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Bucharest

January 01, 1970

Not to be confused with Budapest.

Bucharest (UK: /ˌbuːkəˈrɛst/ BOO-kə-REST, US: /ˈbuːkərɛst/ -⁠rest; Romanian: București [bukuˈreʃtʲ] ⓘ) is the capital and largest city of Romania. The metropolis stands on the River Dâmbovița in south-eastern Romania. Its population is officially estimated at 1.76 million residents within a greater metropolitan area of 2.3 million residents, which makes Bucharest the 8th most-populous city in the European Union. The city area measures 240 km2 and comprises 6 districts (Sectoare), while the metropolitan area covers 1,811 km2 . Bucharest is a beta global city, a major cultural, political and economic hub, and the country's seat of government.

Bucharest
București
Capital city and municipality
City of Bucharest
Bucharest's skyline and University Square
Romanian Athenaeum
Palace of Parliament
Central University Library
Palace of Justice
Floreasca
CEC Palace
King Michael I Park
Bucharest Old Town
City Gate Towers
Flag
Coat of arms
Logo
Nicknames: 
Paris of the East
Motto(s): 
Patria și dreptul meu
(The Homeland and my right)
Bucharest
Location of Bucharest in Romania
Bucharest
Bucharest (Balkans)
Bucharest
Bucharest (Europe)
Coordinates: 44°25′57″N 26°6′14″E / 44.43250°N 26.10389°E / 44.43250; 26.10389
Country Romania
Development regionBucurești – Ilfov
CountyMunicipality of Bucharest
First attested1459
Founded byVlad the Impaler
Sectors6 sectors
Government
 • TypeStrong Mayor–Council
 • MayorNicușor Dan (Ind.)
 • LegislatureGeneral Council
 • EPBucharest constituency
Area
[1]
 • Capital city and municipality240 km2 (93 sq mi)
 • Metro
1,803 km2 (696 sq mi)
Elevation
55.8–91.5 m (183.1–300.2 ft)
Population
 (2021 census)[3]
 • Capital city and municipality1,716,961
 • Estimate 
(January 2023)[2]
1,739,297
 • Rank1st in Romania (8th in the EU)
 • Density7,277/km2 (18,850/sq mi)
 • Metro
2,304,408 (Bucharest-Ilfov)[2]
 • Metro density1,278/km2 (3,310/sq mi)
DemonymsBucharester (en)
bucureștean, bucureșteancă (ro)
GDP Nominal (2024)
[4]
 • City€ 88.18 billion (25.4% of Romania)
 • Metro€ 97.74 billion (28.2% of Romania)
 • Per capita (City)€ 50,751[4]
Time zoneUTC+02:00 (EET)
 • Summer (DST)UTC+03:00 (EEST)
Postal code
0100xx-0201xx, 0201xx-0300xx, 0365xx
Area code+40 31
HDI (2021)0.963[5] – very high
Rapid transit systemMetro
International Airports
Websitewww.pmb.ro

Bucharest was first mentioned in documents in 1459. The city became capital in 1862 and is the centre of Romanian media, culture, and art. Its architecture is a mix of historical (mostly Eclectic, but also Neoclassical and Art Nouveau), interbellum (Bauhaus, Art Deco, and Romanian Revival architecture), socialist era, and modern. In the period between the two World Wars, the city's elegant architecture and the sophistication of its elite earned Bucharest the nicknames of Little Paris (Romanian: Micul Paris) or Paris of the East (Romanian: Parisul Estului).[6] Although buildings and districts in the historic city centre were heavily damaged or destroyed by war, earthquakes, and even Nicolae Ceaușescu's program of systematization, many survived and have been renovated. In recent years, the city has been experiencing an economic and cultural boom.[7][8] It is one of the fastest-growing high-tech cities in Europe, according to the Financial Times, CBRE, TechCrunch, and others.[9][10][11][12][13]

In 2016, the historical city centre was listed as 'endangered' by the World Monuments Watch.[14] In 2017, Bucharest was the European city with the highest growth of tourists who stay over night, according to the Mastercard Global Index of Urban Destinations.[15] As for the past two consecutive years, 2018 and 2019, Bucharest ranked as the European destination with the highest potential for development according to the same study.[16]

In January 2023, there were 1.74 million inhabitants living within the city limits,[2] and adding the satellite towns around the urban area, the proposed metropolitan area of Bucharest would have a population of 2.3 million people.[2] In 2020, the government used 2.5 million people as the basis for pandemic reports.[17] Bucharest is the eighth largest city in the European Union by population within city limits, behind Warsaw, Poland and one position ahead of Budapest, Hungary.

Economically, Bucharest is the most prosperous city in Romania and the richest capital and city in the region, having surpassed Budapest since 2017.[18][19][20]

The city has a number of large convention facilities, educational institutes, cultural venues, traditional 'shopping arcades' and recreational areas.

The city proper is administratively known as the 'Municipality of Bucharest' (Romanian: Municipiul București), and has the same administrative level as that of a national county, being further subdivided into six sectors, each governed by a local mayor.

Etymology edit

The Romanian name București has an unverified origin. Tradition connects the founding of Bucharest with the name of Bucur, who was a prince, an outlaw, a fisherman, a shepherd or a hunter, according to different legends. In Romanian, the word stem bucurie means 'joy' ('happiness'),[21] and it is believed to be of Dacian origin,[22] hence the city Bucharest means 'city of joy'.[23]

Other etymologies are given by early scholars, including the one of an Ottoman traveller, Evliya Çelebi, who claimed that Bucharest was named after a certain 'Abu-Kariș', from the tribe of 'Bani-Kureiș'. In 1781, Austrian historian Franz Sulzer claimed that it was related to bucurie (joy), bucuros (joyful), or a se bucura (to be joyful), while an early 19th-century book published in Vienna assumed its name to be derived from 'Bukovie', a beech forest.[24] In English, the city's name was formerly rendered as Bukarest. A native or resident of Bucharest is called a 'Bucharester' (Romanian: bucureștean).

History edit

Main article: History of Bucharest
For a chronological guide, see Timeline of Bucharest.
 
Bucharest in 1923 during Romania's golden age, the interwar period
 
Often compared to the Champs-Élysées, the current Calea Victoriei becomes a pedestrian zone on the weekend.

Bucharest's history alternated periods of development and decline from the early settlements in antiquity until its consolidation as the national capital of Romania late in the 19th century. First mentioned as the 'Citadel of București' in 1459, it became the residence of the ruler of Wallachia, Voivode Vlad the Impaler.[25]: 23 

The Old Princely Court (Curtea Veche) was erected by Mircea Ciobanul in the mid-16th century. Under subsequent rulers, Bucharest was established as the summer residence of the royal court. During the years to come, it competed with Târgoviște on the status of capital city after an increase in the importance of Southern Muntenia brought about by the demands of the suzerain power – the Ottoman Empire.

Bucharest finally became the permanent location of the Wallachian court after 1698 (starting with the reign of Constantin Brâncoveanu). The city was partly destroyed by natural disasters and rebuilt several times during the following 200 years

The Ottomans appointed Greek administrators (Phanariotes) to run the town (Ottoman Turkish: بكرش, romanized: Bukreş[26]) from the 18th century. The 1821 Wallachian uprising initiated by Tudor Vladimirescu led to the end of the rule of Constantinople Greeks in Bucharest.[27]

In 1813–14 the city was hit by Caragea's plague. the city was wrested from Ottoman influence and occupied at several intervals by the Habsburg monarchy (1716, 1737, 1789) and Imperial Russia (three times between 1768 and 1806). It was placed under Russian administration between 1828 and the Crimean War, with an interlude during the Bucharest-centred 1848 Wallachian revolution. Later, an Austrian garrison took possession after the Russian departure (remaining in the city until March 1857). On 23 March 1847, a fire consumed about 2,000 buildings, destroying a third of the city.

In 1862, after Wallachia and Moldavia were united to form the Principality of Romania, Bucharest became the new nation's capital city. In 1881, it became the political centre of the newly proclaimed Kingdom of Romania under King Carol I. During the second half of the 19th century, the city's population increased dramatically, and a new period of urban development began. During this period, gas lighting, horse-drawn trams, and limited electrification were introduced.[28] The Dâmbovița River was also massively channelled in 1883, thus putting a stop to previously endemic floods like the 1865 flooding of Bucharest.[29] The Fortifications of Bucharest were built. The extravagant architecture and cosmopolitan high culture of this period won Bucharest the nickname of 'Paris of the East' (Parisul Estului), with the Calea Victoriei as its Champs-Élysées.

Between 6 December 1916 and November 1918, the city was occupied by German forces as a result of the Battle of Bucharest, with the official capital temporarily moved to Iași (also called Jassy), in the Moldavia region. After World War I, Bucharest became the capital of Greater Romania. In the interwar years, Bucharest's urban development continued, with the city gaining an average of 30,000 new residents each year. Also, some of the city's main landmarks were built in this period, including Arcul de Triumf and Palatul Telefoanelor.[30] However, the Great Depression in Romania took its toll on Bucharest's citizens, culminating in the Grivița Strike of 1933.[31]

In January 1941, the city was the scene of the Legionnaires' rebellion and Bucharest pogrom. As the capital of an Axis country and a major transit point for Axis troops en route to the Eastern Front, Bucharest suffered heavy damage during World War II due to Allied bombings. On 23 August 1944, Bucharest was the site of the royal coup which brought Romania into the Allied camp. The city suffered a short period of Nazi Luftwaffe bombings, as well as a failed attempt by German troops to regain the city.

 
The Old Princely Court (Curtea Veche), the former residence of ruler Vlad the Impaler, is located in the Old Town.

After the establishment of communism in Romania, the city continued growing. New districts were constructed, most of them dominated by tower blocks. During Nicolae Ceaușescu's leadership (1965–89), a part of the historic city was demolished and replaced by 'Socialist realism' style development: (1) the Centrul Civic (the Civic Centre) and (2) the Palace of the Parliament, for which an entire historic quarter was razed to make way for Ceaușescu's megalomaniac plans. On 4 March 1977, an earthquake centred in Vrancea, about 135 km (83.89 mi) away, claimed 1,500 lives and caused further damage to the historic centre.

The Romanian Revolution of 1989 began with massive anti-Ceaușescu protests in Timișoara in December 1989 and continued in Bucharest, leading to the overthrow of the Communist regime. Dissatisfied with the postrevolutionary leadership of the National Salvation Front, some student leagues and opposition groups organised anti-Communist rallies in early 1990, which caused the political change.

Since 2000, the city has been continuously modernised. Residential and commercial developments are underway, particularly in the northern districts; Bucharest's old historic centre has undergone restoration since the mid-2000s.[32]

In 2015, 64 people were killed in the Colectiv nightclub fire. Later the Romanian capital saw the 2017–2019 Romanian protests against the judicial reforms,[33] with a 2018 protest ending with 450 people injured.[34]

Treaties edit

The following treaties were signed in the city:

Geography edit

General edit

 
Bucharest is Romania's capital and largest city.

The city is situated on the banks of the Dâmbovița River, which flows into the Argeș River, a tributary of the Danube. Several lakes – the most important of which are Lake Herăstrău, Lake Floreasca, Lake Tei, and Lake Colentina – stretch across the northern parts of the city, along the Colentina River, a tributary of the Dâmbovița. In addition, in the centre of the capital is a small artificial lake – Lake Cișmigiu – surrounded by the Cișmigiu Gardens. These gardens have a rich history, having been frequented by poets and writers. Opened in 1847 and based on the plans of German architect Carl F.W. Meyer, the gardens are the main recreational facility in the city centre.

 
King Michael I Park
 
Văcărești Nature Park
 
Carol Park
 
Cișmigiu Gardens
 
Tineretului Park

Bucharest parks and gardens also include Herăstrău Park, Tineretului Park and the Botanical Garden. Herăstrău Park is located in the northern part of the city, around Lake Herăstrău, and includes the site the Village Museum. Grigore Antipa Museum is also near in the Victoriei Square. One of its best known locations are Hard Rock Cafe Bucharest and Berăria H (one of the largest beer halls in Europe). Tineretului Park was created in 1965 and designed as the main recreational space for southern Bucharest. It contains a Mini Town which is a play area for kids. The Botanical Garden, located in the Cotroceni neighbourhood a bit west of the city centre, is the largest of its kind in Romania and contains over 10,000 species of plants (many of them exotic); it originated as the pleasure park of the royal family.[35] Besides them, there are many other smaller parks that should be visited, some of them being still large. Alexandru Ioan Cuza Park, Kiseleff Park, Carol Park, Izvor Park, Grădina Icoanei, Circului Park and Moghioroș Park are a few of them. Other large parks in Bucharest are: National Park, Tei Park, Eroilor Park and Crângași Park with Morii Lake.

Lake Văcărești is located in the southern part of the city. Over 190 hectares, including 90 hectares of water, host 97 species of birds, half of them protected by law, and at least seven species of mammals.[36] The lake is surrounded by buildings of flats and is an odd result of human intervention and nature taking its course. The area was a small village that Ceaușescu attempted to convert into a lake. After demolishing the houses and building the concrete basin, the plan was abandoned following the 1989 revolution.[37] For nearly two decades, the area shifted from being an abandoned green space where children could play and sunbathe, to being contested by previous owners of the land there, to being closed for redevelopment into a sports centre. The redevelopment deal failed,[38] and over the following years, the green space grew into a unique habitat. In May 2016, the lake was declared a national park, the Văcărești Nature Park.[39] Dubbed the 'Delta of Bucharest', the area is protected.[40]

Bucharest is situated in the center of the Romanian Plain, in an area once covered by the Vlăsiei Forest, which after it was cleared, gave way for a fertile flatland. As with many cities, Bucharest is traditionally considered to be built upon seven hills, similar to the seven hills of Rome. Bucharest's seven hills are: Mihai Vodă, Dealul Mitropoliei, Radu Vodă, Cotroceni, Dealul Spirii, Văcărești, and Sfântu Gheorghe Nou.

The city has an area of 226 km2 (87 sq mi). The altitude varies from 55.8 m (183.1 ft) at the Dâmbovița bridge in Cățelu, southeastern Bucharest and 91.5 m (300.2 ft) at the Militari church. The city has a roughly round shape, with the centre situated in the cross-way of the main north–south/east-west axes at University Square. The milestone for Romania's Kilometre Zero is placed just south of University Square in front of the New St. George Church (Sfântul Gheorghe Nou) at St. George Square (Piața Sfântul Gheorghe). Bucharest's radius, from University Square to the city limits in all directions, varies from 10 to 12 km (6 to 7 mi).

