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Free verse

Free verse is an open form of poetry, which in its modern form arose through the French vers libre form. It does not use consistent meter patterns, rhyme, or any musical pattern.[1] It thus tends to follow the rhythm of natural speech.

Definition Edit

Free verse does not "proceed by a strict set of rules … is not a literary type, and does not conform to a formal structure." It is not considered to be completely free. In 1948, Charles Allen wrote, "The only freedom cadenced verse obtains is a limited freedom from the tight demands of the metered line."[2] Free verse contains some elements of form, including the poetic line, which may vary freely; rhythm; strophes or strophic rhythms; stanzaic patterns and rhythmic units or cadences. It is said that verse is free "when it is not primarily obtained by the metered line."[2] Donald Hall goes as far as to say that "the form of free verse is as binding and as liberating as the form of a rondeau,"[3] and T. S. Eliot wrote, "No verse is free for the man who wants to do a good job."[4]

Kenneth Allott, the poet and critic, said the adoption by some poets of vers libre arose from "mere desire for novelty, the imitation of Whitman, the study of Jacobean dramatic blank verse, and the awareness of what French poets had already done to the alexandrine in France."[5] The American critic John Livingston Lowes in 1916 observed "Free verse may be written as very beautiful prose; prose may be written as very beautiful free verse. Which is which?"[6]

Some poets have considered free verse restrictive in its own way. In 1922, Robert Bridges voiced his reservations in the essay "Humdrum and Harum-Scarum". Robert Frost, in a comment regarding Carl Sandburg, later remarked that writing free verse was like "playing tennis without a net." Sandburg responded saying, in part, “There have been poets who could and did play more than one game of tennis with unseen rackets, volleying airy and fantastic balls over an insubstantial net, on a frail moonlight fabric of a court."[7][8] William Carlos Williams said, "Being an art form, a verse cannot be free in the sense of having no limitations or guiding principles."[9] Yvor Winters, the poet and critic, said, "…the greatest fluidity of statement is possible where the greatest clarity of form prevails. … The free verse that is really verse—the best that is, of W.C. Williams, H. D., Marianne Moore, Wallace Stevens, and Ezra Pound—is, in its peculiar fashion, the antithesis of free."[10]

In Welsh poetry, however, the term has a completely different meaning. According to Jan Morris, "When Welsh poets speak of Free Verse, they mean forms like the sonnet or the ode, which obey the same rules as English poesy. Strict Metres verse still honours the immensely complex rules laid down for correct poetic composition 600 years ago."[11]

Vers libre Edit

Vers libre is a free-verse poetic form of flexibility, complexity, and naturalness[12] created in the late 19th century in France, in 1886. It was largely through the activities of La Vogue, a weekly journal founded by Gustave Kahn,[13] as well as the appearance of a band of poets unequaled at any one time in the history of French poetry.[14] Their style of poetry was dubbed 'Counter-Romanticism' and it was led by Verlaine, Rimbaud, Mallarmé, Laforgue and Corbière.[15] It was concerned with synaethesis (the harmony or equilibrium of sensation)[16] and later described as "the moment when French poetry began to take consciousness of itself as poetry."[17] Gustave Kahn was commonly supposed to have invented the term vers libre and according to F. S. Flint, he "was undoubtedly the first theorist of the technique(s)."[18] Later in 1912, Robert de Souza published his conclusion on the genre, voicing that[19] "A vers libre was possible which would keep all the essential characteristics of vers Classique, but would free it from the encumbrances which usage had made appear indispensable."[20] Thus the practice of vers libre was not the abandoning of pattern, but the creation of an original and complicated metrical form for each poem.[21]

The formal stimuli for vers libre were vers libéré (French verse of the late 19th century that liberated itself from classical rules of versification whilst observing the principle of isosyllabism and regular patterned rhyme) and vers libre Classique (a minor French genre of the 17th and 18th century which conformed to classic concepts, but in which lines of different length were irregularly and unpredictably combined) and vers Populaire (versification derived from oral aspects of popular song).[13] Remy de Gourmont's Livre des Masques gave definition to the whole vers libre movement;[22] he notes that there should arise, at regular intervals, a full and complete line, which reassures the ear and guides the rhythm.[23]

