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Free and Open Indo-Pacific

December 02, 2023

Free and Open Indo-Pacific (FOIP; Japanese: 自由で開かれたインド太平洋戦略, romanized: jiyū de hirakareta Indotaiheiyō senryaku) is an umbrella term that encompasses Indo-Pacific-specific strategies of countries with similar interests in the region.[1] The concept, with its origins in Weimar German geopolitics, has been revived since 2006 through Japanese initiatives and American cooperation.[2][3]

Indo-Pacific. The green circle covers ASEAN.

Prime Minister Shinzo Abe of Japan introduced the FOIP concept and formally put it down as a strategy in 2016.[4][1] In 2019 the United States Department of State published a document formalizing its concept of a free and open Indo-Pacific.[5] Since then, multiple countries in regions from the European Union to Southeast Asia, have referred to the Indo-Pacific in national security or foreign policy documents.

Origin edit

Historians and political scientists have shown that the "Indo-Pacific" emerged in the context of Weimar German geopolitics in the 1920s-1930s, and since then spread to Japan through Karl Haushofer's intervention.[6][7][8]

During 2006–07 when Taro Aso was Foreign Minister, the Japanese government presented the idea of "Freedom and Prosperity".[9]

In August 2007, Prime Minister Shinzo Abe's speech in the Parliament of India included the following:[10]

"We are now at a point at which the Confluence of the Two Seas is coming into being. The Pacific and the Indian Oceans are now bringing about a dynamic coupling as seas of freedom and of prosperity."

It was the base model of FOIP according to Keiichi Ichikawa, the diplomat who had been in charge of Abe's Policy Coordination Division,[11] and Katsuyuki Yakushiji [ja], one of the consulted experts.[3]

According to the Japanese Ministry of Foreign Affairs (MOFA), Abe first officially explained Japan's commitment to the FOIP strategy in Kenya on 27 August 2016.[3][12]

However, even before then, the concept of FOIP also fell in place with Abe's thinking of "diplomacy that takes a panoramic perspective of the world map". In 2012, Prime Minister Abe's first elucidation of FOIP went as follows:[3][13]

"Peace, stability, and freedom of navigation in the Pacific Ocean are inseparable from peace, stability, and freedom of navigation in the Indian Ocean. Japan, as one of the oldest sea-faring democracies in Asia, should play a greater role—alongside Australia, India, and the US—in preserving the common good in both regions"

Indo-Pacific-specific strategies edit

Japan's diplomatic implementation edit

 
Shinzo Abe, Prime Minister of Japan (2012-2020).

In January 2013, the Japanese government had prepared a PM Abe's speech on "Five New Principles" to be delivered in Jakarta. However, as PM Abe had to go back to Japan before the scheduled date to respond to In Amenas hostage crisis, the speech was not realized; instead its script was made available.[14]

In 2015, to implement the framework, Japan upgraded "The Guidelines for Japan-U.S. Defense Cooperation" with US,[15] agreed and shared "Japan and India Vision 2025 Special Strategic and Global Partnership" with India,[16] agreed and shared "Next steps of the Special Strategic Partnership: Asia, Pacific and Beyond" with Australia,[17] and the quadrilateral framework was prepared.

In November 2017, President of the United States Donald Trump visited Japan, and summit meeting was held with PM Abe. Regarding regional and global affairs, the two leaders discussed on "Free and Open Indo-Pacific Strategy", and affirmed that Japan and the United States will work together to promote peace and prosperity in the region by developing the Indo-Pacific as free and open and directed relevant ministers and institutions to flesh out detailed cooperation, in particular, in the following areas:[18]

  • Promotion and establishment of fundamental values (rule of law, freedom of navigation, etc.)
  • Pursuit of economic prosperity (improvement of connectivity, etc.)
  • Commitment for peace and stability (capacity building on maritime law enforcement, etc.)

On 10 February 2023, PM Fumio Kishida oversaw the signing of several defense pacts and investment deals with President Ferdinand Marcos, Jr. of the Philippines; Marcos also announced he was considering opening tripartite defense talks with the United States and Japan.[19][20]

On 20 March 2023, Kishida, who visited New Delhi, India, delivered a policy speech entitled "the Future of the Indo-Pacific—Japan's New Plan for a `Free and Open Indo-Pacific'– `Together with India, as an Indispensable Partner'" at the Indian Council of World Affairs (ICWA), announcing Japan’s new plan for a "Free and Open Indo-Pacific (FOIP)". S. Jaishankar, External Affairs Minister of India, attended the speech, representing the Indian government.[21]

As of April 2023, Japan is boosting Pacific Island Country resilience through increased collaboration under this vision.[22][23]

India's foreign policy edit

In June 2018, PM Narendra Modi articulated India's vision towards the "Indo-Pacific region" for the first time.[24] A central feature of Indian PM Modi's foreign policy has been to advance the need to create a "free, open, and inclusive" Indo-Pacific.[25]

According to defense minister Rajnath Singh, the Indian government stands for a free, open and rules-based Indo-Pacific as it is important for economic development of the region and the wider global community.[26]

U.S. National Security Strategy edit

On 18 October 2017, The United States Secretary of State Rex Tillerson delivered remarks speech at CSIS, explictly using the term "free and open Indo-Pacific".[27] And in the 2017 US National Security Strategy, Asia-Pacific was exchanged with Indo-Pacific.[3]