Until recently, the regions surrounding Bucharest were largely rural, but after 1989, suburbs started to be built around Bucharest, in the surrounding Ilfov County. Further urban consolidation is expected to take place in the late 2010s, when the 'Bucharest Metropolitan Area' plan will become operational, incorporating additional communes and cities from the Ilfov and other neighbouring counties.[41]

Climate edit

Bucharest has a humid continental climate (Dfa by the 0 °C isotherm), or a humid subtropical climate (Köppen: Cfa by the -3 °C isotherm), with hot, humid summers and cold, snowy winters. Owing to its position on the Romanian Plain, the city's winters can get windy, though some of the winds are mitigated due to urbanisation. Winter temperatures often dip below 0 °C (32 °F), sometimes even to −10 °C (14 °F). In summer, the average high temperature is 29.8 °C (85.6 °F) (the average for July and August). Temperatures frequently reach 35 to 40 °C (95 to 104 °F) in midsummer in the city centre. Although average precipitation in summer is moderate, occasional heavy storms occur. During spring and autumn, daytime temperatures vary between 17 and 22 °C (63 and 72 °F), and precipitation during spring tends to be higher than in summer, with more frequent yet milder periods of rain.[42][43]

Climate data for Bucharest Băneasa (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1929–present)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 20.9
(69.6) 		24.1
(75.4) 		29.0
(84.2) 		32.2
(90.0) 		36.9
(98.4) 		39.0
(102.2) 		42.6
(108.7) 		41.0
(105.8) 		38.5
(101.3) 		35.2
(95.4) 		25.1
(77.2) 		18.4
(65.1) 		42.6
(108.7)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 3.0
(37.4) 		6.3
(43.3) 		12.3
(54.1) 		18.5
(65.3) 		24.1
(75.4) 		28.1
(82.6) 		30.4
(86.7) 		30.6
(87.1) 		25.0
(77.0) 		18.0
(64.4) 		10.5
(50.9) 		4.2
(39.6) 		17.6
(63.7)
Daily mean °C (°F) −1.5
(29.3) 		0.6
(33.1) 		5.6
(42.1) 		11.4
(52.5) 		16.8
(62.2) 		21.1
(70.0) 		23.0
(73.4) 		22.4
(72.3) 		16.8
(62.2) 		10.7
(51.3) 		5.3
(41.5) 		0.0
(32.0) 		11.0
(51.8)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) −5.0
(23.0) 		−3.5
(25.7) 		0.3
(32.5) 		4.9
(40.8) 		9.7
(49.5) 		13.9
(57.0) 		15.6
(60.1) 		15.2
(59.4) 		10.7
(51.3) 		5.7
(42.3) 		1.4
(34.5) 		−3.3
(26.1) 		5.5
(41.9)
Record low °C (°F) −32.2
(−26.0) 		−29.0
(−20.2) 		−21.7
(−7.1) 		−9.5
(14.9) 		−5.0
(23.0) 		4.5
(40.1) 		7.4
(45.3) 		5.2
(41.4) 		−3.1
(26.4) 		−8.0
(17.6) 		−19.4
(−2.9) 		−25.6
(−14.1) 		−32.2
(−26.0)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 40.1
(1.58) 		33.0
(1.30) 		42.4
(1.67) 		50.2
(1.98) 		70.4
(2.77) 		82.7
(3.26) 		68.6
(2.70) 		48.9
(1.93) 		60.5
(2.38) 		60.7
(2.39) 		43.6
(1.72) 		47.0
(1.85) 		648.1
(25.52)
Average snowfall cm (inches) 13.7
(5.4) 		11.0
(4.3) 		10.5
(4.1) 		1.5
(0.6) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		8.8
(3.5) 		10.5
(4.1) 		56.0
(22.0)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) 6.1 5.4 6.3 6.2 8.4 8.3 7.1 5.2 4.9 5.6 5.4 6.7 75.6
Average relative humidity (%) 86 82 71 63 62 61 58 57 61 73 84 87 70
Average dew point °C (°F) −4.2
(24.4) 		−2.7
(27.1) 		0.9
(33.6) 		5.4
(41.7) 		10.2
(50.4) 		13.9
(57.0) 		15.3
(59.5) 		14.7
(58.5) 		11.6
(52.9) 		6.8
(44.2) 		2.5
(36.5) 		−1.3
(29.7) 		6.1
(43.0)
Mean monthly sunshine hours 78.8 107.1 156.7 195.3 245.4 259.4 293.4 283.0 208.7 149.6 84.8 63.9 2,126.1
Average ultraviolet index 1 2 3 5 7 8 8 7 5 3 2 1 4
Source 1: NOAA (dew point and snowfall 1961–1990)[44][45]
Source 2: Administrația Națională de Meteorologie (extremes),[46] Danish Meteorological Institute (humidity, 1931–1960)[47] and Weather Atlas[48]

Government edit

Administration edit

See also: Bucharest metropolitan area

Bucharest has a unique status in Romanian administration, since it is the only municipal area that is not part of a county. Its population, however, is larger than that of any other Romanian county, hence the power of the Bucharest General Municipality (Primăria Generală), which is the capital's local government body, is the same as any other Romanian county council.

The Municipality of Bucharest, along with the surrounding Ilfov County, is part of the București – Ilfov development region project, which is equivalent to NUTS-II regions in the European Union and is used both by the EU and the Romanian government for statistical analysis, and to co-ordinate regional development projects and manage funds from the EU. The Bucharest-Ilfov development region is not, however, an administrative entity yet.

 
Sectors of Bucharest

The city government is headed by a general mayor (Primar General). Since 29 October 2020 onwards, it is Nicușor Dan, currently an independent politician previously backed by the PNL-USR PLUS centre-right alliance at the 2020 Romanian local elections. Decisions are approved and discussed by the capital's General Council (Consiliu General) made up of 55 elected councilors. Furthermore, the city is divided into six administrative sectors (sectoare), each of which has its own 27-seat sectoral council, town hall, and mayor. The powers of the local government over a certain area are, therefore, shared both by the Bucharest municipality and the local sectoral councils with little or no overlapping of authority. The general rule is that the main capital municipality is responsible for citywide utilities such as the water and sewage system, the overall transport system, and the main boulevards, while sectoral town halls manage the contact between individuals and the local government, secondary streets and parks maintenance, schools administration, and cleaning services.

The six sectors are numbered from one to six and are disposed radially so that each one has under its administration a certain area of the city centre. They are numbered clockwise and are further divided into sectoral quarters (cartiere) which are not part of the official administrative division:

Each sector is governed by a local mayor, as follows: Sector 1 – Clotilde Armand (USR, since 2020), Sector 2 – Radu Mihaiu (USR, since 2020), Sector 3 – Robert Negoiță (PRO B, since 2012), Sector 4 – Daniel Băluță (PSD, since 2016), Sector 5 – Cristian Popescu Piedone (PPU SL, since 2020),[49] Sector 6 – Ciprian Ciucu (PNL, since 2020).

Like all other local councils in Romania, the Bucharest sectoral councils, the capital's general council, and the mayors are elected every four years by the population. Additionally, Bucharest has a prefect, who is appointed by Romania's national government. The prefect is not allowed to be a member of a political party and his role is to represent the national government at the municipal level. The prefect is acting as a liaison official facilitating the implementation of national development plans and governing programs at local level. The prefect of Bucharest (as of 2021) is Alexandra Văcaru.[50]

City general council edit

The city's general council has the following political composition, based on the results of the 2020 local elections:

    Party Seats Current Council
  Social Democratic Party (PSD) 21                                          
  Save Romania Union (USR) 17                                          
  National Liberal Party (PNL) 12                                          
  People's Movement Party (PMP) 5                                          

Justice system edit

 
Palace of Justice seen across the Dâmbovița River in 2016

Bucharest's judicial system is similar to that of the Romanian counties. Each of the six sectors has its own local first-instance court (judecătorie), while more serious cases are directed to the Bucharest Tribunal (Tribunalul Bucureşti), the city's municipal court. The Bucharest Court of Appeal (Curtea de Apel Bucureşti) judges appeals against decisions taken by first-instance courts and tribunals in Bucharest and in five surrounding counties (Teleorman, Ialomița, Giurgiu, Călărași, and Ilfov). Bucharest is also home to Romania's supreme court, the High Court of Cassation and Justice, as well as to the Constitutional Court of Romania.

Bucharest has a municipal police force, the Bucharest Police (Poliția București), which is responsible for policing crime within the whole city, and operates a number of divisions. The Bucharest Police are headquartered on Ștefan cel Mare Blvd. in the city centre, and at precincts throughout the city. From 2004 onwards, each sector city hall also has under its administration a community police force (Poliția Comunitară), dealing with local community issues. Bucharest also houses the general inspectorates of the Gendarmerie and the national police.

Crime edit

Main article: Crime in Bucharest

Bucharest's crime rate is rather low in comparison to other European capital cities, with the number of total offences declining by 51% between 2000 and 2004,[51] and by 7% between 2012 and 2013.[52] The violent crime rate in Bucharest remains very low, with 11 murders and 983 other violent offences taking place in 2007.[53] Although violent crimes fell by 13% in 2013 compared to 2012, 19 murders (18 of which the suspects were arrested) were recorded.[52]

Although in the 2000s, a number of police crackdowns on organised crime gangs occurred, such as the Cămătaru clan, organised crime generally has little impact on public life. Petty crime, however, is more common, particularly in the form of pickpocketing, which occurs mainly on the city's public transport network. Confidence tricks were common in the 1990s, especially in regards to tourists, but the frequency of these incidents has since declined. However, in general, theft was reduced by 13.6% in 2013 compared to 2012.[52] Levels of crime are higher in the southern districts of the city, particularly in Ferentari, a socially disadvantaged area.

Although the presence of street children was a problem in Bucharest in the 1990s, their numbers have declined in recent years, now lying at or below the average of major European capital cities.[54]

Quality of life edit

As stated by the Mercer international surveys for quality of life in cities around the world, Bucharest occupied the 94th place in 2001[55] and slipped lower, to the 108th place in 2009 and the 107th place in 2010. Compared to it, Vienna occupied number one worldwide in 2011 and 2009.[56] Warsaw ranked 84th, Istanbul 112th, and neighbours Sofia 114th and Belgrade 136th (in the 2010 rankings).[57]

Mercer Human Resource Consulting issues yearly a global ranking of the world's most livable cities based on 39 key quality-of-life issues. Among them: political stability, currency-exchange regulations, political and media censorship, school quality, housing, the environment, and public safety. Mercer collects data worldwide, in 215 cities. The difficult situation of the quality of life in Bucharest is confirmed also by a vast urbanism study, done by the Ion Mincu University of Architecture and Urbanism.[58]

In 2016, Bucharest's urban situation was described as 'critical' by a Romanian Order of Architects (OAR) report that criticised the city's weak, incoherent and arbitrary public management policies, its elected officials' lack of transparency and public engagement, as well as its inadequate and unsustainable use of essential urban resources.[59] Bucharest's historical city centre is listed as 'endangered' by the World Monuments Watch (as of 2016).[14]

Although many neighbourhoods, particularly in the southern part of the city, lack sufficient green space, being formed of cramped, high-density blocks of flats, Bucharest also has many parks.[60]

Demographics edit

 
Bucharest population pyramid in 2021
Historical population
YearPop.±%
1595 10,000—    
1650 20,000+100.0%
1789 30,030+50.2%
1831 60,587+101.8%
1851 60,000−1.0%
1859 121,734+102.9%
1877 177,646+45.9%
1900 282,071+58.8%
1912 341,321+21.0%
1930 639,040+87.2%
1941 992,536+55.3%
1948 1,041,807+5.0%
1956 1,177,661+13.0%
1966 1,366,684+16.1%
1972 1,511,239+10.6%
1977 1,807,239+19.6%
1982 1,898,323+5.0%
1987 1,985,393+4.6%
1992 2,064,474+4.0%
2002 1,926,334−6.7%
2011 1,883,425−2.2%
2021 1,716,961−8.8%
1851 data: Chambers's Encyclopaedia,[61] 1900: Encyclopædia Britannica,[62] 1941, 1948,[63] other data:[64][65][66]
Population size may be affected by changes in administrative divisions.

As per the 2021 census, 1,716,961 inhabitants lived within the city limits, a decrease from the figure recorded at the 2011 census.[3] This decrease is due to low natural increase, but also to a shift in population from the city itself to its smaller satellite towns such as Popești-Leordeni, Voluntari, Chiajna, Bragadiru, Pantelimon, Buftea and Otopeni. In a study published by the United Nations, Bucharest placed 19th among 28 cities that recorded sharp declines in population from 1990 to the mid-2010s. In particular, the population fell by 3.77%.[67]

The city's population, according to the 2002 census, was 1,926,334 inhabitants,[68] or 8.9% of the total population of Romania. A significant number of people commute to the city every day, mostly from the surrounding Ilfov County, but official statistics regarding their numbers do not exist.[69]

Bucharest's population experienced two phases of rapid growth, the first beginning in the late 19th century when the city was consolidated as the national capital and lasting until the Second World War, and the second during the Ceaușescu years (1965–1989), when a massive urbanization campaign was launched and many people migrated from rural areas to the capital. At this time, due to Ceaușescu's decision to ban abortion and contraception, natural increase was also significant.

Bucharest is a city of high population density: 8,260/km2 (21,400/sq mi),[70] owing to the fact that most of the population lives in high-density communist era apartment blocks (blocuri). However, this also depends on the part of the city: the southern boroughs have a higher density than the northern ones. Of the European Union country capital-cities, only Paris and Athens have a higher population density (see List of European Union cities proper by population density). In addition to blocks of flats built during the communist era, there are also older interwar ones, as well as newer ones built in the 1990s and in the 21st century. Although apartment buildings are strongly associated with the communist era, such housing schemes were first introduced in Bucharest in the 1920s.[71]

About 97.3% of the population of Bucharest for whom data are available is Romanian.[72] Other significant ethnic groups are Romani, Hungarians, Turks, Jews, Germans (mostly Regat Germans), Chinese, Russians, Ukrainians, and Italians. A relatively small number of Bucharesters are also Greeks, Armenians, Kurds, Bulgarians, Albanians, Poles, French, Arabs, Africans (including the Afro-Romanians), Iranians, Vietnamese, Filipinos, Nepalis, Afghans, Sri Lankans, Bangladeshis, Pakistanis, and Indians.[73][74][75][76][77][78][79] 226,943 people did not declare their ethnicity.[80][81]

In terms of religious affiliation, 96.1% of the population for whom data are available is Romanian Orthodox, 1.2% is Roman Catholic, 0.5% is Muslim, and 0.4% is Romanian Greek Catholic. Despite this, only 18% of the population, of any religion, attends a place of worship once a week or more.[82] The life expectancy of residents of Bucharest in 2015 was 77.8 years old, which is 2.4 years above the national average.[83]

Economy edit

Main article: Economy of Bucharest

Bucharest is the centre of the Romanian economy and industry, accounting for around 24% (2017) of the country's GDP and about one-quarter of its industrial production, while being inhabited by 9% of the country's population.[84] Almost one-third of national taxes is paid by Bucharest's citizens and companies.[citation needed] The living standard in the Bucharest–Ilfov region was 145% of the EU average in 2017, according to GDP per capita at the purchasing power parity standard (adjusted to the national price level).