Form and structure Edit

The unit of vers libre is not the foot, the number of the syllables, the quantity, or the line. The unit is the strophe, which may be the whole poem or only a part. Each strophe is a complete circle.[24] Vers libre is "verse-formal based upon cadence that allows the lines to flow as they will when read aloud by an intelligent reader."[25]

Unrhymed cadence in vers libre is built upon "organic rhythm" or the rhythm of the speaking voice with its necessity for breathing, rather than upon a strict metrical system.[26] For vers libre addresses the ear, not the eye.[27] Vers libre is liberated from traditional rules concerning meter, caesura, and line end stopping.[28] Every syllable pronounced is of nearly equal value but is less strongly accented than in English; being less intense requires less discipline to mold the accents into the poem's rhythm.[20] This new technique, as defined by Kahn, consists of the denial of a regular number of syllables as the basis for verification; the length of the line is long and short, oscillating with images used by the poet following the contours of his or her thoughts and is free rather than regular.[29]

Although free verse requires no meter, rhyme, or other traditional poetic techniques, a poet can still use them to create some sense of structure. A clear example of this can be found in Walt Whitman's poems, where he repeats certain phrases and uses commas to create both a rhythm and structure.

Pattern and discipline are to be found in good free verse: the internal pattern of sounds, the choice of exact words, and the effect of associations give free verse its beauty.[30] With the Imagists free verse became a discipline and acquired status as a legitimate poetic form.[31] Herbert Read, however, noted that "the Imagist Ezra Pound gave free verse its musical structure to an extent that paradoxically it was no longer free."[32]

Unrestrained by traditional boundaries, the poet possesses more license to express and has more control over the development of the poem. This can allow for a more spontaneous and individualized poetic art product.

Technically, free verse has been described as spaced prose, a mosaic of verse and prose experience.[33]

Legacy Edit

Vers libre, until 1912, had hardly been heard of outside France[34] until T. E. Hulme and F. S. Flint shared their knowledge in 1909 with the Poets Club in London.[35] This later became the heart of the Imagist movement[36] through Flint's advocacy of the genre.[37] Thus, vers libre influenced Imagism in the discovery of new forms and rhythms.[38]

Imagism, in the wake of French Symbolism (i.e. vers libre of French Symbolist poets[39]) was the wellspring out of which the main current of Modernism in English flowed.[40] T. S. Eliot later identified this as "the point de repere usually taken as the starting point of modern poetry,"[41] as hundreds of poets were led to adopt vers libre as their medium.[42]

Antecedents Edit

As the French-language term vers libre suggests, this technique of using more irregular cadences is often said to have its origin in the practices of 19th-century French poets such as Gustave Kahn and Jules Laforgue, in his Derniers vers of 1890. Taupin, the US-based French poet and critic, concluded that free verse and vers libre are not synonymous, since "the French language tends to give equal weight to each spoken syllable, whereas English syllables vary in quantity according to whether stressed or unstressed."[43]

The sort of cadencing that we now recognize in free verse can be traced back at least as far as the Biblical Hebrew psalmist poetry of the Bible.[2] By referring to the Psalms, it is possible to argue that free verse in English first appeared in the 1380s in the John Wycliffe translation of the Psalms and was repeated in different form in most biblical translations ever since.

Walt Whitman, who based his long lines in his poetry collection Leaves of Grass on the phrasing of the King James Bible, influenced later American free verse composers, notably Allen Ginsberg.[44] One form of free verse was employed by Christopher Smart in his long poem Jubilate Agno (Latin: Rejoice in the Lamb), written some time between 1759 and 1763 but not published until 1939.

Many poets of the Victorian era experimented with free verse. Christina Rossetti, Coventry Patmore, and T. E. Brown all wrote examples of rhymed but unmetered verse, poems such as W. E. Henley's "Discharged" (from his In Hospital sequence).

