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Second Cold War

January 05, 2023

"Cold War 2" and "New Cold War" redirect here. For other uses, see Cold War II (disambiguation) and The New Cold War.

The Second Cold War,[1][2]Cold War II,[3][4] or the New Cold War[5][6][7] are terms that refer to heightened political, social, ideological, informational, and military tensions in the 21st century. The term is used in the context of the tensions between the United States and China. It is also used to describe such tensions between the United States and Russia, the primary successor state of the former Soviet Union, which was one of the major parties of the original Cold War until its dissolution in 1991. Furthermore, the term is used to describe tensions in multilateral relations between two or more groups of nations. Some commentators have used the term as a comparison to the original Cold War. Some other commentators have either doubted that tension would lead to another "cold war" or have discouraged using the term to refer to any current tensions.

Past usages

Main articles: Cold War § New Cold War (1979–1985), and Cold War (1979–1985)

Past sources, [8][9][10] such as academics Fred Halliday,[11][12] Alan M. Wald,[13] and David S. Painter,[14] used the interchangeable terms to refer to the 1979–1985 and/or 1985–1991 phases of the Cold War. Some other sources[15][16] used similar terms to refer to the Cold War of the mid-1970s. Columnist William Safire argued in a 1975 New York Times editorial that the Nixon administration's policy of détente with the Soviet Union had failed and that "Cold War II" was then underway.[17] Academic Gordon H. Chang in 2007 used the term "Cold War II" to refer to the Cold War period after the 1972 meeting in China between US President Richard Nixon and Chinese Communist Party chairman Mao Zedong.[18]

In May 1998, George Kennan described the US Senate vote to expand NATO to include Poland, Hungary, and the Czech Republic as "the beginning of a new cold war", and predicted that "the Russians will gradually react quite adversely and it will affect their policies".[19]

The journalist Edward Lucas wrote in 2008 that a new cold war between Russia and the West had already begun.[20]

Usage in a multilateral context

In his op-ed for The Straits Times, Kor Kian Beng wrote that the phrase "new Cold War" between US-led allies versus Beijing and Moscow did not gain traction in China at first. This changed in 2016 after the United States announced its plan to deploy Terminal High Altitude Area Defence (THAAD) in South Korea against North Korea, but China and Russia found the advanced anti-missile system too close for comfort. The US also supported a tribunal ruling against China in favor of the Philippines in the South China Sea. Afterwards, the term "new Cold War" appeared in Chinese media more often. Analysts believe this does not reflect China's desire to pursue such a strategy but precautions should still be in place in order to lower the chances of any escalation.[21][22]

In June 2019, University of Southern California (USC) professors Steven Lamy and Robert D. English agreed that the "new Cold War" would distract political parties from bigger issues such as globalization, global warming, global poverty, increasing inequality, and far-right populism. However, Lamy said that the new Cold War had not yet begun, while English said that it already had. English further said that China poses a far greater threat than Russia in cyberwarfare but not as much as far-right populism does from within liberal states like the US.[23]

In his September 2021 speech to the United Nations General Assembly, US President Joe Biden said that the US is "not seeking a new Cold War or a world divided into rigid blocs." Biden further said that the US would cooperate "with any nation that steps up and pursues peaceful resolution to shared challenges," despite "intense disagreement in other areas, because we'll all suffer the consequences of our failure."[24][25]

In early May 2022, Hoover Institution senior fellow Niall Ferguson said at the Milken Institute Global Conference that "Cold War II began some time ago".[26] He also said "Cold War II is different, though, because in Cold War II, China's the senior partner, and Russia's the junior partner",[26] and "in Cold War II, the first hot war breaks out in Europe, rather than Asia."[26] Later in the same month, David Panuelo, President of the Federated States of Micronesia, used the term to state his opposition to a proposed cooperation agreement between China and ten island nations, by claiming it could create a "new 'cold war' between China and the west."[27]

A journalist Michael Hirsh in June 2022 used the term "[global] Cold War" to refer to tensions between leaders of NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization) and China and its ally Russia, both countries striving to challenge the US's role as a superpower. Hirsh further cited growing tensions between the US and China as one of the causes of the newer Cold War alongside NATO's speech about China's "systemic challenges to the rules-based international order and to areas relevant to alliance security". He further cited Russian invasion of Ukraine in 2022 as one of factors of the newer Cold War's rise.[28]

In July 2022, James Traub used the term while discussing how the ideas of the Non-Aligned Movement, a forum of neutral countries organized during the original Cold War, can be used to understand the reaction of democratic countries in the developing world to current tensions.[29] In the same month France, the United States and Russia scheduled high-level, multi-country diplomatic visits in Africa.[30] An article reporting on these trips used the term "new Cold War" in relation to what "some say is the most intense competition for influence [in Africa] since the [original] Cold War".[30]

An article published in the July 2022 issue of the journal Intereconomics linked the possible "beginning of a new cold war between the West and the East" with "the rebirth of a new era of conflict, the end of the late 20th century unipolar international security architecture under the hegemony of the United States, [and] the end of globalisation".[31]

In August 2022, an analysis article in the Israeli newspaper Haaretz used the term to refer to the US's "open confrontation with Russia and China". The article continues on to discuss the impact of the current situation on Israel, concluding that "in the new Cold War, [Israel] cannot allow itself to be neutral."[32] In the same month, Katrina vanden Heuvel used the term while cautioning against what she perceived as a "reflexive bipartisan embrace of a new Cold War" against Russia and China among US politicians.[33]

In September 2022, a Greek civil engineer and politician Anna Diamantopoulou further stated, despite unity of NATO members, "the West has lost much of its normative power," citing her "meetings with politicians from Africa, Latin America, and the Middle East." She further stated that the West will risk losing "a new cold war" unless it overcomes challenges that would give Russia and China a greater world advantage. She further gave suggestions to the Western powers, including the European Union.[34]

Usage in the context of China–United States tensions

See also: Chinese espionage in the United States, American espionage in China, China–United States trade war, China–United States relations, and Group of Two

The US senior defence official Jed Babbin,[35] Yale University professor David Gelernter,[36]Firstpost editor R. Jagannathan,[37] Subhash Kapila of the South Asia Analysis Group,[38] former Australian Prime Minister Kevin Rudd,[39] and some other sources[40][41] have used the term (occasionally using the term "Pacific Cold War")[35] to refer to tensions between the United States and China in the 2000s and 2010s.