The Bucharest area surpassed, on comparable terms, European metropolitan areas such as Budapest (139%), Madrid (125%), Berlin (118%), Rome (110%), Lisbon (102%), and Sofia (79%), and more than twice the Romanian average.[85][clarification needed] After relative stagnation in the 1990s, the city's strong economic growth has revitalised infrastructure and led to the development of shopping malls, residential estates, and high-rise office buildings. In January 2013, Bucharest had an unemployment rate of 2.1%, significantly lower than the national unemployment rate of 5.8%.[86][87]

 
Skyscrapers in Pipera-Floreasca

Bucharest's economy is centred on industry and services, with services particularly growing in importance in the past 10 years. The headquarters of 186,000 firms, including nearly all large Romanian companies, are located in Bucharest.[88] An important source of growth since 2000 has been the city's rapidly expanding property and construction sector. Bucharest is also Romania's largest centre for information technology and communications and is home to several software companies operating offshore delivery centres. Romania's largest stock exchange, the Bucharest Stock Exchange, which was merged in December 2005 with the Bucharest-based electronic stock exchange Rasdaq, plays a major role in the city's economy.

Malls and large shopping centres have been built since the late 1990s, such as Băneasa Shopping City, AFI Palace Cotroceni, Mega Mall, București Mall, ParkLake Shopping Centre, Sun Plaza, Promenada Mall and longest Unirea Shopping Centre. Bucharest has over 20 malls as of 2019.[89][90]

The corporations Amazon, Microsoft, Ubisoft, Oracle Corporation, or IBM are all present in the Romanian capital. The top ten is also dominated by companies operating in automotive, oil & gas (such as Petrom), as well as companies in telecommunication and FMCG.[91][92] The Speedtest Global Index ranks Bucharest the 6th city in the world (after Beijing, Shanghai, Abu Dhabi, Valparaíso, and Lyon) in terms of fixed broadband speed, at 250Mbps as of 2023.[93]

Transport edit

 
Bucharest Metro has 64 stations.

Bucharest is crossed by two major international routes: Pan-European transport corridor IV and IX.

Public transport edit

Main article: Transport in Bucharest

Bucharest's public transport system is the largest in Romania and one of the largest in Europe. It is made up of the Bucharest Metro, run by Metrorex, as well as a surface transport system run by STB (Societatea de Transport București, previously known as the RATB), which consists of buses, trams, trolleybuses, and light rail. In addition, a private minibus system operates there. As of 2007, a limit of 10,000 taxicab licences was imposed.[94]

Railways edit

It is the hub of Romania's national railway network, run by Căile Ferate Române. The main railway station is Gara de Nord ('North Station'), which provides connections to all major cities in Romania, as well as international destinations: Belgrade, Sofia, Varna, Chișinău, Kyiv, Chernivtsi, Lviv, Thessaloniki, Vienna, Budapest, Istanbul, Moscow, etc.

The city has five other railway stations run by CFR, of which the most important are Basarab (adjacent to North Station), Obor, Băneasa, and Progresul. These are in the process of being integrated into a commuter railway serving Bucharest and the surrounding Ilfov County. Seven main lines radiate out of Bucharest.

The oldest station in Bucharest is Filaret. It was inaugurated in 1869, and in 1960, the communist government turned it in a bus terminal.[95]

 
Henri Coandă International Airport

Air edit

  • Henri Coandă International Airport (IATA: OTP, ICAO: LROP), located 16.5 km (10.3 mi) north of the Bucharest city centre, in the town of Otopeni, Ilfov. It is the busiest airport in Romania, in terms of passenger traffic: 12,807,032 in 2017.[96]
  • Aurel Vlaicu International Airport (IATA: BBU, ICAO: LRBS) is Bucharest's business and VIP airport. It is situated only 8 km (5.0 mi) north of the Bucharest city centre, within city limits.

Roads edit

Bucharest is a major intersection of Romania's national road network. A few of the busiest national roads and motorways link the city to all of Romania's major cities, as well as to neighbouring countries such as Hungary, Bulgaria and Ukraine. The A1 to Pitești, and from Sibiu to the Hungarian border, the A2 Sun Motorway to the Dobrogea region and Constanța, and the A3 to Ploiești all start from Bucharest.

A series of high-capacity boulevards, which generally radiate out from the city centre to the outskirts, provides a framework for the municipal road system. The main axes, which run north–south, east–west and northwest–southeast, as well as one internal and one external ring road, support the bulk of the traffic.

The city's roads are usually very crowded during rush hours, due to an increase in car ownership in recent years. In 2013, the number of cars registered in Bucharest amounted to 1,125,591.[97] This results in wear and potholes appearing on busy roads, particularly secondary roads, this being identified as one of Bucharest's main infrastructural problems. A comprehensive effort on behalf of the City Hall to boost road infrastructure was made, and according to the general development plan, 2,000 roads have been repaired by 2008.[98] The huge number of cars registered in the city forced the Romanian Auto Registry to switch to 3-digit numbers on registration plates in 2010.

On 17 June 2011, the Basarab Overpass was inaugurated and opened to traffic, thus completing the inner city traffic ring. The overpass took five years to build and is the longest cable-stayed bridge in Romania and the widest such bridge in Europe;[99] upon completion, traffic on the Grant Bridge and in the Gara de Nord area became noticeably more fluid.[100]

Water edit

 
Dâmbovița river in Bucharest

Although it is situated on the banks of a river, Bucharest has never functioned as a port city. Other Romanian cities such as Constanța and Galați serve as the country's main ports. The unfinished Danube-Bucharest Canal, which is 73 km (45 mi) long and around 70% completed, could link Bucharest to the Danube River, and via the Danube-Black Sea Canal, to the Black Sea. Works on the canal were suspended in 1989, but proposals have been made to resume construction as part of the European Strategy for the Danube Region.[101]

Culture edit

Main article: Culture of Romania

Bucharest has a growing cultural scene, in fields including the visual arts, performing arts, and nightlife. Unlike other parts of Romania, such as the Black Sea coast or Transylvania, Bucharest's cultural scene has no defined style, and instead incorporates elements of Romanian and international culture.

Landmarks edit

Bucharest has landmark buildings and monuments. Perhaps the most prominent of these is the Palace of the Parliament, built in the 1980s during the rule of Communist dictator Nicolae Ceaușescu. The largest Parliament building in the world, the palace houses the Romanian Parliament (the Chamber of Deputies, and the Senate), as well as the National Museum of Contemporary Art. The building boasts one of the largest convention centres in the world.

Another landmark in Bucharest is Arcul de Triumf ("The Triumphal Arch"), built in its current form in 1935 and modelled after the Arc de Triomphe in Paris. A newer landmark of the city is the Memorial of Rebirth, a stylised marble pillar unveiled in 2005 to commemorate the victims of the Romanian Revolution of 1989, which overthrew Communism. The abstract monument sparked controversy when it was unveiled, being dubbed with names such as 'the olive on the toothpick' (măslina-n scobitoare), as many argued that it does not fit in its surroundings and believed that its choice was political.[102]

The Romanian Athenaeum building is considered a symbol of Romanian culture and since 2007 has been on the list of the Label of European Heritage sites. It was built between 1886 and 1888 by the architect Paul Louis Albert Galeron, through public funding.[103][104]

InterContinental Bucharest is a high-rise five-star hotel near University Square and is also a landmark of the city. The building is designed so that each room has a unique panorama of the city.[105]

House of the Spark (Casa Scânteii) is a replica of the Lomonosov Moscow State University. This edifice, built in the characteristic style of the large-scale Soviet projects, was intended to be representative of the new political regime and to assert the superiority of the Communist doctrine. Construction started in 1952 and was completed in 1957, a few years after Stalin's death in 1953. Popularly known as Casa Scânteii ('House of the Spark') after the name of the official gazette of the Central Committee of the Romanian Communist Party, Scânteia, it was made for the purpose of bringing together under one roof all of Bucharest's official press and publishing houses. It is the only building in Bucharest featuring the Hammer and Sickle, the Red Star and other communist insignia carved into medallions adorning the façade.

Other cultural venues include the National Museum of Art of Romania, Grigore Antipa National Museum of Natural History, Museum of the Romanian Peasant, National History Museum and the Military Museum.

Visual arts edit

 
National Museum of Art of Romania
 
Grigore Antipa National Museum of Natural History was reopened.

In terms of visual arts, the city has museums featuring both classical and contemporary Romanian art, as well as selected international works. The National Museum of Art of Romania is perhaps the best-known of Bucharest museums. It is located in the royal palace and features collections of medieval and modern Romanian art, including works by sculptor Constantin Brâncuși, as well as an international collection assembled by the Romanian royal family.

Other, smaller, museums contain specialised collections. The Zambaccian Museum, which is situated in the former home of art collector Krikor H. Zambaccian, contains works by well-known Romanian artists and international artists such as Paul Cézanne, Eugène Delacroix, Henri Matisse, Camille Pissarro, and Pablo Picasso.

The Gheorghe Tattarescu Museum contains portraits of Romanian revolutionaries in exile such as Gheorghe Magheru, ștefan Golescu, and Nicolae Bălcescu, and allegorical compositions with revolutionary (Romania's rebirth, 1849) and patriotic (The Principalities' Unification, 1857) themes. Another impressive art collection gathering important Romanian painters, can be found at the Ligia and Pompiliu Macovei residence, which is open to visitors as it is now part of the Bucharest Museum patrimony.

The Theodor Pallady Museum is situated in one of the oldest surviving merchant houses in Bucharest and includes works by Romanian painter Theodor Pallady, as well as European and oriental furniture pieces. The Museum of Art Collections contains the collections of Romanian art aficionados, including Krikor Zambaccian and Theodor Pallady.

Despite the classical art galleries and museums in the city, a contemporary arts scene also exists. The National Museum of Contemporary Art (MNAC), situated in a wing of the Palace of the Parliament, was opened in 2004 and contains Romanian and international contemporary art. The MNAC also manages the Kalinderu MediaLab, which caters to multimedia and experimental art. Private art galleries are scattered throughout the city centre.

The palace of the National Bank of Romania houses the national numismatic collection. Exhibits include banknotes, coins, documents, photographs, maps, silver and gold bullion bars, bullion coins, and dies and moulds. The building was constructed between 1884 and 1890. The thesaurus room contains notable marble decorations.

Performing arts edit

 
Odeon Theatre in June 2018

Performing arts are some of the strongest cultural elements of Bucharest. The most famous symphony orchestra is National Radio Orchestra of Romania. One of the most prominent buildings is the neoclassical Romanian Athenaeum, which was founded in 1852, and hosts classical music concerts, the George Enescu Festival, and is home to the George Enescu Philharmonic Orchestra.

Bucharest is home to the Romanian National Opera and the I.L. Caragiale National Theatre. Another well-known theatre in Bucharest is the State Jewish Theatre, which features plays starring world-renowned Romanian-Jewish actress Maia Morgenstern. Smaller theatres throughout the city cater to specific genres, such as the Comedy Theatre, the Nottara Theatre, the Bulandra Theatre, the Odeon Theatre, and the revue theatre of Constantin Tănase.

Music and nightlife edit

 
The Old Town is the heart of Bucharest nightlife.

Bucharest is home to Romania's largest recording labels, and is often the residence of Romanian musicians. Romanian rock bands of the 1970s and 1980s, such as Iris and Holograf, continue to be popular, particularly with the middle-aged, while since the beginning of the 1990s, the hip hop/rap scene has developed. Hip-hop bands and artists from Bucharest such as B.U.G. Mafia, Paraziții, and La Familia enjoy national and international recognition.

The pop-rock band Taxi have been gaining international respect, as has Spitalul de Urgență's raucous updating of traditional Romanian music. While many neighbourhood discos play manele, an Oriental- and Roma-influenced genre of music that is particularly popular in Bucharest's working-class districts, the city has a rich jazz and blues scene, and to an even larger extent, house music/trance and heavy metal/punk scenes. Bucharest's jazz profile has especially risen since 2002, with the presence of two venues, Green Hours and Art Jazz, as well as an American presence alongside established Romanians.

With no central nightlife strip, entertainment venues are dispersed throughout the city, with clusters in Lipscani and Regie.

Cultural events and festivals edit

A number of cultural festivals are held in Bucharest throughout the year, but most festivals take place in June, July, and August. The National Opera organises the International Opera Festival every year in May and June, which includes ensembles and orchestras from all over the world.

The Romanian Athaeneum Society hosts the George Enescu Festival at locations throughout the city in September every two years (odd years). The Museum of the Romanian Peasant and the Village Museum organise events throughout the year, showcasing Romanian folk arts and crafts.

In the 2000s, due to the growing prominence of the Chinese community in Bucharest, Chinese cultural events took place. The first officially organised Chinese festival was the Chinese New Year's Eve Festival of February 2005, which took place in Nichita Stănescu Park and was organised by the Bucharest City Hall.[109]

In 2005, Bucharest was the first city in Southeastern Europe to host the international CowParade, which resulted in dozens of decorated cow sculptures being placed across the city.

In 2004, Bucharest imposed in the circle of important festivals in Eastern Europe with the Bucharest International Film Festival, an event widely acknowledged in Europe, having as guests of honour famous names from the world cinema: Andrei Konchalovsky, Danis Tanović, Nikita Mikhalkov, Rutger Hauer, Jerzy Skolimowski, Jan Harlan, Radu Mihăileanu, and many others.[110]

Since 2005, Bucharest has its own contemporary art biennale, the Bucharest Biennale.

Traditional culture edit

 
Traditional wooden church at Village Museum

Traditional Romanian culture continues to have a major influence in arts such as theatre, film, and music. Bucharest has two internationally renowned ethnographic museums, the Museum of the Romanian Peasant and the open-air Dimitrie Gusti National Village Museum, in King Michael I Park. It contains 272 authentic buildings and peasant farms from all over Romania.[111]

The Museum of the Romanian Peasant was declared the European Museum of the Year in 1996. Patronised by the Ministry of Culture, the museum preserves and exhibits numerous collections of objects and monuments of material and spiritual culture. The Museum of the Romanian Peasant holds one of the richest collections of peasant objects in Romania, its heritage being nearly 90,000 pieces, those being divided into several collections: ceramics, costumes, textiles, wooden objects, religious objects, customs, etc.[112]

The Museum of Romanian History is another important museum in Bucharest, containing a collection of artefacts detailing Romanian history and culture from the prehistoric times, Dacian era, medieval times, and the modern era.

Religion edit

Bucharest is the seat of the Patriarch of the Romanian Orthodox Church, one of the Eastern Orthodox churches in communion with the Patriarch of Constantinople, and also of its subdivisions, the Metropolis of Muntenia and Dobrudja and the Archbishopric of Bucharest. Orthodox believers consider Demetrius of Basarabov to be the patron saint of the city.

The city is a centre for other Christian organizations in Romania, including the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Bucharest, established in 1883, and the Romanian Greek-Catholic Eparchy of Saint Basil the Great, founded in 2014.

Bucharest also hosts six synagogues, including the Choral Temple of Bucharest, the Great Synagogue of Bucharest and the Holy Union Temple. The latter was converted into the Museum of the History of the Romanian Jewish Community, while the Great Synagogue and the Choral Temple are both active and hold regular services.[113]

A mosque with a capacity for 2,000 people[114] was in the planning stages at 22–30 Expoziției Boulevard. The project was later abandoned.[115] However, there are several smaller Sunni and Shia mosques active in Bucharest.[116]

Architecture edit

The city centre is a mixture of medieval, neoclassical, Art Deco, and Art Nouveau buildings, as well as 'neo-Romanian' buildings dating from the beginning of the 20th century and a collection of modern buildings from the 1920s and 1930s. [citation needed] The mostly utilitarian Communist-era architecture dominates most southern boroughs. Recently built contemporary structures such as skyscrapers and office buildings complete the landscape.