Free verse in English was persuasively advocated by critic T. E. Hulme in his A Lecture on Modern Poetry (1908). Later in the preface to Some Imagist Poets 1916, he comments, "Only the name is new, you will find something much like vers libre in Dryden's Threnodia Augustalis; a great deal of Milton's Samson Agonistes, and the oldest in Chaucer's House of Fame."[45]

In France, a few pieces in Arthur Rimbaud's prose poem collection Illuminations were arranged in manuscript in lines, rather than prose, and in the Netherlands, tachtiger (i.e., a member of the 1880s generation of innovative poets) Frederik van Eeden employed the form at least once in his poem "Waterlelie" ("Water Lily").[46]

Goethe in some early poems, such as "Prometheus" and also Hölderlin used free verse occasionally, due in part to a misinterpretation of the meter used in Pindar's poetry. Hölderlin also continued to write unmetered poems after discovering this error.[47]

The German poet Heinrich Heine made an important contribution to the development of free verse with 22 poems, written in two-poem cycles, called Die Nordsee (The North Sea) (written 1825–1826).[48] These were first published in Buch der Lieder (Book of Songs) in 1827.

See also Edit

References Edit

  1. ^ Abbs, Peter; Richardson, John (15 November 1990). The Forms of Poetry: A practical study guide for English (15th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 137. ISBN 978-0-521-37160-5.
  2. ^ a b c Allen, Charles (1948). "Cadenced Free Verse". College English. 9 (4): 195–199. doi:10.2307/371561. JSTOR 371561.
  3. ^ Donald Hall, in the essay 'Goatfoot, Milktongue, Twinbird' in the book of 0-472-40000-2.
  4. ^ Eliot quote from the essay, "The Music of Poetry" Jackson (1 January 1942) ASIN B0032Q49RO
  5. ^ Introductory Note by Kenneth Allott (ed.) The Penguin Book of Contemporary Verse, Penguin Books, Harmondsworth, England 1950
  6. ^ Lowes, Livingston John, Nation Feb 1916
  7. ^ The Robert Frost Encyclopedia. Nancy Lewis Tuten, John Zubizarreta. Greenwood Press (2001). Page 318. ISBN 9780313294648
  8. ^ Lingeman, Richard. "A Poet for the People: Carl Sandberg: A Biography". Los Angeles Times. July 14, 1991.
  9. ^ Free Verse, Princeton Encyclopedia of Poetry and Poetics, 2nd Ed, 1975
  10. ^ [1] Winters, Yvor. Primitivism and Decadence: A Study of American Experimental Poetry. Arrow Editions, New York, 1937. p. 7
  11. ^ Jan Morris (1984), The Matter of Wales: Epic Views of a Small Country, Oxford University Press. Page 152.
  12. ^ Hover, Richard Poet in Town Interview with Boston Record Sept 1898
  13. ^ a b Scott, Clive, Vers libre: the emergence of free verse in France, 1886-1914 Clarendon Press, Oxford ISBN 978-0-19-815159-3
  14. ^ Hulme, T. E. Lecture on Modern Poetry, Kensington Town Hall 1914
  15. ^ Pratt, William, Introduction to The Influence of French Symbolism on Modern American Poetry by René Taupin, AMS Press Inc, New York 1985 ISBN 0-404-61579-1
  16. ^ I A Richards & C.K.Ogden The Foundations of Aesthetics, Lear Publisher, New York 1925
  17. ^ Maritain Jaques, The Situation of Poetry Now, Philosophical Library, New York, 1955
