Anglosphere
The Anglosphere is a group of English-speaking nations that share cultural or historical ties with England,[2][3][4] and which today maintain close political, diplomatic and military co-operation. While the nations included in different sources vary, the Anglosphere is usually not considered to include all countries where English is an official language, so it is not synonymous with anglophone, though the nations that are commonly included were all once part of the British Empire.[5]
The definition is usually taken to include Australia, Canada, New Zealand, the United Kingdom, and the United States[6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13] in a grouping of developed countries called the core Anglosphere. This term can also encompass Ireland[9][14][15] and less frequently Malta and the Commonwealth Caribbean countries.[16]
Public opinion research has found that people in the five core Anglosphere countries consistently rank each other's countries as their country's most important allies in the world.[17][18][19][20] Relations have traditionally been warm between Anglosphere countries, with bilateral partnerships such as those between Australia and New Zealand, the United States and Canada and the United States and the United Kingdom constituting the most successful partnerships in the world.[21][22][23]
Definitions and variable geometry
The term Anglosphere was first coined, but not explicitly defined, by the science fiction writer Neal Stephenson in his book The Diamond Age, published in 1995. John Lloyd adopted the term in 2000 and defined it as including English-speaking countries like the United Kingdom, the United States, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Ireland, South Africa, and the British West Indies.[16] The Merriam-Webster dictionary defines the Anglosphere as "the countries of the world in which the English language and cultural values predominate".[24][a]
Core Anglosphere
The five main ("core") countries in the Anglosphere (Australia, Canada, New Zealand, the United Kingdom and the United States) are developed countries that maintain close cultural and diplomatic links with one another. They are aligned under such military and security programmes as:[25][16][26][27]
- ABCANZ Armies
- Air and Space Interoperability Council (air forces)
- AUSCANNZUKUS (navies)
- Border Five
- Combined Communications Electronics Board (communications electronics)
- Five Eyes (intelligence)
- Five Nations Passport Group
- Migration 5
- The Technical Cooperation Program (technology and science)
- The UKUSA Agreement (signals intelligence).
In terms of political systems, Canada, Australia, New Zealand and the United Kingdom have Charles III as head of state, form part of the Commonwealth of Nations and use the Westminster parliamentary system of government. Most of the core countries have first-past-the-post electoral systems, though Australia and New Zealand have reformed their systems and there are other systems used in some elections in the UK. As a consequence, most core Anglosphere countries have politics dominated by two major parties.
Below are two tables comparing the five core countries of the Anglosphere (data for 2021/2022):
| Country | Population | Land area (km2)[28] | GDP PPP (USD bn)[29] | GDP PPP per capita (USD)[29] | National wealth PPP (USD bn)[30][29][31] | Military spending PPP (USD bn)[32] |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Australia | 26,009,249[33] | 7,692,020 | 1,346 | 52,675 | 7,661 | 22.0 |
| Canada | 38,708,793[34] | 9,984,670 | 1,932 | 51,477 | 9,971 | 23.3 |
| New Zealand | 5,130,623[35] | 262,443 | 218 | 43,686 | 1,229 | 3.1 |
| United Kingdom | 67,081,234[36] | 241,930 | 3,246 | 48,599 | 16,208 | 70.2 |
| United States | 332,718,707[37] | 9,833,520 | 21,373 | 65,052 | 114,932 | 734.3 |
| Core Anglosphere | 469,648,606 | 27,329,350 | 28,115 | 60,668 | 150,001 | 852.9 |
| ... as % of World | 5.9% | 18.4% | 20.8% | 3.4× | 24.9% | 32.9% |
Culture and economics
Due to their historic links, the Anglosphere countries share many cultural traits that still persist today. Most countries in the Anglosphere follow the rule of law through common law instead of civil law, and favour democracy with legislative chambers above other political systems.[38] Private property is protected by law or constitution.[39]
Market freedom is high in the five core Anglosphere countries, as all five share the Anglo-Saxon economic model – a capitalist model that emerged in the 1970s based on the Chicago school of economics with origins from the 18th century United Kingdom.[40] The shared sense of globalisation led cities such as New York, London, Los Angeles, Sydney, and Toronto to have considerable impacts on the financial markets and the global economy.[41] Global popular culture has been highly influenced by the United States and the United Kingdom.[39]
Imperial and US customary measurement systems are often used in Anglosphere countries in addition to or instead of the International System of Units.
