fbpx
Wikipedia

International Air Transport Association

February 16, 2024

"IATA" redirects here. For other uses, see IATA (disambiguation).
Not to be confused with International Civil Aviation Organization or Air Transport Association of America.

The International Air Transport Association (IATA /aɪˈɑːtə/) is a trade association of the world's airlines founded in 1945. IATA has been described as a cartel since, in addition to setting technical standards for airlines, IATA also organized tariff conferences that served as a forum for price fixing.[4][5]

International Air Transport Association
AbbreviationIATA
Formation19 April 1945; 78 years ago (1945-04-19) in Havana, Cuba
TypeInternational trade association
Headquarters800 Square Victoria
Montreal, Quebec
Canada[1]
Membership
317 airlines (2023)[2] from over 120 countries and regions[3]
Willie Walsh
Websitewww.iata.org

According to IATA, as of 2023 it represents 317 airlines,[2] including major carriers, from over 120 countries.[3] The IATA's member airlines account for carrying approximately 82% (2020)[6] of total available seat miles air traffic. IATA supports airline activity and helps formulate industry policy and standards. It is headquartered in Montreal, Canada with executive offices in Geneva, Switzerland.[7]

History edit

IATA was formed in April 1945 in Havana, Cuba. It is the successor to the International Air Traffic Association, which was formed in 1919 at The Hague, Netherlands.[8][9] At its founding,[which?] IATA consisted of 57 airlines from 31 countries. Much of IATA's early work was technical and IATA provided input to the newly created International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO), which was reflected in the annexes of the Chicago Convention in 1944, the international treaty that still governs international air transport.

 
IATA headquarters in Montreal (Tour de la Bourse)

The Chicago Convention did not result in a consensus on the economic regulation of the airline industry. According to Warren Koffler, IATA was formed to fill the resulting void and provide international air carriers with a mechanism to fix prices.[10]

In the late 1940s, IATA started holding conferences to fix prices for international air travel. IATA secretary J.G Gazdik stated that the organization aimed to fix prices at reasonable levels, with due regard being paid to the cost of operations, in order to ensure reasonable profits for airlines.[11]

In 1947 at a time when many airlines were government-owned and loss-making, IATA operated as a cartel, charged by the governments with setting a constrained fare structure that avoided price competition.[12] The first Traffic Conference was held in 1947 in Rio de Janeiro and reached unanimous agreement on some 400 resolutions.[13][non-primary source needed] IATA Director-General William Hildred recounted that about 200 of the resolutions at the Rio de Janeiro conference were related to establishing a uniform structure for tariffs charged for international air transportation.[14]

The American Civil Aeronautics Board did not intervene to stop IATA's price fixing, and in 1954 law professor Louis B. Schwartz condemned the board's inaction as an "abdication of judicial responsibility".[15] The Economist lambasted IATA's connivance with governments to fix prices and compared IATA with medieval guilds.[16]

In the early 1950s IATA's price fixing regime forced airlines to attempt to differentiate themselves through the quality of their passenger experience.[17] IATA responded by imposing strict limits on the quality of airline service.[18] In 1958, IATA issued a formal ruling barring airlines from serving economy passengers sandwiches with "luxurious" ingredients.[19][20] The economist Walter Adams observed that the limited service competition permitted by IATA tended to merely divert traffic from one air carrier to another without at the same time enlarging the overall air transport market.[21]

From 1956 to 1975, IATA resolutions capped travel agent commissions at 7% of the airline ticket price. Legal scholar Kenneth Elzinga argued that IATA's commission cap harmed consumers by decreasing the incentive for travel agents to offer improved service to consumers.[22]

By the late 1970s, IATA's price fixing regime was seen as unattractive by many airlines. As a result, major airlines, like Singapore Airlines and Pan-American Airlines, chose to forgo IATA membership.[23]

In 1982, the sociologist John Hannigan described IATA as "the world aviation cartel".[4] IATA enjoyed immunity from antitrust law in several nations.[10]

In 2006, the United States Department of Justice adopted an order withdrawing the antitrust immunity of IATA tariff conferences.[24][25]

