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Wikipedia

Popular culture

Popular culture (also called mass culture or pop culture) is generally recognized by members of a society as a set of practices, beliefs, artistic output (also known as, popular art or mass art)[1][2] and objects that are dominant or prevalent in a society at a given point in time. Popular culture also encompasses the activities and feelings produced as a result of interaction with these dominant objects. The primary driving force behind popular culture is the mass appeal, and it is produced by what cultural analyst Theodor Adorno refers to as the "culture industry".[3]

Heavily influenced in modern times by mass media, this collection of ideas permeates the everyday lives of people in a given society. Therefore, popular culture has a way of influencing an individual's attitudes towards certain topics.[4] However, there are various ways to define pop culture.[5] Because of this, popular culture is something that can be defined in a variety of conflicting ways by different people across different contexts.[6] It is generally viewed in contrast to other forms of culture such as folk cults, working-class culture, or high culture, and also through different academic perspectives such as psychoanalysis, structuralism, postmodernism, and more. The common pop-culture categories are: entertainment (such as film, music, television and video games), sports, news (as in people/places in the news), politics, fashion, technology, and slang.[7]

History

In the past folk culture functioned analogously to the popular culture of the masses and of the nations.[8]

The phrase "popular culture" was coined in the 19th century or earlier.[9] Traditionally,[when?] popular culture was associated[by whom?] with poor education and with the lower classes,[10] as opposed to the "official culture" and higher education of the upper classes.[11][12] With the rise of the Industrial Revolution in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, Britain experienced social changes that resulted in increased literacy rates, and with the rise of capitalism and industrialization, people began to spend more money on entertainment, such as (commercialised) pubs and sports. Reading also gained traction. Labelling penny dreadfuls the Victorian equivalent of video games, The Guardian in 2016 described penny fiction as "Britain's first taste of mass-produced popular culture for the young".[13] A growing consumer culture and an increased capacity for travel via the newly invented railway (the first public railway, Stockton and Darlington Railway, opened in north-east England in 1825) created both a market for cheap popular literature, and the ability for its distribution on large scale. The first penny serials were published in the 1830s to meet the growing demand.[14][15]

The stress in the distinction from "official culture" became more pronounced towards the end of the 19th century,[16][need quotation to verify] a usage that became established by the interbellum period.[17][need quotation to verify]

From the end of World War II, following major cultural and social changes brought by mass media innovations, the meaning of "popular culture" began to overlap with the connotations of "mass culture", "media culture", "image culture", "consumer culture", and "culture for mass consumption".[18]

The abbreviated form "pop" for "popular", as in "pop music", dates from the late 1950s.[19] Although the terms "pop" and "popular" are in some cases used interchangeably, and their meaning partially overlap, the term "pop" is narrower. Pop is specific to something containing qualities of mass appeal, while "popular" refers to what has gained popularity, regardless of its style.[20][21]

Definition

According to author John Storey, there are various definitions of popular culture.[22] The quantitative definition of culture has the problem that too much "high culture" (e.g., television dramatizations of Jane Austen) is also "popular." "Pop culture" is also defined as the culture that is "leftover" when we have decided what high culture is.[citation needed] However, many works straddle the boundaries, e.g., William Shakespeare and Charles Dickens, Leo Tolstoy, and George Orwell.

A third definition equates pop culture with "mass culture" and ideas. This is seen as a commercial culture, mass-produced for mass consumption by mass media.[23] From a Western European perspective, this may be compared to American culture.[clarification needed] Alternatively, "pop culture" can be defined as an "authentic" culture of the people, but this can be problematic as there are many ways of defining the "people."[page needed] Storey argued that there is a political dimension to popular culture; neo-Gramscian hegemony theory "... sees popular culture as a site of struggle between the 'resistance' of subordinate groups in society and the forces of 'incorporation' operating in the interests of dominant groups in society." A postmodernist approach to popular culture would "no longer recognize the distinction between high and popular culture."

Jean Baudrillard argued that the vague conception "Public Opinion" is a subjective and inaccurate illusion which is more complicit in populism rather than in factuality, for it attributes a sovereignty to consumers that they do not really possess.[24]

Storey claims that popular culture emerged from the urbanization of the Industrial Revolution. Studies of Shakespeare (by Weimann, Barber, or Bristol, for example) locate much of the characteristic vitality of his drama in its participation in Renaissance popular culture, while contemporary practitioners like Dario Fo and John McGrath use popular culture in its Gramscian sense that includes ancient folk traditions (the commedia dell'arte for example).[25][26][need quotation to verify]

Popular culture is constantly evolving and occurs uniquely in place and time. It forms currents and eddies, and represents a complex of mutually interdependent perspectives and values that influence society and its institutions in various ways. For example, certain currents of pop culture may originate from, (or diverge into) a subculture, representing perspectives with which the mainstream popular culture has only limited familiarity. Items of popular culture most typically appeal to a broad spectrum of the public. Important contemporary contributions for understanding what popular culture means have been given by the German researcher Ronald Daus, who studies the impact of extra-European cultures in North America, Asia, and especially in Latin America.

Levels

Within the realm of popular culture, there exists an organizational culture. From its beginning, popular culture has revolved around classes in society and the push-back between them. Within popular culture, there are two levels that have emerged, high and low. High culture can be described as art and works considered of superior value, historically, aesthetically and socially. Low culture is regarded by some as that of the lower classes, historically.[27]

Folklore

Adaptations based on traditional folklore provide a source of popular culture.[28] This early layer of cultural mainstream still persists today, in a form separate from mass-produced popular culture, propagating by word of mouth rather than via mass media, e.g. in the form of jokes or urban legends. With the widespread use of the Internet from the 1990s, the distinction between mass media and word-of-mouth has become blurred.[citation needed]

Although the folkloric element of popular culture engages heavily with the commercial element, communities amongst the public have their own tastes and they may not always embrace every cultural or subcultural item sold. Moreover, certain beliefs and opinions about the products of commercial culture may spread by word-of-mouth, and become modified in the process and in the same manner that folklore evolves.[citation needed]

Criticism

Popular culture in the West has been critiqued for its being a system of commercialism that privileges products selected and mass-marketed by the upper-class capitalist elite; such criticisms are most notable in many Marxist theorists such as Herbert Marcuse, Theodor Adorno, Max Horkheimer, bell hooks, Antonio Gramsci, Guy Debord, Fredric Jameson, Terry Eagleton, as well as certain postmodern philosophers such as Jean-François Lyotard, who has written about the commercialisation of information under capitalism,[29] and Jean Baudrillard, as well as others.[30]

The Culture Industry

The most influential critiques of popular culture came from Marxist theorists of the Frankfurt School during the twentieth century. Theodor Adorno and Max Horkheimer analysed the dangers of the culture industry in their influential work the Dialectic of Enlightenment by drawing upon the works of Kant, Marx, Nietzsche and others. Capitalist popular culture, as Adorno argued, was not an authentic culture of the people but a system of homogenous and standardised products manufactured in the service of capitalist domination by the elite. The consumer demand for Hollywood films, pop tunes and consumable books is influenced by capitalist industries like Hollywood and the elite who decide which commodities are to be promoted in the media, including television and print journalism. Adorno wrote, "The industry bows to the vote it has itself rigged."[31] It is the elite who commodify products in accordance with their narrow ideological values and criteria, and Adorno argues that the audience becomes accustomed to these formulaic conventions, making intellectual contemplation impossible.[32] Adorno's work has had a considerable influence on culture studies, philosophy and the New Left.[33]