  18. ^ Flint, F. S., Contemporary French Poetry, The Poetry Review Aug 1912
  19. ^ de Souza, Robert, Du Rythme en Francais, Welter, Paris 1912
  20. ^ a b Taupin, René, The Influence of French Symbolism on Modern American Poetry (1986),(trans William Pratt) AMS Studies in Modern Literature, ISBN 0-404-61579-1
  21. ^ Pondrom, Cryrena The Road from Paris, French Influence on English Poetry 1900-1920 Cambridge University Press 1974 ISBN 978-0-521-13119-3
  22. ^ Read, Herbert The Tenth Muse New York 1958
  23. ^ Remy de Gourmand, Le Probleme du Style, Paris 1900
  24. ^ Lowes, John Livingston Conventions and Revolt in Poetry Houghton Mifflin, Boston 1919
  25. ^ Lowell, Amy, Preface, Sword Blades, and Poppy Seed; North American Review for January 1917
  26. ^ Lowes, John Livingston Conventions and Revolt in Poetry Houghton Mifflin, Boston 1919
  27. ^ de Souza Robert, Du Rythme en Francais, Welter, Paris 1912
  28. ^ Kahn, Gustave, Le Vers libre, Paris, 1923 ASIN: B008XZTTY2
  29. ^ Hulme, T. E., Lecture on Modern Poetry, Kensington Town Hall 1914
  30. ^ Boulton, Marjories, Anatomy of Poetry, Routledge&Kegan, London 1953
  31. ^ Pratt, William. The Imagist Poem, Modern Poetry in Miniature (Story Line Press, 1963, expanded 2001). ISBN 1-58654-009-2.
  32. ^ Read, Herbert Ezra Pound, The Tenth Muse. Routledge & Kegan Paul, London 1957
  33. ^ Patterson, William Morrison, Rhythm of Prose (Preface 2nd edition) Columbia University Press, 1916. [2]
  34. ^ Aldington, Richard, A Young American Poet The Little Review, March 1915.
  35. ^ Pondrom, Cryrena The Road from Paris, French Influence on English Poetry 1900-1920 Cambridge University Press 1974 ISBN 978-0-521-13119-3
  36. ^ F. S. Flint, The History of Imagism Essay in The Egoist May 1915
  37. ^ Jones Peter (editor) Introduction to Imagist Poetry Penguin Books ISBN 0-14-042147-5
  38. ^ Review of Imagist Anthology 1930 Times Literary Supplement June 1931
  39. ^ Pratt William Introduction to The Imagist Poem, modern poetry in miniature Uno Press 1963 edition ISBN 978-0-9728143-8-6
  40. ^ Pratt William Preface to The Imagist Poem, modern poetry in miniature Uno Press 1963 edition ISBN 978-0-9728143-8-6
  41. ^ Eliot T. S. Address To Criticize the Critic to Washington University June 1953, Faber & Faber 1965
  42. ^ Untermeyer, Louis, Preface to Modern American Poetry Harcourt Brace& Co New York 1950
  43. ^ Taupin, Rene. The Influence of French Symbolism on Modern American Poetry (1986), (translated by William Pratt), Ams Studies in Modern Literature, ISBN 0-404-61579-1
  44. ^ H. T. Kirby-Smith (1998). The Origins of Free Verse. University of Michigan Press. p. 44. ISBN 0-472-08565-4.
  45. ^ Preface to Some Imagist Poets, Constable, 1916
  46. ^ "De waterlelie < Frederik van Eeden". 4umi.com.
  47. ^ Michael Hamburger: Foreword in Robert Marcellus Browning (ed.): German poetry from 1750 to 1900 (The German Library, vol. 39), New York: The Continuum Publishing Company, 1984, p. XV, ISBN 0-8264-0282-8
  48. ^ Heine, Heinrich (22 November 1995). Songs of Love and Grief: A Bilingual Anthology in the Verse Forms of the ... - Heinrich Heine - Google Books. ISBN 9780810113244. Retrieved 23 April 2013.