Historical architecture edit

 
Curtea Veche Church

Of the city's medieval architecture, most of what survived into modern times was destroyed by communist systematization, fire, and military incursions. Some medieval and renaissance edifices remain, the most notable are in the Lipscani area. This precinct contains notable buildings such as Manuc's Inn (Hanul lui Manuc) and the ruins of the Old Court (Curtea Veche); during the late Middle Ages, this area was the heart of commerce in Bucharest. From the 1970s onwards, the area went through urban decline, and many historical buildings fell into disrepair. In 2005, the Lipscani area was restored.[117]

To execute a massive redevelopment project during the rule of Nicolae Ceaușescu, the government conducted extensive demolition of churches and many other historic structures in Romania. According to Alexandru Budișteanu, former chief architect of Bucharest, "The sight of a church bothered Ceaușescu. It didn't matter if they demolished or moved it, as long as it was no longer in sight". Nevertheless, a project organised by Romanian engineer Eugeniu Iordăchescu was able to move many historic structures to less-prominent sites and save them.[118]

The city centre has retained architecture from the late 19th and early 20th centuries, particularly the interwar period, which is often seen as the 'golden age' of Bucharest architecture. During this time, the city grew in size and wealth, therefore seeking to emulate other large European capitals such as Paris. Much of the architecture of the time belongs to a Modern (rationalist) Architecture current, led by Horia Creangă and Marcel Iancu.

In Romania, the tendencies of innovation in the architectural language met the need of valorisation and affirmation of the national cultural identity. The Art Nouveau movement found expression through new architectural style initiated by Ion Mincu and taken over by other prestigious architects who capitalised important references of Romanian laic and medieval ecclesiastical architecture (for example the Mogoșoaia Palace, the Stavropoleos Church or the disappeared church of Văcărești Monastery) and Romanian folk motifs.[119] The Romanian Revival architecture, which was born as the result of the attempts of finding a specific Romanian architectural style, is exemplified though buildings such as Nicolae Minovici Folk Art Museum and the Romanian Peasant Museum.

Another style of the 1930s is the Moorish-Florentine or Mediterranean Picturesque, which eclectically uses Romanesque, Gothic and Renaissance elements in civic architecture, with a Mediterranean vibe, giving rise to Mediterranean Revival architecture.

Some buildings from the interwar era have a modernist brutalist look, such as the Tehnoimport Building, which was built in 1935,[120] and may be mistaken as communist architecture. Modernist styles during the interwar period include Art Deco, Stripped Classicism, Bauhaus and Rationalism.

Two buildings from this time are the Crețulescu Palace, housing cultural institutions including UNESCO's European Centre for Higher Education, and the Cotroceni Palace, the residence of the Romanian President. Many large-scale constructions such as the Gara de Nord, the busiest railway station in the city, National Bank of Romania's headquarters, and the Telephones Company Building date from these times. In the 2000s, some historic buildings in the city centre underwent restoration. In some residential areas of the city, particularly in high-income central and northern districts, turn-of-the-20th-century villas were mostly restored beginning in the late 1990s.

Communist era architecture edit

A major part of Bucharest's architecture is made up of buildings constructed during the Communist era replacing the historical architecture with high-density apartment blocks – significant portions of the historic centre of Bucharest were demolished to construct one of the largest buildings in the world, the Palace of the Parliament (then officially called the House of the Republic). In Nicolae Ceaușescu's project of systematization, new buildings were built in previously historical areas, which were razed and then built upon.

Communist architecture broadly includes three stages: architecture that was built in the early years of communism, in the late 1940s and 1950s, which followed the Soviet Stalinist trend of Socialist Realism, an example being the House of the Free Press (which was named Casa Scînteii during communism); postwar Modernism in the 1960s and the 1970s; and the systematization program of the late 1970s and 1980s, which included mass demolitions of historical buildings and their replacement with North Korean influenced buildings after Nicolae Ceaușescu visited East Asia in 1971, and was impressed by its Juche ideology.

The Communist regime installed after World War II took control over all aspects of life, including architecture, dictating a uniform bureaucratic vision of urbanism and architectural design. Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej, who was premier of the Socialist Republic of Romania from 1947 until 1965, began the country's policies of industrialization, with infrastructure development for heavy industry, and construction for mass resettlement to new industrial and agricultural centers away from Bucharest and other principal cities. The architecture from this period is more or less easy to spot, by its use of Neoclassical elements and proportions, but in a simplified way. There are also some small 3-4 floors "Russian blocks" from this era, some of them built of red bricks.

Communist-era architecture from the 1960s and 1970s can be found especially in Bucharest's residential districts, mainly in blocuri, which are high-density apartment blocks that house the majority of the city's population. Initially, these apartment blocks started to be constructed in the 1960s, on relatively empty areas and fields (good examples include Pajura, Drumul Taberei, Berceni and Titan), however with the 1970s, they mostly targeted peripheral neighbourhoods such as Colentina, Pantelimon, Militari and Rahova. Construction of these apartment blocks were also often randomised, for instance some small streets were demolished and later widened with the blocks being built next to them, but other neighbouring streets were left intact (like in the example of Calea Moșilor from 1978 to 1982), or built in various patterns such as the Piața Iancului-Lizeanu apartment buildings from 1962 to 1963.

The last years of communism were marked by major urban redevelopment schemes which changed dramatically the face of many cities, including Bucharest. One of the most singular examples of late stage communist architecture of the 1980s is Centrul Civic, a development that replaced a major part of Bucharest's historic city centre with giant utilitarian buildings, mainly with marble or travertine façades, inspired by North Korean architecture. The mass demolitions that occurred in the 1980s, under which an overall area of eight square kilometres of the historic centre of Bucharest were levelled, including monasteries, churches, synagogues, a hospital, and a noted Art Deco sports stadium, changed drastically the appearance of the city.

Contemporary architecture edit

Since the fall of communism in 1989, several communist-era buildings have been refurbished, modernised, and used for other purposes.[121] Perhaps the best example of this is the conversion of obsolete retail complexes into shopping malls and commercial centres. These giant, circular halls, which were unofficially called hunger circuses due to the food shortages experienced in the 1980s, were constructed during the Ceaușescu era to act as produce markets and refectories, although most were left unfinished at the time of the revolution.

Modern shopping malls such as the Unirea Shopping Centre, Bucharest Mall, Plaza Romania, and City Mall emerged on pre-existent structures of former hunger circuses. Another example is the conversion of a large utilitarian construction in Centrul Civic into a Marriott Hotel. This process was accelerated after 2000, when the city underwent a property boom, and many communist-era buildings in the city centre became prime real estate due to their location. Many communist-era apartment blocks have also been refurbished to improve urban appearance.

The newest contribution to Bucharest's architecture took place after the fall of communism, particularly after 2000, when the city went through a period of urban renewal – and architectural revitalization – on the back of Romania's economic growth. Buildings from this time are mostly made of glass and steel, and often have more than 10 stories. Examples include shopping malls (particularly the Bucharest Mall, a conversion and extension of an abandoned building), office buildings, bank headquarters, etc. [citation needed]

During the 21st century, several high rise office buildings were built, particularly in the northern and eastern parts of the city. Additionally, a trend to add modern wings and façades to historic buildings has occurred, the most prominent example of which is the Bucharest Architects' Association Building, which is a modern glass-and-steel construction built inside a historic stone façade. In 2013, the Bucharest skyline enriched with a 137-m-high office building (SkyTower of Floreasca City Centre), the tallest building in Romania. Examples of modern skyscrapers built in the 21st century include Bucharest Tower Centre, Euro Tower, Nusco Tower, Cathedral Plaza, City Gate Towers, Rin Grand Hotel, Premium Plaza, Bucharest Corporate Centre, Millennium Business Centre, PGV Tower, Charles de Gaulle Plaza, Business Development Centre Bucharest, BRD Tower, and Bucharest Financial Plaza. Despite this vertical development, Romanian architects avoid designing very tall buildings due to vulnerability to earthquakes.[122]

Aside from buildings used for business and institutions, residential developments have also been built, many of which consist of high-rise office buildings and suburban residential communities. An example of a new high rise residential complex is Asmita Gardens. These developments are increasingly prominent in northern Bucharest, which is less densely populated and is home to middle- and upper-class Bucharesters due to the process of gentrification.

Education edit

Overall, 159 faculties are in 34 universities. Sixteen public universities are in Bucharest, the largest of which are the University of Bucharest, the Politehnica University of Bucharest, the Bucharest University of Economic Studies, the Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Technical University of Civil Engineering, the National University of Political Studies and Public Administration, and the University of Agronomic Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Bucharest.

These are supplemented by nineteen private universities, such as the Romanian-American University.[123] Private universities, however, have a mixed reputation due to irregularities.[124][125]

In the 2020 QS World University Rankings, from Bucharest, only the University of Bucharest was included in the top universities of the world. The Politehnica University disappeared from the ranking.[126] Also, in recent years, the city has had increasing numbers of foreign students enrolling in its universities.[127]

The first modern educational institution was the Princely Academy from Bucharest, founded in 1694 and divided in 1864 to form the present-day University of Bucharest and the Saint Sava National College, both of which are among the most prestigious of their kind in Romania.[128][129]

Over 450 public primary and secondary schools are in the city, all of which are administered by the Bucharest Municipal Schooling Inspectorate. Each sector also has its own Schooling Inspectorate, subordinated to the municipal one.

Media edit

The city is well-served by a modern landline and mobile network. Offices of Poșta Română, the national postal operator, are spread throughout the city, with the central post office (Romanian: Oficiul Poștal București 1) located at 12 Matei Millo Street. Public telephones are located in many places and are operated by Telekom Romania, a subsidiary of Deutsche Telekom and successor of the former monopoly Romtelecom.

Bucharest is the headquarters of most national television networks and national newspapers, radio stations and online news websites. The largest daily newspapers in Bucharest include Evenimentul Zilei, Jurnalul Național, Cotidianul, România Liberă, and Adevărul, while the biggest news websites are HotNews (with English and Spanish versions), Ziare.com, and Gândul. During the rush hours, tabloid newspapers Click!, Libertatea, and Cancan are popular for commuters.

Several newspapers and media publications are based in House of the Free Press (Casa Presei Libere), a landmark of northern Bucharest, originally named Casa Scânteii after the Communist Romania-era official newspaper Scînteia. The House of the Free Press is not the only Bucharest landmark that grew out of the media and communications industry. Palatul Telefoanelor ("The Telephone Palace") was the first major modernist building on Calea Victoriei in the city's centre, and the massive, unfinished communist-era Casa Radio looms over a park a block away from the Opera.

English-language newspapers became available in the early 1930s and reappeared in the 1990s. The two daily English-language newspapers are the Bucharest Daily News and Nine O' Clock; several magazines and publications in other languages are available, such as the Hungarian-language daily Új Magyar Szó.

Observator Cultural covers the city's arts, and the free weekly magazines Șapte Seri ("Seven Evenings") and B24FUN, list entertainment events. The city is home to the intellectual journal Dilema veche and the satire magazine Academia Cațavencu.

Visit Bucharest Today is another online platform promoting Bucharest as a tourist destination. It serves as a comprehensive resource for local and international travelers seeking to learn about the capital city of Romania. The online platform showcases Bucharest's rich history, cultural landmarks, hidden gems, and exciting experiences.

Healthcare edit

 
Colțea Hospital in 2018

One of the most modern hospitals in the capital is Colțea that has been re-equipped after a 90-million-euro investment in 2011. It specialises in oncological and cardiac disorders. It was built by Mihai Cantacuzino between 1701 and 1703, composed of many buildings, each with 12 to 30 beds, a church, three chapels, a school, and doctors' and teachers' houses.[130]

Another conventional hospital is Pantelimon, which was established in 1733 by Grigore II Ghica. The surface area of the hospital land property was 400,000 m2 (4,305,564 sq ft). The hospital had in its inventory a house for infectious diseases and a house for persons with disabilities.

Other hospitals or clinics are Bucharest Emergency Hospital, Floreasca Emergency Clinic Hospital, Bucharest University Emergency Hospital, and Fundeni Clinical Institute or Biomedica International and Euroclinic, which are private.

Sports edit

Football is the most widely followed sport in Bucharest, with the city having numerous club teams, including, most notably, Steaua București, Dinamo București, Rapid București and FCSB.

Arena Națională, a new stadium inaugurated on 6 September 2011, hosted the 2012 Europa League Final[131] and has a 55,600-seat capacity, making it one of the largest stadiums in Southeastern Europe and one of the few with a roof.[132]

 
Arena Națională hosted the 2012 UEFA Europa League final and UEFA Euro 2020 matches.

Sport clubs have formed for handball, water polo, volleyball, rugby union, basketball and ice hockey. The majority of Romanian track and field athletes and most gymnasts are affiliated with clubs in Bucharest. The largest indoor arena in Bucharest is the Romexpo Dome with a seating capacity of 40,000. It can be used for boxing, kickboxing, handball and tennis.

Bucharest hosted annual races along a temporary urban track surrounding the Palace of the Parliament, called Bucharest Ring. The Bucharest City Challenge race hosted FIA GT, FIA GT3, British F3, and Logan Cup races.[133] Since 2009, Bucharest has the largest Ferrari Shop in Eastern Europe and the 2nd largest in Europe after Milan shop.[134][135]

The capital also hosted the international tennis tournaments WTA Bucharest Open and ATP Romanian Open. Ice hockey games are held at the Mihai Flamaropol Arena, which holds 8,000 spectators. Rugby games are held in different locations, but the most modern stadium is Arcul de Triumf Stadium, which is also home to the Romanian national rugby team.

Bucharest hosted the UEFA Euro 2020 championship at the Arena Națională or Bucharest National Arena.[136] The championship took place in 2021, being postponed due to the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic.

Twin towns – sister cities edit

See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in Romania

Bucharest is twinned with:[137]

In addition, Bucharest has a partnership with:

See also edit

References edit

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Works cited edit

  • Celac, Mariana; Carabela, Octavian; Marcu-Lapadat, Marius (2017). Bucharest Architecture – an annotated guide. Order of Architects of Romania. ISBN 978-973-0-23884-6.

Further reading edit

  • , City Hall of Bucharest
  • Șerban Cantacuzino, Două Orașe Distincte. Revista Secolul XX 4/6 (1997): 11–40
  • Ernie Schoffham, Luminița MacHedon, Șerban Cantacuzino, Romanian Modernism: The Architecture of Bucharest, 1920–1940
  • Romania: Arts & Architecture, Romanian Tourist Office
  • Tatiana Murzin, Romanian Education 21 February 2018 at the Wayback Machine, 2005
  • , Site for the Ministry of Education containing lists of all educational establishments.
  • , on the Museums from Romania web site.
  • Bucica, Cristina. (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 October 2005. (39.0 KB), 2000.

