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Blade Runner

May 02, 2023

This article is about the 1982 film. For other uses, see Blade Runner (disambiguation).

Blade Runner is a 1982 science fiction film directed by Ridley Scott, and written by Hampton Fancher and David Peoples.[7][8] Starring Harrison Ford, Rutger Hauer, Sean Young, and Edward James Olmos, it is an adaptation of Philip K. Dick's 1968 novel Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep? The film is set in a dystopian future Los Angeles of 2019, in which synthetic humans known as replicants are bio-engineered by the powerful Tyrell Corporation to work on space colonies. When a fugitive group of advanced replicants led by Roy Batty (Hauer) escapes back to Earth, burnt-out cop Rick Deckard (Ford) reluctantly agrees to hunt them down.

Blade Runner
Theatrical release poster by John Alvin
Directed byRidley Scott
Screenplay by
Based onDo Androids Dream of Electric Sheep?
by Philip K. Dick
Produced byMichael Deeley
Starring
CinematographyJordan Cronenweth
Edited by
Music byVangelis
Production
companies
Distributed byWarner Bros.
Release date
  • June 25, 1982 (1982-06-25)
Running time
117 minutes[1]
CountriesUnited States[2][3]
Hong Kong[4]
LanguageEnglish
Budget$30 million[5]
Box office$41.6 million[6]

Blade Runner initially underperformed in North American theaters and polarized critics; some praised its thematic complexity and visuals, while others critiqued its slow pacing and lack of action. It later became a cult film, and has since come to be regarded as one of the all-time best science fiction films. Hailed for its production design depicting a high-tech but decaying future, Blade Runner is often regarded as both a leading example of neo-noir cinema as well as a foundational work of the cyberpunk genre. The film's soundtrack, composed by Vangelis, was nominated in 1982 for a BAFTA and a Golden Globe as best original score.

The film has influenced many science fiction films, video games, anime, and television series. It brought the work of Philip K. Dick to the attention of Hollywood, and several of his works later became films such as Total Recall (1990), Minority Report (2002), and A Scanner Darkly (2006). In 1993, it was selected for preservation in the U.S. National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant".

Seven different versions of Blade Runner exist as a result of controversial changes requested by studio executives. A director's cut was released in 1992 after a strong response to test screenings of a workprint. This, in conjunction with the film's popularity as a video rental, made it one of the earliest movies to be released on DVD. In 2007, Warner Bros. released The Final Cut, a 25th-anniversary digitally remastered version. This is the only version over which Scott retained artistic control.

The film is the first of the franchise of the same name. A sequel, directed by Denis Villeneuve and titled Blade Runner 2049, was released in October 2017 alongside a trilogy of short films covering the thirty-year span between the two films' settings. The anime series Blade Runner: Black Lotus was released in 2021.

Plot

Note: Since there are several versions of Blade Runner, this summary excludes version-specific events. See the Versions of Blade Runner article for discussion of version-specific plot elements.

In 2019 Los Angeles, former police officer Rick Deckard is detained by Officer Gaff, who likes to make origami figures, and is brought to his former supervisor, Bryant. Deckard, whose job as a "blade runner" was to track down bioengineered humanoids known as replicants and terminally "retire" them, is informed that four replicants are on Earth illegally. Deckard begins to leave, but Bryant ambiguously threatens him and Deckard stays. The two watch a video of a blade runner named Holden administering the Voight-Kampff test, which is designed to distinguish replicants from humans based on their emotional responses to questions. The test subject, Leon, shoots Holden on the second question. Bryant wants Deckard to retire Leon and three other Nexus-6 replicants: Roy Batty, Zhora, and Pris.

Bryant has Deckard meet with the CEO of the company that creates the replicants, Eldon Tyrell, so he can administer the test on a Nexus-6 to see if it works. Tyrell expresses his interest in seeing the test fail first and asks him to administer it on his assistant Rachael. After a much longer than standard test, Deckard concludes privately to Tyrell that Rachael is a replicant who believes she is human. Tyrell explains that she is an experiment who has been given false memories to provide an "emotional cushion," and that she has no knowledge of her true nature.

In searching Leon's hotel room, Deckard finds photos and a scale from the skin of an animal, which is later identified as a synthetic snake scale. Roy and Leon investigate a replicant eye-manufacturing laboratory and learn of J. F. Sebastian, a gifted genetic designer who works closely with Tyrell. Deckard returns to his apartment where Rachael is waiting. She tries to prove her humanity by showing him a family photo, but Deckard reveals that her memories are implants from Tyrell's niece, and she leaves in tears. Meanwhile, Pris locates Sebastian and manipulates him to gain his trust.

A photograph from Leon's apartment and the snake scale lead Deckard to a strip club, where Zhora works. After a confrontation and chase, Deckard kills Zhora. Bryant also orders him to retire Rachael, who has disappeared from the Tyrell Corporation. Deckard spots Rachael in a crowd, but he is ambushed by Leon, who knocks the gun out of Deckard's hand and beats him. As Leon is about to kill Deckard, Rachael saves him by using Deckard's gun to kill Leon. They return to Deckard's apartment and, during a discussion, he promises not to track her down. As Rachael abruptly tries to leave, Deckard restrains her and forces her to kiss him, and she ultimately relents.

Deckard leaves Rachael at his apartment and departs to search for the remaining replicants. Roy arrives at Sebastian's apartment and tells Pris that the other replicants are dead. Sebastian reveals that because of a genetic premature aging disorder, his life will be cut short, like the replicants that were built with a four-year lifespan. Roy uses Sebastian to gain entrance to Tyrell's penthouse. He demands more life from his maker, which Tyrell says is impossible. Roy confesses that he has done "questionable things" but Tyrell dismisses this, praising Roy's advanced design and accomplishments in his short life. Roy kisses Tyrell and then kills him by gouging out his eyes. Sebastian tries to flee and is later reported dead.[nb 1]

At Sebastian's apartment, Deckard is ambushed by Pris, but he kills her as Roy returns. Roy's body begins to fail as the end of his lifespan nears. He chases Deckard through the building and onto the roof. Deckard tries to jump onto another roof but is left hanging on the edge. Roy makes the jump with ease and, as Deckard's grip loosens, Roy hoists him onto the roof to save him. Before Roy dies, he laments that his memories "will be lost in time, like tears in rain". Gaff arrives to congratulate Deckard, also reminding him that Rachael will not live but "then again who does". Deckard returns to his apartment to retrieve Rachael. While escorting her to the elevator, he notices a small origami unicorn on the floor. He recalls Gaff's words and departs with Rachael.

Cast

Production

Development

 
Map of Ridleyville, exterior sets for Blade Runner located on the New York Street of the Warner Bros. Studios lot (Burbank, California)

Interest in adapting Philip K. Dick's novel Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep? developed shortly after its 1968 publication. Director Martin Scorsese was interested in filming the novel, but never optioned it.[10] Producer Herb Jaffe optioned it in the early 1970s, but Dick was unimpressed with the screenplay written by Herb's son Robert, saying, "Jaffe's screenplay was so terribly done ... Robert flew down to Santa Ana to speak with me about the project. And the first thing I said to him when he got off the plane was, 'Shall I beat you up here at the airport, or shall I beat you up back at my apartment?'"[11]

The screenplay by Hampton Fancher was optioned in 1977.[12] Producer Michael Deeley became interested in Fancher's draft and convinced director Ridley Scott to film it. Scott had previously declined the project, but after leaving the slow production of Dune, wanted a faster-paced project to take his mind off his older brother's recent death.[13] He joined the project on February 21, 1980, and managed to push up the promised Filmways financing from US$13 million to $15 million. Fancher's script focused more on environmental issues and less on issues of humanity and religion, which are prominent in the novel, and Scott wanted changes. Fancher found a cinema treatment by William S. Burroughs for Alan E. Nourse's novel The Bladerunner (1974), titled Blade Runner (a movie).[nb 2] Scott liked the name, so Deeley obtained the rights to the titles.[14] Eventually, he hired David Peoples to rewrite the script and Fancher left the job over the issue on December 21, 1980, although he later returned to contribute additional rewrites.[15]

Having invested over $2.5 million in pre-production,[16] as the date of commencement of principal photography neared, Filmways withdrew financial backing. In ten days Deeley had secured $21.5 million in financing through a three-way deal between the Ladd Company (through Warner Bros.), the Hong Kong-based producer Sir Run Run Shaw and Tandem Productions.[17]

Dick became concerned that no one had informed him about the film's production, which added to his distrust of Hollywood.[18] After Dick criticized an early version of Fancher's script in an article written for the Los Angeles Select TV Guide, the studio sent Dick the Peoples rewrite.[19] Although Dick died shortly before the film's release, he was pleased with the rewritten script and with a 20-minute special effects test reel that was screened for him when he was invited to the studio. Despite his well-known skepticism of Hollywood in principle, Dick enthused to Scott that the world created for the film looked exactly as he had imagined it.[20] He said, "I saw a segment of Douglas Trumbull's special effects for Blade Runner on the KNBC news. I recognized it immediately. It was my own interior world. They caught it perfectly." He also approved of the film's script, saying, "After I finished reading the screenplay, I got the novel out and looked through it. The two reinforce each other so that someone who started with the novel would enjoy the movie and someone who started with the movie would enjoy the novel."[21] The motion picture was dedicated to Dick.[22] Principal photography of Blade Runner began on March 9, 1981, and ended four months later.[23]

In 1992, Ford revealed, "Blade Runner is not one of my favorite films. I tangled with Ridley."[24] Apart from friction with the director, Ford also disliked the voiceovers: "When we started shooting it had been tacitly agreed that the version of the film that we had agreed upon was the version without voiceover narration. It was a f**king [sic] nightmare. I thought that the film had worked without the narration. But now I was stuck re-creating that narration. And I was obliged to do the voiceovers for people that did not represent the director's interests."[25] "I went kicking and screaming to the studio to record it."[26] The narration monologs were written by an uncredited Roland Kibbee.[27]

In 2006, Scott was asked "Who's the biggest pain in the arse you've ever worked with?", he replied: "It's got to be Harrison ... he'll forgive me because now I get on with him. Now he's become charming. But he knows a lot, that's the problem. When we worked together it was my first film up and I was the new kid on the block. But we made a good movie."[28] Ford said of Scott in 2000: "I admire his work. We had a bad patch there, and I'm over it."[29] In 2006 Ford reflected on the production of the film saying: "What I remember more than anything else when I see Blade Runner is not the 50 nights of shooting in the rain, but the voiceover ... I was still obliged to work for these clowns that came in writing one bad voiceover after another."[30] Ridley Scott confirmed in the summer 2007 issue of Total Film that Harrison Ford contributed to the Blade Runner Special Edition DVD, and had already recorded his interviews. "Harrison's fully on board", said Scott.[31]

 
The Bradbury Building in Los Angeles was used as one of the filming locations.

