fbpx
Wikipedia

Attack submarine

January 12, 2023

An attack submarine or hunter-killer submarine is a submarine specifically designed for the purpose of attacking and sinking other submarines, surface combatants and merchant vessels. In the Soviet and Russian navies they were and are called "multi-purpose submarines".[1] They are also used to protect friendly surface combatants and missile submarines.[2] Some attack subs are also armed with cruise missiles, increasing the scope of their potential missions to include land targets.

HMCS Windsor, an attack submarine of the Royal Canadian Navy

Attack submarines may be either nuclear-powered or diesel-electric ("conventionally") powered. In the United States Navy naming system, and in the equivalent NATO system (STANAG 1166), nuclear-powered attack submarines are known as SSNs and their anti-submarine (ASW) diesel-electric predecessors are SSKs. In the US Navy, SSNs are unofficially called "fast attacks".

History

Origins

During World War II, submarines that fulfilled the offensive surface attack role were termed fleet submarines in the U.S. Navy and "ocean-going", "long-patrol", "type 1" or "1st class" by continental European navies.[3][4]

In the action of 9 February 1945, HMS Venturer sank U-864 while both were at periscope depth. This was the first and so far only intentional sinking of a submerged submarine by a submerged submarine. U-864 was snorkeling, thus producing much noise for Venturer's hydrophones (an early form of passive sonar) to detect, and Venturer was fortunate in having over 45 minutes to plot the U-boat's zig-zag course by observing the snorkel mast. Venturer's commander, James S. "Jimmy" Launders, was astute in assuming the U-boat would execute an "emergency deep" maneuver once it heard the torpedoes in the water, thus the "spread" of four torpedoes immediately available was aimed on that assumption. One hit, sinking the U-boat.[5][6]

Beginnings of the attack submarine type

Following World War II, advanced German submarines, especially the Type XXI U-boat, became available to the Allies, particularly the United States Navy and the Soviet Navy. Initially, the Type XVII U-boat, with a Walter hydrogen peroxide-fueled gas turbine allowing high sustained underwater speed, was thought to be more developed than was actually the case, and was viewed as the submarine technology of the immediate future. However, the Type XXI, streamlined and with a high battery capacity for high submerged speed, was fully developed and became the basis for most non-nuclear submarine designs worldwide through the 1950s.[7] In the US Navy, the Greater Underwater Propulsion Power Program (GUPPY) was developed to modernize World War II submarines along the lines of the Type XXI.[8] By 1955 the U.S. Navy was using the term 'attack submarine' to describe the GUPPY conversions and the first postwar submarines (the Tang class and the Darter).[9]

Beginnings of a separate hunter-killer submarine type (SSK)

It was realized that the Soviet Union had acquired Type XXI and other advanced U-boats and would soon be putting their own equivalents into production. In 1948 the US Navy prepared estimates of the number of anti-submarine warfare (ASW)-capable submarines that would be needed to counter the hundreds of advanced Soviet submarines that were expected to be in service by 1960. Two scenarios were considered: a reasonable scenario assuming the Soviets would build to their existing force level of about 360 submarines, and a "nightmare" scenario projecting that the Soviets could build submarines as fast as the Germans had built U-boats, with a force level of 2,000 submarines. The projected US SSK force levels for these scenarios were 250 for the former and 970 for the latter. Additional anti-surface (i.e., 'attack'), guided missile, and radar picket submarines would also be needed. By comparison, the total US submarine force at the end of World War II, excluding obsolescent training submarines, was just over 200 boats.[7]

 
USS K-3 with BQR-4 sonar dome

A small submarine suitable for mass production was designed to meet the SSK requirement. This resulted in the three submarines of the K-1 class (later named the Barracuda class), which entered service in 1951. At 750 long tons (760 t) surfaced, they were considerably smaller than the 1,650 long tons (1,680 t) boats produced in World War II. They were equipped with an advanced passive sonar, the bow-mounted BQR-4, but had only four torpedo tubes. Initially, a sonar located around the conning tower was considered, but tests showed that bow-mounted sonar was much less affected by the submarine's own noise.

While developing the purpose-built SSKs, consideration was given to converting World War II submarines into SSKs. The less-capable Gato class was chosen for this, as some of the deeper-diving Balao- and Tench-class boats were being upgraded as GUPPYs. Seven Gato-class boats were converted to SSKs in 1951–53. These had the bow-mounted BQR-4 sonar of the other SSKs, with four of the six bow torpedo tubes removed to make room for the sonar and its electronics. The four stern torpedo tubes were retained. Two diesel engines were removed, and the auxiliary machinery was relocated in their place and sound-isolated to reduce the submarine's own noise.[7][10]

The Soviets took longer than anticipated to start producing new submarines in quantity. By 1952 only ten had entered service.[11] However, production was soon ramped up. By the end of 1960 a total of 320 new Soviet submarines had been built (very close to the USN's 1948 low-end assumption), 215 of them were the Project 613 class (NATO Whiskey class), a smaller derivative of the Type XXI. Significantly, eight of the new submarines were nuclear-powered.[12][13]

Nuclear era

End of the U.S. conventional hunter-killers (SSK)

 
K-5, a Soviet November-class SSN, the threat that made Western conventional SSKs obsolete

USS Nautilus, the world's first nuclear submarine, was operational in 1955; the Soviets followed this only three years later with their first Project 627 "Kit"-class SSN (NATO November class). Since a nuclear submarine could maintain a high speed at a deep depth indefinitely, conventional SSKs would be useless against them:

By the fall of 1957, Nautilus had been exposed to 5,000 dummy attacks in U.S. exercises. A conservative estimate would have had a conventional submarine killed 300 times: Nautilus was ruled as killed only 3 times...Using their active sonars, nuclear submarines could hold contact on diesel craft without risking counterattack...In effect, Nautilus wiped out the ASW progress of the past decade.[14]

As the development and deployment of nuclear submarines proceeded, in 1957–59 the US Navy's SSKs were decommissioned or redesignated and reassigned to other duties. It had become apparent that all nuclear submarines would have to perform ASW missions.