Trump presidency

Main article: Foreign policy of the Donald Trump administration

Donald Trump, who was inaugurated as US president on 20 January 2017, had repeatedly said during his presidential campaign that he considered China a threat, a stance that heightened speculations of the possibility of a "new cold war with China".[42][43][44]Claremont McKenna College professor Minxin Pei said that Trump's election win and "ascent to the presidency" may increase chances of the possibility.[45] In March 2017, a self-declared socialist magazine Monthly Review said, "With the rise of the Trump administration, the new Cold War with Russia has been put on hold", and also said that the Trump administration has planned to shift from Russia to China as its main competitor.[46]

External video
  "Vice President Mike Pence's Remarks on the Administration's Policy Towards China"

In July 2018, Michael Collins, deputy assistant director of the CIA's East Asia mission center, told the Aspen Security Forum in Colorado he believed China under paramount leader and general secretary Xi Jinping, while unwilling to go to war, was waging a "quiet kind of cold war" against the United States, seeking to replace the US as the leading global power. He further elaborated: "What they're waging against us is fundamentally a cold war — a cold war not like we saw during [the] Cold War (between the U.S. and the Soviet Union) but a cold war by definition".[47] In October 2018, a Hong Kong's Lingnan University professor Zhang Baohui told The New York Times that a speech by United States Vice-president Mike Pence at the Hudson Institute "will look like the declaration of a new Cold War".[48]

In January 2019, Robert D. Kaplan of the Center for a New American Security wrote that "it is nothing less than a new cold war: The constant, interminable Chinese computer hacks of American warships’ maintenance records, Pentagon personnel records, and so forth constitute war by other means. This situation will last decades and will only get worse".[49]

In February 2019, Joshua Shifrinson, an associate professor from Boston University, criticised the concerns about tensions between China and the US as "overblown", saying that the relationship between the two countries are different from that of the US–Soviet Union relations during the original Cold War, that factors of heading to another era of bipolarity are uncertain, and that ideology play a less prominent role between China and the US.[50]

In June 2019, academic Stephen Wertheim called President Trump a "xenophobe" and criticised Trump's foreign policy toward China for heightening risks of a new Cold War, which Wertheim wrote "could plunge the United States back into gruesome proxy wars around the world and risk a still deadlier war among the great powers."[51][52]

In August 2019, Yuan Peng of the China Institute of International Studies said that the financial crisis of 2007–2008 "initiated a shift in the global order." Yuan predicted the possibility of the new cold war between both countries and their global power competition turning "from 'superpower vs. major power' to 'No. 1 vs. No. 2'." On the other hand, scholar Zhu Feng said that their "strategic competition" would not lead to the new Cold War. Zhu said that the US–China relations have progressed positively and remained "stable", despite disputes in the South China Sea and Taiwan Strait and US President Trump's aggressive approaches toward China.[53]

In January 2020, columnist and historian Niall Ferguson opined that China is one of the major players of this Cold War, whose powers are "economic rather than military", and that Russia's role is "quite small".[54] Ferguson also wrote: "[C]ompared with the 1950s, the roles have been reversed. China is now the giant, Russia the mean little sidekick. China under Xi remains strikingly faithful to the doctrine of Marx and Lenin. Russia under Putin has reverted to Tsarism."[54] Ferguson further wrote that this Cold War is different from the original Cold War because the US "is so intertwined with China" at the point where "decoupling" is as others argued "a delusion" and because "America's traditional allies are much less eager to align themselves with Washington and against Beijing." He further wrote that the new Cold War "shifted away from trade to technology" when both the US and China signed their Phase One trade deal.[54] In a February 2020 interview with The Japan Times, Ferguson suggested that, to "contain China", the US "work intelligently with its Asian and European allies", as the US had done in the original Cold War, rather than on its own and perform something more effective than "tariffs, which are a very blunt instrument." He also said that the US under Trump has been "rather poor" at making foreign relations.[55]

On May 24, 2020, China Foreign Minister Wang Yi said that relations with the US were on the "brink of a new Cold War" after it was fuelled by tensions over the COVID-19 pandemic.[56] In June 2020, Boston College political scientist Robert S. Ross wrote that the US and China "are destined to compete [but] not destined for violent conflict or a cold war."[57] In July, Ross said that the Trump "administration would like to fully decouple from China. No trade, no cultural exchanges, no political exchanges, no cooperation on anything that resembles common interests."[58]

In August 2020, a La Trobe University professor Nick Bisley wrote that the US–China rivalry "will be no Cold War" but rather will "be more complex, harder to manage, and last much longer." He further wrote that comparing the old Cold War to the ongoing rivalry "is a risky endeavour."[59]

In September 2020, the UN Secretary General António Guterres warned that the increasing tensions between the US under Trump and China under Xi were leading to "a Great Fracture" which would become costly to the world. Xi Jinping replied by saying that "China has no intention to fight either a Cold War or a hot one with any country."[60]

Biden presidency

Main article: Foreign policy of the Joe Biden administration

In March 2021, Columbia University professor Thomas J. Christensen wrote that the cold war between the US and China "is unlikely" in comparison to the original Cold War, citing China's prominence in the "global production chain" and absence of the authoritarianism vs. liberal democracy dynamic. Christensen further advised those concerned about the tensions between the two nations to research China's role in the global economy and its "foreign policy toward international conflicts and civil wars" between liberal and authoritarian forces. He further noted newly elected US President Joe Biden's planned different approach from predecessor Donald Trump.[61]