The Bradbury Building in downtown Los Angeles served as a filming location, and a Warner Bros. backlot housed the 2019 Los Angeles street sets. Other locations included the Ennis-Brown House and the 2nd Street Tunnel. Test screenings resulted in several changes, including adding a voice-over, a happy ending, and the removal of a Holden hospital scene. The relationship between the filmmakers and the investors was difficult, which culminated in Deeley and Scott being fired but still working on the film.[32] Crew members created T-shirts during filming saying, "Yes Guv'nor, My Ass" that mocked Scott's unfavorable comparison of U.S. and British crews; Scott responded with a T-shirt of his own, "Xenophobia Sucks" making the incident known as the T-shirt war.[33][34]

Casting

See also: List of Blade Runner characters

Casting the film proved troublesome, particularly for the lead role of Deckard. Screenwriter Hampton Fancher envisioned Robert Mitchum as Deckard and wrote the character's dialogue with Mitchum in mind.[35] Director Ridley Scott and the film's producers spent months meeting and discussing the role with Dustin Hoffman, who eventually departed over differences in vision.[35] Harrison Ford was ultimately chosen for several reasons, including his performance in the Star Wars films, Ford's interest in the Blade Runner story, and discussions with Steven Spielberg who was finishing Raiders of the Lost Ark at the time and strongly praised Ford's work in the film.[35] Following his success in those two films, Ford was looking for a role with dramatic depth.[25] According to production documents, several actors were considered for the role, including Gene Hackman, Sean Connery, Jack Nicholson, Paul Newman, Clint Eastwood, Tommy Lee Jones, Arnold Schwarzenegger, Peter Falk, Nick Nolte, Al Pacino and Burt Reynolds.[35][36]

One role that was not difficult to cast was Rutger Hauer as Roy Batty,[37] the violent yet thoughtful leader of the replicants.[38] Scott cast Hauer without having met him, based solely on Hauer's performances in Paul Verhoeven's movies Scott had seen (Katie Tippel, Soldier of Orange, and Turkish Delight).[35] Hauer's portrayal of Batty was regarded by Philip K. Dick as "the perfect Batty – cold, Aryan, flawless".[20] Of the many films Hauer made, Blade Runner was his favorite. As he explained in a live chat in 2001, "Blade Runner needs no explanation. It just [is]. All of the best. There is nothing like it. To be part of a real masterpiece which changed the world's thinking. It's awesome."[39] Hauer rewrote his character's "tears in rain" speech himself and presented the words to Scott on set prior to filming.

Blade Runner used a number of then-lesser-known actors: Sean Young portrays Rachael, an experimental replicant implanted with the memories of Tyrell's niece, causing her to believe she is human;[40] Nina Axelrod auditioned for the role.[35] Daryl Hannah portrays Pris, a "basic pleasure model" replicant; Stacey Nelkin auditioned for the role, but was given another part in the film, which was ultimately cut before filming.[35] Debbie Harry turned down the role of Pris.[41][42] Casting Pris and Rachael was challenging, requiring several screen tests with Morgan Paull playing the role of Deckard. Paull was cast as Deckard's fellow bounty hunter Holden based on his performances in the tests.[35] Brion James portrays Leon Kowalski, a combat and laborer replicant, and Joanna Cassidy portrays Zhora, an assassin replicant.

Edward James Olmos portrays Gaff. Olmos drew on diverse ethnic sources to help create the fictional "Cityspeak" language his character uses in the film.[43] His initial address to Deckard at the noodle bar is partly in Hungarian and means, "Horse dick [bullshit]! No way. You are the Blade ... Blade Runner."[43] M. Emmet Walsh portrays Captain Bryant, a rumpled, hard-drinking and underhanded police veteran typical of the film noir genre. Joe Turkel portrays Dr. Eldon Tyrell, a corporate mogul who built an empire on genetically manipulated humanoid slaves. William Sanderson was cast as J. F. Sebastian, a quiet and lonely genius who provides a compassionate yet compliant portrait of humanity. J. F. sympathizes with the replicants, whom he sees as companions,[44] and he shares their shorter lifespan due to his rapid aging disease.[45] Joe Pantoliano had earlier been considered for the role.[46] James Hong portrays Hannibal Chew, an elderly geneticist specializing in synthetic eyes, and Hy Pyke portrayed the sleazy bar owner Taffey Lewis – in a single take, something almost unheard-of with Scott, whose drive for perfection resulted at times in double-digit takes.[47]

Design

Ridley Scott credits Edward Hopper's painting Nighthawks and the French science fiction comics magazine Métal Hurlant, to which the artist Jean "Moebius" Giraud contributed, as stylistic mood sources.[48] He also drew on the landscape of "Hong Kong on a very bad day"[49] and the industrial landscape of his one-time home in northeast England.[50] The visual style of the movie is influenced by the work of futurist Italian architect Antonio Sant'Elia.[51] Scott hired Syd Mead as his concept artist; like Scott, he was influenced by Métal Hurlant.[52] Moebius was offered the opportunity to assist in the pre-production of Blade Runner, but he declined so that he could work on René Laloux's animated film Les Maîtres du temps – a decision that he later regretted.[53] Production designer Lawrence G. Paull and art director David Snyder realized Scott's and Mead's sketches. Douglas Trumbull and Richard Yuricich supervised the special effects for the film, and Mark Stetson served as chief model maker.[54]

Blade Runner has numerous similarities to Fritz Lang's Metropolis, including a built-up urban environment, in which the wealthy literally live above the workers, dominated by a huge building – the Stadtkrone Tower in Metropolis and the Tyrell Building in Blade Runner. Special effects supervisor David Dryer used stills from Metropolis when lining up Blade Runner's miniature building shots.[55]

The extended end scene in the original theatrical release shows Rachael and Deckard traveling into daylight with pastoral aerial shots filmed by director Stanley Kubrick. Ridley Scott contacted Kubrick about using some of his surplus helicopter aerial photography from The Shining.[56][57][58]

Spinner

Main article: Spinner (Blade Runner)
 
A "spinner" (police variant) on display at Disney-MGM Studios in the 1990s

"Spinner" is the generic term for the fictional flying cars used in the film. A spinner can be driven as a ground-based vehicle, and take off vertically, hover, and cruise much like vertical take-off and landing (VTOL) aircraft. They are used extensively by the police as patrol cars, and wealthy people can also acquire spinner licenses.[59] The vehicle was conceived and designed by Syd Mead who described the spinner as an aerodyne – a vehicle which directs air downward to create lift, though press kits for the film stated that the spinner was propelled by three engines: "conventional internal combustion, jet, and anti-gravity".[60] A spinner is on permanent exhibit at the Science Fiction and Fantasy Hall of Fame in Seattle, Washington.[61] Mead's conceptual drawings were transformed into 25 vehicles by automobile customizer Gene Winfield; at least two were working ground vehicles, while others were light-weight mockups for crane shots and set decoration for street shots.[62] Two of them ended up at Disney World in Orlando, Florida, but were later destroyed, and a few others remain in private collections.[62]

Voight-Kampff machine

A very advanced form of lie detector that measures contractions of the iris muscle and the presence of invisible airborne particles emitted from the body. The bellows were designed for the latter function and give the machine the menacing air of a sinister insect. The VK is used primarily by Blade Runners to determine if a suspect is truly human by measuring the degree of his empathic response through carefully worded questions and statements.

 – Description from the original press kit.

The Voight-Kampff machine is a fictional interrogation tool, originating from the novel (where it is spelled "Voigt-Kampff"). The Voight-Kampff is a polygraph-like machine used by blade runners to determine whether an individual is a replicant. It measures bodily functions such as respiration, blush response, heart rate and eye movement in response to questions dealing with empathy.[63]

Music

Main article: Blade Runner (soundtrack)

The Blade Runner soundtrack by Vangelis is a dark melodic combination of classic composition and futuristic synthesizers which mirrors the film noir retro-future envisioned by Ridley Scott. Vangelis, fresh from his Academy Award-winning score for Chariots of Fire,[64] composed and performed the music on his synthesizers.[65] He also made use of various chimes and the vocals of collaborator Demis Roussos.[66] Another memorable sound is the tenor sax solo "Love Theme" by British saxophonist Dick Morrissey, who performed on many of Vangelis's albums. Ridley Scott also used "Memories of Green" from the Vangelis album See You Later, an orchestral version of which Scott would later use in his film Someone to Watch Over Me.[67]

Along with Vangelis's compositions and ambient textures, the film's soundscape also features a track by the Japanese ensemble Nipponia – "Ogi no Mato" or "The Folding Fan as a Target" from the Nonesuch Records release Traditional Vocal and Instrumental Music – and a track by harpist Gail Laughton from "Harps of the Ancient Temples" on Laurel Records.[68]

Despite being well received by fans and critically acclaimed and nominated in 1982 for a BAFTA and Golden Globe as best original score, and the promise of a soundtrack album from Polydor Records in the end titles of the film, the release of the official soundtrack recording was delayed for over a decade. There are two official releases of the music from Blade Runner. In light of the lack of a release of an album, the New American Orchestra recorded an orchestral adaptation in 1982 which bore little resemblance to the original. Some of the film tracks would, in 1989, surface on the compilation Vangelis: Themes, but not until the 1992 release of the Director's Cut version would a substantial amount of the film's score see commercial release.[66]

These delays and poor reproductions led to the production of many bootleg recordings over the years. A bootleg tape surfaced in 1982 at science fiction conventions and became popular given the delay of an official release of the original recordings, and in 1993 "Off World Music, Ltd" created a bootleg CD that would prove more comprehensive than Vangelis' official CD in 1994.[66] A set with three CDs of Blade Runner-related Vangelis music was released in 2007. Titled Blade Runner Trilogy, the first disc contains the same tracks as the 1994 official soundtrack release, the second features previously unreleased music from the movie, and the third disc is all newly composed music from Vangelis, inspired by, and in the spirit of the movie.[69]

Special effects

The film's special effects are generally recognized to be among the best of all time,[70][71] using the available (non-digital) technology to the fullest. Special effects engineers who worked on the film are often praised for the innovative technology they used to produce and design certain aspects of those visuals.[72] In addition to matte paintings and models, the techniques employed included multipass exposures. In some scenes, the set was lit, shot, the film rewound, and then rerecorded over with different lighting. In some cases this was done 16 times in all. The cameras were frequently motion controlled using computers.[70] Many effects used techniques which had been developed during the production of Close Encounters of the Third Kind.[73]

Release

Theatrical run

Blade Runner was released in 1,290 theaters on June 25, 1982. That date was chosen by producer Alan Ladd Jr. because his previous highest-grossing films (Star Wars and Alien) had a similar opening date (May 25) in 1977 and 1979, making the 25th of the month his "lucky day".[74] Blade Runner grossed reasonably good ticket sales in its opening weekend; earning $6.1 million during its first weekend in theaters.[75] The film was released close to other major science-fiction and fantasy releases such as The Thing, Star Trek II: The Wrath of Khan, Conan the Barbarian and E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial, which affected its commercial success.[76]

Versions

Main article: Versions of Blade Runner

Several versions of Blade Runner have been shown. The original workprint version (1982, 113 minutes) was shown for audience test previews in Denver and Dallas in March 1982. Negative responses to the previews led to the modifications resulting in the U.S. theatrical version.[77][78] The workprint was shown as a director's cut without Scott's approval at the Los Angeles Fairfax Theater in May 1990, at an AMPAS showing in April 1991, and in September and October 1991 at the Los Angeles NuArt Theater and the San Francisco Castro Theatre.[79] Positive responses pushed the studio to approve work on an official director's cut.[80] A San Diego Sneak Preview was shown only once, in May 1982, and was almost identical to the U.S. theatrical version but contained three extra scenes not shown in any other version, including the 2007 Final Cut.[81]