On 30 May 2018, The United States Pacific Command (USPACOM) is also renamed the United States Indo-Pacific Command (USINDOPACOM).[28]

In December 2021, Secretary of State Antony Blinken delivered a speech on the United States' approach to the Indo-Pacific in Jakarta.[29][30]

In February 2022, the Biden-⁠Harris Administration published the "Indo-Pacific Strategy of the United States" which describes "free and open" as a top priority.[31] In its 2022 National Security Strategy, "Promote a Free and Open Indo-Pacific" is the topic at the top of its fourth part.[32]

Australia's foreign policy edit

In the 2017 Foreign Policy White Paper, a stable and prosperous Indo–Pacific is described as the most important Australia's interest, and Indo–Pacific democracies are described as of first order importance to Australia.[33]

New Zealand's strategic direction edit

In October 2021, the New Zealand Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade (MFAT) published the MFAT Strategic Intentions 2021-2025 which describes "seven strategic goals". For the Indo-Pacific, the MFAT's goal is:

"Embed Aotearoa New Zealand as an active and integral partner in shaping an Indo-Pacific order that delivers regional stability and economic integration."

"Free and Open Indo-Pacific constructs", "free and open trade" and "free and open regional development" are also described in the document.[34]

Canada's Indo-Pacific strategy edit

In November 2022, Canada launched the Indo-Pacific Strategy to support long-term growth, prosperity, and security for Canadians.[35][36]

The United Kingdom's strategic framework edit

After Brexit in 2020, the UK Government expressed its wish to participate in promoting a free and open Indo-Pacific, reflected in its Integrated Review Refresh 2023.[37][38]

ASEAN Outlook on the Indo-Pacific (AOIP) edit

In June 2019 at the 34th ASEAN Summit, they released ASEAN Outlook on the Indo-Pacific (AOIP), which is consistent with and anchored in the principles of ASEAN centrality through ASEANjournal-led mechanisms like the East Asia Summit (EAS).[39] The AOIP was of Indonesia’s proposal, and the document calls for dialogue, co-operation, inclusivity, and a rule-based framework, rather than rivalry.[40] While accepting FOIP's basic idea that an ASEAN-led AOIP is "free and open," AOIP also considers "inclusiveness," which does not uniformly exclude China, and it is appropriate to understand that the "centrality of ASEAN" was emphasized as a device for that purpose.[41]

Indonesia's Indo-Pacific Cooperation Concept edit

In May 2013, Indonesian Foreign Minister Marty Natalegawa made a speech on "An Indonesian perspective on the Indo-Pacific" at The Indonesia Conference hosted by the Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS) as keynote address.[42][43]

At the CSIS Global Dialogue in May 2018 in Jakarta, Indonesian Foreign Minister Retno Marsudi unveiled the Indo-Pacific Cooperation Concept. The concept is based on the principles of being "open, transparent and inclusive, promoting the habit of dialogue, promoting cooperation and friendship, and upholding international law".[44] And in August 2018, Retno formally presented the Indonesian Indo-Pacific Cooperation Concept to the 8th Ministerial Meeting of the East Asia Summit (EAS).[45]

In November 2018, president Joko Widodo said that "The Indo-Pacific Cooperation Concept puts emphasis on several principles, including cooperation, instead of rivalry, inclusiveness, transparency and openness as well as respect for international law", at the 13th EAS plenary session held at the Suntec Singapore Convention and Exhibition Centre.[46]

The Philippines' diplomatic strategy edit

While it has yet to produce a definitive Indo-Pacific strategy document as of April 2023, the administration of Ferdinand Marcos, Jr. has discussed intensifying cooperation with the U.S. government, whose officials have made agreements with the Philippines on energy, telecommunications, human rights, education, food security, and nuclear technology sales.[47] In February 2023, Marcos briefly met with U.S. Defense Secretary Lloyd Austin to finalize an agreement to add U.S.-accessible Philippine military bases to the Enhanced Defense Cooperation Agreement allowing U.S. military visits.[48] The Philippines also signed a defense agreement with Japan earlier that year, and Marcos announced that talks for a joint defense pact between Japan, the Philippines, and the United States are underway. The Philippines is also a prolific buyer of South Korean arms and military equipment,[49] and has a long-standing security partnership with Australia and India.[50][51]

Bangladesh's Indo-Pacific outlook edit

In April 2023, the foreign ministry of Bangladesh formally announced its Indo-Pacific Outlook with 15 points which emphasized a "peaceful, secure and inclusive" Indo-Pacific.[52] The Bangladeshi strategy promotes resilience in global value chains; food, water and energy security; freedom of navigation and overflight; maritime security and counter-terrorism; combating crime networks; nonproliferation, peacekeeping, sustainable development, SDG 14, and the "unimpeded and free flow of commerce in the Indo-Pacific".[52][53][54]

South Korea's diplomatic strategy edit

South Korea's approach to the Indo-Pacific is based on cooperation and complementarity between its New Southern Policy and the U.S.'s and the Quad's Indo-Pacific policy, but without openly antagonizing China.[55] In this respect, South Korea is balancing the desire for foreign policy autonomy with the need for strategic alliances, above all with the United States.[56]

In December 2022, South Korea published its "Strategy for a Free, Peaceful, and Prosperous Indo-Pacific Region".[57]

NATO edit

As of July 2022, NATO does not have a policy for the Indo-Pacific, yet its political and diplomatic interests in the region are broad. Apart from the U.S., more recently other NATO countries have reoriented their maritime policy in defense of a Free and Open Indo-Pacific (FOIP).[58]

Countries in the European Union edit

 
France's territories and EEZ, excluding Antarctic territories. A large proportion of France's overseas territories are located in the Indo-Pacific region.