In September 2021, former Portuguese defence and foreign minister Paulo Portas described the announcement of the AUKUS security pact and the ensuing unprecedented diplomatic crisis between the signatories (Australia, the United Kingdom, and the United States) and France (which has several territories in the Indo-Pacific) as a possible formal starting point of a new Cold War.[62]

On 7 November 2021, President Joe Biden's national security adviser Jake Sullivan stated that the US does not pursue system change in China anymore,[63] marking a clear break from the China policy pursued by previous US administrations. Sullivan said that the US is not seeking a new Cold War with China, but is looking for a system of peaceful coexistence.[64]

In November 2021, Hal Brands and Yale professor John Lewis Gaddis wrote in their Foreign Affairs article that China and the US have been entering "a new cold war", meaning "a protracted international rivalry, for cold wars in this sense are as old as history itself." Brands and Gaddis further wrote that this has not been "the Cold War" and that "the context is quite different". Both authors differentiated the "Soviet–American Cold War" from the "Sino-American cold war".[65]

According to a poll done by Morning Consult, only 15 percent of US respondents and 16 percent of Chinese respondents think the countries are in a cold war, with most rather categorizing it as a competition.[66]

In August 2022, the Chinese Ministry of Foreign Affairs released a statement condemning US House speaker Nancy Pelosi's visit to Taiwan. This statement demanded, among other things, that the US "not seek a 'new Cold War'".[67]

Following a November 2022 meeting between Biden and Xi Jinping at the G20 summit in Bali, Biden told reporters that "there need not be a new Cold War".[68][69]

In a December 8, 2022 statement to the press announcing the creation of the United States House Select Committee on China, Speaker of the House of Representatives-elect Kevin McCarthy wrote that "China and the US are locked in a cold war."[70]

Usage in the context of Russia–United States tensions

See also: Russia–United States relations, Countering America's Adversaries Through Sanctions Act, Cyberwarfare by Russia, and Cyberwarfare in the United States

Debate over the term

 
Sergey Lavrov, the Russian Foreign Minister since 2004, has expressed criticism towards the use of the term "new cold war" on multiple occasions.

Sources disagree as to whether a period of global tension analogous to the Cold War is possible in the future,[71][72][73][74][75] while others have used the term to describe the ongoing renewed tensions, hostilities, and political rivalries that intensified dramatically in 2014 between Russia, the United States and their respective allies.[76]Stephen F. Cohen,[77] Robert D. Crane,[78] and Alex Vatanka[79] have all referred to a "US–Russian Cold War".

Sources opposed to the term argue that while new tensions between Russia and the West have similarities with those during the Cold War, there are also major differences,[80] and provide Russia with new avenues for exerting influence, such as in Belarus and Central Asia, which have not seen the type of direct military action in which Russia engaged in less cooperative former Soviet states like Ukraine and the Caucasus region.[81]

In June 2014, the Macedonian Ministry of Defense published an article asserting that the term "Cold War II" was as a misnomer.[82]

In February 2016, at the Munich Security Conference, NATO Secretary General Jens Stoltenberg said that NATO and Russia were "not in a cold-war situation but also not in the partnership that we established at the end of the Cold War",[83] while Russian Prime Minister Dmitry Medvedev, speaking of what he called NATO's "unfriendly and opaque" policy on Russia, said "One could go as far as to say that we have slid back to a new Cold War".[84] In October 2016 and March 2017, Stoltenberg said that NATO did not seek "a new Cold War" or "a new arms race" with Russia.[85][86]

In February 2016, a Higher School of Economics university academic and Harvard University visiting scholar Yuval Weber wrote on E-International Relations that "the world is not entering Cold War II", asserting that the current tensions and ideologies of both sides are not similar to those of the original Cold War, that situations in Europe and the Middle East do not destabilise other areas geographically, and that Russia "is far more integrated with the outside world than the Soviet Union ever was".[87] In September 2016, when asked if he thought the world had entered a new cold war, Russian Foreign Minister, Sergey Lavrov, argued that current tensions were not comparable to the Cold War. He noted the lack of an ideological divide between the United States and Russia, saying that conflicts were no longer ideologically bipolar.[88]

In August 2016, Daniel Larison of The American Conservative magazine wrote that tensions between Russia and the United States would not "constitute a 'new Cold War'" especially between democracy and authoritarianism, which Larison found more limited than and not as significant in 2010s as that of the Soviet-Union era.[89] Andrew Kuchins, an American political scientist and Kremlinologist speaking in December 2016, believed the term was "unsuited to the present conflict" as it may be more dangerous than the Cold War.[90]

In August 2017, Russian Deputy Foreign Minister Sergei Ryabkov denied claims that the US and Russia were having another cold war, despite ongoing tensions between the two countries and newer US sanctions against Russia.[91] A University of East Anglia graduate student Oliver Steward[92] and the Casimir Pulaski Foundation senior fellow Stanisław Koziej[93] in 2017 attributed Zapad 2017 exercise, a military exercise by Russia, as part of the new Cold War.

In March 2018, Russian President Vladimir Putin told journalist Megyn Kelly in an interview: "My point of view is that the individuals that have said that a new Cold War has started are not analysts. They do propaganda."[94] Michael Kofman, a senior research scientist at the CNA Corporation and a fellow at the Wilson Center's Kennan Institute said that the new cold war for Russia "is about its survival as a power in the international order, and also about holding on to the remnants of the Russian empire". Lyle Goldstein, a research professor at the US Naval War College claims that the situations in Georgia and Ukraine "seemed to offer the requisite storyline for new Cold War".[95] Also in March 2018, Harvard University professors Stephen Walt[96] and then Odd Arne Westad[97] criticised application of the term to increasing tensions between the Russia and the West as "misleading",[96] "distract[ing]",[96] and too simplistic to describe the more complicated contemporary international politics.