In March 2020, the COVID-19 pandemic interrupted routine flights around the world. In the immediate aftermath most airlines, because of the physical distancing policies implemented by national governments, reduced their seat loading by eliminating the sale of the middle seat in a row of three. This reduction averaged out to a load factor of 62% normal, well below the IATA industry break-even level of 77%. Fares would need to rise as much as 54% if a carrier were to break even, according to calculations done by the IATA, who posit that because of "forward-facing seats that prevent face-to-face contact, and ceiling-to-floor air flows that limit the circulation of respiratory droplets" the risk of transmission is reduced. North American carriers such as WestJet, Air Canada and American Airlines all planned to resume normal pattern sales on 1 July 2020.[26] This industry-driven policy garnered immediate push-back from some Canadians, including those who felt defrauded, while Minister of Transport Marc Garneau noted that the "on-board spacing requirement is a recommendation only and therefore not mandatory" while his Transport Canada department listed physical distancing as a prophylactic among the key positive points in a guide prepared for the Canadian aviation industry.[27]

Chief executives edit

Focus areas edit

Safety edit

IATA states that safety is its highest priority.[29] The main instrument for safety is the IATA Operational Safety Audit (IOSA). IOSA has also been mandated at the state level by several countries.[specify] In 2017, aviation posted its safest year ever, surpassing the previous record set in 2012. The new global Western-built jet accident rate became the equivalent of one accident every 7.36 million flights.[30] Future improvements will be founded on data sharing with a database fed by a multitude of sources and housed by the Global Safety Information Center. In June 2014, the IATA set up a special panel to study measures to track aircraft in flight in real time. The move was in response to the disappearance without a trace of Malaysia Airlines Flight 370 on 8 March 2014.[31]

Simplifying the Business edit

Simplifying the Business[32] was launched in 2004. This initiative has introduced a number of crucial concepts to passenger travel, including the electronic ticket[33] and the bar coded boarding pass. Many other innovations are being established as part of the Fast Travel initiative, including a range of self-service baggage options.

An innovative program, launched in 2012 is New Distribution Capability.[34] This will replace the pre-Internet EDIFACT messaging standard, which is still the basis of the global distribution system and travel agent channel, with an XML standard.[35] This will enable the same choices to be offered to high street travel shoppers as are offered to those who book directly through airline websites. A filing with the US Department of Transportation brought over 400 comments.[36][37]

Environment edit

IATA members and all industry stakeholders have agreed to three sequential environmental goals:[38][39]

  1. An average improvement in fuel efficiency of 1.5% per annum from 2009 through 2020
  2. A cap on net carbon emissions from aviation from 2020 (carbon-neutral growth)
  3. A 50% reduction in net aviation carbon emissions by 2050 relative to 2005 levels.

At the 2013 IATA annual general meeting in Cape Town, South Africa, members overwhelmingly endorsed a resolution on "Implementation of the Aviation Carbon-Neutral Growth (CNG2020) Strategy."[40] A representative for the European Federation for Transport and Environment criticized the resolution for relying on carbon offsets instead of direct reductions in aviation carbon emissions.[40]

Services edit

IATA provides consulting and training services in many areas.

Publications - standards edit

A number of standards are defined under the umbrella of IATA. One of the most important is the IATA DGR[41] for the transport of dangerous goods (HAZMAT) by air.