In September 2021, the European Union published its Joint Communication on the EU's Indo-Pacific Strategy.[59]

France

France is an Indo-Pacific power because of the several territories of France located there. The administration of Emmanuel Macron released a strategy in 2019 which was subsequently updated in 2021.[60]

Germany
Germany adopted policy guidelines for the region in September 2020.[61]

Netherlands
In November 2020, the Netherlands published the white paper "Indo-Pacific: Guidelines for strengthening Dutch and EU cooperation with partners in Asia". [62]

Criticism edit

Political scientist Sharifah Munirah Alatas has argued that the origin of the term "Indo-Pacific" was Euro-centric, so it lacked the input of Asian countries in a broader anticolonial context.[63] The Australian Citizens Party has publicly denounced the "Nazi roots" of the "Indo-Pacific" concept.[64]

Chinese officials often criticize the "Indo-Pacific" concept and see it as a tool to contain China.[65] China's partner, Russia, also echoes Chinese views,[66] describing it as a "closed and exclusive group structure", and called for an "equal, open, and inclusive Asia-Pacific security system that does not target third countries".

See also edit

References edit

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  2. ^ Li, Hansong (September 2022). "The "Indo-Pacific": Intellectual Origins and International Visions in Global Contexts". Modern Intellectual History. 19 (3): 807–833. doi:10.1017/S1479244321000214.
  3. ^ a b c d e Watanabe, Tsuneo "Nabe" (30 October 2019). "Japan's Rationale for the Free and Open Indo-Pacific Strategy [1]". International Information Network Analysis | The Sasakawa Peace Foundation. from the original on 2020-10-27. Retrieved 2020-11-04.
  4. ^ McMaster, H.R. (19 July 2021). "Japan: The Legacy Of Japan's Longest Serving Prime Minister". Board of Trustees of Leland Stanford Junior University. Hoover Institution.
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  7. ^ Kassab, Hanna Samir (28 January 2023). "What Is the Indo-Pacific? Genealogy, Securitization, and the Multipolar System". Chinese Political Science Review. 8 (4): 573–596. doi:10.1007/s41111-023-00233-z. ISSN 2365-4252.
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  35. ^ "Canada launches Indo-Pacific Strategy to support long-term growth, prosperity, and security for Canadians". Government of Canada. 27 November 2022. Retrieved 28 November 2022.
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  63. ^ Alatas, Sharifah Munirah (3 April 2022). "Appropriating the Indo-Pacific Construct: An Analysis of Eurocentrism from a Southeast Asian Perspective". Politikon. 49 (2): 120–135. doi:10.1080/02589346.2022.2065424. ISSN 0258-9346. S2CID 248331763. Retrieved 31 January 2023.
  64. ^ "The Nazi roots of the 'Indo-Pacific strategy'". Australian Citizens Party. Retrieved 31 January 2023.
  65. ^ "China's Indo-Pacific Folly". Foreign Affairs. 2023-01-31. Retrieved 2023-05-06.
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Further reading edit

  • Insisa, Aurelio, and Giulio Pugliese. "The free and open Indo-Pacific versus the belt and road: Spheres of influence and Sino-Japanese relations." Pacific Review 35.3 (2022): 557-585. online
  • Katagiri, Nori. "Shinzo Abe's Indo-Pacific Strategy: Japan's recent achievement and future direction." Asian Security 16.2 (2020): 179–200. online
  • Kitaoka Shinichi, ed. (2023). A Western Pacific Union: Japan's New Geopolitical Strategy. Japan Publishing Industry Foundation for Culture.
  • Brendon J. Cannon; Kei Hakata, eds. (2022). Indo-Pacific Strategies: Navigating Geopolitics at the Dawn of a New Age. Routledge.
  • Przystup, James J. (October 4, 2022). "Upholding a Rules-Based Order: Reinforcing a Free and Open Indo-Pacific" (PDF). Hudson Institute. Retrieved December 17, 2022.
  • Li, Hansong (September 2022). "The "Indo-Pacific": Intellectual Origins and International Visions in Global Contexts". Modern Intellectual History. 19 (3): 807–833. doi:10.1017/S1479244321000214.
  • Ash Rossiter; Brendon J. Cannon, eds. (2020). Conflict and Cooperation in the Indo-Pacific: New Geopolitical Realities. Routledge.
  • Suzuki, Hiroyuki (October 23, 2020). "Japan's Leadership Role in a Multipolar Indo-Pacific". CSIS. Retrieved December 17, 2022.
  • Valencia, Mark J. (March 30, 2018). "What Does a 'Free and Open Indo-Pacific' Actually Mean?". thediplomat.com. from the original on November 5, 2020. Retrieved November 4, 2020.
  • Suzuki, Yoshikatsu (2017). "2–4". 日本の外交戦略 [Japan's Strategic Diplomacy]. Chikuma Shinsho (in Japanese). Chikuma Shobō.