In October 2018, Russian military analyst Pavel Felgenhauer told Deutsche Welle that the new Cold War would make the Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces (INF) Treaty and other Cold War-era treaties "irrelevant because they correspond to a totally different world situation."[98] In February 2019, Russian Foreign Minister Sergey Lavrov stated that the withdrawal from the INF treaty would not lead to "a new Cold War".[99][100][101][102]

Russian news agency TASS reported the Russian Foreign Minister Sergei Lavrov saying "I don't think that we should talk about a new Cold War", adding that the US development of low-yield nuclear warheads (the first of which entered production in January 2019[103]) had increased the potential for the use of nuclear weapons.[99]

Middle East conflicts

See also: Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict

In 2013, Michael Klare compared in RealClearPolitics tensions between Russia and the West to the ongoing proxy conflict between Saudi Arabia and Iran.[104] Oxford Professor Philip N. Howard argued that a new cold war was being fought via the media, information warfare, and cyberwar.[6]

Some observers, including Syrian President Bashar al-Assad,[105] judged the Syrian civil war to be a proxy war between Russia and the United States,[106][107] and even a "proto-world war".[108] In January 2016, senior UK government officials were reported to have registered their growing fears that "a new cold war" was now unfolding in Europe: "It really is a new Cold War out there. Right across the EU we are seeing alarming evidence of Russian efforts to unpick the fabric of European unity on a whole range of vital strategic issues".[109]

In April 2018, relations deteriorated over a potential US-led military strike in Middle East after the Douma chemical attack in Syria, which was attributed to the Syrian Army by rebel forces in Douma, and poisoning of the Skripals in the UK. The Secretary-General of the United Nations, António Guterres, told a meeting of the UN Security Council that "the Cold War was back with a vengeance". He suggested the dangers were even greater, as the safeguards that existed to manage such a crisis "no longer seem to be present".[110]Dmitri Trenin supported Guterres' statement, but added that it began in 2014 and had been intensifying since, resulting in US-led strikes on the Syrian government on 13 April 2018.[111]

In February 2022, journalist Marwan Bishara held the US and Russia responsible for pursuing "their own narrow interests", including then-US President Trump's recognition of Jerusalem as capital of Israel as well as Putin's 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, and for "pav[ing] the way for, well, another Cold War".[112]

Russo-Ukrainian War

See also: Russo-Ukrainian War

The term "Cold War II" gained currency and relevance as tensions between Russia and the West escalated throughout the 2014 pro-Russian unrest in Ukraine followed by the Russian military intervention and especially the downing of Malaysia Airlines Flight 17 in July 2014. By August 2014, both sides had implemented economic, financial, and diplomatic sanctions upon each other: virtually all Western countries, led by the US and European Union, imposed punitive measures on Russia, which introduced retaliatory measures.[113][114]

In 2014, notable figures such as Mikhail Gorbachev warned, against the backdrop of a confrontation between Russia and the West over the Russo-Ukrainian War,[115][116][117] that the world was on the brink of a new cold war, or that it was already occurring.[118][119] The American political scientist Robert Legvold also believes it started in 2013 during the Ukraine crisis.[120][121] Others argued that the term did not accurately describe the nature of relations between Russia and the West.[122][123]

In October 2016, John Sawers, a former MI6 chief, said he thought the world was entering an era that was possibly "more dangerous" than the Cold War, as "we do not have that focus on a strategic relationship between Moscow and Washington".[124] Similarly, Igor Zevelev, a fellow at the Wilson Center, said that "it's not a Cold War [but] a much more dangerous and unpredictable situation".[125]CNN opined: "It's not a new Cold War. It's not even a deep chill. It's an outright conflict".[125]

In January 2017, a former US Government adviser Molly K. McKew said at Politico that the US would win a new cold war.[126]The New Republic editor Jeet Heer dismissed the possibility as "equally troubling[,] reckless threat inflation, wildly overstating the extent of Russian ambitions and power in support of a costly policy", and too centred on Russia while "ignoring the rise of powers like China and India". Heer also criticised McKew for suggesting the possibility.[127]Jeremy Shapiro, a senior fellow in the Brookings Institution, wrote in his blog post at RealClearPolitics, referring to the US–Russia relations: "A drift into a new Cold War has seemed the inevitable result".[128]

Speaking to the press in Berlin on 8 November 2019, a day before the 30th anniversary of the fall of the Berlin Wall, US secretary of state Mike Pompeo warned of the dangers posed by Russia and China and specifically accused Russia, "led by a former KGB officer once stationed in Dresden", of invading its neighbours and crushing dissent. Jonathan Marcus of the BBC opined that Pompeo's words "appeared to be declaring the outbreak of a second [Cold War]".[129]

In February 2022, journalist H. D. S. Greenway cited the Russian invasion of Ukraine and 4 February joint statement between Russia and China (under Putin and Xi Jinping) as one of the signs that Cold War II had officially begun.[130]

In March 2022, Yale historian Arne Westad and Harvard historian Fredrik Logevall in a videotelephony conversation asserted "that the global showdown over Ukraine" would "not signal a second Cold War". Furthermore, Westad said that Putin's words about Ukraine resembled, which Harvard journalist James F. Smith summarized, "some of the colonial racial arguments of imperial powers of the past, ideas from the late 19th and early 20th century rather than the Cold War."[131]

In June 2022, journalist Gideon Rachman asserted the Russian invasion of Ukraine as the start of a second Cold War.[132]

See also

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Further reading

  • Economy, Elizabeth C. The World According to China (John Wiley & Sons, 2021).
  • Khong, Yuen Foong. "The US, China, and the Cold War analogy." China International Strategy Review 1.2 (2019): 223–237.
  • Monaghan, Andrew. A'New Cold War'?: Abusing History, Misunderstanding Russia 23 March 2021 at the Wayback Machine. London: Chatham House, 2015. ISBN 9781784130596
  • Smith, Nicholas Ross. A New Cold War?: Assessing the Current US-Russia Relationship 23 March 2021 at the Wayback Machine. Springer, 2019. ISBN 9783030206758
  • Woodward, Jude. The US Vs China: Asia's New Cold War? (Manchester University Press, 2017). ISBN 9781526116567
  • Xiying, Zuo. "Unbalanced deterrence: Coercive threat, reassurance and the US-China rivalry in Taiwan strait." Pacific Review 34.4 (2021): 547–576.
  • Zhao, Minghao. "Is a new Cold War inevitable? Chinese perspectives on US–China strategic competition." The Chinese Journal of International Politics 12.3 (2019): 371–394. online 25 February 2022 at the Wayback Machine