Writing in the New Yorker in 2014, music critic Alex Ross, argued that Adorno's work has a renewed importance in the digital age: "The pop hegemony is all but complete, its superstars dominating the media and wielding the economic might of tycoons...Culture appears more monolithic than ever, with a few gigantic corporations—Google, Apple, Facebook, Amazon—presiding over unprecedented monopolies."[34] There is much scholarship on how Western entertainment industries strengthen transnational capitalism and reinforce a Western cultural dominance. [35] Hence, rather than being a local culture, commercial entertainment is artificially reinforced by transnational media corporations. [36]

Jack Zipes, a professor of German and literature, critiqued the mass commercialisation and corporate hegemony behind the Harry Potter franchise. He argued that the commodities of the culture industry are "popular" because they are homogenous and obey standard conventions; the media then influences the tastes of children. In his analysis of Harry Potter's global brand, Zipes wrote, "It must conform to the standards of exception set by the mass media and promoted by the culture industry in general. To be a phenomenon means that a person or commodity must conform to the hegemonic groups that determine what makes up a phenomenon".[37]

Imperialism

According to John M. MacKenzie, many products of popular culture have been designed to promote imperialist ideologies and to glorify the British upper classes rather than present a democratic view of the world. [38] Although there are many films which do not contain such propaganda, there have been many films that promote racism and militarist imperialism. [39]

Feminist critique

bell hooks, an influential feminist, argues that commercial commodities and celebrities cannot be symbols of progressiveness when they collaborate with imperialist capitalism and promote ideals of beauty; hooks uses Beyoncé as an example of a commodity reinforced by capitalist corporations complicit in imperialism and patriarchy.[40][41]

Propaganda

Edward S. Herman and Noam Chomsky critiqued the mass media in their 1988 work Manufacturing Consent: The Political Economy of the Mass Media. They argue that mass media is controlled by a powerful hegemonic elite who are motivated by their own interests that determine and manipulate what information is present in the mainstream. The mass media is therefore a system of propaganda.

In sum, a propaganda approach to media coverage suggests a systematic and highly political dichotomization in news coverage based on serviceability to important domestic power interests. This should be observable in dichotomized choices of story and in the volume and quality of coverage... such dichotomization in the mass media is massive and systematic: not only are choices for publicity and suppression comprehensible in terms of system advantage, but the modes of handling favored and inconvenient materials (placement, tone, context, fullness of treatment) differ in ways that serve political ends.[42]

Consumerism

According to the postmodern sociologist Jean Baudrillard, the individual is trained into the duty of seeking the relentless maximisation of pleasure lest he or she become asocial.[43] Therefore, "enjoyment" and "fun" become indistinguishable from the need to consume. Whereas the Frankfurt School believed consumers were passive, Baudrillard argued that consumers were trained to consume products in a form of active labour in order to achieve upward social mobility.[44] Thus, consumers under capitalism are trained to purchase products such as pop albums and consumable fiction in order to signal their devotion to social trends, fashions and subcultures. Although the consumption may arise from an active choice, the choice is still the consequence of a social conditioning which the individual is unconscious of. Baudrillard says, "One is permanently governed by a code whose rules and meaning-constraints—like those of language—are, for the most part, beyond the grasp of individuals."[45]

In Baudrillard's understanding, the products of capitalist popular culture can only give the illusion of rebellion, since they are still complicit in a system controlled by the powerful. Baudrillard stated in an interview, critiquing the content and production of The Matrix:

The Matrix paints the picture of a monopolistic superpower, like we see today, and then collaborates in its refraction. Basically, its dissemination on a world scale is complicit with the film itself. On this point it is worth recalling Marshall McLuhan: the medium is the message. The message of The Matrix is its own diffusion by an uncontrollable and proliferating contamination.[46]

Sources

Print culture

With the invention of the printing press in the sixteenth century, mass-produced, cheap books, pamphlets and periodicals became widely available to the public. With this, the transmission of common knowledge and ideas was possible.[47]

Radio culture

In the 1890s, Nikola Tesla and Guglielmo Marconi created the radiotelegraph, allowing for the modern radio to be born. This led to the radio being able to influence a more "listened-to" culture, with individuals being able to feel like they have a more direct impact.[48] This radio culture is vital, because it was imperative to advertising, and it introduced the commercial.

Films

Films and cinema are highly influential to popular culture, as films as an art form are what people seem to respond to the most.[49] With moving pictures being first captured by Eadweard Muybridge in 1877, films have evolved into elements that can be cast into different digital formats, spreading to different cultures.

The impact of films and cinema are most evident when analyzing in the search of what the films aim to portray.[50] Films are used to seek acceptance and understanding of many subjects because of the influence the films carry—an example of an early representation of this can be seen in Casablanca (1942): the film introduced war subjects to the public after the United States entered World War II, and it meant to increase pro-war sentiment for the allies.[51] Films are a known massive influencer to popular culture yet not all films create a movement that contributes enough to be part of the popular culture that starts movements.[citation needed] The content must resonate to most of the public so the knowledge in the material connects with the majority.[citation needed] Popular culture is a set of beliefs in trends and entail to change a person's set of ideologies and create social transformation.[52] The beliefs are still a trend that change more rapidly in the modern age that carries a continuation of outpouring media and more specifically films. The trend does not last but it also carries a different effect based on individuals that can be grouped to generalized groups based on age and education.[citation needed] The creation of culture by films is seen in fandoms, religions, ideologies, and movements. The culture of film is more evident through social media. Social media is an instant source of feedback and creates discussion on films. A repeating event that has been set in modern culture within the trend setting phase is the creation of movements in social media platforms to defend a featured subject on a film.[53]

Popular culture or mass culture, is reached easily with films which are easily shared and reached worldwide.[49]

Television programs

A television program is a segment of audiovisual content intended for broadcast (other than a commercial, trailer, or other content not serving as attraction for viewership).

Television programs may be fictional (as in comedies and dramas), or non-fictional (as in documentary, light entertainment, news and reality television). They may be topical (as in the case of a local newscast and some made-for-television movies), or historical (as in the case of many documentaries and fictional series). They can be primarily instructional or educational, or entertaining as is the case in situation comedy and game shows.[citation needed]

Music

Popular music is music with wide appeal[54][55] that is typically distributed to large audiences through the music industry. These forms and styles can be enjoyed and performed by people with little or no musical training.[54] It stands in contrast to both art music[56][57] and traditional or "folk" music. Art music was historically disseminated through the performances of written music, although since the beginning of the recording industry, it is also disseminated through recordings. Traditional music forms such as early blues songs or hymns were passed along orally, or to smaller, local audiences.[56]

Sports

Sports include all forms of competitive physical activity or games which,[58] through casual or organised participation, aim to use, maintain or improve physical ability and skills while providing enjoyment to participants, and in some cases, entertainment for spectators.[59]

Corporate branding

Corporate branding refers to the practice of promoting the brand name of a corporate entity, as opposed to specific products or services.[60]

Personal branding

Personal branding includes the use of social media to promotion to brands and topics to further good repute among professionals in a given field, produce an iconic relationship between a professional, a brand and its audience that extends networks past the conventional lines established by the mainstream and to enhance personal visibility. Popular culture: is generally recognized by members of a society as a set of the practices, beliefs, and objects that are dominant or prevalent in a society at a given point in time. As celebrities online identities are extremely important in order to create a brand to line-up sponsorships, jobs, and opportunities. As influencers, micro-celebrities, and users constantly need to find new ways to be unique or stay updated with trends, in order to maintain followers, views, and likes.[61] For example, Ellen DeGeneres has created her own personal branding through her talk show The Ellen DeGeneres Show. As she developed her brand we can see the branches she created to extend her fan base such as Ellen clothing, socks, pet beds, and more.