Further reading Edit


On vers libre Edit

  • Taupin, René The Influence of French Symbolism on Modern American Poetry (1986),(trans William Pratt) Ams Studies in Modern Literature, ISBN 0-404-61579-1
  • Pondrom, Cryrena The Road from Paris, French Influence on English Poetry 1900-1920 Cambridge University Press 1974 ISBN 978-0-521-13119-3
  • Scott, Clive, Vers libre : the emergence of free verse in France, 1886-1914 Clarendon Press, Oxford ISBN 978-0-19-815159-3
  • Kahn, Gustave, Le Vers libre, Paris, 1923 ASIN: B008XZTTY2
  • Pound, Ezra, The Approach to Paris The New Age Sep 1913

External links Edit

  • Free verse read aloud by William Carlos Williams
  • Marianne Moore reads aloud an example of her free verse
  • Wallace Stevens reads aloud one of his free verse poems
  • Reflections on Vers Libre - Essay by T. S. Eliot, 1916
  • Correspondances by Charles Baudelaire, an example of vers libre

free, verse, confused, with, blank, verse, open, form, poetry, which, modern, form, arose, through, french, vers, libre, form, does, consistent, meter, patterns, rhyme, musical, pattern, thus, tends, follow, rhythm, natural, speech, contents, definition, vers,. Not to be confused with Blank verse Free verse is an open form of poetry which in its modern form arose through the French vers libre form It does not use consistent meter patterns rhyme or any musical pattern 1 It thus tends to follow the rhythm of natural speech Contents 1 Definition 2 Vers libre 2 1 Form and structure 2 2 Legacy 3 Antecedents 4 See also 5 References 6 Further reading 6 1 On vers libre 7 External linksDefinition EditFree verse does not proceed by a strict set of rules is not a literary type and does not conform to a formal structure It is not considered to be completely free In 1948 Charles Allen wrote The only freedom cadenced verse obtains is a limited freedom from the tight demands of the metered line 2 Free verse contains some elements of form including the poetic line which may vary freely rhythm strophes or strophic rhythms stanzaic patterns and rhythmic units or cadences It is said that verse is free when it is not primarily obtained by the metered line 2 Donald Hall goes as far as to say that the form of free verse is as binding and as liberating as the form of a rondeau 3 and T S Eliot wrote No verse is free for the man who wants to do a good job 4 Kenneth Allott the poet and critic said the adoption by some poets of vers libre arose from mere desire for novelty the imitation of Whitman the study of Jacobean dramatic blank verse and the awareness of what French poets had already done to the alexandrine in France 5 The American critic John Livingston Lowes in 1916 observed Free verse may be written as very beautiful prose prose may be written as very beautiful free verse Which is which 6 Some poets have considered free verse restrictive in its own way In 1922 Robert Bridges voiced his reservations in the essay Humdrum and Harum Scarum Robert Frost in a comment regarding Carl Sandburg later remarked that writing free verse was like playing tennis without a net Sandburg responded saying in part There have been poets who could and did play more than one game of tennis with unseen rackets volleying airy and fantastic balls over an insubstantial net on a frail moonlight fabric of a court 7 8 William Carlos Williams said Being an art form a verse cannot be free in the sense of having no limitations or guiding principles 9 Yvor Winters the poet and critic said the greatest fluidity of statement is possible where the greatest clarity of form prevails The free verse that is really verse the best that is of W C Williams H D Marianne Moore Wallace Stevens and Ezra Pound is in its peculiar fashion the antithesis of free 10 In Welsh poetry however the term has a completely different meaning According to Jan Morris When Welsh poets speak of Free Verse they mean forms like the sonnet or the ode which obey the same rules as English poesy Strict Metres verse still honours the immensely complex rules laid down for correct poetic composition 600 years ago 11 Vers libre EditVers libre is a free verse poetic form of flexibility complexity and naturalness 12 created in the late 19th century in France in 1886 It was largely through the activities of La Vogue a weekly journal founded by Gustave Kahn 13 as well as the appearance of a band of poets unequaled at any one time in the history