External links edit

  • "Foreign Policy / Free and Open Indo-Pacific". MOFA, Japan. February 1, 2021.
    • "Free and Open Indo-Pacific" (PDF). MOFA, Japan. February 1, 2021.
    • MOFA, Japan. "(Video) Japan's Efforts toward Free and Open Indo-PacificOpen a new window". YouTube.
    • MOFA, Japan. "(Video) Japan's Connectivity Support for a Free and Open Indo-PacificOpen a new window". YouTube.
    • MOFA, Japan. "(Video) Japan Shares Solutions: Maritime SecurityOpen a new window". YouTube.
    • MOFA, Japan. "(Video) The Rule of Law at Sea". YouTube.
  • Cave, Damien (March 29, 2023). "An Anxious Asia Arms for a War It Hopes to Prevent". The New York Times. Retrieved April 16, 2023.

December 02, 2023
free, open, indo, pacific, foip, japanese, 自由で開かれたインド太平洋戦略, romanized, jiyū, hirakareta, indotaiheiyō, senryaku, umbrella, term, that, encompasses, indo, pacific, specific, strategies, countries, with, similar, interests, region, concept, with, origins, weimar. Free and Open Indo Pacific FOIP Japanese 自由で開かれたインド太平洋戦略 romanized jiyu de hirakareta Indotaiheiyō senryaku is an umbrella term that encompasses Indo Pacific specific strategies of countries with similar interests in the region 1 The concept with its origins in Weimar German geopolitics has been revived since 2006 through Japanese initiatives and American cooperation 2 3 Indo Pacific The green circle covers ASEAN Prime Minister Shinzo Abe of Japan introduced the FOIP concept and formally put it down as a strategy in 2016 4 1 In 2019 the United States Department of State published a document formalizing its concept of a free and open Indo Pacific 5 Since then multiple countries in regions from the European Union to Southeast Asia have referred to the Indo Pacific in national security or foreign policy documents Contents 1 Origin 2 Indo Pacific specific strategies 2 1 Japan s diplomatic implementation 2 2 India s foreign policy 2 3 U S National Security Strategy 2 4 Australia s foreign policy 2 5 New Zealand s strategic direction 2 6 Canada s Indo Pacific strategy 2 7 The United Kingdom s strategic framework 2 8 ASEAN Outlook on the Indo Pacific AOIP 2 9 Indonesia s Indo Pacific Cooperation Concept 2 10 The Philippines diplomatic strategy 2 11 Bangladesh s Indo Pacific outlook 2 12 South Korea s diplomatic strategy 2 13 NATO 2 14 Countries in the European Union 3 Criticism 4 See also 5 References 6 Further reading 7 External linksOrigin editHistorians and political scientists have shown that the Indo Pacific emerged in the context of Weimar German geopolitics in the 1920s 1930s and since then spread to Japan through Karl Haushofer s intervention 6 7 8 During 2006 07 when Taro Aso was Foreign Minister the Japanese government presented the idea of Freedom and Prosperity 9 In August 2007 Prime Minister Shinzo Abe s speech in the Parliament of India included the following 10 We are now at a point at which the Confluence of the Two Seas is coming into being The Pacific and the Indian Oceans are now bringing about a dynamic coupling as seas of freedom and of prosperity It was the base model of FOIP according to Keiichi Ichikawa the diplomat who had been in charge of Abe s Policy Coordination Division 11 and Katsuyuki Yakushiji ja one of the consulted experts 3 According to the Japanese Ministry of Foreign Affairs MOFA Abe first officially explained Japan s commitment to the FOIP strategy in Kenya on 27 August 2016 3 12 However even before then the concept of FOIP also fell in place with Abe s thinking of diplomacy that takes a panoramic perspective of the world map In 2012 Prime Minister Abe s first elucidation of FOIP went as follows 3 13 Peace stability and freedom of navigation in the Pacific Ocean are inseparable from peace stability and freedom of navigation in the Indian Ocean Japan as one of the oldest sea faring democracies in Asia should play a greater role alongside Australia India and the US in preserving the common good in both regions Indo Pacific specific strategies editJapan s diplomatic implementation edit nbsp Shinzo Abe Prime Minister of Japan 2012 2020 In January 2013 the Japanese government had prepared a PM Abe s speech on Five New Principles to be delivered in Jakarta However as PM Abe had to go back to Japan before the scheduled date to respond to In Amenas hostage crisis the speech was not realized instead its script was made available 14 In 2015 to implement the framework Japan upgraded The Guidelines for Japan U S Defense Cooperation with US 15 agreed and shared Japan and India Vision 2025 Special Strategic and Global Partnership with India 16 agreed and shared Next steps of the Special Strategic Partnership Asia Pacific and Beyond with Australia 17 and the quadrilateral framework was prepared In November 2017 President of the United States Donald Trump visited Japan and summit meeting was held with PM Abe Regarding regional and global affairs the two leaders discussed on Free and Open Indo Pacific Strategy and affirmed that Japan and the United States will work together to promote peace and prosperity in the region by developing the Indo Pacific as free and open and directed relevant ministers and institutions to flesh out detailed cooperation in particular in the following areas 18 Promotion and establishment of fundamental values rule of law freedom of navigation etc Pursuit of