Social media

Social media is interactive computer-mediated technologies that facilitate the creation or sharing of information, ideas, career interests and other forms of expression via virtual communities and networks. Social media platforms such as Instagram, Facebook, Twitter, YouTube, TikTok and Snapchat are the most popular applications used on a daily basis for younger generations. Social media tends to be implemented into the daily routine of individuals in our current society. Social media is a vital part of our culture as it continues to impact the forms of communication used to connect with those in our communities, families, or friend groups.[62] We often see that terms or slang is used online that is not used in face to face conversations, thus, adding to a persona users create through the screens of technology.[62] For example, some individuals respond to situations with a hashtag or emojis.[62]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ "popular art | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 2022-12-10.
  2. ^ Tavinor, Grant (2011). "Video Games as Mass Art". Contemporary Aesthetics. 9. hdl:2027/spo.7523862.0009.009. ISSN 1932-8478.
  3. ^ Lane Crothers (2021). Globalization and American Popular Culture. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 48. ISBN 9781538142691.
  4. ^ McGaha, Julie. "Popular Culture & Globalization". Multicultural Education 23.1 (2015): 32–37. SocINDEX with Full Text. Web. 5 Aug. 2016.
  5. ^ Strinati, D. (2004). An introduction to theories of popular culture. Routledge.
  6. ^ Storey, J. (2018). Cultural theory and popular culture: An introduction. Routledge.
  7. ^ . Archived from the original on 2016-08-29. Retrieved 2015-03-17.
  8. ^ Inventing Popular Culture: From Folklore to Globalization, by John Storey (John Wiley & Sons, 2009 – ISBN 9781405172653 – Chapter 1: "Popular Culture as Folk Culture".
  9. ^ Although the Oxford English Dictionary lists the first use as 1854, it appears in an address by Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi in 1818: Pestalozzi, Johann Heinrich (1818). The Address of Pestalozzi to the British Public. I see that it is impossible to attain this end without founding the means of popular culture and instruction upon a basis which cannot be got at otherwise than in a profound examination of Man himself; without such an investigation and such a basis all is darkness.
  10. ^ Per Adam Siljeström [sv], The educational institutions of the United States, their character and organization, J. Chapman, 1853, p. 243: "Influence of European emigration on the state of civilization in the United States: Statistics of popular culture in America". John Morley presented an address On Popular Culture at the Birmingham Town Hall in 1876, dealing with the education of the lower classes.
  11. ^ Rabelais and Bakhtin: Popular Culture in "Gargantua and Pantagruel" p.13
  12. ^ Rabelais's Radical Farce p. 9
  13. ^ "Penny dreadfuls: the Victorian equivalent of video games". The Guardian. Retrieved 23 November 2018.
  14. ^ "Penny dreadfuls". The British Library. Retrieved 2020-06-29.
  15. ^ Johnson, Charles (1836). Lives of the Most Notorious Highwaymen, Footpads and Murderers. Lloyd, Purkess & Strange.
  16. ^ "Learning is dishonored when she stoops to attract," cited in a section "Popular Culture and True Education" in University extension, Issue 4, The American society for the extension of university teaching, 1894.
  17. ^ e.g. "the making of popular culture plays [in post-revolutionary Russian theater]", Huntly Carter, The new spirit in the Russian theatre, 1917–28: And a sketch of the Russian kinema and radio, 1919–28, showing the new communal relationship between the three, Ayer Publishing, 1929, p. 166.
  18. ^ "one look at the sheer mass and volume of what we euphemistically call our popular culture suffices", from Winthrop Sargeant, 'In Defense of the High-Brow', an article from LIFE magazine, 11 April 1949, p. 102.
  19. ^ The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, volume 15, p. 85 entry Pop music
  20. ^ Steinem, Gloria. Outs of pop culture, in LIFE magazine, 20 August 1965, p. 73 quotations:

    Pop Culture-although big, mercurial, and slippery to define-is really an umbrella term that covers anything currently in fashion, all or most of whose ingredients are familiar to the public-at-large. The new dances are a perfect example... Pop Art itself may mean little to the average man, but its vocabulary...is always familiar.

  21. ^ Bill Lamb, "What Is Pop Music? A Definition", About.com, retrieved 8 March 2012 quotation:

    It is tempting to confuse pop music with popular music. The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, the musicologist's ultimate reference resource, identifies popular music as the music since industrialization in the 1800s that is most in line with the tastes and interests of the urban middle class. This would include an extremely wide range of music from vaudeville and minstrel shows to heavy metal. Pop music, on the other hand, has primarily come into usage to describe music that evolved out of the rock 'n roll revolution of the mid-1950s and continues in a definable path to today.