Proponents and critics
Proponents of the Anglosphere concept typically come from the political right (such as Andrew Roberts of the UK Conservative Party), and critics from the centre-left (for example Michael Ignatieff of the Liberal Party of Canada).
Proponents
As early as 1897, Albert Venn Dicey proposed an Anglo-Saxon "intercitizenship" during an address to the Fellows of All Souls at Oxford.[42]
The American businessman James C. Bennett,[43] a proponent of the idea that there is something special about the cultural and legal (common law) traditions of English-speaking nations, writes in his 2004 book The Anglosphere Challenge:
The Anglosphere, as a network civilization without a corresponding political form, has necessarily imprecise boundaries. Geographically, the densest nodes of the Anglosphere are found in the United States and the United Kingdom. English-speaking Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Ireland and English-speaking South Africa (who constitute a very small minority in that country) are also significant populations. The English-speaking Caribbean, English-speaking Oceania and the English-speaking educated populations in Africa and India constitute other important nodes.
— James C. Bennett.[25]
Bennett argues that there are two challenges confronting his concept of the Anglosphere. The first is finding ways to cope with rapid technological advancement and the second is the geopolitical challenges created by what he assumes will be an increasing gap between anglophone prosperity and economic struggles elsewhere.[44]
British historian Andrew Roberts claims that the Anglosphere has been central in the First World War, Second World War and Cold War. He goes on to contend that anglophone unity is necessary for the defeat of Islamism.[45]
According to a 2003 profile in The Guardian, historian Robert Conquest favoured a British withdrawal from the European Union in favour of creating "a much looser association of English-speaking nations, known as the 'Anglosphere'".[46][47]
CANZUK
Favourability ratings tend to be overwhelmingly positive between countries within a subset of the core Anglosphere known as CANZUK (consisting of Canada, Australia, New Zealand and the United Kingdom),[48][49][50][20] whose members form part of the Commonwealth of Nations and retain Charles III as head of state. In the wake of the United Kingdom's decision to leave the European Union (Brexit) as a result of a referendum held in 2016, there has been mounting political and popular support for a loose free travel and common market area to be formed among the CANZUK countries.[51][52][53]
Criticisms
In 2000, Michael Ignatieff wrote in an exchange with Robert Conquest, published by the New York Review of Books, that the term neglects the evolution of fundamental legal and cultural differences between the US and the UK, and the ways in which UK and European norms drew closer together during Britain's membership in the EU through regulatory harmonisation. Of Conquest's view of the Anglosphere, Ignatieff writes: "He seems to believe that Britain should either withdraw from Europe or refuse all further measures of cooperation, which would jeopardize Europe's real achievements. He wants Britain to throw in its lot with a union of English-speaking peoples, and I believe this to be a romantic illusion".[54]
In 2016, Nick Cohen wrote in an article titled "It's a Eurosceptic fantasy that the 'Anglosphere' wants Brexit" for The Spectator's Coffee House blog: "'Anglosphere' is just the right's PC replacement for what we used to call in blunter times 'the white Commonwealth'."[55][56] He repeated this criticism in another article for The Guardian in 2018.[57] Similar criticism was presented by other critics such as Canadian academic Srđan Vučetić.[58][59][60]
In 2018, amidst the aftermath of the Brexit referendum, two British professors of public policy Michael Kenny and Nick Pearce published a critical scholarly monograph titled Shadows of Empire: The Anglosphere in British Politics (ISBN 978-1509516612). In one of a series of accompanying opinion pieces, they questioned:[61]
The tragedy of the different national orientations that have emerged in British politics after empire—whether pro-European, Anglo-American, Anglospheric or some combination of these—is that none of them has yet been the compelling, coherent and popular answer to the country's most important question: How should Britain find its way in the wider, modern world?