of French poetry 14 Their style of poetry was dubbed Counter Romanticism and it was led by Verlaine Rimbaud Mallarme Laforgue and Corbiere 15 It was concerned with synaethesis the harmony or equilibrium of sensation 16 and later described as the moment when French poetry began to take consciousness of itself as poetry 17 Gustave Kahn was commonly supposed to have invented the term vers libre and according to F S Flint he was undoubtedly the first theorist of the technique s 18 Later in 1912 Robert de Souza published his conclusion on the genre voicing that 19 A vers libre was possible which would keep all the essential characteristics of vers Classique but would free it from the encumbrances which usage had made appear indispensable 20 Thus the practice of vers libre was not the abandoning of pattern but the creation of an original and complicated metrical form for each poem 21 The formal stimuli for vers libre were vers libere French verse of the late 19th century that liberated itself from classical rules of versification whilst observing the principle of isosyllabism and regular patterned rhyme and vers libre Classique a minor French genre of the 17th and 18th century which conformed to classic concepts but in which lines of different length were irregularly and unpredictably combined and vers Populaire versification derived from oral aspects of popular song 13 Remy de Gourmont s Livre des Masques gave definition to the whole vers libre movement 22 he notes that there should arise at regular intervals a full and complete line which reassures the ear and guides the rhythm 23 Form and structure Edit The unit of vers libre is not the foot the number of the syllables the quantity or the line The unit is the strophe which may be the whole poem or only a part Each strophe is a complete circle 24 Vers libre is verse formal based upon cadence that allows the lines to flow as they will when read aloud by an intelligent reader 25 Unrhymed cadence in vers libre is built upon organic rhythm or the rhythm of the speaking voice with its necessity for breathing rather than upon a strict metrical system 26 For vers libre addresses the ear not the eye 27 Vers libre is liberated from traditional rules concerning meter caesura and line end stopping 28 Every syllable pronounced is of nearly equal value but is less strongly accented than in English being less intense requires less discipline to mold the accents into the poem s rhythm 20 This new technique as defined by Kahn consists of the denial of a regular number of syllables as the basis for verification the length of the line is long and short oscillating with images used by the poet following the contours of his or her thoughts and is free rather than regular 29 Although free verse requires no meter rhyme or other traditional poetic techniques a poet can still use them to create some sense of structure A clear example of this can be found in Walt Whitman s poems where he repeats certain phrases and uses commas to create both a rhythm and structure Pattern and discipline are to be found in good free verse the internal pattern of sounds the choice of exact words and the effect of associations give free verse its beauty 30 With the Imagists free verse became a discipline and acquired status as a legitimate poetic form 31 Herbert Read however noted that the Imagist Ezra Pound gave free verse its musical structure to an extent that paradoxically it was no longer free 32 Unrestrained by traditional boundaries the poet possesses more license to express and has more control over the development of the poem This can allow for a more spontaneous and individualized poetic art product Technically free verse has been described as spaced prose a mosaic of verse and prose experience 33 Legacy Edit Vers libre until 1912 had hardly been heard of outside France 34 until T E Hulme and F S Flint shared their knowledge in 1909 with the Poets Club in London 35 This later became the heart of the Imagist movement 36 through Flint s advocacy of the genre 37 Thus vers libre influenced Imagism in the discovery of new forms and rhythms 38 Imagism in the wake of French Symbolism i e vers libre of French Symbolist poets 39 was the wellspring out of which the main current of Modernism in English flowed 40 T S Eliot later identified this as the point de repere usually taken as the starting point of modern poetry 41 as hundreds of poets