External links

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cold War II.
  •   Quotations related to Second Cold War at Wikiquote
  •   The dictionary definition of Cold War II at Wiktionary
  •   Learning materials related to Cold War II at Wikiversity

January 05, 2023
second, cold, cold, cold, redirect, here, other, uses, cold, disambiguation, cold, examples, perspective, this, article, represent, worldwide, view, subject, improve, this, article, discuss, issue, talk, page, create, article, appropriate, july, 2022, learn, w. Cold War 2 and New Cold War redirect here For other uses see Cold War II disambiguation and The New Cold War The examples and perspective in this article may not represent a worldwide view of the subject You may improve this article discuss the issue on the talk page or create a new article as appropriate July 2022 Learn how and when to remove this template message The Second Cold War 1 2 Cold War II 3 4 or the New Cold War 5 6 7 are terms that refer to heightened political social ideological informational and military tensions in the 21st century The term is used in the context of the tensions between the United States and China It is also used to describe such tensions between the United States and Russia the primary successor state of the former Soviet Union which was one of the major parties of the original Cold War until its dissolution in 1991 Furthermore the term is used to describe tensions in multilateral relations between two or more groups of nations Some commentators have used the term as a comparison to the original Cold War Some other commentators have either doubted that tension would lead to another cold war or have discouraged using the term to refer to any current tensions Contents 1 Past usages 2 Usage in a multilateral context 3 Usage in the context of China United States tensions 3 1 Trump presidency 3 2 Biden presidency 4 Usage in the context of Russia United States tensions 4 1 Debate over the term 4 2 Middle East conflicts 4 3 Russo Ukrainian War 5 See also 6 References 7 Further reading 8 External linksPast usages EditMain articles Cold War New Cold War 1979 1985 and Cold War 1979 1985 Past sources 8 9 10 such as academics Fred Halliday 11 12 Alan M Wald 13 and David S Painter 14 used the interchangeable terms to refer to the 1979 1985 and or 1985 1991 phases of the Cold War Some other sources 15 16 used similar terms to refer to the Cold War of the mid 1970s Columnist William Safire argued in a 1975 New York Times editorial that the Nixon administration s policy of detente with the Soviet Union had failed and that Cold War II was then underway 17 Academic Gordon H Chang in 2007 used the term Cold War II to refer to the Cold War period after the 1972 meeting in China between US President Richard Nixon and Chinese Communist Party chairman Mao Zedong 18 In May 1998 George Kennan described the US Senate vote to expand NATO to include Poland Hungary and the Czech Republic as the beginning of a new cold war and predicted that the Russians will gradually react quite adversely and it will affect their policies 19 The journalist Edward Lucas wrote in 2008 that a new cold war between Russia and the West had already begun 20 Usage in a multilateral context EditIn his op ed for The Straits Times Kor Kian Beng wrote that the phrase new Cold War between US led allies versus Beijing and Moscow did not gain traction in China at first This changed in 2016 after the United States announced its plan to deploy Terminal High Altitude Area Defence THAAD in South Korea against North Korea but China and Russia found the advanced anti missile system too close for comfort The US also supported a tribunal ruling against China in favor of the Philippines in the South China Sea Afterwards the term new Cold War appeared in Chinese media more often Analysts believe this does not reflect China s desire to pursue such a strategy but precautions should still be in place in order to lower the chances of any escalation 21 22 In June 2019 University of Southern California USC professors Steven Lamy and Robert D English agreed that the new Cold War would distract political parties from bigger issues such as globalization global warming global poverty increasing inequality and far right populism However Lamy said that the new Cold War had not yet begun while English said that it already had English further said that China poses a far greater threat than Russia in cyberwarfare but not as much as far right populism does from within liberal states like the US 23 In his September 2021 speech to the United Nations General Assembly US President Joe Biden said that the US is not seeking a new Cold War or a world divided into rigid blocs Biden further said that the US would cooperate with any nation that steps up and pursues peaceful resolution to shared challenges despite intense disagreement in other areas because we ll all suffer the consequences of our failure 24 25 In early May 2022 Hoover Institution senior fellow Niall Ferguson said at the Milken Institute Global Conference that Cold War II began some time ago 26 He also said Cold War II is different though because in Cold War II China s the senior partner and Russia s the junior partner 26 and in Cold War II the first hot war breaks out in Europe rather than Asia 26 Later in the same month David Panuelo President of the Federated States of Micronesia used the term to state his opposition to a proposed cooperation agreement between China and ten island nations by claiming it could create a new cold war between China and the west 27 A journalist Michael Hirsh in June 2022 used the term global Cold War to refer to tensions between leaders of NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organization and China and its ally Russia both countries striving to challenge the US s role as a superpower Hirsh further cited growing tensions between the US and China as one of the causes of the newer Cold War alongside NATO s speech about China s systemic challenges to the rules based international order and to areas relevant to alliance security He further cited Russian invasion of Ukraine in 2022 as one of factors of the newer Cold War s rise 28 In July 2022 James Traub used the term while discussing how the ideas of the Non Aligned Movement a forum of neutral countries organized during the original Cold War can be used to understand the reaction of democratic countries in the developing world to current tensions 29 In the same month France the United States and Russia scheduled high level multi country diplomatic visits in Africa 30 An article reporting on these trips used the term new Cold War in relation to what some say is the most intense competition for influence in Africa since the original Cold War 30 An article published in the July 2022 issue of the journal Intereconomics linked the possible beginning of a new cold war between the West and the East with the rebirth of a new era of conflict the end of the late 20th century unipolar international security architecture under the hegemony of the United States and the end of globalisation 31 In August 2022 an analysis article in the Israeli newspaper Haaretz used the term to refer to the US s open confrontation with Russia and China The article continues on to discuss the impact of the current situation on Israel concluding that in