They stated in another article:[6]
Meanwhile, the other core English-speaking countries to which the Anglosphere refers, show no serious inclination to join the UK in forging new political and economic alliances. They will, most likely, continue to work within existing regional and international institutions and remain indifferent to – or simply perplexed by – calls for some kind of formalised Anglosphere alliance.
Opinion polls
A 2020 poll by YouGov revealed that all four of the other core Anglosphere countries were among the top 10 most positively viewed countries by Americans, with Australia and Canada ranking behind only the United States itself in the poll.[62] Another 2020 poll by YouGov showed that New Zealand, Canada and Australia were the most positively viewed countries by the British.[63]
A 2018 poll by the Lowy Institute similarly indicated that New Zealand, Canada and the United Kingdom were the three most positively viewed countries by Australians.[64] Their 2020 version of the poll again put Canada and the United Kingdom at the top, but New Zealand was not included as an option.[65] A 2020 poll by the Macdonald–Laurier Institute suggested that Australia was the most positively viewed country by Canadians.[66] Australia and the U.S. were ranked as having the most favorable view of Canada's influence to the outside world, according to a 2012 GlobeScan survey of 22 countries.[67] In a 2019 Pew Research Center poll, a plurality of Canadians and Australians named the United States as their country's closest ally.[68]
See also
- Anglo-Americans
- AUKUS
- British diaspora
- English-speaking world
- Eurosphere; Francosphere (French), Hispanosphere (Spanish), Lusosphere (Portuguese)
- Five Power Defence Arrangements
- History of the English-Speaking Peoples (Winston Churchill)
- JUSCANZ
- List of countries and territories where English is an official language
- List of countries by English-speaking population
- White Anglo-Saxon Protestant (WASP)
Notes
- ^ "The group of countries where English is the main native language." (Shorter Oxford English Dictionary (6th ed.), Oxford University Press, 2007, ISBN 978-0-19-920687-2 ).
References
Citations
- ^ Browning, Christopher S. and Tonra, Ben (2010) "Beyond the West and towards the Anglosphere?" In: Browning, Christopher S. and Lehti, Marko, (eds.) The struggle for the West: a divided and contested legacy. Abingdon, Oxfordshire; New York: Routledge, pp. 161–181. ISBN 9780415476836: https://www.academia.edu/341929/Beyond_the_West_and_Towards_the_Anglosphere
- ^ "Definition of ANGLOSPHERE". www.merriam-webster.com.
- ^ . Archived from the original on 26 November 2020.
- ^ "ANGLOSPHERE - Definition and synonyms of Anglosphere in the English dictionary". educalingo.com.
- ^ "The Anglosphere and its Others: The 'English-speaking Peoples' in a Changing World Order – British Academy". British Academy.
- ^ a b "In the shadows of empire: how the Anglosphere dream lives on – UK in a changing Europe". 11 May 2018.
- ^ Mycock, Andrew; Wellings, Ben. "Beyond Brexit: 'Global Britain' looks to the emerging Anglosphere for new opportunities". The Conversation.
- ^ "The Anglosphere: Past, present and future". The British Academy.
- ^ a b "What is the Anglosphere, Anyway?". 8 November 2019.
- ^ Press, Stanford University (2011). The Anglosphere: A Genealogy of a Racialized Identity in International Relations | Srdjan Vucetic. www.sup.org. Stanford University Press. ISBN 9780804772242.
- ^ "Getting Real About the Anglosphere". 17 February 2020.
- ^ "Five reasons the Anglosphere is more than just a romantic vision – but has real geopolitical teeth". CityAM. 15 December 2016.
- ^ Mycock, Andrew; Wellings, Ben. "The UK after Brexit: Can and Will the Anglosphere Replace the EU?" (PDF).
- ^ Editorial (3 November 2017). "The Guardian view on languages and the British: Brexit and an Anglosphere prison – Editorial". The Guardian.
- ^ Kuper, Simon (21 November 2014). "Which way is Ireland going?". Financial Times. Archived from the original on 10 December 2022.
- ^ a b c Lloyd 2000.
- ^ Katz, Josh (3 February 2017). "Which Country Is America's Strongest Ally? For Republicans, It's Australia". The New York Times.
- ^ "YouGov – Who do the British regard as allies?". YouGov: What the world thinks.