economic prosperity improvement of connectivity etc Commitment for peace and stability capacity building on maritime law enforcement etc On 10 February 2023 PM Fumio Kishida oversaw the signing of several defense pacts and investment deals with President Ferdinand Marcos Jr of the Philippines Marcos also announced he was considering opening tripartite defense talks with the United States and Japan 19 20 On 20 March 2023 Kishida who visited New Delhi India delivered a policy speech entitled the Future of the Indo Pacific Japan s New Plan for a Free and Open Indo Pacific Together with India as an Indispensable Partner at the Indian Council of World Affairs ICWA announcing Japan s new plan for a Free and Open Indo Pacific FOIP S Jaishankar External Affairs Minister of India attended the speech representing the Indian government 21 As of April 2023 update Japan is boosting Pacific Island Country resilience through increased collaboration under this vision 22 23 India s foreign policy edit In June 2018 PM Narendra Modi articulated India s vision towards the Indo Pacific region for the first time 24 A central feature of Indian PM Modi s foreign policy has been to advance the need to create a free open and inclusive Indo Pacific 25 According to defense minister Rajnath Singh the Indian government stands for a free open and rules based Indo Pacific as it is important for economic development of the region and the wider global community 26 U S National Security Strategy edit On 18 October 2017 The United States Secretary of State Rex Tillerson delivered remarks speech at CSIS explictly using the term free and open Indo Pacific 27 And in the 2017 US National Security Strategy Asia Pacific was exchanged with Indo Pacific 3 On 30 May 2018 The United States Pacific Command USPACOM is also renamed the United States Indo Pacific Command USINDOPACOM 28 In December 2021 Secretary of State Antony Blinken delivered a speech on the United States approach to the Indo Pacific in Jakarta 29 30 In February 2022 the Biden Harris Administration published the Indo Pacific Strategy of the United States which describes free and open as a top priority 31 In its 2022 National Security Strategy Promote a Free and Open Indo Pacific is the topic at the top of its fourth part 32 Australia s foreign policy edit In the 2017 Foreign Policy White Paper a stable and prosperous Indo Pacific is described as the most important Australia s interest and Indo Pacific democracies are described as of first order importance to Australia 33 New Zealand s strategic direction edit In October 2021 the New Zealand Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade MFAT published the MFAT Strategic Intentions 2021 2025 which describes seven strategic goals For the Indo Pacific the MFAT s goal is Embed Aotearoa New Zealand as an active and integral partner in shaping an Indo Pacific order that delivers regional stability and economic integration Free and Open Indo Pacific constructs free and open trade and free and open regional development are also described in the document 34 Canada s Indo Pacific strategy edit In November 2022 Canada launched the Indo Pacific Strategy to support long term growth prosperity and security for Canadians 35 36 The United Kingdom s strategic framework edit After Brexit in 2020 the UK Government expressed its wish to participate in promoting a free and open Indo Pacific reflected in its Integrated Review Refresh 2023 37 38 ASEAN Outlook on the Indo Pacific AOIP edit In June 2019 at the 34th ASEAN Summit they released ASEAN Outlook on the Indo Pacific AOIP which is consistent with and anchored in the principles of ASEAN centrality through ASEANjournal led mechanisms like the East Asia Summit EAS 39 The AOIP was of Indonesia s proposal and the document calls for dialogue co operation inclusivity and a rule based framework rather than rivalry 40 While accepting FOIP s basic idea that an ASEAN led AOIP is free and open AOIP also considers inclusiveness which does not uniformly exclude China and it is appropriate to understand that the centrality of ASEAN was emphasized as a device for that purpose 41 Indonesia s Indo Pacific Cooperation Concept edit In May 2013 Indonesian Foreign Minister Marty Natalegawa made a speech on An Indonesian perspective on the Indo Pacific at The Indonesia Conference hosted by the Center for Strategic and International Studies CSIS as keynote address 42 43 At the CSIS Global Dialogue in May 2018 in Jakarta Indonesian Foreign Minister Retno Marsudi unveiled the Indo Pacific Cooperation Concept The concept is based on the principles of being open transparent and inclusive promoting the habit of dialogue promoting cooperation and friendship and upholding international law 44 And in August 2018 Retno formally presented the Indonesian Indo Pacific Cooperation Concept to the 8th Ministerial Meeting of the East Asia Summit EAS 45 In November 2018 president Joko Widodo said that The Indo Pacific Cooperation Concept puts emphasis on several principles including cooperation instead of rivalry inclusiveness transparency and openness as well as respect for international law at the 13th EAS plenary session held at the Suntec Singapore Convention and Exhibition Centre 46 The Philippines diplomatic strategy edit While it has yet to produce a definitive Indo Pacific