were led to adopt vers libre as their medium 42 Antecedents EditAs the French language term vers libre suggests this technique of using more irregular cadences is often said to have its origin in the practices of 19th century French poets such as Gustave Kahn and Jules Laforgue in his Derniers vers of 1890 Taupin the US based French poet and critic concluded that free verse and vers libre are not synonymous since the French language tends to give equal weight to each spoken syllable whereas English syllables vary in quantity according to whether stressed or unstressed 43 The sort of cadencing that we now recognize in free verse can be traced back at least as far as the Biblical Hebrew psalmist poetry of the Bible 2 By referring to the Psalms it is possible to argue that free verse in English first appeared in the 1380s in the John Wycliffe translation of the Psalms and was repeated in different form in most biblical translations ever since Walt Whitman who based his long lines in his poetry collection Leaves of Grass on the phrasing of the King James Bible influenced later American free verse composers notably Allen Ginsberg 44 One form of free verse was employed by Christopher Smart in his long poem Jubilate Agno Latin Rejoice in the Lamb written some time between 1759 and 1763 but not published until 1939 Many poets of the Victorian era experimented with free verse Christina Rossetti Coventry Patmore and T E Brown all wrote examples of rhymed but unmetered verse poems such as W E Henley s Discharged from his In Hospital sequence Free verse in English was persuasively advocated by critic T E Hulme in his A Lecture on Modern Poetry 1908 Later in the preface to Some Imagist Poets 1916 he comments Only the name is new you will find something much like vers libre in Dryden s Threnodia Augustalis a great deal of Milton s Samson Agonistes and the oldest in Chaucer s House of Fame 45 In France a few pieces in Arthur Rimbaud s prose poem collection Illuminations were arranged in manuscript in lines rather than prose and in the Netherlands tachtiger i e a member of the 1880s generation of innovative poets Frederik van Eeden employed the form at least once in his poem Waterlelie Water Lily 46 Goethe in some early poems such as Prometheus and also Holderlin used free verse occasionally due in part to a misinterpretation of the meter used in Pindar s poetry Holderlin also continued to write unmetered poems after discovering this error 47 The German poet Heinrich Heine made an important contribution to the development of free verse with 22 poems written in two poem cycles called Die Nordsee The North Sea written 1825 1826 48 These were first published in Buch der Lieder Book of Songs in 1827 See also EditAbbaye de Creteil Blank verse Cadence Confessional poetry Imagism Modernist poetry New Formalism Poetry analysis Prose poetry SymbolismReferences Edit Abbs Peter Richardson John 15 November 1990 The Forms of Poetry A practical study guide for English 15th ed Cambridge University Press p 137 ISBN 978 0 521 37160 5 a b c Allen Charles 1948 Cadenced Free Verse College English 9 4 195 199 doi 10 2307 371561 JSTOR 371561 Donald Hall in the essay Goatfoot Milktongue Twinbird in the book of 0 472 40000 2 Eliot quote from the essay The Music of Poetry Jackson 1 January 1942 ASIN B0032Q49RO Introductory Note by Kenneth Allott ed The Penguin Book of Contemporary Verse Penguin Books Harmondsworth England 1950 Lowes Livingston John Nation Feb 1916 The Robert Frost Encyclopedia Nancy Lewis Tuten John Zubizarreta Greenwood Press 2001 Page 318 ISBN 9780313294648 Lingeman Richard A Poet for the People Carl Sandberg A Biography Los Angeles Times July 14 1991 Free Verse Princeton Encyclopedia of Poetry and Poetics 2nd Ed 1975 1 Winters Yvor Primitivism and Decadence A Study of American Experimental Poetry Arrow Editions New York 1937 p 7 Jan Morris 1984 The Matter of Wales Epic Views of a Small Country Oxford University Press Page 152 Hover Richard Poet in Town Interview with Boston Record Sept 1898 a b Scott Clive Vers libre the emergence of free verse in France 1886 1914 Clarendon Press Oxford ISBN 978 0 19 815159 3 Hulme T E Lecture on Modern Poetry Kensington Town Hall 1914 Pratt William Introduction to The Influence of French Symbolism on Modern American Poetry by Rene Taupin AMS Press Inc New York 1985 ISBN 0 404 61579 1 I A Richards amp C K Ogden The Foundations