the new Cold War Israel cannot allow itself to be neutral 32 In the same month Katrina vanden Heuvel used the term while cautioning against what she perceived as a reflexive bipartisan embrace of a new Cold War against Russia and China among US politicians 33 In September 2022 a Greek civil engineer and politician Anna Diamantopoulou further stated despite unity of NATO members the West has lost much of its normative power citing her meetings with politicians from Africa Latin America and the Middle East She further stated that the West will risk losing a new cold war unless it overcomes challenges that would give Russia and China a greater world advantage She further gave suggestions to the Western powers including the European Union 34 Usage in the context of China United States tensions EditSee also Chinese espionage in the United States American espionage in China China United States trade war China United States relations and Group of Two The US senior defence official Jed Babbin 35 Yale University professor David Gelernter 36 Firstpost editor R Jagannathan 37 Subhash Kapila of the South Asia Analysis Group 38 former Australian Prime Minister Kevin Rudd 39 and some other sources 40 41 have used the term occasionally using the term Pacific Cold War 35 to refer to tensions between the United States and China in the 2000s and 2010s Trump presidency Edit Main article Foreign policy of the Donald Trump administration Donald Trump who was inaugurated as US president on 20 January 2017 had repeatedly said during his presidential campaign that he considered China a threat a stance that heightened speculations of the possibility of a new cold war with China 42 43 44 Claremont McKenna College professor Minxin Pei said that Trump s election win and ascent to the presidency may increase chances of the possibility 45 In March 2017 a self declared socialist magazine Monthly Review said With the rise of the Trump administration the new Cold War with Russia has been put on hold and also said that the Trump administration has planned to shift from Russia to China as its main competitor 46 External video Vice President Mike Pence s Remarks on the Administration s Policy Towards China In July 2018 Michael Collins deputy assistant director of the CIA s East Asia mission center told the Aspen Security Forum in Colorado he believed China under paramount leader and general secretary Xi Jinping while unwilling to go to war was waging a quiet kind of cold war against the United States seeking to replace the US as the leading global power He further elaborated What they re waging against us is fundamentally a cold war a cold war not like we saw during the Cold War between the U S and the Soviet Union but a cold war by definition 47 In October 2018 a Hong Kong s Lingnan University professor Zhang Baohui told The New York Times that a speech by United States Vice president Mike Pence at the Hudson Institute will look like the declaration of a new Cold War 48 In January 2019 Robert D Kaplan of the Center for a New American Security wrote that it is nothing less than a new cold war The constant interminable Chinese computer hacks of American warships maintenance records Pentagon personnel records and so forth constitute war by other means This situation will last decades and will only get worse 49 In February 2019 Joshua Shifrinson an associate professor from Boston University criticised the concerns about tensions between China and the US as overblown saying that the relationship between the two countries are different from that of the US Soviet Union relations during the original Cold War that factors of heading to another era of bipolarity are uncertain and that ideology play a less prominent role between China and the US 50 In June 2019 academic Stephen Wertheim called President Trump a xenophobe and criticised Trump s foreign policy toward China for heightening risks of a new Cold War which Wertheim wrote could plunge the United States back into gruesome proxy wars around the world and risk a still deadlier war among the great powers 51 52 In August 2019 Yuan Peng of the China Institute of International Studies said that the financial crisis of 2007 2008 initiated a shift in the global order Yuan predicted the possibility of the new cold war between both countries and their global power competition turning from superpower vs major power to No 1 vs No 2 On the other hand scholar Zhu Feng said that their strategic competition would not lead to the new Cold War Zhu said that the US China relations have progressed positively and remained stable despite disputes in the South China Sea and Taiwan Strait and US President Trump s aggressive approaches toward China 53 In January 2020 columnist and historian Niall Ferguson opined that China is one of the major players of this Cold War whose powers are economic rather than military and that Russia s role is quite small 54 Ferguson also wrote C ompared with the 1950s the roles have been reversed China is now the giant Russia the mean little sidekick China under Xi remains strikingly faithful to the doctrine of Marx and Lenin Russia under Putin has reverted to Tsarism 54 Ferguson further wrote that this Cold War is different from the original Cold War because the US is so intertwined with China at the point where decoupling is as others argued a delusion and because America s traditional allies are much less eager to align themselves with Washington and against Beijing He further wrote that the new Cold War shifted away from trade to technology when both the US and China signed their Phase One trade deal 54 In a February 2020 interview with The Japan Times Ferguson suggested that to contain China the US work intelligently with its Asian and European allies as the US had done in the original Cold War rather than on its own and perform something more effective than tariffs which are a very blunt instrument He also said that the US under Trump has been rather poor at making foreign relations 55 On May 24 2020 China Foreign Minister Wang Yi said that relations with the US were on the brink of a new Cold War after it was fuelled by tensions over the COVID 19 pandemic 56 In June 2020 Boston College political scientist Robert S Ross wrote that the US and China are destined to compete but not destined for violent conflict or a cold war 57 In July Ross said that the Trump administration would like to fully decouple from China No trade no cultural exchanges no political exchanges no cooperation on anything that resembles common interests 58 In August 2020 a La Trobe University professor Nick Bisley wrote that the US China rivalry will be no Cold War but rather will be more complex harder to manage and last much longer He further wrote that comparing the old Cold War to the ongoing rivalry is a risky endeavour 59 In September 2020 the UN Secretary General Antonio Guterres warned that the increasing tensions between the US under Trump and China under Xi were leading to a Great Fracture which would become costly to the world Xi Jinping replied by saying that China has no intention to fight either a Cold War or a hot one with any country 60 Biden presidency Edit Main article Foreign policy of the Joe Biden administration In March 2021 Columbia University professor Thomas J Christensen wrote that the cold war between the US and China is unlikely in