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ "IATA – Office Addresses & Telephone Numbers". Retrieved 23 September 2023.
  2. ^ a b "Current Airline Members". International Air Transport Association. from the original on 21 October 2023. Retrieved 21 October 2023.
  3. ^ a b "IATA Members". International Air Transport Association. from the original on 10 October 2023. Retrieved 21 October 2023.
  4. ^ a b Hannigan, John A. (1982). "Unfriendly Skies: The Decline of the World Aviation Cartel". The Pacific Sociological Review. 25 (1): 107–136. doi:10.2307/1388890. ISSN 0030-8919. JSTOR 1388890. S2CID 158297510.
  5. ^ Doganis, Rigas (2019). Flying Off Course: Airline Economics and Marketing. Routledge. p. 29. ISBN 978-1138224230. There can be little doubt IATA was effectively a suppliers cartel
  6. ^ biopharma-reporter.com (11 September 2020). "Delivering COVID-19 vaccines safely will be the 'mission of the century' for air cargo industry". biopharma-reporter.com. Retrieved 1 April 2021.
  7. ^ "International Air Transport Association". CAPA Centre for Aviation (Informa). from the original on 11 October 2023. Retrieved 21 October 2023.
  8. ^ Sebastian Höhne. "IT in general Aviation: Pen and Paper vs. Bits and Bytes" (PDF). hoehne.net. p. 38. (PDF) from the original on 8 March 2014. Retrieved 5 May 2014.[better source needed]
  9. ^ "International Air Transport Association (IATA) - OECD" (PDF). (PDF) from the original on 18 February 2023.
  10. ^ Gazdik, J.G. Rate-Making and the IATA Traffic Conferences . Journal of Air Law and Commerce, vol. 16, no. 3, Summer 1949, pp. 298–322.
  11. ^ Koffler, Warren W (1 January 1966). "IATA: Its Legal Structure - A Critical Review". Journal of Air Law and Commerce. 32 (2): 222. IATA is an international trade association which is cartel-like in a number of its operations. [] IATA is an international monopoly, or cartel, by either classic or modern definition. While its stated purpose is to create economic air transport, its actual operation has set prices at a level sufficient to support the least efficient of its carrier members. [] [IATA] members' governments have sent their technical experts to a meeting to negotiate the price of a commodity. These men, in the employ of their governments directly or indirectly, have been fully instructed before their departure.
  12. ^ "IATA - Early Days". www.iata.org. Retrieved 11 January 2023.
  13. ^ Hildred, William P. "International Air Transport Association: II." Air Affairs, vol. 2, no. 3, July 1948, pp. 364–379.
  14. ^ Schwartz, Louis B. (1954). "Legal Restriction of Competition in the Regulated Industries: An Abdication of Judicial Responsibility". Harvard Law Review. 67 (3): 436–475. doi:10.2307/1336965. ISSN 0017-811X. JSTOR 1336965.
  15. ^ "Clearing the Air". The Economist. Vol. 200, no. 6149. 1 July 1961. p. 63.
  16. ^ Salin, Pascal (1996). "Cartels as efficient productive structures". The Review of Austrian Economics. 9 (2): 29–42. doi:10.1007/BF01103328. S2CID 154931354.