strategy document as of April 2023 update the administration of Ferdinand Marcos Jr has discussed intensifying cooperation with the U S government whose officials have made agreements with the Philippines on energy telecommunications human rights education food security and nuclear technology sales 47 In February 2023 Marcos briefly met with U S Defense Secretary Lloyd Austin to finalize an agreement to add U S accessible Philippine military bases to the Enhanced Defense Cooperation Agreement allowing U S military visits 48 The Philippines also signed a defense agreement with Japan earlier that year and Marcos announced that talks for a joint defense pact between Japan the Philippines and the United States are underway The Philippines is also a prolific buyer of South Korean arms and military equipment 49 and has a long standing security partnership with Australia and India 50 51 Bangladesh s Indo Pacific outlook edit In April 2023 the foreign ministry of Bangladesh formally announced its Indo Pacific Outlook with 15 points which emphasized a peaceful secure and inclusive Indo Pacific 52 The Bangladeshi strategy promotes resilience in global value chains food water and energy security freedom of navigation and overflight maritime security and counter terrorism combating crime networks nonproliferation peacekeeping sustainable development SDG 14 and the unimpeded and free flow of commerce in the Indo Pacific 52 53 54 South Korea s diplomatic strategy edit South Korea s approach to the Indo Pacific is based on cooperation and complementarity between its New Southern Policy and the U S s and the Quad s Indo Pacific policy but without openly antagonizing China 55 In this respect South Korea is balancing the desire for foreign policy autonomy with the need for strategic alliances above all with the United States 56 In December 2022 South Korea published its Strategy for a Free Peaceful and Prosperous Indo Pacific Region 57 NATO edit As of July 2022 update NATO does not have a policy for the Indo Pacific yet its political and diplomatic interests in the region are broad Apart from the U S more recently other NATO countries have reoriented their maritime policy in defense of a Free and Open Indo Pacific FOIP 58 Countries in the European Union edit nbsp France s territories and EEZ excluding Antarctic territories A large proportion of France s overseas territories are located in the Indo Pacific region In September 2021 the European Union published its Joint Communication on the EU s Indo Pacific Strategy 59 FranceFrance is an Indo Pacific power because of the several territories of France located there The administration of Emmanuel Macron released a strategy in 2019 which was subsequently updated in 2021 60 Germany Germany adopted policy guidelines for the region in September 2020 61 Netherlands In November 2020 the Netherlands published the white paper Indo Pacific Guidelines for strengthening Dutch and EU cooperation with partners in Asia 62 Criticism editThis section needs expansion You can help by adding to it April 2023 Political scientist Sharifah Munirah Alatas has argued that the origin of the term Indo Pacific was Euro centric so it lacked the input of Asian countries in a broader anticolonial context 63 The Australian Citizens Party has publicly denounced the Nazi roots of the Indo Pacific concept 64 Chinese officials often criticize the Indo Pacific concept and see it as a tool to contain China 65 China s partner Russia also echoes Chinese views 66 describing it as a closed and exclusive group structure and called for an equal open and inclusive Asia Pacific security system that does not target third countries See also editAUKUS CANZUK Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans Pacific Partnership CPTPP Indo Pacific Indo Pacific Economic Framework IPEF Quadrilateral Security Dialogue Quad Shinzo Abe India Japan relations India United States relations Japan United States relations List of islands in the Indian Ocean List of islands in the Pacific OceanReferences edit a b Hosoya Nicholas Szechenyi Yuichi Hosoya Nicholas Szechenyi Yuichi 10 October 2020 Working Toward a Free and Open Indo Pacific Carnegie Endowment for International Peace Archived from the original on 2020 10 29 Retrieved 2020 11 04 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint multiple names authors list link Li Hansong September 2022 The Indo Pacific Intellectual Origins and International Visions in Global Contexts Modern Intellectual History 19 3 807 833 doi 10 1017 S1479244321000214 a b c d e Watanabe Tsuneo Nabe 30 October 2019 Japan s Rationale for the Free and Open Indo Pacific Strategy 1 International Information Network Analysis The Sasakawa Peace Foundation Archived from the original on 2020 10 27 Retrieved 2020 11 04 McMaster H R 19 July 2021 Japan The Legacy Of Japan s Longest Serving Prime Minister Board of Trustees of Leland Stanford Junior University Hoover Institution A Free and Open Indo Pacific Advancing a Shared Vision PDF www state gov U S State Department 4 November 2019 Archived PDF from the original on 28 October 2020 Li Hansong September 2022 The Indo Pacific Intellectual Origins and International Visions in Global Contexts Modern Intellectual History 19 3 807 833 doi 10 1017 S1479244321000214 ISSN 1479 2443 Kassab Hanna Samir 28 January 2023 