of Aesthetics Lear Publisher New York 1925 Maritain Jaques The Situation of Poetry Now Philosophical Library New York 1955 Flint F S Contemporary French Poetry The Poetry Review Aug 1912 de Souza Robert Du Rythme en Francais Welter Paris 1912 a b Taupin Rene The Influence of French Symbolism on Modern American Poetry 1986 trans William Pratt AMS Studies in Modern Literature ISBN 0 404 61579 1 Pondrom Cryrena The Road from Paris French Influence on English Poetry 1900 1920 Cambridge University Press 1974 ISBN 978 0 521 13119 3 Read Herbert The Tenth Muse New York 1958 Remy de Gourmand Le Probleme du Style Paris 1900 Lowes John Livingston Conventions and Revolt in Poetry Houghton Mifflin Boston 1919 Lowell Amy Preface Sword Blades and Poppy Seed North American Review for January 1917 Lowes John Livingston Conventions and Revolt in Poetry Houghton Mifflin Boston 1919 de Souza Robert Du Rythme en Francais Welter Paris 1912 Kahn Gustave Le Vers libre Paris 1923 ASIN B008XZTTY2 Hulme T E Lecture on Modern Poetry Kensington Town Hall 1914 Boulton Marjories Anatomy of Poetry Routledge amp Kegan London 1953 Pratt William The Imagist Poem Modern Poetry in Miniature Story Line Press 1963 expanded 2001 ISBN 1 58654 009 2 Read Herbert Ezra Pound The Tenth Muse Routledge amp Kegan Paul London 1957 Patterson William Morrison Rhythm of Prose Preface 2nd edition Columbia University Press 1916 2 Aldington Richard A Young American Poet The Little Review March 1915 Pondrom Cryrena The Road from Paris French Influence on English Poetry 1900 1920 Cambridge University Press 1974 ISBN 978 0 521 13119 3 F S Flint The History of Imagism Essay in The Egoist May 1915 Jones Peter editor Introduction to Imagist Poetry Penguin Books ISBN 0 14 042147 5 Review of Imagist Anthology 1930 Times Literary Supplement June 1931 Pratt William Introduction to The Imagist Poem modern poetry in miniature Uno Press 1963 edition ISBN 978 0 9728143 8 6 Pratt William Preface to The Imagist Poem modern poetry in miniature Uno Press 1963 edition ISBN 978 0 9728143 8 6 Eliot T S Address To Criticize the Critic to Washington University June 1953 Faber amp Faber 1965 Untermeyer Louis Preface to Modern American Poetry Harcourt Brace amp Co New York 1950 Taupin Rene The Influence of French Symbolism on Modern American Poetry 1986 translated by William Pratt Ams Studies in Modern Literature ISBN 0 404 61579 1 H T Kirby Smith 1998 The Origins of Free Verse University of Michigan Press p 44 ISBN 0 472 08565 4 Preface to Some Imagist Poets Constable 1916 De waterlelie lt Frederik van Eeden 4umi com Michael Hamburger Foreword in Robert Marcellus Browning ed German poetry from 1750 to 1900 The German Library vol 39 New York The Continuum Publishing Company 1984 p XV ISBN 0 8264 0282 8 Heine Heinrich 22 November 1995 Songs of Love and Grief A Bilingual Anthology in the Verse Forms of the Heinrich Heine Google Books ISBN 9780810113244 Retrieved 23 April 2013 Further reading EditCharles O Hartman Free Verse An Essay on Prosody Northwestern University Press 1980 ISBN 0 8101 1316 3 Philip Hobsbaum Metre Rhythm and Verse Form Routledge 1996 H T Kirby Smith The Origins of Free Verse University of Michigan 1996 ISBN 0 472 08565 4 Timothy Steele Missing Measures Modern Poetry and the Revolt Against Meter University of Arkansas Press 1990 G Burns Cooper Mysterious Music Rhythm and Free Verse Stanford University Press 1998 On vers libre Edit Taupin Rene The Influence of French Symbolism on Modern American Poetry 1986 trans William Pratt Ams Studies in Modern Literature ISBN 0 404 61579 1 Pondrom Cryrena The Road from Paris French Influence on English Poetry 1900 1920 Cambridge University Press 1974 ISBN 978 0 521 13119 3 Scott Clive Vers libre the emergence of free verse in France 1886 1914 Clarendon Press Oxford ISBN 978 0 19 815159 3 Kahn Gustave Le Vers libre Paris 1923 ASIN B008XZTTY2 Pound Ezra The Approach to Paris The New Age Sep 1913External links EditFree verse read aloud by William Carlos Williams Marianne Moore reads aloud an example of her free verse Wallace Stevens reads aloud one of his free verse poems Reflections on Vers Libre Essay by T S Eliot 1916 Correspondances by Charles Baudelaire an example of vers libre Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Free verse amp oldid 1170874833, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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