Two versions were shown in the film's 1982 theatrical release: the U.S. theatrical version (117 minutes),[1] known as the original version or Domestic Cut (released on Betamax, CED Videodisc and VHS in 1983, and on LaserDisc in 1987), and the International Cut (117 minutes), also known as the "Criterion Edition" or "uncut version", which included more violent action scenes than the U.S. version. Although initially unavailable in the U.S. and distributed in Europe and Asia via theatrical and local Warner Home Video releases, the International Cut was later released on VHS and The Criterion Collection Laserdisc in North America, and re-released in 1992 as a "10th Anniversary Edition".[82]

Ridley Scott's Director's Cut (1992, 116 minutes)[83] had significant changes from the theatrical version including the removal of Deckard's voice-over, the re-insertion of the unicorn sequence, and the removal of the studio-imposed happy ending. Scott provided extensive notes and consultation to Warner Bros. through film preservationist Michael Arick, who was put in charge of creating the Director's Cut.[84]

Scott's definitive The Final Cut (2007, 117 minutes)[85] was released by Warner Bros. theatrically on October 5, 2007, and subsequently released on DVD, HD DVD, and Blu-ray Disc in December 2007.[86] This is the only version over which Scott had complete artistic and editorial control.[84]

Reception

Critical response

On Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an 89% approval rating based on 126 reviews, with an average rating of 8.50/10. The website's critics consensus reads, "Misunderstood when it first hit theaters, the influence of Ridley Scott's mysterious, neo-noir Blade Runner has deepened with time. A visually remarkable, achingly human sci-fi masterpiece."[87] Metacritic, which uses a weighted average, assigned the film a score of 84 out of 100 based on 15 critics, indicating "universal acclaim".[88]

Initial reactions among film critics were mixed. Some wrote that the plot took a back seat to the film's special effects and did not fit the studio's marketing as an action and adventure film. Others acclaimed its complexity and predicted it would stand the test of time.[89] Negative criticism in the United States cited its slow pace.[90] Sheila Benson from the Los Angeles Times called it "Blade Crawler", and Pat Berman in The State and Columbia Record described it as "science fiction pornography".[91] Pauline Kael praised Blade Runner as worthy of a place in film history for its distinctive sci-fi vision, yet criticized the film's lack of development in "human terms".[92] Ares magazine said, "Misunderstood by audiences and critics alike, it is by far the best science fiction film of the year."[93]

Cultural analysis

Academics began analyzing the film almost as soon as it was released. One of the first books on the film was Paul M. Sammon's Future Noir: The Making of Blade Runner (1996),[94] which dissects all the details concerning the film making. He was followed by Scott Bukatman's Blade Runner[95] and other books and academic articles.[96] In Postmodern Metanarratives: Blade Runner and Literature in the Age of Image, Décio Torres Cruz analyzes the philosophical and psychological issues and the literary influences in Blade Runner. He examines the film's cyberpunk and dystopic elements by establishing a link between the Biblical, classical and modern traditions and the postmodern aspects in the film's collage of several literary texts.[97]

The boom in home video formats helped establish a growing cult around the film,[72] which scholars have dissected for its dystopic aspects, questions regarding "authentic" humanity, ecofeminist aspects[98] and use of conventions from multiple genres.[99] Popular culture began to reassess its impact as a classic several years after it was released.[100][101][102] Roger Ebert praised the visuals of both the original and the Director's Cut and recommended it for that reason; however, he found the human story clichéd and a little thin.[38] He later added The Final Cut to his "Great Movies" list.[103] Critic Chris Rodley and Janet Maslin theorized that Blade Runner changed cinematic and cultural discourse through its image repertoire and subsequent influence on films.[104] In 2012, Time film critic Richard Corliss surgically analyzed the durability, complexity, screenplay, sets and production dynamics from a personal, three-decade perspective.[105] Denis Villeneuve, who directed the sequel, Blade Runner 2049, cites the film as a huge influence for him and many others.[102]

It has also been noted for its postmodernist approach and that it contributes to the historical development of modern dystopia in film.[106] Furthermore, the futuristic version of Los Angeles has been widely discussed by academics with some comparing it to Milton's descriptions of hell in Paradise Lost.[107] A 2019 retrospective in the BBC argued that elements of the film's socio-political themes remained prescient in the real year of the film's setting, such as its depiction of climate change.[108] From a more philosophical perspective, Alison Landsberg described Scott's direction of the film as a "prosthetic memory"—an action that has never happened and appears to be divorced from lived experience, yet it defines personhood and identity within the wider Blade Runner universe.[109]

Awards and nominations

Blade Runner won or received nominations for the following awards:[110]

Year Award Category Nominee Result
1982 British Society of Cinematographers Best Cinematography Jordan Cronenweth Nominated
Los Angeles Film Critics Association Best Cinematography Won
1983 British Academy Film Awards Best Cinematography Won
Best Costume Design Charles Knode and Michael Kaplan Won
Best Editing Terry Rawlings Nominated
Best Film Music Vangelis Nominated
Best Makeup and Hair Marvin Westmore Nominated
Best Production Design Lawrence G. Paull Won
Best Sound Peter Pennell, Bud Alper, Graham V. Hartstone, and Gerry Humphreys Nominated
Best Special Visual Effects Douglas Trumbull, Richard Yuricich, and David Dryer Nominated
Hugo Award Best Dramatic Presentation Won
London Film Critics' Circle Special Achievement Award Lawrence G. Paull, Douglas Trumbull, and Syd Mead Won
Golden Globe Awards Best Original Score Vangelis Nominated
Academy Awards Best Art Direction Lawrence G. Paull, David Snyder, and Linda DeScenna Nominated[111]
Best Visual Effects Douglas Trumbull, Richard Yuricich, and David Dryer Nominated[112][113]
Saturn Award Best Director Ridley Scott Nominated
Best Science Fiction Film Nominated
Best Special Effects Douglas Trumbull and Richard Yuricich Nominated
Best Supporting Actor Rutger Hauer Nominated
Fantasporto International Fantasy Film Award Ridley Scott Nominated
1993 Fantasporto International Fantasy Film Award Best Film – Ridley Scott (Director's Cut) Nominated
1994 Saturn Award Best Genre Video Release Blade Runner (Director's Cut) Nominated
2008 Best DVD Special Edition Release Blade Runner (5-Disc Ultimate Collector's Edition) Won

Themes

Main article: Themes in Blade Runner

The film operates on multiple dramatic and narrative levels. It employs some of the conventions of film noir, among them the character of a femme fatale; narration by the protagonist (in the original release); chiaroscuro cinematography; and giving the hero a questionable moral outlook – extended to include reflections upon the nature of his own humanity.[114][115] It is a literate science fiction film, thematically enfolding the philosophy of religion and moral implications of human mastery of genetic engineering in the context of classical Greek drama and hubris.[116] It also draws on Biblical images, such as Noah's flood,[117] and literary sources, such as Frankenstein[118] and William Blake.[119] Although Scott said any similarity was merely coincidental,[120] fans claimed that the chess game between Sebastian and Tyrell was based on the famous Immortal Game of 1851.[121]

Blade Runner delves into the effects of technology on the environment and society by reaching to the past, using literature, religious symbolism, classical dramatic themes, and film noir techniques. This tension between past, present, and future is represented in the "retrofitted" future depicted in the film, one which is high-tech and gleaming in places but decayed and outdated elsewhere. In an interview with The Observer in 2002, director Ridley Scott described the film as "extremely dark, both literally and metaphorically, with an oddly masochistic feel". He also said that he "liked the idea of exploring pain" in the wake of his brother's death: "When he was ill, I used to go and visit him in London, and that was really traumatic for me."[122]

A sense of foreboding and paranoia pervades the world of the film: corporate power looms large; the police seem omnipresent; vehicle and warning lights probe into buildings; and the consequences of huge biomedical power over the individual are explored – especially regarding replicants' implanted memories. Control over the environment is exercised on a vast scale, and goes hand in hand with the absence of any natural life; for example, artificial animals stand in for their extinct predecessors. This oppressive backdrop explains the frequently referenced migration of humans to "off-world" (extraterrestrial) colonies.[123] Eyes are a recurring motif, as are manipulated images, calling into question the nature of reality and our ability to accurately perceive and remember it.[124][125]

These thematic elements provide an atmosphere of uncertainty for Blade Runner's central theme of examining humanity. In order to discover replicants, an empathy test is used, with a number of its questions focused on the treatment of animals – seemingly an essential indicator of one's "humanity". Replicants will not respond the same way humans would, showing a lack of concern. The film goes so far as to question if Deckard might be a replicant, in the process asking the audience to re-evaluate what it means to be human.[126]

The question of whether Deckard is intended to be a human or a replicant has been an ongoing controversy since the film's release.[127][128] Both Michael Deeley and Harrison Ford wanted Deckard to be human, while Hampton Fancher preferred ambiguity.[129] Ridley Scott has stated that in his vision, Deckard is a replicant.[130][131] Deckard's unicorn-dream sequence, inserted into Scott's Director's Cut and concomitant with Gaff's parting gift of an origami unicorn, is seen by many as showing that Deckard is a replicant – because Gaff could have retrieved Deckard's implanted memories.[118][132][133] The interpretation that Deckard is a replicant is challenged by others who believe the unicorn imagery shows that the characters, whether human or replicant, share the same dreams and recognize their affinity,[134] or that the absence of a decisive answer is crucial to the film's main theme.[135] The film's inherent ambiguity and uncertainty, as well as its textual richness, have permitted multiple interpretations.[136]

Legacy

Cultural impact

See also: Tears in rain monologue
 
A police spinner flying beside enormous skyscrapers, some with electronic billboards on them. Special effects such as these were benchmarks and have been highly influential on the esthetics of subsequent sci-fi movies.
 
Tesla's Cybertruck was heavily inspired by Blade Runner.