What Is the Indo Pacific Genealogy Securitization and the Multipolar System Chinese Political Science Review 8 4 573 596 doi 10 1007 s41111 023 00233 z ISSN 2365 4252 Alatas Sharifah Munirah 3 April 2022 Appropriating the Indo Pacific Construct An Analysis of Eurocentrism from a Southeast Asian Perspective Politikon 49 2 120 135 doi 10 1080 02589346 2022 2065424 ISSN 0258 9346 S2CID 248331763 Retrieved 31 January 2023 Speech by Mr Taro Aso Minister for Foreign Affairs on the Occasion of the Japan Institute of International Affairs Seminar Arc of Freedom and Prosperity Japan s Expanding Diplomatic Horizons MOFA Japan 30 November 2006 Retrieved 11 December 2021 Speech by H E Mr Shinzo Abe Prime Minister of Japan at the Parliament of the Republic of India Confluence of the Two Seas MOFA Japan 22 August 2007 Retrieved 24 September 2021 自由で開かれたインド太平洋 誕生秘話 The behind the scenes story of the birth of Free and Open Indo Pacific NHK in Japanese 30 June 2021 Retrieved 29 July 2022 Address by Prime Minister Shinzo Abe at the Opening Session of TICAD VI MOFA Japan 27 August 2016 Archived from the original on 2020 11 07 Retrieved 4 December 2020 Abe Shinzo 27 December 2012 Asia s Democratic Security Diamond by Shinzo Abe Project Syndicate Archived from the original on 2021 01 18 Retrieved 4 November 2020 Shinzo Abe 18 January 2013 The Bounty of the Open Seas Five New Principles for Japanese Diplomacy MOFA Japan Retrieved 15 February 2021 The Guidelines for Japan U S Defense Cooperation PDF MOFA Japan 27 April 2015 Retrieved 16 February 2021 Japan and India Vision 2025 Special Strategic and Global Partnership MOFA Japan 12 December 2015 Retrieved 16 February 2021 Next steps of the Special Strategic Partnership Asia Pacific and Beyond MOFA Japan 18 December 2015 Retrieved 16 February 2021 Japan U S Working Lunch and Japan U S Summit Meeting MOFA Japan 6 November 2017 Retrieved 8 May 2023 Dominguez Gabriel February 10 2023 Concerns over China drive Tokyo and Manila closer together The Japan Times Retrieved April 14 2023 Parrocha Azer February 12 2023 Gov t to review tripartite agreement with US Japan Marcos Philippine News Agency Retrieved April 14 2023 Fumio Kishida 20 March 2023 Policy Speech by Prime Minister KISHIDA Fumio New Plan for a Free and Open Indo Pacific MOFA Japan Retrieved 21 March 2023 Marc Jacob Prosser 2 April 2023 Japan boosting Pacific Island Country resilience through increased collaboration Indo Pacific Defense Forum Retrieved 6 April 2023 Courtesy Call on Prime Minister and Minister of Foreign Affairs BROWN of the Cook Islands by Foreign Minister Hayashi MOFA Japan 21 March 2023 Retrieved 6 April 2023 Rahul Roy Chaudhury 7 August 2018 inclusive Indo Pacific policy The International Institute for Strategic Studies IISS Retrieved 11 May 2023 Aman Thakker 19 February 2020 A Free and Open Indo Pacific Needs a Free and Open India The Diplomat Retrieved 11 May 2023 Luthra Swati 25 November 2022 India stands for free and open Indo Pacific Defence Minister Mint Retrieved 29 November 2022 Rex Tillerson 18 October 2017 Defining Our Relationship with India for the Next Century CSIS Retrieved 7 May 2023 Li Hansong September 2022 The Indo Pacific Intellectual Origins and International Visions in Global Contexts Modern Intellectual History 19 3 807 833 doi 10 1017 S1479244321000214 A Free and Open Indo Pacific United States Department of State December 14 2021 Retrieved August 4 2022 Brad Lendon Andrew Raine July 21 2022 A free and open Indo Pacific With a single phrase Shinzo Abe changed America s view of Asia and China CNN Retrieved August 5 2022 Indo Pacific Strategy of the United States White House February 11 2022 Retrieved December 17 2022 National Security Strategy PDF White House October 12 2022 Retrieved October 12 2022 2017 Foreign Policy White Paper DFAT 2017 Retrieved October 12 2022 MFAT Strategic Intentions 2021 2025 PDF New Zealand Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade MFAT October 2021 Retrieved 20 April 2023 Canada launches Indo Pacific Strategy to support long term growth prosperity and security for Canadians Government of Canada 27 November 2022 Retrieved 28 November 2022 Canada s Indo Pacific Strategy PDF Global Affairs Canada 27 November 2022 Retrieved 28 November 2022 Integrated Review Refresh 2023 Responding to a more contested and volatile world PDF Gov uk March 13 2023 Retrieved April 16 2022 Foreign Secretary visits G7 Japan and Pacific islands Gov uk April 16 2023 Retrieved April 16 2022 ASEAN Outlook on the Indo Pacific PDF ASEAN 20 June 2019 Retrieved 16 May 2023 Rakhmat Syarip 15 July 2020 Defending Foreign Policy at Home Indonesia and the ASEAN Based Free Trade Agreements Journal of Current Southeast Asian Affairs 39 3 405 427 doi 10 1177 1868103420935556 S2CID 225574920 Retrieved 30 May 2023 Teruaki Aizawa 24 December 2020 Recent Trends Regarding each actor s Indo Pacific Policy and FOIP The Sasakawa Peace Foundation Retrieved 29 May 2023 Marty Natalegawa 20 May 2013 An Indonesian perspective on the Indo Pacific The Jakarta Post Retrieved 12 May 2023 Jack Georgieff 17 May 2013 An Indo Pacific Treaty An Idea Whose Time Has Come The Diplomat Retrieved 12 May 2023 Jansen Tham 16 May 2018 What s in Indonesia s Indo Pacific Cooperation Concept The Diplomat Retrieved 11 May 2023 Donald E Weatherbee 7 June 2019 Indonesia