External links edit

  • Official website  

January 01, 1970
bucharest, confused, with, budapest, rest, rest, romanian, bucurești, bukuˈreʃtʲ, capital, largest, city, romania, metropolis, stands, river, dâmbovița, south, eastern, romania, population, officially, estimated, million, residents, within, greater, metropolit. Not to be confused with Budapest Bucharest UK ˌ b uː k e ˈ r ɛ s t BOO ke REST US ˈ b uː k e r ɛ s t rest Romanian București bukuˈreʃtʲ is the capital and largest city of Romania The metropolis stands on the River Dambovița in south eastern Romania Its population is officially estimated at 1 76 million residents within a greater metropolitan area of 2 3 million residents which makes Bucharest the 8th most populous city in the European Union The city area measures 240 km2 and comprises 6 districts Sectoare while the metropolitan area covers 1 811 km2 Bucharest is a beta global city a major cultural political and economic hub and the country s seat of government Bucharest BucureștiCapital city and municipalityCity of BucharestBucharest s skyline and University SquareRomanian AthenaeumPalace of ParliamentCentral University LibraryPalace of JusticeFloreascaCEC PalaceKing Michael I ParkBucharest Old TownCity Gate TowersFlagCoat of armsLogoNicknames Paris of the EastMotto s Patria și dreptul meu The Homeland and my right BucharestLocation of Bucharest in RomaniaShow map of RomaniaBucharestBucharest Balkans Show map of BalkansBucharestBucharest Europe Show map of EuropeCoordinates 44 25 57 N 26 6 14 E 44 43250 N 26 10389 E 44 43250 26 10389CountryRomaniaDevelopment regionBucurești IlfovCountyMunicipality of BucharestFirst attested1459Founded byVlad the ImpalerSectors6 sectorsGovernment TypeStrong Mayor Council MayorNicușor Dan Ind LegislatureGeneral Council EPBucharest constituencyArea 1 Capital city and municipality240 km2 93 sq mi Metro1 803 km2 696 sq mi Elevation55 8 91 5 m 183 1 300 2 ft Population 2021 census 3 Capital city and municipality1 716 961 Estimate January 2023 2 1 739 297 Rank1st in Romania 8th in the EU Density7 277 km2 18 850 sq mi Metro2 304 408 Bucharest Ilfov 2 Metro density1 278 km2 3 310 sq mi DemonymsBucharester en bucureștean bucureșteancă ro GDP Nominal 2024 4 City 88 18 billion 25 4 of Romania Metro 97 74 billion 28 2 of Romania Per capita City 50 751 4 Time zoneUTC 02 00 EET Summer DST UTC 03 00 EEST Postal code0100xx 0201xx 0201xx 0300xx 0365xxArea code 40 31HDI 2021 0 963 5 very highRapid transit systemMetroInternational AirportsBăneasa AirportOtopeni AirportWebsitewww wbr pmb wbr ro Bucharest was first mentioned in documents in 1459 The city became capital in 1862 and is the centre of Romanian media culture and art Its architecture is a mix of historical mostly Eclectic but also Neoclassical and Art Nouveau interbellum Bauhaus Art Deco and Romanian Revival architecture socialist era and modern In the period between the two World Wars the city s elegant architecture and the sophistication of its elite earned Bucharest the nicknames of Little Paris Romanian Micul Paris or Paris of the East Romanian Parisul Estului 6 Although buildings and districts in the historic city centre were heavily damaged or destroyed by war earthquakes and even Nicolae Ceaușescu s program of systematization many survived and have been renovated In recent years the city has been experiencing an economic and cultural boom 7 8 It is one of the fastest growing high tech cities in Europe according to the Financial Times CBRE TechCrunch and others 9 10 11 12 13 In 2016 the historical city centre was listed as endangered by the World Monuments Watch 14 In 2017 Bucharest was the European city with the highest growth of tourists who stay over night according to the Mastercard Global Index of Urban Destinations 15 As for the past two consecutive years 2018 and 2019 Bucharest ranked as the European destination with the highest potential for development according to the same study 16 In January 2023 there were 1 74 million inhabitants living within the city limits 2 and adding the satellite towns around the urban area the proposed metropolitan area of Bucharest would have a population of 2 3 million people 2 In 2020 the government used 2 5 million people as the basis for pandemic reports 17 Bucharest is the eighth largest city in the European Union by population within city limits behind Warsaw Poland and one position ahead of Budapest Hungary Economically Bucharest is the most prosperous city in Romania and the richest capital and city in the region having surpassed Budapest since 2017 18 19 20 The city has a number of large convention facilities educational institutes cultural venues traditional shopping arcades and recreational areas The city proper is administratively known as the Municipality of Bucharest Romanian Municipiul București and has the same administrative level as that of a national county being further subdivided into six sectors each governed by a local mayor Contents 1 Etymology 2 History 2 1 Treaties 3 Geography 3 1 General 4 Climate 5 Government 5 1 Administration 5 1 1 City general council 5 2 Justice system 5 3 Crime 5 4 Quality of life 6 Demographics 7 Economy 8 Transport 8 1 Public transport 8 2 Railways 8 3 Air 8 4 Roads 8 5 Water 9 Culture 9 1 Landmarks 9 2 Visual arts 9 3 Performing arts 9 4 Music and nightlife 9 5 Cultural events and festivals 9 6 Traditional culture 9 7 Religion 10 Architecture 10 1 Historical architecture 10 2 Communist era architecture 10 3 Contemporary architecture 11 Education 12 Media 13 Healthcare 14 Sports 15 Twin towns sister cities 16 See also 17 References 17 1 Works cited 18 Further reading 19 External linksEtymology editThe Romanian name București has an unverified origin Tradition connects the founding of Bucharest with the name of Bucur who was a prince an outlaw a fisherman a shepherd or a hunter according to different legends In Romanian the word stem bucurie means joy happiness 21 and it is believed to be of Dacian origin 22 hence the city Bucharest means city of joy 23 Other etymologies are given by early scholars including the one of an Ottoman traveller Evliya Celebi who claimed that Bucharest was named after a certain Abu Kariș from the tribe of Bani Kureiș In 1781 Austrian historian Franz Sulzer claimed that it was related to bucurie joy bucuros joyful or a se bucura to be joyful while an early 19th century book published in Vienna assumed its name to be derived from Bukovie a beech forest 24 In English the city s name was formerly rendered as Bukarest A native or resident of Bucharest is called a Bucharester Romanian bucureștean History editMain article History of Bucharest For a chronological guide see Timeline of Bucharest nbsp Bucharest in 1923 during Romania s golden age the interwar period nbsp Often compared to the Champs Elysees the current Calea Victoriei becomes a pedestrian zone on the weekend Bucharest s history alternated periods of development and decline from the early settlements in antiquity until its consolidation as the national capital of Romania late in the 19th century First mentioned as the Citadel of București in 1459 it became the residence of the ruler of Wallachia Voivode Vlad the Impaler 25 23 The Old Princely Court Curtea Veche was erected by Mircea Ciobanul in the mid 16th century Under subsequent rulers Bucharest was established as the summer residence of the royal court During the years to come it competed with Targoviște on the status of capital city after an increase in the importance of Southern Muntenia brought about by the demands of the suzerain power the Ottoman Empire Bucharest finally became the permanent location of the Wallachian court after 1698 starting with the reign of Constantin Brancoveanu The city was partly destroyed by natural disasters and rebuilt several times during the following 200 yearsThe Ottomans appointed Greek administrators Phanariotes to run the town Ottoman Turkish بكرش romanized Bukres 26 from the 18th century The 1821 Wallachian uprising initiated by Tudor Vladimirescu led to the end of the rule of Constantinople Greeks in Bucharest 27 In 1813 14 the city was hit by Caragea s plague the city was wrested from Ottoman influence and occupied at several intervals by the Habsburg monarchy 1716 1737 1789 and Imperial Russia three times between 1768 and 1806 It was placed under Russian administration between 1828 and the Crimean War with an interlude during the Bucharest centred 1848 Wallachian revolution Later an Austrian garrison took possession after the Russian departure remaining in the city until March 1857 On 23 March 1847 a fire consumed about 2 000 buildings destroying a third of the city In 1862 after Wallachia and Moldavia were united to form the Principality of Romania Bucharest became the new nation s capital city In 1881 it became the political centre of the newly proclaimed Kingdom of Romania under King Carol I During the second half of the 19th century the city s population increased dramatically and a new period of urban development began During this period gas lighting horse drawn trams and limited electrification were introduced 28 The Dambovița River was also massively channelled in 1883 thus putting a stop to previously endemic floods like the 1865 flooding of Bucharest 29 The Fortifications of Bucharest were built The extravagant architecture and cosmopolitan high culture of this period won Bucharest the nickname of Paris of the East Parisul Estului with the Calea Victoriei as its Champs Elysees Between 6 December 1916 and November 1918 the city was occupied by German forces as a result of the Battle of Bucharest with the official capital temporarily moved to Iași also called Jassy in the Moldavia region After World War I Bucharest became the capital of Greater Romania In the interwar years Bucharest s urban development continued with the city gaining an average of 30 000 new residents each year Also some of the city s main landmarks were built in this period including Arcul de Triumf and Palatul Telefoanelor 30 However the Great Depression in Romania took its toll on Bucharest s citizens culminating in the Grivița Strike of 1933 31 In January 1941 the city was the scene of the Legionnaires rebellion and Bucharest pogrom As the capital of an Axis country and a major transit point for Axis troops en route to the Eastern Front Bucharest suffered heavy damage during World War II due to Allied bombings On 23 August 1944 Bucharest was the site of the royal coup which brought Romania into the Allied camp The city suffered a short period of Nazi Luftwaffe bombings as well as a failed attempt by German troops to regain the city nbsp The Old Princely Court Curtea Veche the former residence of ruler Vlad the Impaler is located in the Old Town After the establishment of communism in Romania the city continued growing New districts were constructed most of them dominated by tower blocks During Nicolae Ceaușescu s leadership 1965 89 a part of the historic city was demolished and replaced by Socialist realism style development 1 the Centrul Civic the Civic Centre and 2 the Palace of the Parliament for which an entire historic quarter was razed to make way for Ceaușescu s megalomaniac plans On 4 March 1977 an earthquake centred in Vrancea about 135 km 83 89 mi away claimed 1 500 lives and caused further damage to the historic centre The Romanian Revolution of 1989 began with massive anti Ceaușescu protests in Timișoara in December 1989 and continued in Bucharest leading to the overthrow of the Communist regime Dissatisfied with the postrevolutionary leadership of the National Salvation Front some student leagues and opposition groups organised anti Communist rallies in early 1990 which caused the political change Since 2000 the city has been continuously modernised Residential and commercial developments are underway particularly in the northern districts Bucharest s old historic centre has undergone restoration since the mid 2000s 32 In 2015 64 people were killed in the Colectiv nightclub fire Later the Romanian capital saw the 2017 2019 Romanian protests against the judicial reforms 33 with a 2018 protest ending with 450 people injured 34 Treaties edit The following treaties were signed in the city Treaty of Bucharest 1812 between the Ottoman Empire and the Russian Empire ending the Russo Turkish War 1806 1812 Treaty of Bucharest 1886 between Serbia and Bulgaria ending the Serbian Bulgarian War Treaty of Bucharest 1913 between Bulgaria Romania Serbia Montenegro and Greece ending of the Second Balkan War Treaty of Bucharest 1916 a treaty of alliance between Romania and the Entente Powers Treaty of Bucharest 1918 between Romania and the Central PowersGeography editGeneral edit nbsp Bucharest is Romania s capital and largest city The city is situated on the banks of the Dambovița River which flows into the Argeș River a tributary of the Danube Several lakes the most important of which are Lake Herăstrău Lake Floreasca Lake Tei and Lake Colentina stretch across the northern parts of the city along the Colentina River a tributary of the Dambovița In addition in the centre of the capital is a small artificial lake Lake Cișmigiu surrounded by the Cișmigiu Gardens These gardens have a rich history having been frequented by poets and writers Opened in 1847 and based on the plans of German architect Carl F W Meyer the gardens are the main recreational facility in the city centre nbsp King Michael I Park nbsp Văcărești Nature Park nbsp Carol Park nbsp Cișmigiu Gardens nbsp Tineretului Park Bucharest parks and gardens also include Herăstrău Park Tineretului Park and the Botanical Garden Herăstrău Park is located in the northern part of the city around Lake Herăstrău and includes the site the Village Museum Grigore Antipa Museum is also near in the Victoriei Square One of its best known locations are Hard Rock Cafe Bucharest and Berăria H one of the largest beer halls in Europe Tineretului Park was created in 1965 and designed as the main recreational space for southern Bucharest It contains a Mini Town which is a play area for kids The Botanical Garden located in the Cotroceni neighbourhood a bit west of the city centre is the largest of its kind in Romania and contains over 10 000 species of plants many of them exotic it originated as the pleasure park of the royal family 35 Besides them there are many other smaller parks that should be visited some of them being still large Alexandru Ioan Cuza Park Kiseleff Park Carol Park Izvor Park Grădina Icoanei Circului Park and Moghioroș Park are a few of them Other large parks in Bucharest are National Park Tei Park Eroilor Park and Crangași Park with Morii Lake Lake Văcărești is located in the southern part of the city Over 190 hectares including 90 hectares of water host 97 species of birds half of them protected by law and at least seven species of mammals 36 The lake is surrounded by buildings of flats and is an odd result of human intervention and nature taking its course The area was a small village that Ceaușescu attempted to convert into a lake After demolishing the houses and building the concrete basin the plan was abandoned following the 1989 revolution 37 For nearly two decades the area shifted from being an abandoned green space where children could play and sunbathe to being contested by previous owners of the land there to being closed for redevelopment into a sports centre The redevelopment deal failed 38 and over the following years the green space grew into a unique habitat In May 2016 the lake was declared a national park the Văcărești Nature Park 39 Dubbed the Delta of Bucharest the area is protected 40 Bucharest is situated in the center of the Romanian Plain in an area once covered by the Vlăsiei Forest which after it was cleared gave way for a fertile flatland As with many cities Bucharest is traditionally considered to be built upon seven hills similar to the seven hills of Rome Bucharest s seven hills are Mihai Vodă Dealul Mitropoliei Radu Vodă Cotroceni Dealul Spirii Văcărești and Sfantu Gheorghe Nou The city has an area of 226 km2 87 sq mi The altitude varies from 55 8 m 183 1 ft at the Dambovița bridge in Cățelu southeastern Bucharest and 91 5 m 300 2 ft at the Militari church The city has a roughly round shape with the centre situated in the cross way of the main north south east west axes at University Square The milestone for Romania s Kilometre Zero is placed just south of University Square in front of the New St George Church Sfantul Gheorghe Nou at St George Square Piața Sfantul Gheorghe Bucharest s radius from University Square to the city limits in all directions varies from 10 to 12 km 6 to 7 mi Until recently the regions surrounding Bucharest were largely rural but after 1989 suburbs started to be built around Bucharest in the surrounding Ilfov County Further urban consolidation is expected to take place in the late 2010s when the Bucharest Metropolitan Area plan will become operational incorporating additional communes and cities from the Ilfov and other neighbouring counties 41 Climate editBucharest has a humid continental climate Dfa by the 0 C isotherm or a humid subtropical climate Koppen Cfa by the 3 C isotherm with hot humid summers and cold snowy winters Owing to its position on the Romanian Plain the city s winters can get windy though some of the winds are mitigated due to urbanisation Winter temperatures often dip below 0 C 32 F sometimes even to 10 C 14 F In summer the average high temperature is 29 8 C 85 6 F the average for July and August Temperatures frequently reach 35 to 40 C 95 to 104 F in midsummer in the city centre Although average precipitation in