  22. ^ John Storey. Cultural Theory and Popular Culture, pp. 4–8
  23. ^ Sérgio Campos Gonçalves, "", InRevista – Núcleo de Produção Científica em Comunicação – UNAERP (Ribeirão Preto), v. 3, pp. 18–28, 2008, ISSN 1980-6418.
  24. ^ Baudrillard. J. (1998). The Consumer Society: Myths and Structures. Page 86
  25. ^ Robert Weimann [de], Shakespeare and the Popular Tradition (1967)
  26. ^ Robert Shaughnessy, The Cambridge companion to Shakespeare and popular culture (2007) p. 24
  27. ^ Danesi, Marcel (2018-07-12). Popular Culture: Introductory Perspectives. TAMU Libraries: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p. 6,7. ISBN 9781538107447.
  28. ^ On the Ambiguity of the Three Wise Monkeys A. W. Smith Folklore, Vol. 104, No. 1/2 (1993), pp. 144–150
  29. ^ Lyotard, Jean-François (1979). La condition postmoderne: rapport sur le savoir. Paris: Minuit.
  30. ^ Frederic Jameson: Postmodernism, or, the Cultural Logic of Late Capitalism. Durham, NC: Duke University Press. 1991.
  31. ^ Adorno & Horkheimer: Dialectic of Enlightenment. p. 106.
  32. ^ Adorno & Horkheimer: Dialectic of Enlightenment. p. 100.
  33. ^ Held, D. (1980). Introduction to Critical Theory: Horkheimer to Habermas. Berkeley, University of California Press.
  34. ^ Ross, Alex (8 September 2014). "The Naysayers". The New Yorker. Retrieved 20 July 2021.{{cite magazine}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  35. ^ Lee Artz (2015). Global Entertainment Media: A Critical Introduction. 167-175.
  36. ^ Hearts and Mines: The US Empire’s Culture Industry Tanner Mirrlees . Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press, 2016. 336 pp.
  37. ^ Zipes, J. (2002). Sticks and Stones: The Troublesome Success of Children's Literature from Slovenly Peter to Harry Potter. p. 175.
  38. ^ John M. MacKenzie. "Imperialism and Popular Culture". 1986, Manchester University Press 155
  39. ^ John M. MacKenzie. "Imperialism and Popular Culture". 1986, Manchester University Press 155
  40. ^ bell hooks: https://genius.com/Bell-hooks-beyonce-is-a-terrorist-annotated
  41. ^ bell hooks. Beyoncé's Lemonade is capitalist money-making at its best. Guardian. 2016
  42. ^ Manufacturing Consent: The Political Economy of the Mass Media. 1988. Page 19-20. Noam Chomsky & Edward S. Herman
  43. ^ Baudrillard. J. (1998). The Consumer Society: Myths and Structures. p. 80.
  44. ^ Baudrillard. J. (1998). The Consumer Society: Myths and Structures. p. 110.
  45. ^ Baudrillard. J. (1998). The Consumer Society: Myths and Structures. p. 61.
  46. ^ Genosko, Gary; Bryx, Adam (July 2004). "The Matrix Decoded: Le Nouvel Observateur Interview With Jean Baudrillard". International Journal of Baudrillard Studies. 1 (2). ISSN 1705-6411.
  47. ^ Danesi, Marcel (2018-07-12). Popular Culture: Introductory Perspectives. TAMU Libraries: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p. 112. ISBN 9781538107447.
  48. ^ Danesi, Marcel (2018-07-12). Popular Culture: Introductory Perspectives. TAMU Libraries: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p. 157. ISBN 9781538107447.
  49. ^ a b Danesi, Marcel (2018-07-12). Popular Culture: Introductory Perspectives. TAMU Libraries: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p. 195. ISBN 9781538107447.
  50. ^ "Films as Social and Cultural History". historymatters.gmu.edu. Retrieved 2020-12-01.
  51. ^ Jackson, Kathy (2000). "Playing it again and again: Casablanca's impact on American mass media and popular culture". Journal of Popular Film & Television. 27 (4): 33–41, 9p. doi:10.1080/01956050009602813. S2CID 191490559.
  52. ^ Kubrak, Tina (2020). "Impact of Films: Changes in Young People's Attitudes after Watching a Movie". Behavioral Sciences. 10 (5): 86. doi:10.3390/bs10050086. PMC 7288198. PMID 32370280.
  53. ^ Hallinan, Blake. "Recommended for you: The Netflix Prize and the production of algorithmic culture". New Media and Society. 2016: 117–137.
  54. ^ a b Popular Music. (2015). Funk & Wagnalls New World Encyclopedia
  55. ^ "Definition of "popular music" | Collins English Dictionary". www.collinsdictionary.com. Retrieved 2015-11-15.
  56. ^ a b Arnold, Denis (1983). The New Oxford Companion Music, Volume 1: A–J. Oxford University Press. p. 111. ISBN 978-0-19-311316-9.
  57. ^ Tagg, Philip (1982). (PDF). Popular Music. 2: 37–67. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.628.7469. doi:10.1017/S0261143000001227. S2CID 35426157. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-07-21.
  58. ^ . SportAccord. Archived from the original on 28 October 2011.
  59. ^ Council of Europe. "The European sport charter". Retrieved 5 March 2012.
  60. ^ "Pop Culture: An Overview – Issue 64". Philosophy Now. Retrieved July 2, 2018.
  61. ^ Harris, L; Rae, A (2011). "Building a personal brand through social networking". Journal of Business Strategy. Emerald Group Publishing Limited. 32 (5): 14–21. doi:10.1108/02756661111165435.
  62. ^ a b c "How social media influences culture and language". The Johns Hopkins News-Letter. Retrieved 2020-04-04.

References

  • Ashby, LeRoy. "The Rising of Popular Culture: A Historiographical Sketch," OAH Magazine of History, 24 (April 2010), 11–14.
  • Ashby, LeRoy. With Amusement for All: A History of American Popular Culture since 1830 (2006).
  • Moritz Baßler [de]: Der deutsche Pop-Roman. Die neuen Archivisten (The German Pop-Novel. The new archivists), C.H. Beck, München 2002, ISBN 3-406-47614-7.
  • Bakhtin, M. M. and Michael Holquist, Vadim Liapunov, Kenneth Brostrom (1981). The Dialogic Imagination: Four Essays (University of Texas Press Slavic Series). Ed. Michael Holquist. Trans. Caryl Emerson and Michael Holquist. Austin and London: University of Texas Press.
  • Browne, Ray B. and Pat Browne, eds. The Guide to U.S. Popular Culture (2001), 1010 pages; essays by experts on many topics.
  • Burke, Peter. "Popular Culture Reconsidered," Storia della Storiografia 1990, Issue 17, pp. 40–49.
  • Freitag, Sandria B. "Popular Culture in the Rewriting of History: An Essay in Comparative History and Historiography," Journal of Peasant Studies, 1989, Vol. 16 Issue 3, pp. 169–198.
  • Gans, Herbert J. Popular Culture and High Culture: an Analysis and Evaluation of Taste. New York: Basic Books, 1974. xii, 179 p. ISBN 0-465-06021-8
  • Gerson, Stéphane. "' A World of Their Own': Searching for Popular Culture in the French Countryside," French Politics, Culture and Society, Summer 2009, Vol. 27 Issue 2, pp. 94–110
  • Golby, J. M. and A.W. Purdue, The civilisation of the crowd: popular culture in England, 1750–1900 (1985) online
  • Griffin, Emma. "Popular Culture in Industrializing England," Historical Journal, (2002) 45#3 pp. 619–635. online, Historiography
  • Hassabian, Anahid (1999). "Popular", Key Terms in Popular Music and Culture, eds.: Horner, Bruce and Swiss, Thomas. Malden, Massachusetts: Blackwell Publishers. ISBN 0-631-21263-9.
  • Kamaludeen Mohamed Nasir, 2016: Globalized Muslim Youth in the Asia Pacific: Popular Culture in Singapore and Sydney, New York: Palgrave. ISBN 978-1-137-54264-9.
  • Knight, Robert H. The Age of Consent: the Rise of Relativism and the Corruption of Popular Culture. Dallas, Tex.: Spence Publishing Co., 1998. xxiv, 253, [1] p. ISBN 1-890626-05-8
  • Ross, Andrew. No Respect: Intellectuals & Popular Culture. New York: Routledge, 1989. ix, 269 p. ISBN 0-415-90037-9 (pbk.)
  • Seabrook, John. NoBrow : the culture of marketing the marketing of culture, New York: A.A. Knopf, 2000. ISBN 0-375-40504-6.
  • Storey, John (2006). Cultural theory and popular culture. Pearson Education. ISBN 978-0-13-197068-7.
  • Stoykov, Lubomir (January 2014). "Politics and pop culture. Celebrity and communicative perspectives of the modern politician". Media and Social Communications. The University of National and World Economy/Alma communication (19).
  • Swirski, Peter (2010). Ars Americana Ars Politica: Partisan Expression in Contemporary American Literature and Culture. Montreal, London: McGill-Queen's University Press. ISBN 978-0-7735-3766-8.
  • Swirski, Peter (2005). From Lowbrow to Nobrow. Montreal, London: McGill-Queen's University Press. ISBN 978-0-7735-3019-5.
  • On Religion and Popular Culture

Further reading

  • Duncan, Barry (1988). Mass Media and Popular Culture. Toronto, Ont.: Harcourt, Brace & Co. Canada. ISBN 0-7747-1262-7.
  • Rosenberg, Bernard, and David Manning White, joint. eds. Mass Culture: the Popular Arts in America. [New York]: Free Press of Glencoe, 1957.
  • Cowen, Tyler, "For Some Developing Countries, America's Popular Culture Is Resistible". The New York Times, 22 February 2007, sec. C, p. 3.
  • Furio, Joanne, "The Significance of MTV and Rap Music in Popular Culture". The New York Times, 29 December 1991, sec. VI, p. 2.

