 2019 Kroll Justin February 13 2019 Josh Brolin Joins Timothee Chalamet in Star Studded Dune Reboot Variety Retrieved February 13 2019 Kroll Justin February 14 2019 Jason Momoa Joins Timothee Chalamet Javier Bardem in Dune Reboot Variety Retrieved February 14 2019 N Duka Amanda February 19 2019 Legendary s Dune Film Adds Ant Man and the Wasp Actor David Dastmalchian Deadline Hollywood Retrieved February 19 2019 Couch Aaron March 17 2019 Chang Chen Joining Denis Villeneuve s Dune The Hollywood Reporter Retrieved March 17 2019 Breznican Anthony April 14 2020 Behold Dune An Exclusive Look at Timothee Chalamet Zendaya Oscar Isaac and More Vanity Fair Retrieved April 14 2020 Vivarelli Nick May 14 2021 Venice Fest Prepares to Roll Out Red Carpet for Full Fledged Physical Edition Exclusive Variety Archived from the original on May 14 2021 Retrieved May 14 2021 Bankhurst Adam October 17 2021 Dune Set to Premiere on HBO Max One Day Early IGN Retrieved October 17 2021 Sharf Zack May 18 2021 Dune Release Confusion Warner Bros Says Denis Villeneuve s Epic Still Set for HBO Max Plan IndieWire Archived from the original on May 18 2021 Retrieved May 18 2021 Dune Part One Metacritic Retrieved October 30 2021 AFI s Top Films and TV of 2021 Include Dune Power of the Dog and Succession December 8 2021 Retrieved January 21 2022 Spry Jeff March 28 2022 Dune wins 6 Oscars at Academy Awards Space com Retrieved March 31 2022 Fuster Jeremy October 26 2021 Dune Part Two Greenlit Set for 2023 Theatrical Release by Warner Bros and Legendary Retrieved October 26 2021 Roberts Adam 2000 Science Fiction New York Routledge pp 85 90 ISBN 978 0 415 19204 0 Hari Kunzru July 3 2015 Dune 50 years on how a science fiction novel changed the world The Guardian Bardinelli John April 30 2015 Dune at 50 Pop Culture Is Hooked on Spice Barnes amp Noble Retrieved April 13 2020 McCarthy Helen 1999 Hayao Miyazaki Master of Japanese Animation Stone Bridge Press pp 72 92 ISBN 978 1 880656 41 9 Hayao Miyazaki Exploring the early work of Japan s greatest animator IIAS www iias asia Retrieved September 20 2021 10 Behind The Scenes Facts About Nausicaa of the Valley of the Wind ScreenRant June 10 2020 Retrieved September 20 2021 NAUSICAA amp DUNE JAPANESE ANIMATION NEWS amp REVIEW 7 91 www nausicaa net Retrieved September 20 2021 Dazed September 17 2021 How Dune inspired Hayao Miyazaki s Nausicaa of the Valley of the Wind Dazed Retrieved September 20 2021 Touponce 1988 Herbert s Reputation Frank Herbert p 119 ISBN 978 0 8057 7514 3 Richard Pinhas Chronolyse Discogs Klaus Schulze Dune Discogs Zed 5 Visions Of Dune Discogs Wall Mick 2004 Iron Maiden Run to the Hills the Authorised Biography 3rd ed Sanctuary Publishing p 244 ISBN 978 1 86074 542 3 Interview Matt Fox Shai Hulud Zombie Apocalypse by Carlos Ramirez Retrieved September 20 2020 St James Encyclopedia of Pop Culture by Craig T Cobane Retrieved July 12 2008 Has Dune inspired other music Stason org Retrieved July 12 2008 Album Fear is the Mindkiller by Burton C Bell Dino Cazares Retrieved September 10 2020 Matthew Good Near Fantastica Lyrics Justsomelyrics com Archived from the original on November 4 2015 Retrieved August 29 2012 Golem lyrics and info The 2nd Moon 1999 Golem metal de Retrieved July 10 2009 Lowachee Karin 2003 Space symbols and synth rock imbue the metaphoric musical world of 30 Seconds To Mars Mars Dust Mysterian Media Archived from the original on October 22 2006 Re Direct Youngblood Brass Band Archived from the original on September 29 2000 Retrieved August 29 2012 Perry Kevin EG December 4 2015 Our Album Of The Year Winner Grimes The Full NME Cover Feature NME IPC Media Retrieved September 6 2016 Aroesti Rachel October 31 2015 Grimes In my life I m a lot more weird than this The Guardian ISSN 0261 3077 Retrieved June 22 2017 Kenshi Yonezu Hachi Sand Planet CUT Magazine September 22 2017 Retrieved September 26 2022 Fear is the mind killer Genius Retrieved September 4 2022 I must not fear Fear is the mind killer Fear is the little death that brings total obliteration