summer is moderate occasional heavy storms occur During spring and autumn daytime temperatures vary between 17 and 22 C 63 and 72 F and precipitation during spring tends to be higher than in summer with more frequent yet milder periods of rain 42 43 Climate data for Bucharest Băneasa 1991 2020 normals extremes 1929 present Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high C F 20 9 69 6 24 1 75 4 29 0 84 2 32 2 90 0 36 9 98 4 39 0 102 2 42 6 108 7 41 0 105 8 38 5 101 3 35 2 95 4 25 1 77 2 18 4 65 1 42 6 108 7 Mean daily maximum C F 3 0 37 4 6 3 43 3 12 3 54 1 18 5 65 3 24 1 75 4 28 1 82 6 30 4 86 7 30 6 87 1 25 0 77 0 18 0 64 4 10 5 50 9 4 2 39 6 17 6 63 7 Daily mean C F 1 5 29 3 0 6 33 1 5 6 42 1 11 4 52 5 16 8 62 2 21 1 70 0 23 0 73 4 22 4 72 3 16 8 62 2 10 7 51 3 5 3 41 5 0 0 32 0 11 0 51 8 Mean daily minimum C F 5 0 23 0 3 5 25 7 0 3 32 5 4 9 40 8 9 7 49 5 13 9 57 0 15 6 60 1 15 2 59 4 10 7 51 3 5 7 42 3 1 4 34 5 3 3 26 1 5 5 41 9 Record low C F 32 2 26 0 29 0 20 2 21 7 7 1 9 5 14 9 5 0 23 0 4 5 40 1 7 4 45 3 5 2 41 4 3 1 26 4 8 0 17 6 19 4 2 9 25 6 14 1 32 2 26 0 Average precipitation mm inches 40 1 1 58 33 0 1 30 42 4 1 67 50 2 1 98 70 4 2 77 82 7 3 26 68 6 2 70 48 9 1 93 60 5 2 38 60 7 2 39 43 6 1 72 47 0 1 85 648 1 25 52 Average snowfall cm inches 13 7 5 4 11 0 4 3 10 5 4 1 1 5 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 8 3 5 10 5 4 1 56 0 22 0 Average precipitation days 1 0 mm 6 1 5 4 6 3 6 2 8 4 8 3 7 1 5 2 4 9 5 6 5 4 6 7 75 6 Average relative humidity 86 82 71 63 62 61 58 57 61 73 84 87 70 Average dew point C F 4 2 24 4 2 7 27 1 0 9 33 6 5 4 41 7 10 2 50 4 13 9 57 0 15 3 59 5 14 7 58 5 11 6 52 9 6 8 44 2 2 5 36 5 1 3 29 7 6 1 43 0 Mean monthly sunshine hours 78 8 107 1 156 7 195 3 245 4 259 4 293 4 283 0 208 7 149 6 84 8 63 9 2 126 1 Average ultraviolet index 1 2 3 5 7 8 8 7 5 3 2 1 4 Source 1 NOAA dew point and snowfall 1961 1990 44 45 Source 2 Administrația Națională de Meteorologie extremes 46 Danish Meteorological Institute humidity 1931 1960 47 and Weather Atlas 48 Government editAdministration edit See also Bucharest metropolitan area Bucharest has a unique status in Romanian administration since it is the only municipal area that is not part of a county Its population however is larger than that of any other Romanian county hence the power of the Bucharest General Municipality Primăria Generală which is the capital s local government body is the same as any other Romanian county council The Municipality of Bucharest along with the surrounding Ilfov County is part of the București Ilfov development region project which is equivalent to NUTS II regions in the European Union and is used both by the EU and the Romanian government for statistical analysis and to co ordinate regional development projects and manage funds from the EU The Bucharest Ilfov development region is not however an administrative entity yet nbsp Sectors of Bucharest The city government is headed by a general mayor Primar General Since 29 October 2020 onwards it is Nicușor Dan currently an independent politician previously backed by the PNL USR PLUS centre right alliance at the 2020 Romanian local elections Decisions are approved and discussed by the capital s General Council Consiliu General made up of 55 elected councilors Furthermore the city is divided into six administrative sectors sectoare each of which has its own 27 seat sectoral council town hall and mayor The powers of the local government over a certain area are therefore shared both by the Bucharest municipality and the local sectoral councils with little or no overlapping of authority The general rule is that the main capital municipality is responsible for citywide utilities such as the water and sewage system the overall transport system and the main boulevards while sectoral town halls manage the contact between individuals and the local government secondary streets and parks maintenance schools administration and cleaning services The six sectors are numbered from one to six and are disposed radially so that each one has under its administration a certain area of the city centre They are numbered clockwise and are further divided into sectoral quarters cartiere which are not part of the official administrative division Sector 1 population 227 717 Dorobanți Băneasa Aviației Pipera Aviatorilor Primăverii Romană Victoriei Herăstrău Park Bucureștii Noi Dămăroaia Străulești Grivița 1 Mai Băneasa Forest Pajura Domenii Chibrit Sector 2 population 357 338 Pantelimon Colentina Iancului Tei Floreasca Moșilor Obor Vatra Luminoasă Fundeni Plumbuita Ștefan cel Mare Baicului Sector 3 population 399 231 Vitan Dudești Titan Centrul Civic Dristor Lipscani Muncii Unirii Sector 4 population 300 331 Berceni Olteniței Giurgiului Progresul Văcărești Timpuri Noi Tineretului Sector 5 population 288 690 Rahova Ferentari Giurgiului Cotroceni 13 Septembrie Dealul Spirii Sector 6 population 371 060 Giulești Crangași Drumul Taberei Militari Grozăvești also known as Regie Ghencea Each sector is governed by a local mayor as follows Sector 1 Clotilde Armand USR since 2020 Sector 2 Radu Mihaiu USR since 2020 Sector 3 Robert Negoiță PRO B since 2012 Sector 4 Daniel Băluță PSD since 2016 Sector 5 Cristian Popescu Piedone PPU SL since 2020 49 Sector 6 Ciprian Ciucu PNL since 2020 Like all other local councils in Romania the Bucharest sectoral councils the capital s general council and the mayors are elected every four years by the population Additionally Bucharest has a prefect who is appointed by Romania s national government The prefect is not allowed to be a member of a political party and his role is to represent the national government at the municipal level The prefect is acting as a liaison official facilitating the implementation of national development plans and governing programs at local level The prefect of Bucharest as of 2021 is Alexandra Văcaru 50 City general council edit The city s general council has the following political composition based on the results of the 2020 local elections Party Seats Current Council Social Democratic Party PSD 21 Save Romania Union USR 17 National Liberal Party PNL 12 People s Movement Party PMP 5 Justice system edit nbsp Palace of Justice seen across the Dambovița River in 2016 Bucharest s judicial system is similar to that of the Romanian counties Each of the six sectors has its own local first instance court judecătorie while more serious cases are directed to the Bucharest Tribunal Tribunalul Bucuresti the city s municipal court The Bucharest Court of Appeal Curtea de Apel Bucuresti judges appeals against decisions taken by first instance courts and tribunals in Bucharest and in five surrounding counties Teleorman Ialomița Giurgiu Călărași and Ilfov Bucharest is also home to Romania s supreme court the High Court of Cassation and Justice as well as to the Constitutional Court of Romania Bucharest has a municipal police force the Bucharest Police Poliția București which is responsible for policing crime within the whole city and operates a number of divisions The Bucharest Police are headquartered on Ștefan cel Mare Blvd in the city centre and at precincts throughout the city From 2004 onwards each sector city hall also has under its administration a community police force Poliția Comunitară dealing with local community issues Bucharest also houses the general inspectorates of the Gendarmerie and the national police Crime edit Main article Crime in Bucharest Bucharest s crime rate is rather low in comparison to other European capital cities with the number of total offences declining by 51 between 2000 and 2004 51 and by 7 between 2012 and 2013 52 The violent crime rate in Bucharest remains very low with 11 murders and 983 other violent offences taking place in 2007 53 Although violent crimes fell by 13 in 2013 compared to 2012 19 murders 18 of which the suspects were arrested were recorded 52 Although in the 2000s a number of police crackdowns on organised crime gangs occurred such as the Cămătaru clan organised crime generally has little impact on public life Petty crime however is more common particularly in the form of pickpocketing which occurs mainly on the city s public transport network Confidence tricks were common in the 1990s especially in regards to tourists but the frequency of these incidents has since declined However in general theft was reduced by 13 6 in 2013 compared to 2012 52 Levels of crime are higher in the southern districts of the city particularly in Ferentari a socially disadvantaged area Although the presence of street children was a problem in Bucharest in the 1990s their numbers have declined in recent years now lying at or below the average of major European capital cities 54 Quality of life edit As stated by the Mercer international surveys for quality of life in cities around the world Bucharest occupied the 94th place in 2001 55 and slipped lower to the 108th place in 2009 and the 107th place in 2010 Compared to it Vienna occupied number one worldwide in 2011 and 2009 56 Warsaw ranked 84th Istanbul 112th and neighbours Sofia 114th and Belgrade 136th in the 2010 rankings 57 Mercer Human Resource Consulting issues yearly a global ranking of the world s most livable cities based on 39 key quality of life issues Among them political stability currency exchange regulations political and media censorship school quality housing the environment and public safety Mercer collects data worldwide in 215 cities The difficult situation of the quality of life in Bucharest is confirmed also by a vast urbanism study done by the Ion Mincu University of Architecture and Urbanism 58 In 2016 Bucharest s urban situation was described as critical by a Romanian Order of Architects OAR report that criticised the city s weak incoherent and arbitrary public management policies its elected officials lack of transparency and public engagement as well as its inadequate and unsustainable use of essential urban resources 59 Bucharest s historical city centre is listed as endangered by the World Monuments Watch as of 2016 14 Although many neighbourhoods particularly in the southern part of the city lack sufficient green space being formed of cramped high density blocks of flats Bucharest also has many parks 60 Demographics edit nbsp Bucharest population pyramid in 2021 Historical populationYearPop 159510 000 165020 000 100 0 178930 030 50 2 183160 587 101 8 185160 000 1 0 1859121 734 102 9 1877177 646 45 9 1900282 071 58 8 1912341 321 21 0 1930639 040 87 2 1941992 536 55 3 19481 041 807 5 0 19561 177 661 13 0 19661 366 684 16 1 19721 511 239 10 6 19771 807 239 19 6 19821 898 323 5 0 19871 985 393 4 6 19922 064 474 4 0 20021 926 334 6 7 20111 883 425 2 2 20211 716 961 8 8 1851 data Chambers s Encyclopaedia 61 1900 Encyclopaedia Britannica 62 1941 1948 63 other data 64 65 66 Population size may be affected by changes in administrative divisions As per the 2021 census 1 716 961 inhabitants lived within the city limits a decrease from the figure recorded at the 2011 census 3 This decrease is due to low natural increase but also to a shift in population from the city itself to its smaller satellite towns such as Popești Leordeni Voluntari Chiajna Bragadiru Pantelimon Buftea and Otopeni In a study published by the United Nations Bucharest placed 19th among 28 cities that recorded sharp declines in population from 1990 to the mid 2010s In particular the population fell by 3 77 67 The city s population according to the 2002 census was 1 926 334 inhabitants 68 or 8 9 of the total population of Romania A significant number of people commute to the city every day mostly from the surrounding Ilfov County but official statistics regarding their numbers do not exist 69 Bucharest s population experienced two phases of rapid growth the first beginning in the late 19th century when the city was consolidated as the national capital and lasting until the Second World War and the second during the Ceaușescu years 1965 1989 when a massive urbanization campaign was launched and many people migrated from rural areas to the capital At this time due to Ceaușescu s decision to ban abortion and contraception natural increase was also significant Bucharest is a city of high population density 8 260 km2 21 400 sq mi 70 owing to the fact that most of the population lives in high density communist era apartment blocks blocuri However this also depends on the part of the city the southern boroughs have a higher density than the northern ones Of the European Union country capital cities only Paris and Athens have a higher population density see List of European Union cities proper by population density In addition to blocks of flats built during the communist era there are also older interwar ones as well as newer ones built in the 1990s and in the 21st century Although apartment buildings are strongly associated with the communist era such housing schemes were first introduced in Bucharest in the 1920s 71 About 97 3 of the population of Bucharest for whom data are available is Romanian 72 Other significant ethnic groups are Romani Hungarians Turks Jews Germans mostly Regat Germans Chinese Russians Ukrainians and Italians A relatively small number of Bucharesters are also Greeks Armenians Kurds Bulgarians Albanians Poles French Arabs Africans including the Afro Romanians Iranians Vietnamese Filipinos Nepalis Afghans Sri Lankans Bangladeshis Pakistanis and Indians 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 226 943 people did not declare their ethnicity 80 81 In terms of religious affiliation 96 1 of the population for whom data are available is Romanian Orthodox 1 2 is Roman Catholic 0 5 is Muslim and 0 4 is Romanian Greek Catholic Despite this only 18 of the population of any religion attends a place of worship once a week or more 82 The life expectancy of residents of Bucharest in 2015 was 77 8 years old which is 2 4 years above the national average 83 Economy editMain article Economy of Bucharest Bucharest is the centre of the Romanian economy and industry accounting for around 24 2017 of the country s GDP and about one quarter of its industrial production while being inhabited by 9 of the country s population 84 Almost one third of national taxes is paid by Bucharest s citizens and companies citation needed The living standard in the Bucharest Ilfov region was 145 of the EU average in 2017 according to GDP per capita at the purchasing power parity standard adjusted to the national price level The Bucharest area surpassed on comparable terms European metropolitan areas such as Budapest 139 Madrid 125 Berlin 118 Rome 110 Lisbon 102 and Sofia 79 and more than twice the Romanian average 85 clarification needed After relative stagnation in the 1990s the city s strong economic growth has revitalised infrastructure and led to the development of shopping malls residential estates and high rise office buildings In January 2013 Bucharest had an unemployment rate of 2 1 significantly lower than the national unemployment rate of 5 8 86 87 nbsp Skyscrapers in Pipera Floreasca Bucharest s economy is centred on industry and services with services particularly growing in importance in the past 10 years The headquarters of 186 000 firms including nearly all large Romanian companies are located in Bucharest 88 An important source of growth since 2000 has been the city s rapidly expanding property and construction sector Bucharest is also Romania s largest centre for information technology and communications and is home to several software companies operating offshore delivery centres Romania s largest stock exchange the Bucharest Stock Exchange which was merged in December 2005 with the Bucharest based electronic stock exchange Rasdaq plays a major role in the city s economy Malls and large shopping centres have been built since the late 1990s such as Băneasa Shopping City AFI Palace Cotroceni Mega Mall București Mall ParkLake Shopping Centre Sun Plaza Promenada Mall and longest Unirea Shopping Centre Bucharest has over 20 malls as of 2019 89 90 The corporations Amazon Microsoft Ubisoft Oracle Corporation or IBM are all present in the Romanian capital The top ten is also dominated by companies operating in automotive oil amp gas such as Petrom as well as companies in telecommunication and FMCG 91 92 The Speedtest Global Index ranks Bucharest the 6th city in the world after Beijing Shanghai Abu Dhabi Valparaiso and Lyon in terms of fixed broadband speed at 250Mbps as of 2023 93 nbsp IBM Bucharest nbsp Floreasca City Center including SkyTower and Oracle headquarters nbsp Petrom City nbsp Unirea Shopping Center nbsp AFI CotroceniTransport edit nbsp Bucharest Metro has 64 stations Bucharest is crossed by two major international routes Pan European transport corridor IV and IX Public transport edit Main article Transport in Bucharest Bucharest s public transport system is the largest in Romania and one of the largest in Europe It is made up of the Bucharest Metro run by Metrorex as well as a surface transport system run by STB Societatea de Transport București previously known as the RATB which consists of buses trams trolleybuses and light rail In addition a private minibus system operates there As of 2007 update a limit of 10 000 taxicab licences was imposed 94 Railways edit It is the hub of Romania s national railway network run by Căile Ferate Romane The main railway station is Gara de Nord North Station which provides connections to all major cities in Romania as well as international destinations Belgrade Sofia Varna Chișinău Kyiv Chernivtsi Lviv Thessaloniki Vienna Budapest Istanbul Moscow etc The city has five other railway