  17. ^ McGoldrick, John Lewis. Regulation of Service Competition in International Air Travel [1] Harvard International Law Journal , vol. 8, no. 1, Winter 1967, pp. 78-115.
  18. ^ Freidlander, Paul (27 April 1958). "Sandwich Settlement". New York Times. pp. 2–1.
  19. ^ Tauber, Ronald S. Enforcement of IATA Agreements. Harvard International Law Journal , vol. 10, no. 1, Winter 1969, pp. 1–33.
  20. ^ Adams, Walter (1958). "The Role of Competition in the Regulated Industries". The American Economic Review. 48 (2): 527–543. ISSN 0002-8282. JSTOR 1816944.
  21. ^ Elzinga, Kenneth G. The Travel Agent, the IATA Cartel, and Consumer Welfare. Journal of Air Law and Commerce, vol. 44, no. 1, 1978, p. 47.
  22. ^ Heller, Paul P. Recent Developments in Air Transport Regulation New Zealand Recent Law, vol. 4, no. 5, June 1978, pp. 210-216
  23. ^ "DOT-OST-2006-25307-003". www.regulations.gov. Retrieved 26 February 2020.
  24. ^ Wojtek, Ralf (28 November 2015). "UPU compensation rates for packages under EU competition law: Are the lessons to be learned from other international fee arrangements". In Crew, Michael A.; Brennan, Timothy J. (eds.). The future of the postal sector in a digital world. Springer. p. 337. ISBN 978-3-319-24454-9. OCLC 930703336.
  25. ^ Atkins, Eric (26 June 2020). "WestJet and Air Canada to start selling middle seat on flights as of July 1". The Globe and Mail Inc.
  26. ^ Jones, Ryan Patrick (28 June 2020). "Critics not on board with airlines' decision to relax in-flight physical distancing during COVID-19". CBC.
  27. ^ "IATA's Leaders over the Years". www.iata.org. Retrieved 3 October 2023.
  28. ^ "Safety". www.iata.org. Retrieved 7 August 2020.
  29. ^ Oliver Smith. "2017 was the safest year in aviation history – but which was the deadliest?". The Telegraph. Archived from the original on 12 January 2022. Retrieved 11 January 2018.
  30. ^ . Malaysia Sun. Archived from the original on 14 July 2014. Retrieved 10 June 2014.
  31. ^ Gouldman, Anna (25 April 2005). "Airlines to Scrap Paper Tickets by 2007: Industry Feedback". Breaking Travel News. Retrieved 18 November 2013.
  32. ^ Greenwood, Gemma (27 August 2007). "IATA makes final paper ticket order". Arabian Travel News. Retrieved 18 November 2013.
  33. ^ Boehmer, Jay (18 October 2012). "IATA Votes To Adopt New Distribution Standards". The Beat. Retrieved 18 November 2013.
  34. ^ IATA. Cargo-XML Standards: Modernizing air cargo communication.
  35. ^ Vanasse, Zachary-Cy (1 May 2013). "New Distribution Capability Or New Industry Model?". Travel Hot News. Retrieved 18 November 2013.
  36. ^ Orukpe, Abel. . Daily Independent. Archived from the original on 15 March 2013. Retrieved 18 November 2013.
  37. ^ . IATA. 8 June 2009. Archived from the original on 14 April 2021. Retrieved 27 June 2020.
  38. ^ "Climate Change". IATA.
  39. ^ a b Harvey, Fiona (4 June 2013). "Airlines agree to curb their greenhouse gas emissions by 2020". The Guardian. Retrieved 18 November 2013.
  40. ^ IATA (ed.), Dangerous Goods Regulations