While not initially a success with North American audiences, Blade Runner was popular internationally and garnered a cult following.[137] The film's dark style and futuristic designs have served as a benchmark and its influence can be seen in many subsequent science fiction films, video games, anime, and television programs.[114] For example, Ronald D. Moore and David Eick, the producers of the re-imagining of Battlestar Galactica, have both cited Blade Runner as one of the major influences for the show.[138]

The film was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry in 1993 and is frequently taught in university courses.[139][140][141] In 2007, it was named the second-most visually influential film of all time by the Visual Effects Society.[142] The film has also been the subject of parody, such as the comics Blade Bummer by Crazy comics,[143] Bad Rubber by Steve Gallacci,[144] and the Red Dwarf 2009 three-part miniseries "Back to Earth".[145][146] The anime series Psycho-Pass by Production I.G was also highly influenced by the movie.[147]

Blade Runner continues to reflect modern trends and concerns, and an increasing number of critics consider it one of the greatest science fiction films of all time.[148] It was voted the best science fiction film ever made in a 2004 poll of 60 eminent world scientists.[149] Blade Runner is also cited as an important influence to both the style and story of the Ghost in the Shell franchise, which itself has been highly influential to the future-noir genre.[150][151] Blade Runner has been very influential to the cyberpunk movement.[152][153][154][155] It also influenced the cyberpunk derivative biopunk, which revolves around biotechnology and genetic engineering.[156][157]

The dialogue and music in Blade Runner has been sampled in music more than any other film of the 20th century.[158] The 2009 album I, Human by Singaporean band Deus Ex Machina makes numerous references to the genetic engineering and cloning themes from the film, and even features a track titled "Replicant".[159]

Blade Runner is cited as a major influence on Warren Spector,[160] designer of the video game Deus Ex, which displays evidence of the film's influence in both its visual rendering and plot. Indeed, the film's look – and in particular its overall darkness, preponderance of neon lights and opaque visuals – are easier to render than complicated backdrops, making it a popular reference point for video game designers.[161][162] It has influenced adventure games such as the 2012 graphical text adventure Cypher,[163] Rise of the Dragon,[164][165] Snatcher,[165][166] the Tex Murphy series,[167] Beneath a Steel Sky,[168] Flashback: The Quest for Identity,[165] Bubblegum Crisis video games (and their original anime),[169][170] the role-playing game Shadowrun,[165] the first-person shooter Perfect Dark,[171] the shooter game Skyhammer,[172][173] and the Syndicate series of video games.[174][175]

The logos of Atari, Bell, Coca-Cola, Cuisinart, Pan Am, and RCA, all market leaders at the time, were prominently displayed as product placement in the film, and all experienced setbacks after the film's release,[176][177] leading to suggestions of a Blade Runner curse.[178] Coca-Cola and Cuisinart recovered, and Tsingtao beer was also featured in the film and was more successful after the film than before.[176]

The design of Tesla's Cybertruck was inspired by the film.[179] Prior to its release Elon Musk promised that it would "look like something out of Blade Runner".[180] Besides referring to the truck as the "Blade Runner Truck", Musk chose to debut the truck in order to coincide with the film's setting of November 2019.[181] The film's art designer Syd Mead praised the truck and said he was "flattered" by the homage to Blade Runner.[180]

Media recognition

Year Presenter Title Rank Refs
2001 The Village Voice 100 Best Films of the 20th Century 94 [182]
2002 Online Film Critics Society (OFCS) Top 100 Sci-fi Films of the Past 100 Years 2 [183]
Sight & Sound Sight & Sound Top Ten Poll 2002 45 [184]
50 Klassiker, Film — [185]
2003 1001 Movies You Must See Before You Die [186]
Entertainment Weekly The Top 50 Cult Movies 9 [187]
2004 The Guardian, scientists Top 10 Sci-fi Films of All Time 1 [188][189][190]
2005 Total Film's editors 100 Greatest Movies of All Time 47 [191]
Time magazine's critics "All-Time 100" Movies — [192][193][194]
2008 New Scientist All-time favorite science fiction film (readers and staff) 1 [195][196]
Empire The 500 Greatest Movies of All Time 20 [197]
2010 Total Film 100 Greatest Movies of All Time — [198]
2012 Sight & Sound Sight & Sound 2012 critics top 250 films 69 [199]
Sight & Sound Sight & Sound 2012 directors top 100 films 67 [200]
2017 Empire The 100 Greatest Movies Of All Time 13 [201]
2022 IGN Top 25 Sci-Fi Movies of All Time 2 [202]
2022 Sight & Sound Sight & Sound 2022 critics top 100 films 54 [203]

American Film Institute recognition

In other media

Before filming began, Cinefantastique magazine commissioned Paul M. Sammon to write a special issue about Blade Runner's production which became the book Future Noir: The Making of Blade Runner.[204] The book chronicles Blade Runner's evolution, focusing on film-set politics, especially the British director's experiences with his first American film crew; of which producer Alan Ladd, Jr. has said, "Harrison wouldn't speak to Ridley and Ridley wouldn't speak to Harrison. By the end of the shoot Ford was 'ready to kill Ridley', said one colleague. He really would have taken him on if he hadn't been talked out of it."[205] Future Noir has short cast biographies and quotations about their experiences as well as photographs of the film's production and preliminary sketches. A second edition of Future Noir was published in 2007, and additional materials not in either print edition have been published online.[206]

Philip K. Dick refused a $400,000 offer to write a Blade Runner novelization, saying: "[I was] told the cheapo novelization would have to appeal to the twelve-year-old audience" and it "would have probably been disastrous to me artistically". He added, "That insistence on my part of bringing out the original novel and not doing the novelization – they were just furious. They finally recognized that there was a legitimate reason for reissuing the novel, even though it cost them money. It was a victory not just of contractual obligations but of theoretical principles."[21][207] Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep? was eventually reprinted as a tie-in, with the film poster as a cover and the original title in parentheses below the Blade Runner title.[208] Additionally, a novelization of the movie entitled Blade Runner: A Story of the Future by Les Martin was released in 1982.[209] Archie Goodwin scripted the comic book adaptation, A Marvel Comics Super Special: Blade Runner, published in September 1982, which was illustrated by Al Williamson, Carlos Garzon, Dan Green, and Ralph Reese, and lettered by Ed King.[210]

Blue Dolphin Enterprises published the film's screenplay combined with selected production storyboards as The Illustrated Blade Runner (June 1982);[211] a book of original production artwork by Syd Mead, Mentor Huebner, Charles Knode, Michael Kaplan, and Ridley Scott as Blade Runner Sketchbook (1982);[212] and The Blade Runner Portfolio (1982), a collection of twelve photographic prints, similar to the artist portfolios released by their Schanes & Schanes imprint.[213]

There are two video games based on the film, both titled Blade Runner: one from 1985, a side-scrolling video game for Commodore 64, ZX Spectrum, and Amstrad CPC by CRL Group PLC, which is marked as "a video game interpretation of the film score by Vangelis" rather than of the film itself (due to licensing issues); and another from 1997, a point-and-click adventure for PC by Westwood Studios. The 1997 game has a non-linear plot based in the Blade Runner world, non-player characters that each ran in their own independent AI, and an unusual pseudo-3D engine (which eschewed polygonal solids in favor of voxel elements) that did not require the use of a 3D accelerator card to play the game.[214] Eldon Tyrell, Gaff, Leon, Rachael, Chew, J. F. Sebastian and Howie Lee appear, and their voice files are recorded by the original actors, with the exception of Gaff, who is replaced by Javier Grajeda (as Victor Gardell) and Howie Lee, who is replaced by Toru Nagai.[215] The player assumes the role of McCoy, another replicant-hunter working at the same time as Deckard.[161][162]

The television film (and later series) Total Recall 2070 was initially planned as a spin-off of the film Total Recall (based on Philip K. Dick's short story "We Can Remember It for You Wholesale"), but was produced as a hybrid of Total Recall and Blade Runner.[216] Many similarities between Total Recall 2070 and Blade Runner were noted, as well as apparent influences on the show from Isaac Asimov's The Caves of Steel and the TV series Holmes & Yoyo.[217]

Documentaries

The film has been the subject of several documentaries.

Blade Runner: Convention Reel (1982, 13 minutes)
Co-directed by Muffet Kaufman and Jeffrey B. Walker, shot and screened in 16 mm, featured no narrator, was filmed in 1981 while Blade Runner was still in production and featured short "behind-the-scenes" segments showing sets being built and sequences being shot, as well as interviews with Ridley Scott, Syd Mead and Douglas Trumbull. Appears on the Blade Runner Ultimate Collector's Edition.[218]
On the Edge of Blade Runner (2000, 55 minutes)
Directed by Andrew Abbott and hosted/written by Mark Kermode. Interviews with production staff, including Scott, give details of the creative process and the turmoil during preproduction. Insights into Philip K. Dick and the origins of Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep? are provided by Paul M. Sammon and Hampton Fancher.[32]
Future Shocks (2003, 27 minutes)
Directed by TVOntario.[219] It includes interviews with executive producer Bud Yorkin, Syd Mead, and the cast, and commentary by science fiction author Robert J. Sawyer and from film critics.
Dangerous Days: Making Blade Runner (2007, 213 minutes)
Directed and produced by Charles de Lauzirika for The Final Cut version of the film. Its source material comprises more than 80 interviews, including extensive conversations with Ford, Young, and Scott.[220] The documentary is presented in eight chapters, with each of the first seven covering a portion of the filmmaking process. The final chapter examines Blade Runner's controversial legacy.[221]
All Our Variant Futures: From Workprint to Final Cut (2007, 29 minutes)
Produced by Paul Prischman, appears on the Blade Runner Ultimate Collector's Edition and provides an overview of the film's multiple versions and their origins, as well as detailing the seven-year-long restoration, enhancement and remastering process behind The Final Cut.[86]
Blade Runner Phenomenon (2021, 53 minutes)
Directed by Boris Hars-Tschachotin and made by the France and Germany European public service channel ARTE, this documentary informs viewers using behind-the-scenes material from various sets, photos, original locations in Los Angeles, and interviews with those involved in the production.

Sequel and related media

Main article: Blade Runner (franchise)
 
Screen capture of DVD bonus feature from Prometheus (2012), a dictated letter by Peter Weyland about Eldon Tyrell, chief executive officer of the Tyrell Corporation

A sequel was released in 2017, titled Blade Runner 2049, with Ryan Gosling alongside Ford in the starring roles.[222][223] It entered production in mid-2016 and is set decades after the first film.[224] Harrison Ford reprised his role as Rick Deckard. The film won two Academy Awards, for cinematography and visual effects.[225]

The world of Blade Runner has also come to be explored in animation. Blade Runner 2049 was preceded by the release of three short films that served as prequels, where the chronological first, Blade Runner Black Out 2022, was anime (the other two, 2036: Nexus Dawn and 2048: Nowhere to Run, were live action, not animated).[226]

In November 2021, a Japanese-American anime television series called Blade Runner: Black Lotus was released. The series tells the story of a female replicant protagonist, rather than that of a male Blade Runner one.[227][228]

Dick's friend K. W. Jeter wrote three authorized Blade Runner novels that continue Rick Deckard's story, attempting to resolve the differences between the film and Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep?[229] These are Blade Runner 2: The Edge of Human (1995), Blade Runner 3: Replicant Night (1996), and Blade Runner 4: Eye and Talon (2000)

Blade Runner cowriter David Peoples wrote the 1998 action film Soldier, which he referred to as a "sidequel" or spiritual successor to the original film; the two are set in a shared universe.[230] A bonus feature on the Blu-ray for Prometheus, the 2012 film by Scott set in the Alien universe, states that Eldon Tyrell, CEO of the Blade Runner Tyrell Corporation, was the mentor of Guy Pearce's character Peter Weyland.[231] In 2022, Amazon announced a Blade Runner 2049 sequel series would be produced.[232] On October 12, 2022, an apparent official approval to actually make a Blade Runner 2099 TV series was reported.[233]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Sebastian's death was never shot because of concerns over too much violence in the film.[9]
  2. ^ Some editions of Nourse's novel use the two-word spacing Blade Runner, as does the Burroughs book.