stations run by CFR of which the most important are Basarab adjacent to North Station Obor Băneasa and Progresul These are in the process of being integrated into a commuter railway serving Bucharest and the surrounding Ilfov County Seven main lines radiate out of Bucharest The oldest station in Bucharest is Filaret It was inaugurated in 1869 and in 1960 the communist government turned it in a bus terminal 95 nbsp Henri Coandă International Airport Air edit Henri Coandă International Airport IATA OTP ICAO LROP located 16 5 km 10 3 mi north of the Bucharest city centre in the town of Otopeni Ilfov It is the busiest airport in Romania in terms of passenger traffic 12 807 032 in 2017 96 Aurel Vlaicu International Airport IATA BBU ICAO LRBS is Bucharest s business and VIP airport It is situated only 8 km 5 0 mi north of the Bucharest city centre within city limits Roads edit Bucharest is a major intersection of Romania s national road network A few of the busiest national roads and motorways link the city to all of Romania s major cities as well as to neighbouring countries such as Hungary Bulgaria and Ukraine The A1 to Pitești and from Sibiu to the Hungarian border the A2 Sun Motorway to the Dobrogea region and Constanța and the A3 to Ploiești all start from Bucharest A series of high capacity boulevards which generally radiate out from the city centre to the outskirts provides a framework for the municipal road system The main axes which run north south east west and northwest southeast as well as one internal and one external ring road support the bulk of the traffic The city s roads are usually very crowded during rush hours due to an increase in car ownership in recent years In 2013 the number of cars registered in Bucharest amounted to 1 125 591 97 This results in wear and potholes appearing on busy roads particularly secondary roads this being identified as one of Bucharest s main infrastructural problems A comprehensive effort on behalf of the City Hall to boost road infrastructure was made and according to the general development plan 2 000 roads have been repaired by 2008 98 The huge number of cars registered in the city forced the Romanian Auto Registry to switch to 3 digit numbers on registration plates in 2010 On 17 June 2011 the Basarab Overpass was inaugurated and opened to traffic thus completing the inner city traffic ring The overpass took five years to build and is the longest cable stayed bridge in Romania and the widest such bridge in Europe 99 upon completion traffic on the Grant Bridge and in the Gara de Nord area became noticeably more fluid 100 nbsp Bucharest Metro nbsp A tram in 2016 nbsp Mercedes Benz Citaro nbsp Basarab Overpass nbsp Buzești Street Water edit nbsp Dambovița river in Bucharest Although it is situated on the banks of a river Bucharest has never functioned as a port city Other Romanian cities such as Constanța and Galați serve as the country s main ports The unfinished Danube Bucharest Canal which is 73 km 45 mi long and around 70 completed could link Bucharest to the Danube River and via the Danube Black Sea Canal to the Black Sea Works on the canal were suspended in 1989 but proposals have been made to resume construction as part of the European Strategy for the Danube Region 101 Culture editMain article Culture of Romania Bucharest has a growing cultural scene in fields including the visual arts performing arts and nightlife Unlike other parts of Romania such as the Black Sea coast or Transylvania Bucharest s cultural scene has no defined style and instead incorporates elements of Romanian and international culture Landmarks edit Bucharest has landmark buildings and monuments Perhaps the most prominent of these is the Palace of the Parliament built in the 1980s during the rule of Communist dictator Nicolae Ceaușescu The largest Parliament building in the world the palace houses the Romanian Parliament the Chamber of Deputies and the Senate as well as the National Museum of Contemporary Art The building boasts one of the largest convention centres in the world Another landmark in Bucharest is Arcul de Triumf The Triumphal Arch built in its current form in 1935 and modelled after the Arc de Triomphe in Paris A newer landmark of the city is the Memorial of Rebirth a stylised marble pillar unveiled in 2005 to commemorate the victims of the Romanian Revolution of 1989 which overthrew Communism The abstract monument sparked controversy when it was unveiled being dubbed with names such as the olive on the toothpick măslina n scobitoare as many argued that it does not fit in its surroundings and believed that its choice was political 102 The Romanian Athenaeum building is considered a symbol of Romanian culture and since 2007 has been on the list of the Label of European Heritage sites It was built between 1886 and 1888 by the architect Paul Louis Albert Galeron through public funding 103 104 InterContinental Bucharest is a high rise five star hotel near University Square and is also a landmark of the city The building is designed so that each room has a unique panorama of the city 105 House of the Spark Casa Scanteii is a replica of the Lomonosov Moscow State University This edifice built in the characteristic style of the large scale Soviet projects was intended to be representative of the new political regime and to assert the superiority of the Communist doctrine Construction started in 1952 and was completed in 1957 a few years after Stalin s death in 1953 Popularly known as Casa Scanteii House of the Spark after the name of the official gazette of the Central Committee of the Romanian Communist Party Scanteia it was made for the purpose of bringing together under one roof all of Bucharest s official press and publishing houses It is the only building in Bucharest featuring the Hammer and Sickle the Red Star and other communist insignia carved into medallions adorning the facade Other cultural venues include the National Museum of Art of Romania Grigore Antipa National Museum of Natural History Museum of the Romanian Peasant National History Museum and the Military Museum nbsp The Triumphal Arch was inaugurated in 1936 nbsp Downtown Bucharest fountains in the Unirii Square nbsp Interior of the Cărturești Carusel Bookstore nbsp Magheru Boulevard is one of the most expensive streets in the world 106 107 nbsp Therme Bucharest spa is Europe s biggest urban beach 108 Visual arts edit nbsp National Museum of Art of Romania nbsp Grigore Antipa National Museum of Natural History was reopened In terms of visual arts the city has museums featuring both classical and contemporary Romanian art as well as selected international works The National Museum of Art of Romania is perhaps the best known of Bucharest museums It is located in the royal palace and features collections of medieval and modern Romanian art including works by sculptor Constantin Brancuși as well as an international collection assembled by the Romanian royal family Other smaller museums contain specialised collections The Zambaccian Museum which is situated in the former home of art collector Krikor H Zambaccian contains works by well known Romanian artists and international artists such as Paul Cezanne Eugene Delacroix Henri Matisse Camille Pissarro and Pablo Picasso The Gheorghe Tattarescu Museum contains portraits of Romanian revolutionaries in exile such as Gheorghe Magheru ștefan Golescu and Nicolae Bălcescu and allegorical compositions with revolutionary Romania s rebirth 1849 and patriotic The Principalities Unification 1857 themes Another impressive art collection gathering important Romanian painters can be found at the Ligia and Pompiliu Macovei residence which is open to visitors as it is now part of the Bucharest Museum patrimony The Theodor Pallady Museum is situated in one of the oldest surviving merchant houses in Bucharest and includes works by Romanian painter Theodor Pallady as well as European and oriental furniture pieces The Museum of Art Collections contains the collections of Romanian art aficionados including Krikor Zambaccian and Theodor Pallady Despite the classical art galleries and museums in the city a contemporary arts scene also exists The National Museum of Contemporary Art MNAC situated in a wing of the Palace of the Parliament was opened in 2004 and contains Romanian and international contemporary art The MNAC also manages the Kalinderu MediaLab which caters to multimedia and experimental art Private art galleries are scattered throughout the city centre The palace of the National Bank of Romania houses the national numismatic collection Exhibits include banknotes coins documents photographs maps silver and gold bullion bars bullion coins and dies and moulds The building was constructed between 1884 and 1890 The thesaurus room contains notable marble decorations Performing arts edit nbsp Odeon Theatre in June 2018 Performing arts are some of the strongest cultural elements of Bucharest The most famous symphony orchestra is National Radio Orchestra of Romania One of the most prominent buildings is the neoclassical Romanian Athenaeum which was founded in 1852 and hosts classical music concerts the George Enescu Festival and is home to the George Enescu Philharmonic Orchestra Bucharest is home to the Romanian National Opera and the I L Caragiale National Theatre Another well known theatre in Bucharest is the State Jewish Theatre which features plays starring world renowned Romanian Jewish actress Maia Morgenstern Smaller theatres throughout the city cater to specific genres such as the Comedy Theatre the Nottara Theatre the Bulandra Theatre the Odeon Theatre and the revue theatre of Constantin Tănase Music and nightlife edit nbsp The Old Town is the heart of Bucharest nightlife Bucharest is home to Romania s largest recording labels and is often the residence of Romanian musicians Romanian rock bands of the 1970s and 1980s such as Iris and Holograf continue to be popular particularly with the middle aged while since the beginning of the 1990s the hip hop rap scene has developed Hip hop bands and artists from Bucharest such as B U G Mafia Paraziții and La Familia enjoy national and international recognition The pop rock band Taxi have been gaining international respect as has Spitalul de Urgență s raucous updating of traditional Romanian music While many neighbourhood discos play manele an Oriental and Roma influenced genre of music that is particularly popular in Bucharest s working class districts the city has a rich jazz and blues scene and to an even larger extent house music trance and heavy metal punk scenes Bucharest s jazz profile has especially risen since 2002 with the presence of two venues Green Hours and Art Jazz as well as an American presence alongside established Romanians With no central nightlife strip entertainment venues are dispersed throughout the city with clusters in Lipscani and Regie Cultural events and festivals edit A number of cultural festivals are held in Bucharest throughout the year but most festivals take place in June July and August The National Opera organises the International Opera Festival every year in May and June which includes ensembles and orchestras from all over the world The Romanian Athaeneum Society hosts the George Enescu Festival at locations throughout the city in September every two years odd years The Museum of the Romanian Peasant and the Village Museum organise events throughout the year showcasing Romanian folk arts and crafts In the 2000s due to the growing prominence of the Chinese community in Bucharest Chinese cultural events took place The first officially organised Chinese festival was the Chinese New Year s Eve Festival of February 2005 which took place in Nichita Stănescu Park and was organised by the Bucharest City Hall 109 In 2005 Bucharest was the first city in Southeastern Europe to host the international CowParade which resulted in dozens of decorated cow sculptures being placed across the city In 2004 Bucharest imposed in the circle of important festivals in Eastern Europe with the Bucharest International Film Festival an event widely acknowledged in Europe having as guests of honour famous names from the world cinema Andrei Konchalovsky Danis Tanovic Nikita Mikhalkov Rutger Hauer Jerzy Skolimowski Jan Harlan Radu Mihăileanu and many others 110 Since 2005 Bucharest has its own contemporary art biennale the Bucharest Biennale nbsp Romanian Athenaeum nbsp George Enescu Festival nbsp National Opera nbsp Mihail Jora Hall Traditional culture edit nbsp Traditional wooden church at Village Museum Traditional Romanian culture continues to have a major influence in arts such as theatre film and music Bucharest has two internationally renowned ethnographic museums the Museum of the Romanian Peasant and the open air Dimitrie Gusti National Village Museum in King Michael I Park It contains 272 authentic buildings and peasant farms from all over Romania 111 The Museum of the Romanian Peasant was declared the European Museum of the Year in 1996 Patronised by the Ministry of Culture the museum preserves and exhibits numerous collections of objects and monuments of material and spiritual culture The Museum of the Romanian Peasant holds one of the richest collections of peasant objects in Romania its heritage being nearly 90 000 pieces those being divided into several collections ceramics costumes textiles wooden objects religious objects customs etc 112 The Museum of Romanian History is another important museum in Bucharest containing a collection of artefacts detailing Romanian history and culture from the prehistoric times Dacian era medieval times and the modern era Religion edit Bucharest is the seat of the Patriarch of the Romanian Orthodox Church one of the Eastern Orthodox churches in communion with the Patriarch of Constantinople and also of its subdivisions the Metropolis of Muntenia and Dobrudja and the Archbishopric of Bucharest Orthodox believers consider Demetrius of Basarabov to be the patron saint of the city The city is a centre for other Christian organizations in Romania including the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Bucharest established in 1883 and the Romanian Greek Catholic Eparchy of Saint Basil the Great founded in 2014 Bucharest also hosts six synagogues including the Choral Temple of Bucharest the Great Synagogue of Bucharest and the Holy Union Temple The latter was converted into the Museum of the History of the Romanian Jewish Community while the Great Synagogue and the Choral Temple are both active and hold regular services 113 A mosque with a capacity for 2 000 people 114 was in the planning stages at 22 30 Expoziției Boulevard The project was later abandoned 115 However there are several smaller Sunni and Shia mosques active in Bucharest 116 nbsp Palace of the Romanian Orthodox Patriarchate nbsp Greek Orthodox Church of Bucharest nbsp St Joseph Roman Catholic Cathedral nbsp Italian Roman Catholic Church nbsp Anglican Church of the ResurrectionArchitecture editThe city centre is a mixture of medieval neoclassical Art Deco and Art Nouveau buildings as well as neo Romanian buildings dating from the beginning of the 20th century and a collection of modern buildings from the 1920s and 1930s citation needed The mostly utilitarian Communist era architecture dominates most southern boroughs Recently built contemporary structures such as skyscrapers and office buildings complete the landscape Historical architecture edit nbsp Curtea Veche Church Of the city s medieval architecture most of what survived into modern times was destroyed by communist systematization fire and military incursions Some medieval and renaissance edifices remain the most notable are in the Lipscani area This precinct contains notable buildings such as Manuc s Inn Hanul lui Manuc and the ruins of the Old Court Curtea Veche during the late Middle Ages this area was the heart of commerce in Bucharest From the 1970s onwards the area went through urban decline and many historical buildings fell into disrepair In 2005 the Lipscani area was restored 117 To execute a massive redevelopment project during the rule of Nicolae Ceaușescu the government conducted extensive demolition of churches and many other historic structures in Romania According to Alexandru Budișteanu former chief architect of Bucharest The sight of a church bothered Ceaușescu It didn t matter if they demolished or moved it as long as it was no longer in sight Nevertheless a project organised by Romanian engineer Eugeniu Iordăchescu was able to move many historic structures to less prominent sites and save them 118 The city centre has retained architecture from the late 19th and early 20th centuries particularly the interwar period which is often seen as the golden age of Bucharest architecture During this time the city grew in size and wealth therefore seeking to emulate other large European capitals such as Paris Much of the architecture of the time belongs to a Modern rationalist Architecture current led by Horia Creangă and Marcel Iancu In Romania the tendencies of innovation in the architectural language met the need of valorisation and affirmation of the national cultural identity The Art Nouveau movement found expression through new architectural style initiated by Ion Mincu and taken over by other prestigious architects who capitalised important references of Romanian laic and medieval ecclesiastical architecture for example the Mogoșoaia Palace the Stavropoleos Church or the disappeared church of Văcărești Monastery and Romanian folk motifs 119 The Romanian Revival architecture which was born as the result of the attempts of