- ^ "While 60% of Canadians Consider U.S.A. Canada's Closest Friend and Ally, Only 18% of Americans Name Canada As Same - 56% Instead Name Britain". Ipsos.
- ^ a b "Poll". Lowy Institute. 2018.
- ^ "The Trans-Tasman Relationship: A New Zealand Perspective" (PDF).
- ^ "U.S. and Canada: The World's Most Successful Bilateral Relationship". RealClearWorld. 9 March 2016.
- ^ Marsh, Steve (1 June 2012). "'Global Security: US–UK relations': lessons for the special relationship?". Journal of Transatlantic Studies. 10 (2): 182–199. doi:10.1080/14794012.2012.678119. S2CID 145271477.
- ^ *Merriam-Webster Staff (2010). "Anglosphere". Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary.
- ^ a b Bennett 2004, p. 80.
- ^ Legrand, Tim (1 December 2015). "Transgovernmental Policy Networks in the Anglosphere". Public Administration. 93 (4): 973–991. doi:10.1111/padm.12198.
- ^ Legrand, Tim (22 June 2016). "Elite, exclusive and elusive: transgovernmental policy networks and iterative policy transfer in the Anglosphere". Policy Studies. 37 (5): 440–455. doi:10.1080/01442872.2016.1188912. S2CID 156577293.
- ^ "FAOSTAT". www.fao.org. Retrieved 3 November 2021.
- ^ a b c "World Economic Outlook Database: October 2021". IMF. Retrieved 3 November 2021.
- ^ "Credit Suisse Global Wealth Databook 2021" (PDF).
- ^ Credit Suisse figures adjusted using IMF WEO Oct 2021 GDP-PPP exchange rates.
- ^ Robertson, Peter E. (2022). "The Real Military Balance: International Comparisons of Defense Spending". Review of Income and Wealth. 68 (3): 797–818. doi:10.1111/roiw.12536. ISSN 1475-4991. S2CID 240601701.
- ^ "Population clock". www.abs.gov.au. Australian Bureau of Statistics. from the original on 13 December 2019. Retrieved 22 November 2019.
- ^ Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (11 July 2018). "Canada's population clock (real-time model)". www150.statcan.gc.ca. from the original on 19 December 2019. Retrieved 18 April 2020.
- ^ "Population clock". archive.stats.govt.nz. from the original on 21 February 2020. Retrieved 18 April 2020.
- ^ "Population estimates for the UK, England and Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland: mid-2020". www.ons.gov.uk. Retrieved 25 June 2021.
- ^ "Population Clock". www.census.gov. from the original on 17 November 2015. Retrieved 18 April 2020.
- ^ . www.cia.gov. Archived from the original on 10 May 2013. Retrieved 29 October 2019.
- ^ a b Michael Chertoff; et al. (2008). Building an Americanization Movement for the Twenty-first Century: A Report to the President of the United States from the Task Force on New Americans (PDF). Washington D.C. ISBN 978-0-16-082095-3.
- ^ Kidd, John B.; Richter, Frank-Jürgen (2006). Development models, globalization and economies : a search for the Holy Grail?. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-0230523555. OCLC 71339998.
- ^ "Global Cities Index 2019". A.T. Kearney.
- ^ L. Dyer, "Anglo-Saxon Citizenship," The Barrister 3 (1897):107. Cited in Dimitry Kochenov (2019) Citizenship ISBN 9780262537797, page 139.
- ^ Reynolds, Glenn (28 October 2004). "Explaining the 'Anglosphere'". The Guardian.
- ^ Bennett 2004[page needed]
- ^ Roberts 2006[page needed]
- ^ Brown 2003.
- ^ "The power of the Anglosphere in Eurosceptical thought". 10 December 2015.
- ^ "Sharp Drop in World Views of US, UK: Global Poll – GlobeScan". 4 July 2017.
- ^ "From the Outside In: G20 views of the UK before and after the EU referendum'" (PDF).
- ^ "Poll: Who's New Zealand's best friend?". Newshub. 22 June 2017 – via www.newshub.co.nz.
- ^ "CANZUK, Conservatives and Canada: Marching backward to empire – iPolitics". 24 February 2017.