External links

  •   Media related to Popular culture at Wikimedia Commons
  •   Quotations related to Popular culture at Wikiquote
  •   The dictionary definition of popular culture at Wiktionary

popular, culture, culture, redirects, here, song, culture, song, mass, redirects, here, college, massart, also, called, mass, culture, culture, generally, recognized, members, society, practices, beliefs, artistic, output, also, known, popular, mass, objects, . Pop Culture redirects here For the song see Pop Culture song Mass Art redirects here For the college see MassArt Popular culture also called mass culture or pop culture is generally recognized by members of a society as a set of practices beliefs artistic output also known as popular art or mass art 1 2 and objects that are dominant or prevalent in a society at a given point in time Popular culture also encompasses the activities and feelings produced as a result of interaction with these dominant objects The primary driving force behind popular culture is the mass appeal and it is produced by what cultural analyst Theodor Adorno refers to as the culture industry 3 Heavily influenced in modern times by mass media this collection of ideas permeates the everyday lives of people in a given society Therefore popular culture has a way of influencing an individual s attitudes towards certain topics 4 However there are various ways to define pop culture 5 Because of this popular culture is something that can be defined in a variety of conflicting ways by different people across different contexts 6 It is generally viewed in contrast to other forms of culture such as folk cults working class culture or high culture and also through different academic perspectives such as psychoanalysis structuralism postmodernism and more The common pop culture categories are entertainment such as film music television and video games sports news as in people places in the news politics fashion technology and slang 7 Contents 1 History 2 Definition 2 1 Levels 2 2 Folklore 3 Criticism 3 1 The Culture Industry 3 2 Imperialism 3 3 Feminist critique 3 4 Propaganda 3 5 Consumerism 4 Sources 4 1 Print culture 4 2 Radio culture 4 3 Films 4 4 Television programs 4 5 Music 4 6 Sports 4 7 Corporate branding 4 8 Personal branding 4 9 Social media 5 See also 6 Notes 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External linksHistory EditSee also Cultural history The examples and perspective in this section deal primarily with the Anglosphere and do not represent a worldwide view of the subject You may improve this section discuss the issue on the talk page or create a new section as appropriate July 2021 Learn how and when to remove this template message In the past folk culture functioned analogously to the popular culture of the masses and of the nations 8 The phrase popular culture was coined in the 19th century or earlier 9 Traditionally when popular culture was associated by whom with poor education and with the lower classes 10 as opposed to the official culture and higher education of the upper classes 11 12 With the rise of the Industrial Revolution in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries Britain experienced social changes that resulted in increased literacy rates and with the rise of capitalism and industrialization people began to spend more money on entertainment such as commercialised pubs and sports Reading also gained traction Labelling penny dreadfuls the Victorian equivalent of video games The Guardian in 2016 described penny fiction as Britain s first taste of mass produced popular culture for the young 13 A growing consumer culture and an increased capacity for travel via the newly invented railway the first public railway Stockton and Darlington Railway opened in north east England in 1825 created both a market for cheap popular literature and the ability for its distribution on large scale The first penny serials were published in the 1830s to meet the growing demand 14 15 The stress in the distinction from official culture became more pronounced towards the end of the 19th century 16 need quotation to verify a usage that became established by the interbellum period 17 need quotation to verify From the end of World War II following major cultural and social changes brought by mass media innovations the meaning of popular culture began to overlap with the connotations of mass culture media culture image culture consumer culture and culture for mass consumption 18 The abbreviated form pop for popular as in pop music dates from the late 1950s 19 Although the terms pop and popular are in some cases used interchangeably and their meaning partially overlap the term pop is narrower Pop is specific to something containing qualities of mass appeal while popular refers to what has gained popularity regardless of its style 20 21 Definition EditAccording to author John Storey there are various definitions of popular culture 22 The quantitative definition of culture has the problem that too much high culture e g television dramatizations of Jane Austen is also popular Pop culture is also defined as the culture that is leftover when we have decided what high culture is citation needed However many works straddle the boundaries e g William Shakespeare and Charles Dickens Leo Tolstoy and George Orwell A third definition equates pop culture with mass culture and ideas This is seen as a commercial culture mass produced for mass consumption by mass media 23 From a Western European perspective this may be compared to American culture clarification needed Alternatively pop culture can be defined as an authentic culture of the people but this can be problematic as there are many ways of defining the people page needed Storey argued that there is a political dimension to popular culture neo Gramscian hegemony theory sees popular culture as a site of struggle between the resistance of subordinate groups in society and the forces of incorporation operating in the interests of dominant groups in society A postmodernist approach to popular culture would no longer recognize the distinction between high and popular culture Jean Baudrillard argued that the vague conception Public Opinion is a subjective and inaccurate illusion which is more complicit in populism rather than in factuality for it attributes a sovereignty to consumers that they do not really possess 24 Storey claims that popular culture emerged from the urbanization of the Industrial Revolution Studies of Shakespeare by Weimann Barber or Bristol for example locate much of the characteristic vitality of his drama in its participation in Renaissance popular culture while contemporary practitioners like Dario Fo and John McGrath use popular culture in its Gramscian sense that includes ancient folk traditions the commedia dell arte for example 25 26 need quotation to verify Popular culture is constantly evolving and occurs uniquely in place and time It forms currents and eddies and represents a complex of mutually interdependent perspectives and values that influence society and its institutions in various ways For example certain currents of pop culture may originate from or diverge into a subculture representing perspectives with which the mainstream popular culture has only limited familiarity Items of popular culture most typically appeal to a broad spectrum of the public Important contemporary contributions for understanding what popular culture means have been given by the German researcher Ronald Daus who studies the impact of extra European cultures in North America Asia and especially in Latin America Levels Edit Within the realm of popular culture there exists an organizational culture From its beginning popular culture has revolved around classes in society and the push back between them Within popular culture there are two levels that have emerged high and low High culture can be described as art and works considered of superior value historically aesthetically and socially Low culture is regarded by some as that of the lower classes historically 27 Folklore Edit Main article Folklore Adaptations based on traditional folklore provide a source of popular culture 28 This early layer of cultural mainstream still persists today in a form separate from mass produced popular culture propagating by word of mouth rather than via mass media e g in the form of jokes or urban legends With the widespread use of the Internet from the 1990s the distinction between mass media and word of mouth has become blurred citation needed Although the folkloric element of popular culture