I will face my fear I will permit it to pass over me and through me And when it has gone pass I will turn the inner eye to see its path And where the fear has gone there will be nothing Only I will remain Genius Retrieved September 4 2022 Sleep 2018 The Sciences vinyl liner notes Third Man Records TMR 547 Hermes Will September 4 2019 Tool Return From a Long Hiatus With Fear Inoculum Rolling Stone Retrieved September 15 2019 Sharples Grant October 7 2021 Shannon Lay Is Doing This for Herself Spin Retrieved October 8 2021 Loguidice Bill Barton Matt 2012 Spicing Up Strategy in Real Time Vintage Games An Insider Look at the History of Grand Theft Auto Super Mario and the Most Influential Games of All Time CRC Press pp 65 76 ISBN 978 1 136 13758 7 Shah Rawn Romine James 1995 Playing MUDs on the Internet John Wiley amp Sons Inc p 213 ISBN 978 0 471 11633 2 D Onofrio Matthew March 23 2021 Enter The Gungeon 10 Best Active Items That You Need To Find Game Rant Retrieved June 14 2022 Owen Duffy December 11 2015 Blood dice and darkness how Warhammer defined gaming for a generation Archived from the original on May 18 2016 Herbert Brian 2004 Dreamer of Dune The Biography of Frank Herbert p 244 ISBN 978 0 7653 0646 3 Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature Dune on Moon Planetarynames wr usgs gov Retrieved October 16 2016 Blue Jennifer August 4 2009 USGS Astrogeology Hot Topics New Name Descriptor Term and Theme Approved for Use on Titan Astrogeology usgs gov Archived from the original on November 1 2014 Retrieved September 8 2010 Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature Titan Planitiae Planetarynames wr usgs gov Retrieved January 3 2015 Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature Titan Labyrinthi Planetarynames wr usgs gov Retrieved January 3 2015 Further reading EditClute John Nicholls Peter 1995 The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction New York St Martin s Press p 1386 ISBN 978 0 312 13486 0 Clute John Nicholls Peter 1995 The Multimedia Encyclopedia of Science Fiction CD ROM Danbury CT Grolier ISBN 978 0 7172 3999 3 Nicholls Peter 1979 The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction St Albans Herts UK Granada Publishing Ltd p 672 ISBN 978 0 586 05380 5 Jakubowski Maxim Edwards Malcolm 1983 The Complete Book of Science Fiction and Fantasy Lists St Albans Herts UK Granada Publishing Ltd p 350 ISBN 978 0 586 05678 3 Pringle David 1990 The Ultimate Guide to Science Fiction London Grafton Books Ltd p 407 ISBN 978 0 246 13635 0 Tuck Donald H 1974 The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction and Fantasy Chicago Advent p 136 ISBN 978 0 911682 20 5 External links Edit Wikiquote has quotations related to Dune Official website for Dune and its sequels Dune title listing at the Internet Speculative Fiction Database Turner Paul October 1973 Vertex Interviews Frank Herbert Interview Vol 1 no 4 Archived from the original on May 19 2009 Spark Notes Dune detailed study guide DuneQuotes com Collection of quotes from the Dune series Dune by Frank Herbert reviewed by Ted Gioia Conceptual Fiction Frank Herbert Biography and Bibliography at LitWeb net www litweb net Archived from the original on April 2 2009 Retrieved January 2 2009 Works of Frank Herbert at Curlie Timberg Scott April 18 2010 Frank Herbert s Dune holds timely and timeless appeal Los Angeles Times Archived from the original on December 3 2013 Retrieved November 27 2013 Walton Jo January 12 2011 In league with the future Frank Herbert s Dune Review Tor com Retrieved November 27 2013 Leonard Andrew June 4 2015 To Save California Read Dune Nautilus Archived from the original on November 4 2017 Retrieved June 15 2015 Dune by Frank Herbert Foreshadowing amp Dedication at Fact Behind Fiction Frank Herbert by Tim O Reilly DuneScholar com Collection of scholarly essays Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Dune novel amp oldid 1145426397, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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