comparison to the original Cold War citing China s prominence in the global production chain and absence of the authoritarianism vs liberal democracy dynamic Christensen further advised those concerned about the tensions between the two nations to research China s role in the global economy and its foreign policy toward international conflicts and civil wars between liberal and authoritarian forces He further noted newly elected US President Joe Biden s planned different approach from predecessor Donald Trump 61 In September 2021 former Portuguese defence and foreign minister Paulo Portas described the announcement of the AUKUS security pact and the ensuing unprecedented diplomatic crisis between the signatories Australia the United Kingdom and the United States and France which has several territories in the Indo Pacific as a possible formal starting point of a new Cold War 62 On 7 November 2021 President Joe Biden s national security adviser Jake Sullivan stated that the US does not pursue system change in China anymore 63 marking a clear break from the China policy pursued by previous US administrations Sullivan said that the US is not seeking a new Cold War with China but is looking for a system of peaceful coexistence 64 In November 2021 Hal Brands and Yale professor John Lewis Gaddis wrote in their Foreign Affairs article that China and the US have been entering a new cold war meaning a protracted international rivalry for cold wars in this sense are as old as history itself Brands and Gaddis further wrote that this has not been the Cold War and that the context is quite different Both authors differentiated the Soviet American Cold War from the Sino American cold war 65 According to a poll done by Morning Consult only 15 percent of US respondents and 16 percent of Chinese respondents think the countries are in a cold war with most rather categorizing it as a competition 66 In August 2022 the Chinese Ministry of Foreign Affairs released a statement condemning US House speaker Nancy Pelosi s visit to Taiwan This statement demanded among other things that the US not seek a new Cold War 67 Following a November 2022 meeting between Biden and Xi Jinping at the G20 summit in Bali Biden told reporters that there need not be a new Cold War 68 69 In a December 8 2022 statement to the press announcing the creation of the United States House Select Committee on China Speaker of the House of Representatives elect Kevin McCarthy wrote that China and the US are locked in a cold war 70 Usage in the context of Russia United States tensions EditSee also Russia United States relations Countering America s Adversaries Through Sanctions Act Cyberwarfare by Russia and Cyberwarfare in the United States Debate over the term Edit Sergey Lavrov the Russian Foreign Minister since 2004 has expressed criticism towards the use of the term new cold war on multiple occasions Sources disagree as to whether a period of global tension analogous to the Cold War is possible in the future 71 72 73 74 75 while others have used the term to describe the ongoing renewed tensions hostilities and political rivalries that intensified dramatically in 2014 between Russia the United States and their respective allies 76 Stephen F Cohen 77 Robert D Crane 78 and Alex Vatanka 79 have all referred to a US Russian Cold War Sources opposed to the term argue that while new tensions between Russia and the West have similarities with those during the Cold War there are also major differences 80 and provide Russia with new avenues for exerting influence such as in Belarus and Central Asia which have not seen the type of direct military action in which Russia engaged in less cooperative former Soviet states like Ukraine and the Caucasus region 81 In June 2014 the Macedonian Ministry of Defense published an article asserting that the term Cold War II was as a misnomer 82 In February 2016 at the Munich Security Conference NATO Secretary General Jens Stoltenberg said that NATO and Russia were not in a cold war situation but also not in the partnership that we established at the end of the Cold War 83 while Russian Prime Minister Dmitry Medvedev speaking of what he called NATO s unfriendly and opaque policy on Russia said One could go as far as to say that we have slid back to a new Cold War 84 In October 2016 and March 2017 Stoltenberg said that NATO did not seek a new Cold War or a new arms race with Russia 85 86 In February 2016 a Higher School of Economics university academic and Harvard University visiting scholar Yuval Weber wrote on E International Relations that the world is not entering Cold War II asserting that the current tensions and ideologies of both sides are not similar to those of the original Cold War that situations in Europe and the Middle East do not destabilise other areas geographically and that Russia is far more integrated with the outside world than the Soviet Union ever was 87 In September 2016 when asked if he thought the world had entered a new cold war Russian Foreign Minister Sergey Lavrov argued that current tensions were not comparable to the Cold War He noted the lack of an ideological divide between the United States and Russia saying that conflicts were no longer ideologically bipolar 88 In August 2016 Daniel Larison of The American Conservative magazine wrote that tensions between Russia and the United States would not constitute a new Cold War especially between democracy and authoritarianism which Larison found more limited than and not as significant in 2010s as that of the Soviet Union era 89 Andrew Kuchins an American political scientist and Kremlinologist speaking in December 2016 believed the term was unsuited to the present conflict as it may be more dangerous than the Cold War 90 In August 2017 Russian Deputy Foreign Minister Sergei Ryabkov denied claims that the US and Russia were having another cold war despite ongoing tensions between the two countries and newer US sanctions against Russia 91 A University of East Anglia graduate student Oliver Steward 92 and the Casimir Pulaski Foundation senior fellow Stanislaw Koziej 93 in 2017 attributed Zapad 2017 exercise a military exercise by Russia as part of the new Cold War In March 2018 Russian President Vladimir Putin told journalist Megyn Kelly in an interview My point of view is that the individuals that have said that a new Cold War has started are not analysts They do propaganda 94 Michael Kofman a senior research scientist at the CNA Corporation and a fellow at the Wilson Center s Kennan Institute said that the new cold war for Russia is about its survival as a power in the international order and also about holding on to the remnants of the Russian empire Lyle Goldstein a research professor at the US Naval War College claims that the situations in Georgia and Ukraine seemed to offer the requisite storyline for new Cold War 95 Also in March 2018 Harvard University professors Stephen Walt 96 and then Odd Arne Westad 97 criticised application of the term to increasing tensions between the Russia and the West as misleading 96 distract ing 96 and too simplistic to describe the more complicated contemporary international politics In October 2018 Russian military analyst Pavel Felgenhauer told Deutsche Welle that the new Cold War would make the Intermediate Range Nuclear Forces INF Treaty and other Cold War era treaties