References

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Bibliography

  • Brooker, Will, ed. (2005). The Blade Runner Experience. London: Wallflower. ISBN 978-1-904764-30-4.
  • Bukatman, Scott (1997). BFI Modern Classics: Blade Runner. London: British Film Institute. ISBN 978-0-85170-623-8.
  • Doll, Susan, and Greg Faller. 1986. "Blade Runner and Genre: Film Noir and Science Fiction." Literature Film Quarterly 14 (2): 89–100.
  • Eagan, Daniel (2010) America's Film Legacy: The Authoritative Guide to the Landmark Movies in the National Film Registry, A&C Black, ISBN 0826429777, pages 775–776
  • Kerman, Judith, ed. (1991). Retrofitting Blade Runner: Issues in Ridley Scott's Blade Runner and Philip K. Dick's Do Android's Dream of Electric Sheep?. Bowling Green University Popular Press. ISBN 978-0-87972-510-5.
  • Macarthur, David (2017). "A Vision of Blindness: Bladerunner and Moral Redemption". Film-Philosophy. 21 (3): 371–391. doi:10.3366/film.2017.0056.
  • Morgan, David. Blade Runner at National Film Registry
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External links

 
Wikiquote has quotations related to Blade Runner.
 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Blade Runner.

May 02, 2023
blade, runner, this, article, about, 1982, film, other, uses, disambiguation, 1982, science, fiction, film, directed, ridley, scott, written, hampton, fancher, david, peoples, starring, harrison, ford, rutger, hauer, sean, young, edward, james, olmos, adaptati. This article is about the 1982 film For other uses see Blade Runner disambiguation Blade Runner is a 1982 science fiction film directed by Ridley Scott and written by Hampton Fancher and David Peoples 7 8 Starring Harrison Ford Rutger Hauer Sean Young and Edward James Olmos it is an adaptation of Philip K Dick s 1968 novel Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep The film is set in a dystopian future Los Angeles of 2019 in which synthetic humans known as replicants are bio engineered by the powerful Tyrell Corporation to work on space colonies When a fugitive group of advanced replicants led by Roy Batty Hauer escapes back to Earth burnt out cop Rick Deckard Ford reluctantly agrees to hunt them down Blade RunnerTheatrical release poster by John AlvinDirected byRidley ScottScreenplay byHampton FancherDavid PeoplesBased onDo Androids Dream of Electric Sheep by Philip K DickProduced byMichael DeeleyStarringHarrison Ford Rutger Hauer Sean Young Edward James OlmosCinematographyJordan CronenwethEdited byTerry RawlingsMarsha NakashimaMusic byVangelisProductioncompaniesThe Ladd CompanyShaw BrothersBlade Runner PartnershipDistributed byWarner Bros Release dateJune 25 1982 1982 06 25 Running time117 minutes 1 CountriesUnited States 2 3 Hong Kong 4 LanguageEnglishBudget 30 million 5 Box office 41 6 million 6 Blade Runner initially underperformed in North American theaters and polarized critics some praised its thematic complexity and visuals while others critiqued its slow pacing and lack of action It later became a cult film and has since come to be regarded as one of the all time best science fiction films Hailed for its production design depicting a high tech but decaying future Blade Runner is often regarded as both a leading example of neo noir cinema as well as a foundational work of the cyberpunk genre The film s soundtrack composed by Vangelis was nominated in 1982 for a BAFTA and a Golden Globe as best original score The film has influenced many science fiction films video games anime and television series It brought the work of Philip K Dick to the attention of Hollywood and several of his works later became films such as Total Recall 1990 Minority Report 2002 and A Scanner Darkly 2006 In 1993 it was selected for preservation in the U S National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being culturally historically or aesthetically significant Seven different versions of Blade Runner exist as a result of controversial changes requested by studio executives A director s cut was released in 1992 after a strong response to test screenings of a workprint This in conjunction with the film s popularity as a video rental made it one of the earliest movies to be released on DVD In 2007 Warner Bros released The Final Cut a 25th anniversary digitally remastered version This is the only version over which Scott retained artistic control The film is the first of the franchise of the same name A sequel directed by Denis Villeneuve and titled Blade Runner 2049 was released in October 2017 alongside a trilogy of short films covering the thirty year span between the two films settings The anime series Blade Runner Black Lotus was released in 2021 Contents 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3 1 Development 3 2 Casting 3 3 Design 3 3 1 Spinner 3 3 2 Voight Kampff machine 3 4 Music 3 5 Special effects 4 Release 4 1 Theatrical run 4 2 Versions 5 Reception 5 1 Critical response 5 2 Cultural analysis 5 3 Awards and nominations 6 Themes 7 Legacy 7 1 Cultural impact 7 2 Media recognition 7 2 1 American Film Institute recognition 7 3 In other media 7 4 Documentaries 8 Sequel and related media 9 See also 10 Notes 11 References 12 Bibliography 13 External linksPlot EditNote Since there are several versions of Blade Runner this summary excludes version specific events See the Versions of Blade Runner article for discussion of version specific plot elements In 2019 Los Angeles former police officer Rick Deckard is detained by Officer Gaff who likes to make origami figures and is brought to his former supervisor Bryant Deckard whose job as a blade runner was to track down bioengineered humanoids known as replicants and terminally retire them is informed that four replicants are on Earth illegally Deckard begins to leave but Bryant ambiguously threatens him and Deckard stays The two watch a video of a blade runner named Holden administering the Voight Kampff test which is designed to distinguish replicants from humans based on their emotional responses to questions The test subject Leon shoots Holden on the second question Bryant wants Deckard to retire Leon and three other Nexus 6 replicants Roy Batty Zhora and Pris Bryant has Deckard meet with the CEO of the company that creates the replicants Eldon Tyrell so he can administer the test on a Nexus 6 to see if it works Tyrell expresses his interest in seeing the test fail first and asks him to administer it on his assistant Rachael After a much longer than standard test Deckard concludes privately to Tyrell that Rachael is a replicant who believes she is human Tyrell explains that she is an experiment who has been given false memories to provide an emotional cushion and that she has no knowledge of her true nature In searching Leon s hotel room Deckard finds photos and a scale from the skin of an animal which is later identified as a synthetic snake scale Roy and Leon investigate a replicant eye manufacturing laboratory and learn of J F Sebastian a gifted genetic designer who works closely with Tyrell Deckard returns to his apartment where Rachael is waiting She tries to prove her humanity by showing him a family photo but Deckard reveals that her memories are implants from Tyrell s niece and she leaves in tears Meanwhile Pris locates Sebastian and manipulates him to gain his trust A photograph from Leon s apartment and the snake scale lead Deckard to a strip club where Zhora works After a confrontation and chase Deckard kills Zhora Bryant also orders him to retire Rachael who has disappeared from the Tyrell Corporation Deckard spots Rachael in a crowd but he is ambushed by Leon who knocks the gun out of Deckard s hand and beats him As Leon is about to kill Deckard Rachael saves him by using Deckard s gun to kill Leon They return to Deckard s apartment and during a discussion he promises not to track her down As Rachael abruptly tries to leave Deckard restrains her and forces her to kiss him and she ultimately relents Deckard leaves Rachael at his apartment and departs to search for the remaining replicants Roy arrives at Sebastian s apartment and tells Pris that the other replicants are dead Sebastian reveals that because of a genetic premature aging disorder his life will be cut short like the replicants that were built with a four year lifespan Roy uses Sebastian to gain entrance to Tyrell s penthouse He demands more life from his maker which Tyrell says is impossible Roy confesses that he has done questionable things but Tyrell dismisses this praising Roy s advanced design and accomplishments in his short life Roy kisses Tyrell and then kills him by gouging out his eyes Sebastian tries to flee and is later reported dead nb 1 At Sebastian s apartment Deckard is ambushed by Pris but he kills her as Roy returns Roy s body begins to fail as the end of his lifespan nears He chases Deckard through the building and onto the roof Deckard tries to jump onto another roof but is left hanging on the edge Roy makes the jump with ease and as Deckard s grip loosens Roy hoists him onto the roof to save him Before Roy dies he laments that his memories will be lost in time like tears in rain Gaff arrives to congratulate Deckard also reminding him that Rachael will not live but then again who does Deckard returns to his apartment to retrieve Rachael While escorting her to the elevator he notices a small origami unicorn on the floor He recalls Gaff s words and departs with Rachael Cast EditHarrison Ford as Rick Deckard Rutger Hauer as Roy Batty Sean Young as Rachael Edward James Olmos as Gaff M Emmet Walsh as Bryant Daryl Hannah as Pris William Sanderson as J F Sebastian Brion James as Leon Kowalski Joe Turkel as Eldon Tyrell Joanna Cassidy as Zhora Salome James Hong as Hannibal Chew Morgan Paull as Dave Holden Hy Pyke as Taffey LewisProduction EditDevelopment Edit Map of Ridleyville exterior sets for Blade Runner located on the New York Street of the Warner Bros Studios lot Burbank California Interest in adapting Philip K Dick s novel Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep developed shortly after its 1968 publication Director Martin Scorsese was interested in filming the novel but never optioned it 10 Producer Herb Jaffe optioned it in the early 1970s but Dick was unimpressed with the screenplay written by Herb s son Robert saying Jaffe s screenplay was so terribly done Robert flew down to Santa Ana to speak with me about the project And the first thing I said to him when he got off the plane was Shall I beat you up here at the airport or shall I beat you up back at my apartment 11 The screenplay by Hampton Fancher was optioned in 1977 12 Producer Michael Deeley became interested in Fancher s draft and convinced director Ridley Scott to film it Scott had previously declined the project but after leaving the slow production of Dune wanted a faster paced project to take his mind off his older brother s recent death 13 He joined the project on February 21 1980 and managed to push up the promised Filmways financing from US 13 million to 15 million Fancher s script focused more on environmental issues and less on issues of humanity and religion which are prominent in the novel and Scott wanted changes Fancher found a cinema treatment by William S Burroughs for Alan E Nourse s novel The Bladerunner 1974 titled Blade Runner a movie nb 2 Scott liked the name so Deeley obtained the rights to the titles 14 Eventually he hired David Peoples to rewrite the script and Fancher left the job over the issue on December 21 1980 although he later returned to contribute additional rewrites 15 Having invested over 2 5 million in pre production 16 as the date of commencement of principal photography neared Filmways withdrew financial backing In ten days Deeley had secured 21 5 million in financing through a three way deal between the Ladd Company through Warner Bros the Hong Kong based producer Sir Run Run Shaw and Tandem Productions 17 Dick became concerned that no one had informed him about the film s production which added to his distrust of Hollywood 18 After Dick criticized an early version of Fancher s script in an article written for the Los Angeles Select TV Guide the studio sent Dick the Peoples rewrite 19 Although Dick died shortly before the film s release he was pleased with the rewritten script and with a 20 minute special effects test reel that was screened for him when he was invited to the studio Despite his well known skepticism of Hollywood in principle Dick enthused to Scott that the world created for the film looked exactly as he had imagined it 20 He said I saw a segment of Douglas Trumbull s special effects for Blade Runner on the KNBC news I recognized it immediately It was my own interior world They caught it perfectly He also approved of the film s script saying After I finished reading the screenplay I got the novel out and looked through it The two reinforce each other so that someone who started with the novel would enjoy the movie and someone who started with the movie would enjoy the novel 21 The motion picture was dedicated to Dick 22 Principal photography of Blade Runner began on March 9 1981 and ended four months later 23 In 1992 Ford revealed Blade Runner is not one of my favorite films I tangled with Ridley 24 Apart from friction with the director Ford also disliked the voiceovers When we started shooting it had been tacitly agreed that the