External links edit

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to International Air Transport Association.

45°30′02″N 73°33′42″W / 45.5006°N 73.5617°W / 45.5006; -73.5617

February 16, 2024
international, transport, association, iata, redirects, here, other, uses, iata, disambiguation, confused, with, international, civil, aviation, organization, transport, association, america, iata, ɑː, trade, association, world, airlines, founded, 1945, iata, . IATA redirects here For other uses see IATA disambiguation Not to be confused with International Civil Aviation Organization or Air Transport Association of America The International Air Transport Association IATA aɪ ˈ ɑː t e is a trade association of the world s airlines founded in 1945 IATA has been described as a cartel since in addition to setting technical standards for airlines IATA also organized tariff conferences that served as a forum for price fixing 4 5 International Air Transport AssociationAbbreviationIATAFormation19 April 1945 78 years ago 1945 04 19 in Havana CubaTypeInternational trade associationHeadquarters800 Square Victoria Montreal QuebecCanada 1 Membership317 airlines 2023 2 from over 120 countries and regions 3 DGWillie WalshWebsitewww wbr iata wbr orgAccording to IATA as of 2023 update it represents 317 airlines 2 including major carriers from over 120 countries 3 The IATA s member airlines account for carrying approximately 82 2020 6 of total available seat miles air traffic IATA supports airline activity and helps formulate industry policy and standards It is headquartered in Montreal Canada with executive offices in Geneva Switzerland 7 Contents 1 History 2 Chief executives 3 Focus areas 3 1 Safety 3 2 Simplifying the Business 3 3 Environment 3 4 Services 3 5 Publications standards 4 See also 5 References 6 External linksHistory editIATA was formed in April 1945 in Havana Cuba It is the successor to the International Air Traffic Association which was formed in 1919 at The Hague Netherlands 8 9 At its founding which IATA consisted of 57 airlines from 31 countries Much of IATA s early work was technical and IATA provided input to the newly created International Civil Aviation Organization ICAO which was reflected in the annexes of the Chicago Convention in 1944 the international treaty that still governs international air transport nbsp IATA headquarters in Montreal Tour de la Bourse The Chicago Convention did not result in a consensus on the economic regulation of the airline industry According to Warren Koffler IATA was formed to fill the resulting void and provide international air carriers with a mechanism to fix prices 10 In the late 1940s IATA started holding conferences to fix prices for international air travel IATA secretary J G Gazdik stated that the organization aimed to fix prices at reasonable levels with due regard being paid to the cost of operations in order to ensure reasonable profits for airlines 11 In 1947 at a time when many airlines were government owned and loss making IATA operated as a cartel charged by the governments with setting a constrained fare structure that avoided price competition 12 The first Traffic Conference was held in 1947 in Rio de Janeiro and reached unanimous agreement on some 400 resolutions 13 non primary source needed IATA Director General William Hildred recounted that about 200 of the resolutions at the Rio de Janeiro conference were related to establishing a uniform structure for tariffs charged for international air transportation 14 The American Civil Aeronautics Board did not intervene to stop IATA s price fixing and in 1954 law professor Louis B Schwartz condemned the board s inaction as an abdication of judicial responsibility 15 The Economist lambasted IATA s connivance with governments to fix prices and compared IATA with medieval guilds 16 In the early 1950s IATA s price fixing regime forced airlines to attempt to differentiate themselves through the quality of their passenger experience 17 IATA responded by imposing strict limits on the quality of airline service 18 In 1958 IATA issued a formal ruling barring airlines from serving economy passengers sandwiches with luxurious ingredients 19 20 The economist Walter Adams observed that the limited service competition permitted by IATA tended to merely divert traffic from one air carrier to another without at the same time enlarging the overall air transport market 21 From 1956 to 1975 IATA resolutions capped travel agent commissions at 7 of the airline ticket price Legal scholar Kenneth Elzinga argued that IATA s commission cap harmed consumers by decreasing the incentive for travel agents to offer improved service to consumers 22 By the late 1970s IATA s price fixing regime was seen as unattractive by many airlines As a result major airlines like Singapore Airlines and Pan American Airlines chose to forgo IATA membership 23 In 1982 the sociologist John Hannigan described IATA as the world aviation cartel 4 IATA enjoyed immunity from antitrust law in several nations 10 In 2006 the United States Department of Justice adopted an order withdrawing the antitrust immunity of IATA tariff conferences 24 25 In March 2020 the COVID 19 pandemic interrupted routine flights around the world In the immediate aftermath most airlines because