finding a specific Romanian architectural style is exemplified though buildings such as Nicolae Minovici Folk Art Museum and the Romanian Peasant Museum Another style of the 1930s is the Moorish Florentine or Mediterranean Picturesque which eclectically uses Romanesque Gothic and Renaissance elements in civic architecture with a Mediterranean vibe giving rise to Mediterranean Revival architecture Some buildings from the interwar era have a modernist brutalist look such as the Tehnoimport Building which was built in 1935 120 and may be mistaken as communist architecture Modernist styles during the interwar period include Art Deco Stripped Classicism Bauhaus and Rationalism Two buildings from this time are the Crețulescu Palace housing cultural institutions including UNESCO s European Centre for Higher Education and the Cotroceni Palace the residence of the Romanian President Many large scale constructions such as the Gara de Nord the busiest railway station in the city National Bank of Romania s headquarters and the Telephones Company Building date from these times In the 2000s some historic buildings in the city centre underwent restoration In some residential areas of the city particularly in high income central and northern districts turn of the 20th century villas were mostly restored beginning in the late 1990s nbsp CEC Palace nbsp Cantacuzino Palace nbsp Palace of the National Military Circle nbsp Macca Villacrosse Passage nbsp Romanian Revival architecture C N Campeanu Alfred E Gheorghiu House on Bulevardul Dacia nbsp Window design on George Enescu street no 14 an example of Mediterranean Revival architecture nbsp The Telephones Company Building an example of the Art Deco style Communist era architecture edit This section does not cite any sources Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed April 2024 Learn how and when to remove this message A major part of Bucharest s architecture is made up of buildings constructed during the Communist era replacing the historical architecture with high density apartment blocks significant portions of the historic centre of Bucharest were demolished to construct one of the largest buildings in the world the Palace of the Parliament then officially called the House of the Republic In Nicolae Ceaușescu s project of systematization new buildings were built in previously historical areas which were razed and then built upon Communist architecture broadly includes three stages architecture that was built in the early years of communism in the late 1940s and 1950s which followed the Soviet Stalinist trend of Socialist Realism an example being the House of the Free Press which was named Casa Scinteii during communism postwar Modernism in the 1960s and the 1970s and the systematization program of the late 1970s and 1980s which included mass demolitions of historical buildings and their replacement with North Korean influenced buildings after Nicolae Ceaușescu visited East Asia in 1971 and was impressed by its Juche ideology The Communist regime installed after World War II took control over all aspects of life including architecture dictating a uniform bureaucratic vision of urbanism and architectural design Gheorghe Gheorghiu Dej who was premier of the Socialist Republic of Romania from 1947 until 1965 began the country s policies of industrialization with infrastructure development for heavy industry and construction for mass resettlement to new industrial and agricultural centers away from Bucharest and other principal cities The architecture from this period is more or less easy to spot by its use of Neoclassical elements and proportions but in a simplified way There are also some small 3 4 floors Russian blocks from this era some of them built of red bricks Communist era architecture from the 1960s and 1970s can be found especially in Bucharest s residential districts mainly in blocuri which are high density apartment blocks that house the majority of the city s population Initially these apartment blocks started to be constructed in the 1960s on relatively empty areas and fields good examples include Pajura Drumul Taberei Berceni and Titan however with the 1970s they mostly targeted peripheral neighbourhoods such as Colentina Pantelimon Militari and Rahova Construction of these apartment blocks were also often randomised for instance some small streets were demolished and later widened with the blocks being built next to them but other neighbouring streets were left intact like in the example of Calea Moșilor from 1978 to 1982 or built in various patterns such as the Piața Iancului Lizeanu apartment buildings from 1962 to 1963 The last years of communism were marked by major urban redevelopment schemes which changed dramatically the face of many cities including Bucharest One of the most singular examples of late stage communist architecture of the 1980s is Centrul Civic a development that replaced a major part of Bucharest s historic city centre with giant utilitarian buildings mainly with marble or travertine facades inspired by North Korean architecture The mass demolitions that occurred in the 1980s under which an overall area of eight square kilometres of the historic centre of Bucharest were levelled including monasteries churches synagogues a hospital and a noted Art Deco sports stadium changed drastically the appearance of the city nbsp The Palace of the Parliament Romanian Palatul Parlamentului formerly and alternatively still known as Casa Poporului is one of the largest buildings in the world nbsp Romanian Academy s building nbsp Centrul Civic nbsp Nicolae Ceaușescu s residence is available to visitors nbsp The House of the Free Press formerly Casa Scinteii I V Stalin It was built in the 1950s and it is an example of Stalinist architecture from the early communist period Contemporary architecture edit Since the fall of communism in 1989 several communist era buildings have been refurbished modernised and used for other purposes 121 Perhaps the best example of this is the conversion of obsolete retail complexes into shopping malls and commercial centres These giant circular halls which were unofficially called hunger circuses due to the food shortages experienced in the 1980s were constructed during the Ceaușescu era to act as produce markets and refectories although most were left unfinished at the time of the revolution Modern shopping malls such as the Unirea Shopping Centre Bucharest Mall Plaza Romania and City Mall emerged on pre existent structures of former hunger circuses Another example is the conversion of a large utilitarian construction in Centrul Civic into a Marriott Hotel This process was accelerated after 2000 when the city underwent a property boom and many communist era buildings in the city centre became prime real estate due to their location Many communist era apartment blocks have also been refurbished to improve urban appearance The newest contribution to Bucharest s architecture took place after the fall of communism particularly after 2000 when the city went through a period of urban renewal and architectural revitalization on the back of Romania s economic growth Buildings from this time are mostly made of glass and steel and often have more than 10 stories Examples include shopping malls particularly the Bucharest Mall a conversion and extension of an abandoned building office buildings bank headquarters etc citation needed During the 21st century several high rise office buildings were built particularly in the northern and eastern parts of the city Additionally a trend to add modern wings and facades to historic buildings has occurred the most prominent example of which is the Bucharest Architects Association Building which is a modern glass and steel construction built inside a historic stone facade In 2013 the Bucharest skyline enriched with a 137 m high office building SkyTower of Floreasca City Centre the tallest building in Romania Examples of modern skyscrapers built in the 21st century include Bucharest Tower Centre Euro Tower Nusco Tower Cathedral Plaza City Gate Towers Rin Grand Hotel Premium Plaza Bucharest Corporate Centre Millennium Business Centre PGV Tower Charles de Gaulle Plaza Business Development Centre Bucharest BRD Tower and Bucharest Financial Plaza Despite this vertical development Romanian architects avoid designing very tall buildings due to vulnerability to earthquakes 122 Aside from buildings used for business and institutions residential developments have also been built many of which consist of high rise office buildings and suburban residential communities An example of a new high rise residential complex is Asmita Gardens These developments are increasingly prominent in northern Bucharest which is less densely populated and is home to middle and upper class Bucharesters due to the process of gentrification nbsp Pipera Sky Tower nbsp BRD Tower and Bucharest Tower Center in Victory Square nbsp Asmita Gardens nbsp The World Trade Center in Bucharest nbsp Bucharest Financial PlazaEducation editOverall 159 faculties are in 34 universities Sixteen public universities are in Bucharest the largest of which are the University of Bucharest the Politehnica University of Bucharest the Bucharest University of Economic Studies the Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy Technical University of Civil Engineering the National University of Political Studies and Public Administration and the University of Agronomic Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Bucharest These are supplemented by nineteen private universities such as the Romanian American University 123 Private universities however have a mixed reputation due to irregularities 124 125 In the 2020 QS World University Rankings from Bucharest only the University of Bucharest was included in the top universities of the world The Politehnica University disappeared from the ranking 126 Also in recent years the city has had increasing numbers of foreign students enrolling in its universities 127 The first modern educational institution was the Princely Academy from Bucharest founded in 1694 and divided in 1864 to form the present day University of Bucharest and the Saint Sava National College both of which are among the most prestigious of their kind in Romania 128 129 Over 450 public primary and secondary schools are in the city all of which are administered by the Bucharest Municipal Schooling Inspectorate Each sector also has its own Schooling Inspectorate subordinated to the municipal one nbsp University of Bucharest UB nbsp Central University Library nbsp Bucharest Academy of Economic Studies ASE nbsp University of Medicine and Pharmacy UMFCD Media editThe city is well served by a modern landline and mobile network Offices of Poșta Romană the national postal operator are spread throughout the city with the central post office Romanian Oficiul Poștal București 1 located at 12 Matei Millo Street Public telephones are located in many places and are operated by Telekom Romania a subsidiary of Deutsche Telekom and successor of the former monopoly Romtelecom Bucharest is the headquarters of most national television networks and national newspapers radio stations and online news websites The largest daily newspapers in Bucharest include Evenimentul Zilei Jurnalul Național Cotidianul Romania Liberă and Adevărul while the biggest news websites are HotNews with English and Spanish versions Ziare com and Gandul During the rush hours tabloid newspapers Click Libertatea and Cancan are popular for commuters Several newspapers and media publications are based in House of the Free Press Casa Presei Libere a landmark of northern Bucharest originally named Casa Scanteii after the Communist Romania era official newspaper Scinteia The House of the Free Press is not the only Bucharest landmark that grew out of the media and communications industry Palatul Telefoanelor The Telephone Palace was the first major modernist building on Calea Victoriei in the city s centre and the massive unfinished communist era Casa Radio looms over a park a block away from the Opera English language newspapers became available in the early 1930s and reappeared in the 1990s The two daily English language newspapers are the Bucharest Daily News and Nine O Clock several magazines and publications in other languages are available such as the Hungarian language daily Uj Magyar Szo Observator Cultural covers the city s arts and the free weekly magazines Șapte Seri Seven Evenings and B24FUN list entertainment events The city is home to the intellectual journal Dilema veche and the satire magazine Academia Cațavencu Visit Bucharest Today is another online platform promoting Bucharest as a tourist destination It serves as a comprehensive resource for local and international travelers seeking to learn about the capital city of Romania The online platform showcases Bucharest s rich history cultural landmarks hidden gems and exciting experiences Healthcare edit nbsp Colțea Hospital in 2018 One of the most modern hospitals in the capital is Colțea that has been re equipped after a 90 million euro investment in 2011 It specialises in oncological and cardiac disorders It was built by Mihai Cantacuzino between 1701 and 1703 composed of many buildings each with 12 to 30 beds a church three chapels a school and doctors and teachers houses 130 Another conventional hospital is Pantelimon which was established in 1733 by Grigore II Ghica The surface area of the hospital land property was 400 000 m2 4 305 564 sq ft The hospital had in its inventory a house for infectious diseases and a house for persons with disabilities Other hospitals or clinics are Bucharest Emergency Hospital Floreasca Emergency Clinic Hospital Bucharest University Emergency Hospital and Fundeni Clinical Institute or Biomedica International and Euroclinic which are private Sports editFootball is the most widely followed sport in Bucharest with the city having numerous club teams including most notably Steaua București Dinamo București Rapid București and FCSB Arena Națională a new stadium inaugurated on 6 September 2011 hosted the 2012 Europa League Final 131 and has a 55 600 seat capacity making it one of the largest stadiums in Southeastern Europe and one of the few with a roof 132 nbsp Arena Națională hosted the 2012 UEFA Europa League final and UEFA Euro 2020 matches Sport clubs have formed for handball water polo volleyball rugby union basketball and ice hockey The majority of Romanian track and field athletes and most gymnasts are affiliated with clubs in Bucharest The largest indoor arena in Bucharest is the Romexpo Dome with a seating capacity of 40 000 It can be used for boxing kickboxing handball and tennis Bucharest hosted annual races along a temporary urban track surrounding the Palace of the Parliament called Bucharest Ring The Bucharest City Challenge race hosted FIA GT FIA GT3 British F3 and Logan Cup races 133 Since 2009 Bucharest has the largest Ferrari Shop in Eastern Europe and the 2nd largest in Europe after Milan shop 134 135 The capital also hosted the international tennis tournaments WTA Bucharest Open and ATP Romanian Open Ice hockey games are held at the Mihai Flamaropol Arena which holds 8 000 spectators Rugby games are held in different locations but the most modern stadium is Arcul de Triumf Stadium which is also home to the Romanian national rugby team Bucharest hosted the UEFA Euro 2020 championship at the Arena Națională or Bucharest National Arena 136 The championship took place in 2021 being postponed due to the outbreak of the COVID 19 pandemic Twin towns sister cities editSee also List of twin towns and sister cities in Romania Bucharest is twinned with 137 nbsp Amman Jordan nbsp Ankara Turkey nbsp Atlanta United States nbsp Athens Greece nbsp Beijing China nbsp Chișinău Moldova nbsp Damascus Syria nbsp Kyiv Ukraine 138 nbsp Lagos Nigeria nbsp Moscow Russia nbsp Nicosia Cyprus nbsp Pretoria South Africa nbsp Regina Canada nbsp Sofia Bulgaria nbsp Tbilisi Georgia 139 In addition Bucharest has a partnership with nbsp Yerevan Armenia 2013 140 See also editList of buildings in Bucharest List of people from Bucharest Portals nbsp Romania nbsp European UnionReferences edit Romanian Statistical Yearbook 2022 1 8 Administrative organisation of Romanian territory on December 31 2021 pg 17 PDF INSSE Retrieved 16 March 2023 a b c d POP105A Populația rezidentă la 1 Ianuarie pe grupe de varste sexe și medii de rezidență macroregiuni regiuni de dezvoltare și județe www insse ro cms en in Romanian INSSE TEMPO statiscal data 5 September 2023 Retrieved 23 September 2023 a b Populaţia rezidentă după grupa de varstă pe județe și municipii orașe comune la 1 decembrie 2021 in Romanian INSSE 31 May 2023 a b Multiple sources 1 1 Valoarea produsului intern brut pe judeţe si regiuni in RON pg 3 1 2 Produsul intern brut pe locuitor pe judeţe si regiuni in 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the Museums from Romania web site Bucica Cristina Legitimating Power in Capital Cities Bucharest Continuity Through Radical Change PDF Archived from the original PDF on 28 October 2005 39 0 KB 2000 External links editBucharest at Wikipedia s sister projects nbsp Definitions from Wiktionary nbsp Media from Commons nbsp News from Wikinews nbsp Quotations from Wikiquote nbsp Texts from Wikisource nbsp Resources from Wikiversity nbsp Travel information from Wikivoyage Official website nbsp Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Bucharest amp oldid 1220998242, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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