version of the film that we had agreed upon was the version without voiceover narration It was a f king sic nightmare I thought that the film had worked without the narration But now I was stuck re creating that narration And I was obliged to do the voiceovers for people that did not represent the director s interests 25 I went kicking and screaming to the studio to record it 26 The narration monologs were written by an uncredited Roland Kibbee 27 In 2006 Scott was asked Who s the biggest pain in the arse you ve ever worked with he replied It s got to be Harrison he ll forgive me because now I get on with him Now he s become charming But he knows a lot that s the problem When we worked together it was my first film up and I was the new kid on the block But we made a good movie 28 Ford said of Scott in 2000 I admire his work We had a bad patch there and I m over it 29 In 2006 Ford reflected on the production of the film saying What I remember more than anything else when I see Blade Runner is not the 50 nights of shooting in the rain but the voiceover I was still obliged to work for these clowns that came in writing one bad voiceover after another 30 Ridley Scott confirmed in the summer 2007 issue of Total Film that Harrison Ford contributed to the Blade Runner Special Edition DVD and had already recorded his interviews Harrison s fully on board said Scott 31 The Bradbury Building in Los Angeles was used as one of the filming locations The Bradbury Building in downtown Los Angeles served as a filming location and a Warner Bros backlot housed the 2019 Los Angeles street sets Other locations included the Ennis Brown House and the 2nd Street Tunnel Test screenings resulted in several changes including adding a voice over a happy ending and the removal of a Holden hospital scene The relationship between the filmmakers and the investors was difficult which culminated in Deeley and Scott being fired but still working on the film 32 Crew members created T shirts during filming saying Yes Guv nor My Ass that mocked Scott s unfavorable comparison of U S and British crews Scott responded with a T shirt of his own Xenophobia Sucks making the incident known as the T shirt war 33 34 Casting Edit See also List of Blade Runner characters Casting the film proved troublesome particularly for the lead role of Deckard Screenwriter Hampton Fancher envisioned Robert Mitchum as Deckard and wrote the character s dialogue with Mitchum in mind 35 Director Ridley Scott and the film s producers spent months meeting and discussing the role with Dustin Hoffman who eventually departed over differences in vision 35 Harrison Ford was ultimately chosen for several reasons including his performance in the Star Wars films Ford s interest in the Blade Runner story and discussions with Steven Spielberg who was finishing Raiders of the Lost Ark at the time and strongly praised Ford s work in the film 35 Following his success in those two films Ford was looking for a role with dramatic depth 25 According to production documents several actors were considered for the role including Gene Hackman Sean Connery Jack Nicholson Paul Newman Clint Eastwood Tommy Lee Jones Arnold Schwarzenegger Peter Falk Nick Nolte Al Pacino and Burt Reynolds 35 36 One role that was not difficult to cast was Rutger Hauer as Roy Batty 37 the violent yet thoughtful leader of the replicants 38 Scott cast Hauer without having met him based solely on Hauer s performances in Paul Verhoeven s movies Scott had seen Katie Tippel Soldier of Orange and Turkish Delight 35 Hauer s portrayal of Batty was regarded by Philip K Dick as the perfect Batty cold Aryan flawless 20 Of the many films Hauer made Blade Runner was his favorite As he explained in a live chat in 2001 Blade Runner needs no explanation It just is All of the best There is nothing like it To be part of a real masterpiece which changed the world s thinking It s awesome 39 Hauer rewrote his character s tears in rain speech himself and presented the words to Scott on set prior to filming Blade Runner used a number of then lesser known actors Sean Young portrays Rachael an experimental replicant implanted with the memories of Tyrell s niece causing her to believe she is human 40 Nina Axelrod auditioned for the role 35 Daryl Hannah portrays Pris a basic pleasure model replicant Stacey Nelkin auditioned for the role but was given another part in the film which was ultimately cut before filming 35 Debbie Harry turned down the role of Pris 41 42 Casting Pris and Rachael was challenging requiring several screen tests with Morgan Paull playing the role of Deckard Paull was cast as Deckard s fellow bounty hunter Holden based on his performances in the tests 35 Brion James portrays Leon Kowalski a combat and laborer replicant and Joanna Cassidy portrays Zhora an assassin replicant Edward James Olmos portrays Gaff Olmos drew on diverse ethnic sources to help create the fictional Cityspeak language his character uses in the film 43 His initial address to Deckard at the noodle bar is partly in Hungarian and means Horse dick bullshit No way You are the Blade Blade Runner 43 M Emmet Walsh portrays Captain Bryant a rumpled hard drinking and underhanded police veteran typical of the film noir genre Joe Turkel portrays Dr Eldon Tyrell a corporate mogul who built an empire on genetically manipulated humanoid slaves William Sanderson was cast as J F Sebastian a quiet and lonely genius who provides a compassionate yet compliant portrait of humanity J F sympathizes with the replicants whom he sees as companions 44 and he shares their shorter lifespan due to his rapid aging disease 45 Joe Pantoliano had earlier been considered for the role 46 James Hong portrays Hannibal Chew an elderly geneticist specializing in synthetic eyes and Hy Pyke portrayed the sleazy bar owner Taffey Lewis in a single take something almost unheard of with Scott whose drive for perfection resulted at times in double digit takes 47 Design Edit Ridley Scott credits Edward Hopper s painting Nighthawks and the French science fiction comics magazine Metal Hurlant to which the artist Jean Moebius Giraud contributed as stylistic mood sources 48 He also drew on the landscape of Hong Kong on a very bad day 49 and the industrial landscape of his one time home in northeast England 50 The visual style of the movie is influenced by the work of futurist Italian architect Antonio Sant Elia 51 Scott hired Syd Mead as his concept artist like Scott he was influenced by Metal Hurlant 52 Moebius was offered the opportunity to assist in the pre production of Blade Runner but he declined so that he could work on Rene Laloux s animated film Les Maitres du temps a decision that he later regretted 53 Production designer Lawrence G Paull and art director David Snyder realized Scott s and Mead s sketches Douglas Trumbull and Richard Yuricich supervised the special effects for the film and Mark Stetson served as chief model maker 54 Blade Runner has numerous similarities to Fritz Lang s Metropolis including a built up urban environment in which the wealthy literally live above the workers dominated by a huge building the Stadtkrone Tower in Metropolis and the Tyrell Building in Blade Runner Special effects supervisor David Dryer used stills from Metropolis when lining up Blade Runner s miniature building shots 55 The extended end scene in the original theatrical release shows Rachael and Deckard traveling into daylight with pastoral aerial shots filmed by director Stanley Kubrick Ridley Scott contacted Kubrick about using some of his surplus helicopter aerial photography from The Shining 56 57 58 Spinner Edit Main article Spinner Blade Runner A spinner police variant on display at Disney MGM Studios in the 1990s Spinner is the generic term for the fictional flying cars used in the film A spinner can be driven as a ground based vehicle and take off vertically hover and cruise much like vertical take off and landing VTOL aircraft They are used extensively by the police as patrol cars and wealthy people can also acquire spinner licenses 59 The vehicle was conceived and designed by Syd Mead who described the spinner as an aerodyne a vehicle which directs air downward to create lift though press kits for the film stated that the spinner was propelled by three engines conventional internal combustion jet and anti gravity 60 A spinner is on permanent exhibit at the Science Fiction and Fantasy Hall of Fame in Seattle Washington 61 Mead s conceptual drawings were transformed into 25 vehicles by automobile customizer Gene Winfield at least two were working ground vehicles while others were light weight mockups for crane shots and set decoration for street shots 62 Two of them ended up at Disney World in Orlando Florida but were later destroyed and a few others remain in private collections 62 Voight Kampff machine Edit A very advanced form of lie detector that measures contractions of the iris muscle and the presence of invisible airborne particles emitted from the body The bellows were designed for the latter function and give the machine the menacing air of a sinister insect The VK is used primarily by Blade Runners to determine if a suspect is truly human by measuring the degree of his empathic response through carefully worded questions and statements Description from the original press kit The Voight Kampff machine is a fictional interrogation tool originating from the novel where it is spelled Voigt Kampff The Voight Kampff is a polygraph like machine used by blade runners to determine whether an individual is a replicant It measures bodily functions such as respiration blush response heart rate and eye movement in response to questions dealing with empathy 63 Music Edit Main article Blade Runner soundtrack The Blade Runner soundtrack by Vangelis is a dark melodic combination of classic composition and futuristic synthesizers which mirrors the film noir retro future envisioned by Ridley Scott Vangelis fresh from his Academy Award winning score for Chariots of Fire 64 composed and performed the music on his synthesizers 65 He also made use of various chimes and the vocals of collaborator Demis Roussos 66 Another memorable sound is the tenor sax solo Love Theme by British saxophonist Dick Morrissey who performed on many of Vangelis s albums Ridley Scott also used Memories of Green from the Vangelis album See You Later an orchestral version of which Scott would later use in his film Someone to Watch Over Me 67 Along with Vangelis s compositions and ambient textures the film s soundscape also features a track by the Japanese ensemble Nipponia Ogi no Mato or The Folding Fan as a Target from the Nonesuch Records release Traditional Vocal and Instrumental Music and a track by harpist Gail Laughton from Harps of the Ancient Temples on Laurel Records 68 Despite being well received by fans and critically acclaimed and nominated in 1982 for a BAFTA and Golden Globe as best original score and the promise of a soundtrack album from Polydor Records in the end titles of the film the release of the official soundtrack recording was delayed for over a decade There are two official releases of the music from Blade Runner In light of the lack of a release of an album the New American Orchestra recorded an orchestral adaptation in 1982 which bore little resemblance to the original Some of the film tracks would in 1989 surface on the compilation Vangelis Themes but not until the 1992 release of the Director s Cut version would a substantial amount of the film s score see commercial release 66 These delays and poor reproductions led to the production of many bootleg recordings over the years A bootleg tape surfaced in 1982 at science fiction conventions and became popular given the delay of an official release of the original recordings and in 1993 Off World Music Ltd created a bootleg CD that would prove more comprehensive than Vangelis official CD in 1994 66 A set with three CDs of Blade Runner related Vangelis music was released in 2007 Titled Blade Runner Trilogy the first disc contains the same tracks as the 1994 official soundtrack release the second features previously unreleased music from the movie and the third disc is all newly composed music from Vangelis inspired by and in the spirit of the movie 69 Special effects Edit The film s special effects are generally recognized to be among the best of all time 70 71 using the available non digital technology to the fullest Special effects engineers who worked on the film are often praised for the innovative technology they used to produce and design certain aspects of those visuals 72 In addition to matte paintings and models the techniques employed included multipass exposures In some scenes the set was lit shot the film rewound and then rerecorded over with different lighting In some cases this was done 16 times in all The cameras were frequently motion controlled using computers 70 Many effects used techniques which had been developed during the production of Close Encounters of the Third Kind 73 Release EditTheatrical run Edit Blade Runner was released in 1 290 theaters on June 25 1982 That date was chosen by producer Alan Ladd Jr because his previous highest grossing films Star Wars and Alien had a similar opening date May 25 in 1977 and 1979 making the 25th of the month his lucky day 74 Blade Runner grossed reasonably good ticket sales in its