of the physical distancing policies implemented by national governments reduced their seat loading by eliminating the sale of the middle seat in a row of three This reduction averaged out to a load factor of 62 normal well below the IATA industry break even level of 77 Fares would need to rise as much as 54 if a carrier were to break even according to calculations done by the IATA who posit that because of forward facing seats that prevent face to face contact and ceiling to floor air flows that limit the circulation of respiratory droplets the risk of transmission is reduced North American carriers such as WestJet Air Canada and American Airlines all planned to resume normal pattern sales on 1 July 2020 26 This industry driven policy garnered immediate push back from some Canadians including those who felt defrauded while Minister of Transport Marc Garneau noted that the on board spacing requirement is a recommendation only and therefore not mandatory while his Transport Canada department listed physical distancing as a prophylactic among the key positive points in a guide prepared for the Canadian aviation industry 27 Chief executives edit nbsp Willie Walsh 2021 present 28 nbsp Alexandre de Juniac 2016 2021 nbsp Tony Tyler 2011 2016 nbsp Giovanni Bisignani 2002 2011 nbsp Pierre Jean Jeanniot 1993 2002 nbsp Gunter Eser 1985 1992 nbsp Knut Hammarskjold 1966 1984 nbsp Sir William Hildred 1946 1966 Focus areas editSafety edit IATA states that safety is its highest priority 29 The main instrument for safety is the IATA Operational Safety Audit IOSA IOSA has also been mandated at the state level by several countries specify In 2017 aviation posted its safest year ever surpassing the previous record set in 2012 The new global Western built jet accident rate became the equivalent of one accident every 7 36 million flights 30 Future improvements will be founded on data sharing with a database fed by a multitude of sources and housed by the Global Safety Information Center In June 2014 the IATA set up a special panel to study measures to track aircraft in flight in real time The move was in response to the disappearance without a trace of Malaysia Airlines Flight 370 on 8 March 2014 31 Simplifying the Business edit Simplifying the Business 32 was launched in 2004 This initiative has introduced a number of crucial concepts to passenger travel including the electronic ticket 33 and the bar coded boarding pass Many other innovations are being established as part of the Fast Travel initiative including a range of self service baggage options An innovative program launched in 2012 is New Distribution Capability 34 This will replace the pre Internet EDIFACT messaging standard which is still the basis of the global distribution system and travel agent channel with an XML standard 35 This will enable the same choices to be offered to high street travel shoppers as are offered to those who book directly through airline websites A filing with the US Department of Transportation brought over 400 comments 36 37 Environment edit IATA members and all industry stakeholders have agreed to three sequential environmental goals 38 39 An average improvement in fuel efficiency of 1 5 per annum from 2009 through 2020 A cap on net carbon emissions from aviation from 2020 carbon neutral growth A 50 reduction in net aviation carbon emissions by 2050 relative to 2005 levels At the 2013 IATA annual general meeting in Cape Town South Africa members overwhelmingly endorsed a resolution on Implementation of the Aviation Carbon Neutral Growth CNG2020 Strategy 40 A representative for the European Federation for Transport and Environment criticized the resolution for relying on carbon offsets instead of direct reductions in aviation carbon emissions 40 Services edit IATA provides consulting and training services in many areas Publications standards edit A number of standards are defined under the umbrella of IATA One of the most important is the IATA DGR 41 for the transport of dangerous goods HAZMAT by air See also editAir Transport Action Group ATAG Conex box Flight planning IATA airline code IATA airport code IATA Operational Safety Audit IOSA International Association of Travel Agents Network IATAN International Civil Aviation Organization ICAO International Society of Transport Aircraft Trading Kenneth Beaumont Standard Schedules Information ManualReferences edit IATA Office Addresses amp Telephone Numbers Retrieved 23 September 2023 a b Current Airline Members International Air Transport Association Archived from the original on 21 October 2023 Retrieved 21 October 2023 a b IATA Members International Air Transport Association Archived from the original on 10 October 2023 Retrieved 21 October 2023 a b Hannigan John A 1982 Unfriendly Skies The Decline of the World Aviation Cartel The Pacific Sociological Review 25 1 107 136 doi 10 2307 1388890 ISSN 0030 8919 JSTOR 1388890 S2CID 158297510 Doganis Rigas 2019 Flying Off Course Airline Economics and Marketing Routledge p 29 ISBN 978 1138224230 There can be little doubt IATA was effectively a suppliers cartel biopharma reporter com 11 September 2020 Delivering COVID 19 vaccines safely will be the mission of the century for air cargo industry biopharma reporter com Retrieved 1 April 2021 International Air