- ^ (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 January 2017. Retrieved 26 December 2017.
- ^ "Survey Reveals Support For CANZUK Free Movement". CANZUK International.
- ^ Conquest & Reply by Ignatieff 2000.
- ^ "It's a Eurosceptic fantasy that the 'Anglosphere' wants Brexit - Coffee House". 12 April 2016.
- ^ "The Guardian view on the EU debate: it's about much more than migration | Editorial". 1 June 2016 – via www.theguardian.com.
- ^ Cohen, Nick (14 July 2018). "Brexit Britain is out of options. Our humiliation is painful to watch - Nick Cohen". The Guardian.
- ^ "CANZUK, Conservatives and Canada: Marching backward to empire - iPolitics". 24 February 2017.
- ^ "Canada and the Anglo World – where do we stand?". OpenCanada. 26 April 2016.
- ^ "Speaking in tongues". www.telegraphindia.com.
- ^ Kenny, Michael; Pearce, Nick (13 July 2018). "Opinion – Britain, Time to Let Go of the 'Anglosphere'". The New York Times.
- ^ "What countries do Americans like most? | YouGov". today.yougov.com.
- ^ "New Zealand is Britons' favourite country | YouGov". yougov.co.uk.
- ^ "2018 Lowy Institute Poll". www.lowyinstitute.org.
- ^ Institute, Lowy. "Feelings towards other nations". Lowy Institute Poll 2020.
- ^ "Canada's Role in the World – Part One: A Macdonald-Laurier Institute poll (November 2020)" (PDF).
- ^ "Canada viewed as positive influence by other countries: poll". vancouversun.
- ^ "Countries where the U.S. is seen as top ally". Pew Research.
Further reading
- Bell, Duncan (19 January 2017). "The Anglosphere: new enthusiasm for an old dream". Prospect.
- Bellocchio, Luca (2006). Anglosfera. Forma e forza del nuovo Pan-Anglismo. Genova, Il Melangolo. ISBN 978-88-7018-601-7.
- Bennett, James C. (2004). The Anglosphere Challenge: Why the English-Speaking Nations Will Lead the Way in the Twenty-First Century. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 80. ISBN 978-0742533325.
- Bennett, James C. "Dreaming Europe in a Wide-Awake World". The National Interest, no. 78 (2004): 119–29. Accessed April 21, 2021.
- Brown, Andrew (15 February 2003). "Scourge and poet". The Guardian.
- Conquest, Robert; Reply by Ignatieff, Michael (23 March 2000). "The 'Anglosphere'". The New York Review of Books. Retrieved 24 July 2007.
- Hannan, Daniel (2 March 2014). . The Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on 7 April 2016. Retrieved 12 April 2016.
- Kenny, Michael; Pearce, Nick (2015). "The rise of the Anglosphere: how the right dreamed up a new conservative world order". New Statesman. Retrieved 23 May 2018.
- Kenny, Michael; Pearce, Nick (2018). Shadows of Empire: The Anglosphere in British Politics. Polity. ISBN 978-1-509-51660-5.
- Lloyd, John (2000). "The Anglosphere Project". New Statesman. Retrieved 30 November 2012.
- Parulekar, Shashi; Kotkin, Joel (2012). "The State of the Anglosphere". City Journal.
- Pomerantsev, Peter (13 July 2016). "The idealistic pull of the 'Anglosphere'". Politico Europe.
- Roberts, Andrew (2006). A History of the English-Speaking Peoples Since 1900. Weidenfeld & Nicolson. ISBN 978-0297850762.
- Vucetic, Srdjan (2011). The Anglosphere: A Genealogy of a Racialized Identity in International Relations. Stanford University Press. ISBN 978-0-8047-7224-2.
- Wellings, Ben (2017). "The Anglosphere in the Brexit Referendum". Revue française de civilisation britannique. XXII (2). doi:10.4000/rfcb.1354.
External links
- , presented to the Foreign Policy Research Institute
- BBC Radio 4: Archive on 4 (2017-12-16): Return of the Anglosphere
- From Insularity to Exteriority: How the Anglosphere is Shaping Global Governance – Centre for International Policy Studies