opening weekend earning 6 1 million during its first weekend in theaters 75 The film was released close to other major science fiction and fantasy releases such as The Thing Star Trek II The Wrath of Khan Conan the Barbarian and E T the Extra Terrestrial which affected its commercial success 76 Versions Edit Main article Versions of Blade Runner Several versions of Blade Runner have been shown The original workprint version 1982 113 minutes was shown for audience test previews in Denver and Dallas in March 1982 Negative responses to the previews led to the modifications resulting in the U S theatrical version 77 78 The workprint was shown as a director s cut without Scott s approval at the Los Angeles Fairfax Theater in May 1990 at an AMPAS showing in April 1991 and in September and October 1991 at the Los Angeles NuArt Theater and the San Francisco Castro Theatre 79 Positive responses pushed the studio to approve work on an official director s cut 80 A San Diego Sneak Preview was shown only once in May 1982 and was almost identical to the U S theatrical version but contained three extra scenes not shown in any other version including the 2007 Final Cut 81 Two versions were shown in the film s 1982 theatrical release the U S theatrical version 117 minutes 1 known as the original version or Domestic Cut released on Betamax CED Videodisc and VHS in 1983 and on LaserDisc in 1987 and the International Cut 117 minutes also known as the Criterion Edition or uncut version which included more violent action scenes than the U S version Although initially unavailable in the U S and distributed in Europe and Asia via theatrical and local Warner Home Video releases the International Cut was later released on VHS and The Criterion Collection Laserdisc in North America and re released in 1992 as a 10th Anniversary Edition 82 Ridley Scott s Director s Cut 1992 116 minutes 83 had significant changes from the theatrical version including the removal of Deckard s voice over the re insertion of the unicorn sequence and the removal of the studio imposed happy ending Scott provided extensive notes and consultation to Warner Bros through film preservationist Michael Arick who was put in charge of creating the Director s Cut 84 Scott s definitive The Final Cut 2007 117 minutes 85 was released by Warner Bros theatrically on October 5 2007 and subsequently released on DVD HD DVD and Blu ray Disc in December 2007 86 This is the only version over which Scott had complete artistic and editorial control 84 Reception EditCritical response Edit On Rotten Tomatoes the film holds an 89 approval rating based on 126 reviews with an average rating of 8 50 10 The website s critics consensus reads Misunderstood when it first hit theaters the influence of Ridley Scott s mysterious neo noir Blade Runner has deepened with time A visually remarkable achingly human sci fi masterpiece 87 Metacritic which uses a weighted average assigned the film a score of 84 out of 100 based on 15 critics indicating universal acclaim 88 Initial reactions among film critics were mixed Some wrote that the plot took a back seat to the film s special effects and did not fit the studio s marketing as an action and adventure film Others acclaimed its complexity and predicted it would stand the test of time 89 Negative criticism in the United States cited its slow pace 90 Sheila Benson from the Los Angeles Times called it Blade Crawler and Pat Berman in The State and Columbia Record described it as science fiction pornography 91 Pauline Kael praised Blade Runner as worthy of a place in film history for its distinctive sci fi vision yet criticized the film s lack of development in human terms 92 Ares magazine said Misunderstood by audiences and critics alike it is by far the best science fiction film of the year 93 Cultural analysis Edit Academics began analyzing the film almost as soon as it was released One of the first books on the film was Paul M Sammon s Future Noir The Making of Blade Runner 1996 94 which dissects all the details concerning the film making He was followed by Scott Bukatman s Blade Runner 95 and other books and academic articles 96 In Postmodern Metanarratives Blade Runner and Literature in the Age of Image Decio Torres Cruz analyzes the philosophical and psychological issues and the literary influences in Blade Runner He examines the film s cyberpunk and dystopic elements by establishing a link between the Biblical classical and modern traditions and the postmodern aspects in the film s collage of several literary texts 97 The boom in home video formats helped establish a growing cult around the film 72 which scholars have dissected for its dystopic aspects questions regarding authentic humanity ecofeminist aspects 98 and use of conventions from multiple genres 99 Popular culture began to reassess its impact as a classic several years after it was released 100 101 102 Roger Ebert praised the visuals of both the original and the Director s Cut and recommended it for that reason however he found the human story cliched and a little thin 38 He later added The Final Cut to his Great Movies list 103 Critic Chris Rodley and Janet Maslin theorized that Blade Runner changed cinematic and cultural discourse through its image repertoire and subsequent influence on films 104 In 2012 Time film critic Richard Corliss surgically analyzed the durability complexity screenplay sets and production dynamics from a personal three decade perspective 105 Denis Villeneuve who directed the sequel Blade Runner 2049 cites the film as a huge influence for him and many others 102 It has also been noted for its postmodernist approach and that it contributes to the historical development of modern dystopia in film 106 Furthermore the futuristic version of Los Angeles has been widely discussed by academics with some comparing it to Milton s descriptions of hell in Paradise Lost 107 A 2019 retrospective in the BBC argued that elements of the film s socio political themes remained prescient in the real year of the film s setting such as its depiction of climate change 108 From a more philosophical perspective Alison Landsberg described Scott s direction of the film as a prosthetic memory an action that has never happened and appears to be divorced from lived experience yet it defines personhood and identity within the wider Blade Runner universe 109 Awards and nominations Edit Blade Runner won or received nominations for the following awards 110 Year Award Category Nominee Result1982 British Society of Cinematographers Best Cinematography Jordan Cronenweth NominatedLos Angeles Film Critics Association Best Cinematography Won1983 British Academy Film Awards Best Cinematography WonBest Costume Design Charles Knode and Michael Kaplan WonBest Editing Terry Rawlings NominatedBest Film Music Vangelis NominatedBest Makeup and Hair Marvin Westmore NominatedBest Production Design Lawrence G Paull WonBest Sound Peter Pennell Bud Alper Graham V Hartstone and Gerry Humphreys NominatedBest Special Visual Effects Douglas Trumbull Richard Yuricich and David Dryer NominatedHugo Award Best Dramatic Presentation WonLondon Film Critics Circle Special Achievement Award Lawrence G Paull Douglas Trumbull and Syd Mead WonGolden Globe Awards Best Original Score Vangelis NominatedAcademy Awards Best Art Direction Lawrence G Paull David Snyder and Linda DeScenna Nominated 111 Best Visual Effects Douglas Trumbull Richard Yuricich and David Dryer Nominated 112 113 Saturn Award Best Director Ridley Scott NominatedBest Science Fiction Film NominatedBest Special Effects Douglas Trumbull and Richard Yuricich NominatedBest Supporting Actor Rutger Hauer NominatedFantasporto International Fantasy Film Award Ridley Scott Nominated1993 Fantasporto International Fantasy Film Award Best Film Ridley Scott Director s Cut Nominated1994 Saturn Award Best Genre Video Release Blade Runner Director s Cut Nominated2008 Best DVD Special Edition Release Blade Runner 5 Disc Ultimate Collector s Edition WonThemes EditMain article Themes in Blade Runner The film operates on multiple dramatic and narrative levels It employs some of the conventions of film noir among them the character of a femme fatale narration by the protagonist in the original release chiaroscuro cinematography and giving the hero a questionable moral outlook extended to include reflections upon the nature of his own humanity 114 115 It is a literate science fiction film thematically enfolding the philosophy of religion and moral implications of human mastery of genetic engineering in the context of classical Greek drama and hubris 116 It also draws on Biblical images such as Noah s flood 117 and literary sources such as Frankenstein 118 and William Blake 119 Although Scott said any similarity was merely coincidental 120 fans claimed that the chess game between Sebastian and Tyrell was based on the famous Immortal Game of 1851 121 Blade Runner delves into the effects of technology on the environment and society by reaching to the past using literature religious symbolism classical dramatic themes and film noir techniques This tension between past present and future is represented in the retrofitted future depicted in the film one which is high tech and gleaming in places but decayed and outdated elsewhere In an interview with The Observer in 2002 director Ridley Scott described the film as extremely dark both literally and metaphorically with an oddly masochistic feel He also said that he liked the idea of exploring pain in the wake of his brother s death When he was ill I used to go and visit him in London and that was really traumatic for me 122 A sense of foreboding and paranoia pervades the world of the film corporate power looms large the police seem omnipresent vehicle and warning lights probe into buildings and the consequences of huge biomedical power over the individual are explored especially regarding replicants implanted memories Control over the environment is exercised on a vast scale and goes hand in hand with the absence of any natural life for example artificial animals stand in for their extinct predecessors This oppressive backdrop explains the frequently referenced migration of humans to off world extraterrestrial colonies 123 Eyes are a recurring motif as are manipulated images calling into question the nature of reality and our ability to accurately perceive and remember it 124 125 These thematic elements provide an atmosphere of uncertainty for Blade Runner s central theme of examining humanity In order to discover replicants an empathy test is used with a number of its questions focused on the treatment of animals seemingly an essential indicator of one s humanity Replicants will not respond the same way humans would showing a lack of concern The film goes so far as to question if Deckard might be a replicant in the process asking the audience to re evaluate what it means to be human 126 The question of whether Deckard is intended to be a human or a replicant has been an ongoing controversy since the film s release 127 128 Both Michael Deeley and Harrison Ford wanted Deckard to be human while Hampton Fancher preferred ambiguity 129 Ridley Scott has stated that in his vision Deckard is a replicant 130 131 Deckard s unicorn dream sequence inserted into Scott s Director s Cut and concomitant with Gaff s parting gift of an origami unicorn is seen by many as showing that Deckard is a replicant because Gaff could have retrieved Deckard s implanted memories 118 132 133 The interpretation that Deckard is a replicant is challenged by others who believe the unicorn imagery shows that the characters whether human or replicant share the same dreams and recognize their affinity 134 or that the absence of a decisive answer is crucial to the film s main theme 135 The film s inherent ambiguity and uncertainty as well as its textual richness have permitted multiple interpretations 136 Legacy EditCultural impact Edit See also Tears in rain monologue A police spinner flying beside enormous skyscrapers some with electronic billboards on them Special effects such as these were benchmarks and have been highly influential on the esthetics of subsequent sci fi movies Tesla s Cybertruck was heavily inspired by Blade Runner While not initially a success with North American audiences Blade Runner was popular internationally and garnered a cult following 137 The film s dark style and futuristic designs have served as a benchmark and its influence can be seen in many subsequent science fiction films video games anime and television programs 114 For example Ronald D Moore and David Eick the producers of the re imagining of Battlestar Galactica have both cited Blade Runner as one of the major influences for the show 138 The film was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry in 1993 and is frequently taught in university courses 139 140 141 In 2007 it was named the second most visually influential film of all time by the Visual Effects Society 142 The film has also been the subject of parody such as the comics Blade Bummer by Crazy comics 143 Bad Rubber by Steve Gallacci 144 and the Red Dwarf 2009 three part miniseries Back to Earth 145 146 The anime series Psycho Pass by Production I G was also highly influenced by the movie 147 Blade Runner continues to reflect modern trends and concerns and an increasing number of critics consider it one of the