engages heavily with the commercial element communities amongst the public have their own tastes and they may not always embrace every cultural or subcultural item sold Moreover certain beliefs and opinions about the products of commercial culture may spread by word of mouth and become modified in the process and in the same manner that folklore evolves citation needed Criticism EditPopular culture in the West has been critiqued for its being a system of commercialism that privileges products selected and mass marketed by the upper class capitalist elite such criticisms are most notable in many Marxist theorists such as Herbert Marcuse Theodor Adorno Max Horkheimer bell hooks Antonio Gramsci Guy Debord Fredric Jameson Terry Eagleton as well as certain postmodern philosophers such as Jean Francois Lyotard who has written about the commercialisation of information under capitalism 29 and Jean Baudrillard as well as others 30 The Culture Industry Edit Main article Culture industry The most influential critiques of popular culture came from Marxist theorists of the Frankfurt School during the twentieth century Theodor Adorno and Max Horkheimer analysed the dangers of the culture industry in their influential work the Dialectic of Enlightenment by drawing upon the works of Kant Marx Nietzsche and others Capitalist popular culture as Adorno argued was not an authentic culture of the people but a system of homogenous and standardised products manufactured in the service of capitalist domination by the elite The consumer demand for Hollywood films pop tunes and consumable books is influenced by capitalist industries like Hollywood and the elite who decide which commodities are to be promoted in the media including television and print journalism Adorno wrote The industry bows to the vote it has itself rigged 31 It is the elite who commodify products in accordance with their narrow ideological values and criteria and Adorno argues that the audience becomes accustomed to these formulaic conventions making intellectual contemplation impossible 32 Adorno s work has had a considerable influence on culture studies philosophy and the New Left 33 Writing in the New Yorker in 2014 music critic Alex Ross argued that Adorno s work has a renewed importance in the digital age The pop hegemony is all but complete its superstars dominating the media and wielding the economic might of tycoons Culture appears more monolithic than ever with a few gigantic corporations Google Apple Facebook Amazon presiding over unprecedented monopolies 34 There is much scholarship on how Western entertainment industries strengthen transnational capitalism and reinforce a Western cultural dominance 35 Hence rather than being a local culture commercial entertainment is artificially reinforced by transnational media corporations 36 Jack Zipes a professor of German and literature critiqued the mass commercialisation and corporate hegemony behind the Harry Potter franchise He argued that the commodities of the culture industry are popular because they are homogenous and obey standard conventions the media then influences the tastes of children In his analysis of Harry Potter s global brand Zipes wrote It must conform to the standards of exception set by the mass media and promoted by the culture industry in general To be a phenomenon means that a person or commodity must conform to the hegemonic groups that determine what makes up a phenomenon 37 Imperialism Edit Main articles Imperialism and Cultural imperialism According to John M MacKenzie many products of popular culture have been designed to promote imperialist ideologies and to glorify the British upper classes rather than present a democratic view of the world 38 Although there are many films which do not contain such propaganda there have been many films that promote racism and militarist imperialism 39 Feminist critique Edit bell hooks an influential feminist argues that commercial commodities and celebrities cannot be symbols of progressiveness when they collaborate with imperialist capitalism and promote ideals of beauty hooks uses Beyonce as an example of a commodity reinforced by capitalist corporations complicit in imperialism and patriarchy 40 41 Propaganda Edit Main article Propaganda Edward S Herman and Noam Chomsky critiqued the mass media in their 1988 work Manufacturing Consent The Political Economy of the Mass Media They argue that mass media is controlled by a powerful hegemonic elite who are motivated by their own interests that determine and manipulate what information is present in the mainstream The mass media is therefore a system of propaganda In sum a propaganda approach to media coverage suggests a systematic and highly political dichotomization in news coverage based on serviceability to important domestic power interests This should be observable in dichotomized choices of story and in the volume and quality of coverage such dichotomization in the mass media is massive and systematic not only are choices for publicity and suppression comprehensible in terms of system advantage but the modes of handling favored and inconvenient materials placement tone context fullness of treatment differ in ways that serve political ends 42 Consumerism Edit Main article Consumerism According to the postmodern sociologist Jean Baudrillard the individual is trained into the duty of seeking the relentless maximisation of pleasure lest he or she become asocial 43 Therefore enjoyment and fun become indistinguishable from the need to consume Whereas the Frankfurt School believed consumers were passive Baudrillard argued that consumers were trained to consume products in a form of active labour in order to achieve upward social mobility 44 Thus consumers under capitalism are trained to purchase products such as pop albums and consumable fiction in order to signal their devotion to social trends fashions and subcultures Although the consumption may arise from an active choice the choice is still the consequence of a social conditioning which the individual is unconscious of Baudrillard says One is permanently governed by a code whose rules and meaning constraints like those of language are for the most part beyond the grasp of individuals 45 In Baudrillard s understanding the products of capitalist popular culture can only give the illusion of rebellion since they are still complicit in a system controlled by the powerful Baudrillard stated in an interview critiquing the content and production of The Matrix The Matrix paints the picture of a monopolistic superpower like we see today and then collaborates in its refraction Basically its dissemination on a world scale is complicit with the film itself On this point it is worth recalling Marshall McLuhan the medium is the message The message of The Matrix is its own diffusion by an uncontrollable and proliferating contamination 46 Sources EditPrint culture Edit Main article Print culture With the invention of the printing press in the sixteenth century mass produced cheap books pamphlets and periodicals became widely available to the public With this the transmission of common knowledge and ideas was possible 47 Radio culture Edit Main article Radio broadcasting In the 1890s Nikola Tesla and Guglielmo Marconi created the radiotelegraph allowing for the modern radio to be born This led to the radio being able to influence a more listened to culture with individuals being able to feel like they have a more direct impact 48 This radio culture is vital because it was imperative to advertising and it introduced the commercial Films Edit Main article Film Films and cinema are highly influential to popular culture as films as an art form are what people seem to respond to the most 49 With moving pictures being first captured by Eadweard Muybridge in 1877 films have evolved into elements that can be cast into different digital formats spreading to different cultures The impact of films and cinema are most evident when analyzing in the search of what the films aim to portray 50 Films are used to seek acceptance and understanding of many subjects because of the influence the films carry an example of an early representation of this can be seen in Casablanca 1942 the film introduced war subjects to the public after the United States entered World War II and it meant to increase pro war sentiment for the allies 51 Films are a known massive influencer to popular culture yet not all films create a movement that contributes enough to be part of the popular culture that starts movements citation needed The content must