ASEAN and the Indo Pacific Cooperation Concept PDF ISEAS Yusof Ishak Institute Retrieved 21 May 2023 Office of Assistant to Deputy Cabinet Secretary 15 November 2018 Indo Pacific Cooperation Concept Focuses on Cooperation Not Rivalry President Jokowi Cabinet Secretariat Indonesia Retrieved 13 May 2023 The White House November 20 2022 FACT SHEET Vice President Harris Launches New Initiatives to Strengthen U S Philippines Alliance The White House Retrieved April 14 2023 Gomez Jim Knickmeyer Ellen February 2 2023 A big deal US Philippines tighten military ties AP NEWS Retrieved April 14 2023 Harold Scott W Grossman Derek Harding Brian Hornung Jeffrey W Poling Gregory Smith Jeffrey Smith Meagan L May 5 2019 The Thickening Web of Asian Security Cooperation RAND Corporation Retrieved April 14 2023 Grossman Derek February 21 2023 The Philippines Is America s New Star Ally in Asia Foreign Policy Retrieved April 14 2023 BrahMos deal is the beginning of further defence pacts between Delhi and Manila The Times of India 2023 07 01 ISSN 0971 8257 Retrieved 2023 07 04 a b Bangladesh announces 15 point Indo Pacific Outlook The Financial Express Retrieved 2023 05 05 Bangladesh formally announces its Indo Pacific Outlook www dhakatribune com 2023 04 24 Retrieved 2023 05 05 Bangladesh Joins the Region in Signalling its Indo Pacific Outlook Australian Institute of International Affairs Retrieved 2023 05 05 Pacheco Pardo Ramon May 21 2021 South Korea Rebuffed Trump Here s Why It Might Cooperate with Biden The Washington Post Retrieved December 17 2022 Snyder Scott A 2020 South Korea at the Crossroads Autonomy and Alliance in an Era of Rival Powers Columbia University Press ISBN 9780231185493 Strategy for a Free Peaceful and Prosperous Indo Pacific Region Ministry of Foreign Affairs South Korea December 28 2022 Retrieved December 29 2022 REGIONAL PERSPECTIVES REPORT ON THE INDO PACIFIC PDF NATO July 2022 pp 15 16 Retrieved October 18 2022 Questions and Answers EU Strategy for Cooperation in the Indo Pacific European Union September 16 2021 Retrieved December 17 2022 The Indo Pacific region a priority for France Ministry for Europe and Foreign Affairs France November 2021 Retrieved 3 August 2020 Amt Auswartiges Germany Europe Asia shaping the 21st century together The German Government adopts policy guidelines on the Indo Pacific region German Federal Foreign Office Retrieved September 24 2021 Indo Pacific Guidelines for strengthening Dutch and EU cooperation with partners in Asia Government of the Netherlands November 2020 Retrieved December 19 2022 Alatas Sharifah Munirah 3 April 2022 Appropriating the Indo Pacific Construct An Analysis of Eurocentrism from a Southeast Asian Perspective Politikon 49 2 120 135 doi 10 1080 02589346 2022 2065424 ISSN 0258 9346 S2CID 248331763 Retrieved 31 January 2023 The Nazi roots of the Indo Pacific strategy Australian Citizens Party Retrieved 31 January 2023 China s Indo Pacific Folly Foreign Affairs 2023 01 31 Retrieved 2023 05 06 Xi Putin joint statement reveals new stand on Indo Pacific plan for G20 meet Hindustan Times 2023 03 22 Retrieved 2023 05 06 Further reading editInsisa Aurelio and Giulio Pugliese The free and open Indo Pacific versus the belt and road Spheres of influence and Sino Japanese relations Pacific Review 35 3 2022 557 585 onlineKatagiri Nori Shinzo Abe s Indo Pacific Strategy Japan s recent achievement and future direction Asian Security 16 2 2020 179 200 onlineKitaoka Shinichi ed 2023 A Western Pacific Union Japan s New Geopolitical Strategy Japan Publishing Industry Foundation for Culture Brendon J Cannon Kei Hakata eds 2022 Indo Pacific Strategies Navigating Geopolitics at the Dawn of a New Age Routledge Przystup James J October 4 2022 Upholding a Rules Based Order Reinforcing a Free and Open Indo Pacific PDF Hudson Institute Retrieved December 17 2022 Li Hansong September 2022 The Indo Pacific Intellectual Origins and International Visions in Global Contexts Modern Intellectual History 19 3 807 833 doi 10 1017 S1479244321000214 Ash Rossiter Brendon J Cannon eds 2020 Conflict and Cooperation in the Indo Pacific New Geopolitical Realities Routledge Suzuki Hiroyuki October 23 2020 Japan s Leadership Role in a Multipolar Indo Pacific CSIS Retrieved December 17 2022 Valencia Mark J March 30 2018 What Does a Free and Open Indo Pacific Actually Mean thediplomat com Archived from the original on November 5 2020 Retrieved November 4 2020 Suzuki Yoshikatsu 2017 2 4 日本の外交戦略 Japan s Strategic Diplomacy Chikuma Shinsho in Japanese Chikuma Shobō External links edit Foreign Policy Free and Open Indo Pacific MOFA Japan February 1 2021 Free and Open Indo Pacific PDF MOFA Japan February 1 2021 MOFA Japan Video Japan s Efforts toward Free and Open Indo PacificOpen a new window YouTube MOFA Japan Video Japan s Connectivity Support for a Free and Open Indo PacificOpen a new window YouTube MOFA Japan Video Japan Shares Solutions Maritime SecurityOpen a new window YouTube MOFA Japan Video The Rule of Law at Sea YouTube Cave Damien March 29 2023 An Anxious Asia Arms for a War It Hopes to Prevent The New York Times Retrieved April 16 2023 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Free and Open Indo Pacific amp oldid 1184099085, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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