Transport Association CAPA Centre for Aviation Informa Archived from the original on 11 October 2023 Retrieved 21 October 2023 Sebastian Hohne IT in general Aviation Pen and Paper vs Bits and Bytes PDF hoehne net p 38 Archived PDF from the original on 8 March 2014 Retrieved 5 May 2014 better source needed International Air Transport Association IATA OECD PDF Archived PDF from the original on 18 February 2023 a b Koffler Warren Spring 1966 IATA Its legal structure A critical review Journal of Air Law and Commerce 32 222 235 Gazdik J G Rate Making and the IATA Traffic Conferences Journal of Air Law and Commerce vol 16 no 3 Summer 1949 pp 298 322 Koffler Warren W 1 January 1966 IATA Its Legal Structure A Critical Review Journal of Air Law and Commerce 32 2 222 IATA is an international trade association which is cartel like in a number of its operations IATA is an international monopoly or cartel by either classic or modern definition While its stated purpose is to create economic air transport its actual operation has set prices at a level sufficient to support the least efficient of its carrier members IATA members governments have sent their technical experts to a meeting to negotiate the price of a commodity These men in the employ of their governments directly or indirectly have been fully instructed before their departure IATA Early Days www iata org Retrieved 11 January 2023 Hildred William P International Air Transport Association II Air Affairs vol 2 no 3 July 1948 pp 364 379 Schwartz Louis B 1954 Legal Restriction of Competition in the Regulated Industries An Abdication of Judicial Responsibility Harvard Law Review 67 3 436 475 doi 10 2307 1336965 ISSN 0017 811X JSTOR 1336965 Clearing the Air The Economist Vol 200 no 6149 1 July 1961 p 63 Salin Pascal 1996 Cartels as efficient productive structures The Review of Austrian Economics 9 2 29 42 doi 10 1007 BF01103328 S2CID 154931354 McGoldrick John Lewis Regulation of Service Competition in International Air Travel 1 Harvard International Law Journal vol 8 no 1 Winter 1967 pp 78 115 Freidlander Paul 27 April 1958 Sandwich Settlement New York Times pp 2 1 Tauber Ronald S Enforcement of IATA Agreements Harvard International Law Journal vol 10 no 1 Winter 1969 pp 1 33 Adams Walter 1958 The Role of Competition in the Regulated Industries The American Economic Review 48 2 527 543 ISSN 0002 8282 JSTOR 1816944 Elzinga Kenneth G The Travel Agent the IATA Cartel and Consumer Welfare Journal of Air Law and Commerce vol 44 no 1 1978 p 47 Heller Paul P Recent Developments in Air Transport Regulation New Zealand Recent Law vol 4 no 5 June 1978 pp 210 216 DOT OST 2006 25307 003 www regulations gov Retrieved 26 February 2020 Wojtek Ralf 28 November 2015 UPU compensation rates for packages under EU competition law Are the lessons to be learned from other international fee arrangements In Crew Michael A Brennan Timothy J eds The future of the postal sector in a digital world Springer p 337 ISBN 978 3 319 24454 9 OCLC 930703336 Atkins Eric 26 June 2020 WestJet and Air Canada to start selling middle seat on flights as of July 1 The Globe and Mail Inc Jones Ryan Patrick 28 June 2020 Critics not on board with airlines decision to relax in flight physical distancing during COVID 19 CBC IATA s Leaders over the Years www iata org Retrieved 3 October 2023 Safety www iata org Retrieved 7 August 2020 Oliver Smith 2017 was the safest year in aviation history but which was the deadliest The Telegraph Archived from the original on 12 January 2022 Retrieved 11 January 2018 IATA wants new airline tracking equipment Malaysia Sun Archived from the original on 14 July 2014 Retrieved 10 June 2014 Gouldman Anna 25 April 2005 Airlines to Scrap Paper Tickets by 2007 Industry Feedback Breaking Travel News Retrieved 18 November 2013 Greenwood Gemma 27 August 2007 IATA makes final paper ticket order Arabian Travel News Retrieved 18 November 2013 Boehmer Jay 18 October 2012 IATA Votes To Adopt New Distribution Standards The Beat Retrieved 18 November 2013 IATA Cargo XML Standards Modernizing air cargo communication Vanasse Zachary Cy 1 May 2013 New Distribution Capability Or New Industry Model Travel Hot News Retrieved 18 November 2013 Orukpe Abel IATA urges stakeholders to collaborate give passengers value Daily Independent Archived from the original on 15 March 2013 Retrieved 18 November 2013 Carbon Neutral Growth by 2020 IATA 8 June 2009 Archived from the original on 14 April 2021 Retrieved 27 June 2020 Climate Change IATA a b Harvey Fiona 4 June 2013 Airlines agree to curb their greenhouse gas emissions by 2020 The Guardian Retrieved 18 November 2013 IATA ed Dangerous Goods RegulationsExternal links edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to International Air Transport Association Official website nbsp Clippings about International Air Transport Association in the 20th Century Press Archives of the ZBW Portal nbsp Aviation 45 30 02 N 73 33 42 W 45 5006 N 73 5617 W 45 5006 73 5617 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title International Air Transport Association amp oldid 1191966062, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

article

, read, download, free, free download, mp3, video, mp4, 3gp, jpg, jpeg, gif, png, picture, music, song, movie, book, game, games.