resonate to most of the public so the knowledge in the material connects with the majority citation needed Popular culture is a set of beliefs in trends and entail to change a person s set of ideologies and create social transformation 52 The beliefs are still a trend that change more rapidly in the modern age that carries a continuation of outpouring media and more specifically films The trend does not last but it also carries a different effect based on individuals that can be grouped to generalized groups based on age and education citation needed The creation of culture by films is seen in fandoms religions ideologies and movements The culture of film is more evident through social media Social media is an instant source of feedback and creates discussion on films A repeating event that has been set in modern culture within the trend setting phase is the creation of movements in social media platforms to defend a featured subject on a film 53 Popular culture or mass culture is reached easily with films which are easily shared and reached worldwide 49 Television programs Edit Main article Television program A television program is a segment of audiovisual content intended for broadcast other than a commercial trailer or other content not serving as attraction for viewership Television programs may be fictional as in comedies and dramas or non fictional as in documentary light entertainment news and reality television They may be topical as in the case of a local newscast and some made for television movies or historical as in the case of many documentaries and fictional series They can be primarily instructional or educational or entertaining as is the case in situation comedy and game shows citation needed Music Edit Main article Popular music Popular music is music with wide appeal 54 55 that is typically distributed to large audiences through the music industry These forms and styles can be enjoyed and performed by people with little or no musical training 54 It stands in contrast to both art music 56 57 and traditional or folk music Art music was historically disseminated through the performances of written music although since the beginning of the recording industry it is also disseminated through recordings Traditional music forms such as early blues songs or hymns were passed along orally or to smaller local audiences 56 Sports Edit Main article Sport Sports include all forms of competitive physical activity or games which 58 through casual or organised participation aim to use maintain or improve physical ability and skills while providing enjoyment to participants and in some cases entertainment for spectators 59 Corporate branding Edit Main article Corporate branding Corporate branding refers to the practice of promoting the brand name of a corporate entity as opposed to specific products or services 60 Personal branding Edit Main article Personal branding Personal branding includes the use of social media to promotion to brands and topics to further good repute among professionals in a given field produce an iconic relationship between a professional a brand and its audience that extends networks past the conventional lines established by the mainstream and to enhance personal visibility Popular culture is generally recognized by members of a society as a set of the practices beliefs and objects that are dominant or prevalent in a society at a given point in time As celebrities online identities are extremely important in order to create a brand to line up sponsorships jobs and opportunities As influencers micro celebrities and users constantly need to find new ways to be unique or stay updated with trends in order to maintain followers views and likes 61 For example Ellen DeGeneres has created her own personal branding through her talk show The Ellen DeGeneres Show As she developed her brand we can see the branches she created to extend her fan base such as Ellen clothing socks pet beds and more Social media Edit Main article Social media See also Information Age Social media is interactive computer mediated technologies that facilitate the creation or sharing of information ideas career interests and other forms of expression via virtual communities and networks Social media platforms such as Instagram Facebook Twitter YouTube TikTok and Snapchat are the most popular applications used on a daily basis for younger generations Social media tends to be implemented into the daily routine of individuals in our current society Social media is a vital part of our culture as it continues to impact the forms of communication used to connect with those in our communities families or friend groups 62 We often see that terms or slang is used online that is not used in face to face conversations thus adding to a persona users create through the screens of technology 62 For example some individuals respond to situations with a hashtag or emojis 62 See also Edit Society portalBread and circuses Cultural appropriation Culture industry Fads Journal of Popular Culture Lowbrow MTV Generation Pop art Pop icon Pop culture fiction Popular culture studiesNotes Edit popular art Britannica www britannica com Retrieved 2022 12 10 Tavinor Grant 2011 Video Games as Mass Art Contemporary Aesthetics 9 hdl 2027 spo 7523862 0009 009 ISSN 1932 8478 Lane Crothers 2021 Globalization and American Popular Culture Rowman amp Littlefield p 48 ISBN 9781538142691 McGaha Julie Popular Culture amp Globalization Multicultural Education 23 1 2015 32 37 SocINDEX with Full Text Web 5 Aug 2016 Strinati D 2004 An introduction to theories of popular culture Routledge Storey J 2018 Cultural theory and popular culture An introduction Routledge What Is Pop Culture By Gary West Archived from the original on 2016 08 29 Retrieved 2015 03 17 Inventing Popular Culture From Folklore to Globalization by John Storey John Wiley amp Sons 2009 ISBN 9781405172653 Chapter 1 Popular Culture as Folk Culture Although the Oxford English Dictionary lists the first use as 1854 it appears in an address by Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi in 1818 Pestalozzi Johann Heinrich 1818 The Address of Pestalozzi to the British Public I see that it is impossible to attain this end without founding the means of popular culture and instruction upon a basis which cannot be got at otherwise than in a profound examination of Man himself without such an investigation and such a basis all is darkness Per Adam Siljestrom sv The educational institutions of the United States their character and organization J Chapman 1853 p 243 Influence of European emigration on the state of civilization in the United States Statistics of popular culture in America John Morley presented an address On Popular Culture at the Birmingham Town Hall in 1876 dealing with the education of the lower classes Rabelais and Bakhtin Popular Culture in Gargantua and Pantagruel p 13 Rabelais s Radical Farce p 9 Penny dreadfuls the Victorian equivalent of video games The Guardian Retrieved 23 November 2018 Penny dreadfuls The British Library Retrieved 2020 06 29 Johnson Charles 1836 Lives of the Most Notorious Highwaymen Footpads and Murderers Lloyd Purkess amp Strange Learning is dishonored when she stoops to attract cited in a section Popular Culture and True Education in University extension Issue 4 The American society for the extension of university teaching 1894 e g the making of popular culture plays in post revolutionary Russian theater Huntly Carter The new spirit in the Russian theatre 1917 28 And a sketch of the Russian kinema and radio 1919 28 showing the new communal relationship between the three Ayer Publishing 1929 p 166 one look at the sheer mass and volume of what we euphemistically call our popular culture suffices from Winthrop Sargeant In Defense of the High Brow an article from LIFE magazine 11 April 1949 p 102 The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians volume 15 p 85 entry Pop music Steinem Gloria Outs of pop culture in LIFE magazine 20 August 1965 p 73 quotations Pop Culture although big mercurial and slippery to define is really an umbrella term that covers anything currently in fashion all or most of whose ingredients are familiar to the public at large The new dances are a perfect example Pop Art itself may mean little to the average man but its vocabulary is always familiar Bill Lamb What Is Pop Music A Definition About com retrieved 8 March 2012 quotation It is tempting to confuse pop music with popular music The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians the musicologist s ultimate reference