irrelevant because they correspond to a totally different world situation 98 In February 2019 Russian Foreign Minister Sergey Lavrov stated that the withdrawal from the INF treaty would not lead to a new Cold War 99 100 101 102 Russian news agency TASS reported the Russian Foreign Minister Sergei Lavrov saying I don t think that we should talk about a new Cold War adding that the US development of low yield nuclear warheads the first of which entered production in January 2019 103 had increased the potential for the use of nuclear weapons 99 Middle East conflicts Edit See also Iran Saudi Arabia proxy conflict In 2013 Michael Klare compared in RealClearPolitics tensions between Russia and the West to the ongoing proxy conflict between Saudi Arabia and Iran 104 Oxford Professor Philip N Howard argued that a new cold war was being fought via the media information warfare and cyberwar 6 Some observers including Syrian President Bashar al Assad 105 judged the Syrian civil war to be a proxy war between Russia and the United States 106 107 and even a proto world war 108 In January 2016 senior UK government officials were reported to have registered their growing fears that a new cold war was now unfolding in Europe It really is a new Cold War out there Right across the EU we are seeing alarming evidence of Russian efforts to unpick the fabric of European unity on a whole range of vital strategic issues 109 In April 2018 relations deteriorated over a potential US led military strike in Middle East after the Douma chemical attack in Syria which was attributed to the Syrian Army by rebel forces in Douma and poisoning of the Skripals in the UK The Secretary General of the United Nations Antonio Guterres told a meeting of the UN Security Council that the Cold War was back with a vengeance He suggested the dangers were even greater as the safeguards that existed to manage such a crisis no longer seem to be present 110 Dmitri Trenin supported Guterres statement but added that it began in 2014 and had been intensifying since resulting in US led strikes on the Syrian government on 13 April 2018 111 In February 2022 journalist Marwan Bishara held the US and Russia responsible for pursuing their own narrow interests including then US President Trump s recognition of Jerusalem as capital of Israel as well as Putin s 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine and for pav ing the way for well another Cold War 112 Russo Ukrainian War Edit See also Russo Ukrainian War The term Cold War II gained currency and relevance as tensions between Russia and the West escalated throughout the 2014 pro Russian unrest in Ukraine followed by the Russian military intervention and especially the downing of Malaysia Airlines Flight 17 in July 2014 By August 2014 both sides had implemented economic financial and diplomatic sanctions upon each other virtually all Western countries led by the US and European Union imposed punitive measures on Russia which introduced retaliatory measures 113 114 In 2014 notable figures such as Mikhail Gorbachev warned against the backdrop of a confrontation between Russia and the West over the Russo Ukrainian War 115 116 117 that the world was on the brink of a new cold war or that it was already occurring 118 119 The American political scientist Robert Legvold also believes it started in 2013 during the Ukraine crisis 120 121 Others argued that the term did not accurately describe the nature of relations between Russia and the West 122 123 In October 2016 John Sawers a former MI6 chief said he thought the world was entering an era that was possibly more dangerous than the Cold War as we do not have that focus on a strategic relationship between Moscow and Washington 124 Similarly Igor Zevelev a fellow at the Wilson Center said that it s not a Cold War but a much more dangerous and unpredictable situation 125 CNN opined It s not a new Cold War It s not even a deep chill It s an outright conflict 125 In January 2017 a former US Government adviser Molly K McKew said at Politico that the US would win a new cold war 126 The New Republic editor Jeet Heer dismissed the possibility as equally troubling reckless threat inflation wildly overstating the extent of Russian ambitions and power in support of a costly policy and too centred on Russia while ignoring the rise of powers like China and India Heer also criticised McKew for suggesting the possibility 127 Jeremy Shapiro a senior fellow in the Brookings Institution wrote in his blog post at RealClearPolitics referring to the US Russia relations A drift into a new Cold War has seemed the inevitable result 128 Speaking to the press in Berlin on 8 November 2019 a day before the 30th anniversary of the fall of the Berlin Wall US secretary of state Mike Pompeo warned of the dangers posed by Russia and China and specifically accused Russia led by a former KGB officer once stationed in Dresden of invading its neighbours and crushing dissent Jonathan Marcus of the BBC opined that Pompeo s words appeared to be declaring the outbreak of a second Cold War 129 In February 2022 journalist H D S Greenway cited the Russian invasion of Ukraine and 4 February joint statement between Russia and China under Putin and Xi Jinping as one of the signs that Cold War II had officially begun 130 In March 2022 Yale historian Arne Westad and Harvard historian Fredrik Logevall in a videotelephony conversation asserted that the global showdown over Ukraine would not signal a second Cold War Furthermore Westad said that Putin s words about Ukraine resembled which Harvard journalist James F Smith summarized some of the colonial racial arguments of imperial powers of the past ideas from the late 19th and early 20th century rather than the Cold War 131 In June 2022 journalist Gideon Rachman asserted the Russian invasion of Ukraine as the start of a second Cold War 132 See also Edit China portal Politics portal Russia portal United States portalArtificial Intelligence Cold War Back to the Cold War South Park episode Cold peace International relations since 1989 Iran Saudi Arabia proxy conflict Middle Eastern Cold War disambiguation Post Cold War era Post Soviet conflicts Russia NATO relations World War IIIReferences Edit Mackenzie Ryan 3 October 2015 Rubio U S barreling toward a second Cold War The Des Moines Register USA Today 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Archived 23 March 2021 at the Wayback Machine Springer 2019 ISBN 9783030206758 Woodward Jude The US Vs China Asia s New Cold War Manchester University Press 2017 ISBN 9781526116567 Xiying Zuo Unbalanced deterrence Coercive threat reassurance and the US China rivalry in Taiwan strait Pacific Review 34 4 2021 547 576 Zhao Minghao Is a new Cold War inevitable Chinese perspectives on US China strategic competition The Chinese Journal of International Politics 12 3 2019 371 394 online Archived 25 February 2022 at the Wayback MachineExternal links Edit Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cold War II Quotations related to Second Cold War at Wikiquote The dictionary definition of Cold War II at Wiktionary Learning materials related to Cold War II at Wikiversity Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Second Cold War amp oldid 1131345715, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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