greatest science fiction films of all time 148 It was voted the best science fiction film ever made in a 2004 poll of 60 eminent world scientists 149 Blade Runner is also cited as an important influence to both the style and story of the Ghost in the Shell franchise which itself has been highly influential to the future noir genre 150 151 Blade Runner has been very influential to the cyberpunk movement 152 153 154 155 It also influenced the cyberpunk derivative biopunk which revolves around biotechnology and genetic engineering 156 157 The dialogue and music in Blade Runner has been sampled in music more than any other film of the 20th century 158 The 2009 album I Human by Singaporean band Deus Ex Machina makes numerous references to the genetic engineering and cloning themes from the film and even features a track titled Replicant 159 Blade Runner is cited as a major influence on Warren Spector 160 designer of the video game Deus Ex which displays evidence of the film s influence in both its visual rendering and plot Indeed the film s look and in particular its overall darkness preponderance of neon lights and opaque visuals are easier to render than complicated backdrops making it a popular reference point for video game designers 161 162 It has influenced adventure games such as the 2012 graphical text adventure Cypher 163 Rise of the Dragon 164 165 Snatcher 165 166 the Tex Murphy series 167 Beneath a Steel Sky 168 Flashback The Quest for Identity 165 Bubblegum Crisis video games and their original anime 169 170 the role playing game Shadowrun 165 the first person shooter Perfect Dark 171 the shooter game Skyhammer 172 173 and the Syndicate series of video games 174 175 The logos of Atari Bell Coca Cola Cuisinart Pan Am and RCA all market leaders at the time were prominently displayed as product placement in the film and all experienced setbacks after the film s release 176 177 leading to suggestions of a Blade Runner curse 178 Coca Cola and Cuisinart recovered and Tsingtao beer was also featured in the film and was more successful after the film than before 176 The design of Tesla s Cybertruck was inspired by the film 179 Prior to its release Elon Musk promised that it would look like something out of Blade Runner 180 Besides referring to the truck as the Blade Runner Truck Musk chose to debut the truck in order to coincide with the film s setting of November 2019 181 The film s art designer Syd Mead praised the truck and said he was flattered by the homage to Blade Runner 180 Media recognition Edit Year Presenter Title Rank Refs2001 The Village Voice 100 Best Films of the 20th Century 94 182 2002 Online Film Critics Society OFCS Top 100 Sci fi Films of the Past 100 Years 2 183 Sight amp Sound Sight amp Sound Top Ten Poll 2002 45 184 50 Klassiker Film 185 2003 1001 Movies You Must See Before You Die 186 Entertainment Weekly The Top 50 Cult Movies 9 187 2004 The Guardian scientists Top 10 Sci fi Films of All Time 1 188 189 190 2005 Total Film s editors 100 Greatest Movies of All Time 47 191 Time magazine s critics All Time 100 Movies 192 193 194 2008 New Scientist All time favorite science fiction film readers and staff 1 195 196 Empire The 500 Greatest Movies of All Time 20 197 2010 Total Film 100 Greatest Movies of All Time 198 2012 Sight amp Sound Sight amp Sound 2012 critics top 250 films 69 199 Sight amp Sound Sight amp Sound 2012 directors top 100 films 67 200 2017 Empire The 100 Greatest Movies Of All Time 13 201 2022 IGN Top 25 Sci Fi Movies of All Time 2 202 2022 Sight amp Sound Sight amp Sound 2022 critics top 100 films 54 203 American Film Institute recognition Edit AFI s 100 Years 100 Thrills No 74 AFI s 100 Years 100 Movies 10th Anniversary Edition No 97 AFI s 10 Top 10 No 6 Science Fiction FilmIn other media Edit Before filming began Cinefantastique magazine commissioned Paul M Sammon to write a special issue about Blade Runner s production which became the book Future Noir The Making of Blade Runner 204 The book chronicles Blade Runner s evolution focusing on film set politics especially the British director s experiences with his first American film crew of which producer Alan Ladd Jr has said Harrison wouldn t speak to Ridley and Ridley wouldn t speak to Harrison By the end of the shoot Ford was ready to kill Ridley said one colleague He really would have taken him on if he hadn t been talked out of it 205 Future Noir has short cast biographies and quotations about their experiences as well as photographs of the film s production and preliminary sketches A second edition of Future Noir was published in 2007 and additional materials not in either print edition have been published online 206 Philip K Dick refused a 400 000 offer to write a Blade Runner novelization saying I was told the cheapo novelization would have to appeal to the twelve year old audience and it would have probably been disastrous to me artistically He added That insistence on my part of bringing out the original novel and not doing the novelization they were just furious They finally recognized that there was a legitimate reason for reissuing the novel even though it cost them money It was a victory not just of contractual obligations but of theoretical principles 21 207 Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep was eventually reprinted as a tie in with the film poster as a cover and the original title in parentheses below the Blade Runner title 208 Additionally a novelization of the movie entitled Blade Runner A Story of the Future by Les Martin was released in 1982 209 Archie Goodwin scripted the comic book adaptation A Marvel Comics Super Special Blade Runner published in September 1982 which was illustrated by Al Williamson Carlos Garzon Dan Green and Ralph Reese and lettered by Ed King 210 Blue Dolphin Enterprises published the film s screenplay combined with selected production storyboards as The Illustrated Blade Runner June 1982 211 a book of original production artwork by Syd Mead Mentor Huebner Charles Knode Michael Kaplan and Ridley Scott as Blade Runner Sketchbook 1982 212 and The Blade Runner Portfolio 1982 a collection of twelve photographic prints similar to the artist portfolios released by their Schanes amp Schanes imprint 213 There are two video games based on the film both titled Blade Runner one from 1985 a side scrolling video game for Commodore 64 ZX Spectrum and Amstrad CPC by CRL Group PLC which is marked as a video game interpretation of the film score by Vangelis rather than of the film itself due to licensing issues and another from 1997 a point and click adventure for PC by Westwood Studios The 1997 game has a non linear plot based in the Blade Runner world non player characters that each ran in their own independent AI and an unusual pseudo 3D engine which eschewed polygonal solids in favor of voxel elements that did not require the use of a 3D accelerator card to play the game 214 Eldon Tyrell Gaff Leon Rachael Chew J F Sebastian and Howie Lee appear and their voice files are recorded by the original actors with the exception of Gaff who is replaced by Javier Grajeda as Victor Gardell and Howie Lee who is replaced by Toru Nagai 215 The player assumes the role of McCoy another replicant hunter working at the same time as Deckard 161 162 The television film and later series Total Recall 2070 was initially planned as a spin off of the film Total Recall based on Philip K Dick s short story We Can Remember It for You Wholesale but was produced as a hybrid of Total Recall and Blade Runner 216 Many similarities between Total Recall 2070 and Blade Runner were noted as well as apparent influences on the show from Isaac Asimov s The Caves of Steel and the TV series Holmes amp Yoyo 217 Documentaries Edit The film has been the subject of several documentaries Blade Runner Convention Reel 1982 13 minutes Co directed by Muffet Kaufman and Jeffrey B Walker shot and screened in 16 mm featured no narrator was filmed in 1981 while Blade Runner was still in production and featured short behind the scenes segments showing sets being built and sequences being shot as well as interviews with Ridley Scott Syd Mead and Douglas Trumbull Appears on the Blade Runner Ultimate Collector s Edition 218 On the Edge of Blade Runner 2000 55 minutes Directed by Andrew Abbott and hosted written by Mark Kermode Interviews with production staff including Scott give details of the creative process and the turmoil during preproduction Insights into Philip K Dick and the origins of Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep are provided by Paul M Sammon and Hampton Fancher 32 Future Shocks 2003 27 minutes Directed by TVOntario 219 It includes interviews with executive producer Bud Yorkin Syd Mead and the cast and commentary by science fiction author Robert J Sawyer and from film critics Dangerous Days Making Blade Runner 2007 213 minutes Directed and produced by Charles de Lauzirika for The Final Cut version of the film Its source material comprises more than 80 interviews including extensive conversations with Ford Young and Scott 220 The documentary is presented in eight chapters with each of the first seven covering a portion of the filmmaking process The final chapter examines Blade Runner s controversial legacy 221 All Our Variant Futures From Workprint to Final Cut 2007 29 minutes Produced by Paul Prischman appears on the Blade Runner Ultimate Collector s Edition and provides an overview of the film s multiple versions and their origins as well as detailing the seven year long restoration enhancement and remastering process behind The Final Cut 86 Blade Runner Phenomenon 2021 53 minutes Directed by Boris Hars Tschachotin and made by the France and Germany European public service channel ARTE this documentary informs viewers using behind the scenes material from various sets photos original locations in Los Angeles and interviews with those involved in the production Sequel and related media EditMain article Blade Runner franchise Screen capture of DVD bonus feature from Prometheus 2012 a dictated letter by Peter Weyland about Eldon Tyrell chief executive officer of the Tyrell Corporation A sequel was released in 2017 titled Blade Runner 2049 with Ryan Gosling alongside Ford in the starring roles 222 223 It entered production in mid 2016 and is set decades after the first film 224 Harrison Ford reprised his role as Rick Deckard The film won two Academy Awards for cinematography and visual effects 225 The world of Blade Runner has also come to be explored in animation Blade Runner 2049 was preceded by the release of three short films that served as prequels where the chronological first Blade Runner Black Out 2022 was anime the other two 2036 Nexus Dawn and 2048 Nowhere to Run were live action not animated 226 In November 2021 a Japanese American anime television series called Blade Runner Black Lotus was released The series tells the story of a female replicant protagonist rather than that of a male Blade Runner one 227 228 Dick s friend K W Jeter wrote three authorized Blade Runner novels that continue Rick Deckard s story attempting to resolve the differences between the film and Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep 229 These are Blade Runner 2 The Edge of Human 1995 Blade Runner 3 Replicant Night 1996 and Blade Runner 4 Eye and Talon 2000 Blade Runner cowriter David Peoples wrote the 1998 action film Soldier which he referred to as a sidequel or spiritual successor to the original film the two are set in a shared universe 230 A bonus feature on the Blu ray for Prometheus the 2012 film by Scott set in the Alien universe states that Eldon Tyrell CEO of the Blade Runner Tyrell Corporation was the mentor of Guy Pearce s character Peter Weyland 231 In 2022 Amazon announced a Blade Runner 2049 sequel series would be produced 232 On October 12 2022 an apparent official approval to actually make a Blade Runner 2099 TV series was reported 233 See also EditBlade Runner franchise Arcology Biorobotics List of dystopian films List of fictional robots and androids Synthetic biology Tech noirNotes Edit Sebastian s death was never shot because of concerns over too much violence in the film 9 Some editions of Nourse s novel use the two word spacing Blade Runner as does the Burroughs book References Edit a b Blade Runner British Board of Film Classification May 27 1982 Archived from the original on March 22 2016 Retrieved January 8 2016 Blade Runner AFI com American Film Institute Archived from the original on November 6 2015 Retrieved December 3 2015 Blade Runner BFI org British Film Institute Archived from the original on December 6 2015 Retrieved December 3 2015 Blade Runner 1982 British Film Institute Archived from the original on February 15 2017 Retrieved April 26 2018 Gray Tim June 24 2017 Blade Runner Turns 35 Ridley Scott s Unloved Film That Became a Classic Variety Archived from the original on July 5 2017 Retrieved July 31 2019 Blade Runner 1982 Box Office Mojo Archived from the original on May 15 2020 Retrieved May 15 2020 Turan Kenneth September 13 1992 From the Archives Blade Runner went from Harrison 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Angeles Science fiction Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Blade Runner amp oldid 1151986965, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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