resource identifies popular music as the music since industrialization in the 1800s that is most in line with the tastes and interests of the urban middle class This would include an extremely wide range of music from vaudeville and minstrel shows to heavy metal Pop music on the other hand has primarily come into usage to describe music that evolved out of the rock n roll revolution of the mid 1950s and continues in a definable path to today John Storey Cultural Theory and Popular Culture pp 4 8 Sergio Campos Goncalves Cultura e Sociedade de Consumo um olhar em retrospecto InRevista Nucleo de Producao Cientifica em Comunicacao UNAERP Ribeirao Preto v 3 pp 18 28 2008 ISSN 1980 6418 Baudrillard J 1998 The Consumer Society Myths and Structures Page 86 Robert Weimann de Shakespeare and the Popular Tradition 1967 Robert Shaughnessy The Cambridge companion to Shakespeare and popular culture 2007 p 24 Danesi Marcel 2018 07 12 Popular Culture Introductory Perspectives TAMU Libraries Rowman amp Littlefield Publishers p 6 7 ISBN 9781538107447 On the Ambiguity of the Three Wise Monkeys A W Smith Folklore Vol 104 No 1 2 1993 pp 144 150 Lyotard Jean Francois 1979 La condition postmoderne rapport sur le savoir Paris Minuit Frederic Jameson Postmodernism or the Cultural Logic of Late Capitalism Durham NC Duke University Press 1991 Adorno amp Horkheimer Dialectic of Enlightenment p 106 Adorno amp Horkheimer Dialectic of Enlightenment p 100 Held D 1980 Introduction to Critical Theory Horkheimer to Habermas Berkeley University of California Press Ross Alex 8 September 2014 The Naysayers The New Yorker Retrieved 20 July 2021 a href Template Cite magazine html title Template Cite magazine cite magazine a CS1 maint url status link Lee Artz 2015 Global Entertainment Media A Critical Introduction 167 175 Hearts and Mines The US Empire s Culture Industry Tanner Mirrlees Vancouver University of British Columbia Press 2016 336 pp Zipes J 2002 Sticks and Stones The Troublesome Success of Children s Literature from Slovenly Peter to Harry Potter p 175 John M MacKenzie Imperialism and Popular Culture 1986 Manchester University Press 155 John M MacKenzie Imperialism and Popular Culture 1986 Manchester University Press 155 bell hooks https genius com Bell hooks beyonce is a terrorist annotated bell hooks Beyonce s Lemonade is capitalist money making at its best Guardian 2016 Manufacturing Consent The Political Economy of the Mass Media 1988 Page 19 20 Noam Chomsky amp Edward S Herman Baudrillard J 1998 The Consumer Society Myths and Structures p 80 Baudrillard J 1998 The Consumer Society Myths and Structures p 110 Baudrillard J 1998 The Consumer Society Myths and Structures p 61 Genosko Gary Bryx Adam July 2004 The Matrix Decoded Le Nouvel Observateur Interview With Jean Baudrillard International Journal of Baudrillard Studies 1 2 ISSN 1705 6411 Danesi Marcel 2018 07 12 Popular Culture Introductory Perspectives TAMU Libraries Rowman amp Littlefield Publishers p 112 ISBN 9781538107447 Danesi Marcel 2018 07 12 Popular Culture Introductory Perspectives TAMU Libraries Rowman amp Littlefield Publishers p 157 ISBN 9781538107447 a b Danesi Marcel 2018 07 12 Popular Culture Introductory Perspectives TAMU Libraries Rowman amp Littlefield Publishers p 195 ISBN 9781538107447 Films as Social and Cultural History historymatters gmu edu Retrieved 2020 12 01 Jackson Kathy 2000 Playing it again and again Casablanca s impact on American mass media and popular culture Journal of Popular Film amp Television 27 4 33 41 9p doi 10 1080 01956050009602813 S2CID 191490559 Kubrak Tina 2020 Impact of Films Changes in Young People s Attitudes after Watching a Movie Behavioral Sciences 10 5 86 doi 10 3390 bs10050086 PMC 7288198 PMID 32370280 Hallinan Blake Recommended for you The Netflix Prize and the production of algorithmic culture New Media and Society 2016 117 137 a b Popular Music 2015 Funk amp Wagnalls New World Encyclopedia Definition of popular music Collins English Dictionary www collinsdictionary com Retrieved 2015 11 15 a b Arnold Denis 1983 The New Oxford Companion Music Volume 1 A J Oxford University Press p 111 ISBN 978 0 19 311316 9 Tagg Philip 1982 Analysing popular music theory method and practice PDF Popular Music 2 37 67 CiteSeerX 10 1 1 628 7469 doi 10 1017 S0261143000001227 S2CID 35426157 Archived from the original PDF on 2018 07 21 Definition of sport SportAccord Archived from the original on 28 October 2011 Council of Europe The European sport charter Retrieved 5 March 2012 Pop Culture An Overview Issue 64 Philosophy Now Retrieved July 2 2018 Harris L Rae A 2011 Building a personal brand through social networking Journal of Business Strategy Emerald Group Publishing Limited 32 5 14 21 doi 10 1108 02756661111165435 a b c How social media influences culture and language The Johns Hopkins News Letter Retrieved 2020 04 04 References EditAshby LeRoy The Rising of Popular Culture A Historiographical Sketch OAH Magazine of History 24 April 2010 11 14 Ashby LeRoy With Amusement for All A History of American Popular Culture since 1830 2006 Moritz Bassler de Der deutsche Pop Roman Die neuen Archivisten The German Pop Novel The new archivists C H Beck Munchen 2002 ISBN 3 406 47614 7 Bakhtin M M and Michael Holquist Vadim Liapunov Kenneth Brostrom 1981 The Dialogic Imagination Four Essays University of Texas Press Slavic Series Ed Michael Holquist Trans Caryl Emerson and Michael Holquist Austin and London University of Texas Press Browne Ray B and Pat Browne eds The Guide to U S Popular Culture 2001 1010 pages essays by experts on many topics Burke Peter Popular Culture Reconsidered Storia della Storiografia 1990 Issue 17 pp 40 49 Freitag Sandria B Popular Culture in the Rewriting of History An Essay in Comparative History and Historiography Journal of Peasant Studies 1989 Vol 16 Issue 3 pp 169 198 Gans Herbert J Popular Culture and High Culture an Analysis and Evaluation of Taste New York Basic Books 1974 xii 179 p ISBN 0 465 06021 8 Gerson Stephane A World of Their Own Searching for Popular Culture in the French Countryside French Politics Culture and Society Summer 2009 Vol 27 Issue 2 pp 94 110 Golby J M and A W Purdue The civilisation of the crowd popular culture in England 1750 1900 1985 online Griffin Emma Popular Culture in Industrializing England Historical Journal 2002 45 3 pp 619 635 online Historiography Hassabian Anahid 1999 Popular Key Terms in Popular Music and Culture eds Horner Bruce and Swiss Thomas Malden Massachusetts Blackwell Publishers ISBN 0 631 21263 9 Kamaludeen Mohamed Nasir 2016 Globalized Muslim Youth in the Asia Pacific Popular Culture in Singapore and Sydney New York Palgrave ISBN 978 1 137 54264 9 Knight Robert H The Age of Consent the Rise of Relativism and the Corruption of Popular Culture Dallas Tex Spence Publishing Co 1998 xxiv 253 1 p ISBN 1 890626 05 8 Ross Andrew No Respect Intellectuals amp Popular Culture New York Routledge 1989 ix 269 p ISBN 0 415 90037 9 pbk Seabrook John NoBrow the culture of marketing the marketing of culture New York A A Knopf 2000 ISBN 0 375 40504 6 Storey John 2006 Cultural theory and popular culture Pearson Education ISBN 978 0 13 197068 7 Stoykov Lubomir January 2014 Politics and pop culture Celebrity and communicative perspectives of the modern politician Media and Social Communications The University of National and World Economy Alma communication 19 Swirski Peter 2010 Ars Americana Ars Politica Partisan Expression in Contemporary American Literature and Culture Montreal London McGill Queen s University Press ISBN 978 0 7735 3766 8 Swirski Peter 2005 From Lowbrow to Nobrow Montreal London McGill Queen s University Press ISBN 978 0 7735 3019 5 On Religion and Popular CultureFurther reading EditDuncan Barry 1988 Mass Media and Popular Culture Toronto Ont Harcourt Brace amp Co Canada ISBN 0 7747 1262 7 Rosenberg Bernard and David Manning White joint eds Mass Culture the Popular Arts in America New York Free Press of Glencoe 1957 Cowen Tyler For Some Developing Countries America s Popular Culture Is Resistible The New York Times 22 February 2007 sec C p 3 Furio Joanne The Significance of MTV and Rap Music in Popular Culture The New York Times 29 December 1991 sec VI p 2 External links Edit Media related to Popular culture at Wikimedia Commons Quotations related to Popular culture at Wikiquote The dictionary definition of popular culture at Wiktionary Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Popular culture amp oldid 1134793859, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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