Other new technologies

 
USS Thresher, the first high-speed deep-diving SSN optimized for both ASW and surface attack

Research proceeded rapidly to maximize the potential of the nuclear submarine for the ASW and other missions. The US Navy developed a fully streamlined hull form and tested other technologies with the conventional USS Albacore, commissioned in 1953. The new hull form was first operationalized with the three conventional Barbel-class boats and the six nuclear Skipjack-class boats, when both classes entered service beginning in 1959.[15][16] The Skipjack was declared the "world's fastest submarine" following trials, although the actual speed was kept secret.

Sonar research showed that a sonar sphere capable of three-dimensional operation, mounted at the very bow of a streamlined submarine, would increase detection performance. This was recommended by Project Nobska, a 1956 study ordered by Chief of Naval Operations Admiral Arleigh Burke.[17] The one-off Tullibee in 1960 and the Thresher class starting in 1961 were the first with a bow-mounted sonar sphere; midships torpedo tubes angled outboard were fitted to make room for the sphere.[7][18]

Failure to develop a U.S. nuclear hunter-killer (SSKN)

Tullibee was a type of nuclear-powered SSK; technologically very successful, intentionally slow but ultra-quiet with turbo-electric drive. Her unexpectedly high cost compared with the Thresher proved it was impossible to build a low-cost nuclear SSK (several nuclear reactor features could not be scaled down beyond a certain point, including radiation shielding). This result coupled with her lower performance was judged to be not cost-effective and the type was not repeated; the Navy decided to merge the hunter-killer role with the attack submarines, making the terms interchangeable.[19] Thresher was faster and had an increased diving depth, carried twice as many torpedoes, included comparable sound silencing improvements, and was commissioned only nine months later.[20]

Thresher's loss in April 1963 triggered a major redesign of subsequent US submarines known as the SUBSAFE program.[16] However, Thresher's general arrangement and concept were continued in all subsequent US Navy attack submarines.

Later developments

Britain commissioned its first nuclear attack submarine HMS Dreadnought in 1963.[21]

The first fully streamlined Soviet attack submarines were the Project 671 "Yorsh" class (NATO Victor I class), which first entered service in 1967.[12][22]

China commissioned its first nuclear attack submarine Changzheng 1 in 1974, and France its first Rubis-class submarine in 1983.[23][24]

The only time in history that a nuclear attack submarine engaged and sank an enemy warship was in the Falklands War, when on 2 May 1982 the British nuclear submarine HMS Conqueror torpedoed and sank the Argentine light cruiser ARA General Belgrano.[25]

As of 2021 Brazil has a nuclear attack submarine under construction, India has finalized a nuclear attack submarine interim design, and Australia has started a nuclear attack submarine program under the AUKUS security pact with UK and US assistance.[26][27][28][29]

Modern conventional submarines

Conventional attack submarines have however remained relevant throughout the nuclear era, with the British Oberon class and the Soviet Romeo, Foxtrot, Tango and Kilo classes being good examples which served during the Cold War. With the advent of air-independent propulsion technology, these submarines have grown more and more capable. Examples include the Type 212, Scorpène and Gotland classes of submarine. The US Navy leased HSwMS Gotland to perform the opposing force role during ASW exercises tactics.[30] The Gotland caused a stir in 2005 when during training it "sank" the American carrier USS Ronald Reagan.[31][32]

Operators

Current operators

Former operators

Former operators (pre-modern attack)

See also

References

Citations

  1. ^ Gorshkov (1979), p. 55.
  2. ^ "Attack Submarine Info". US Navy. Retrieved August 17, 2012.
  3. ^ Friedman (1995), pp. 99–104.
  4. ^ le Masson, p.143
  5. ^ Jones 1986, p. 197.
  6. ^ Preisler & Sewell 2013, pp. 7, 16, 164–167, 183.
  7. ^ a b c d Friedman (1994), pp. 75–85.
  8. ^
  9. ^ Friedman (1994), p. 64.
  10. ^
  11. ^ . Archived from the original on 2014-10-22. Retrieved 2014-12-12.
  12. ^ a b . Archived from the original on 2015-01-02. Retrieved 2014-12-12.
  13. ^ Gardiner & Chumbley (1995), pp. 396–401.
  14. ^ Friedman (1994), p. 109.
  15. ^ Friedman (1994), pp. 31–35, 242.
  16. ^ a b Gardiner & Chumbley (1995), pp. 605–606.
  17. ^ Friedman (1994), pp. 109–113.
  18. ^ US Navy Submarine Warfare Division, Technical Innovations of the Submarine Force, retrieved 14 December 2014 December 16, 2014, at the Wayback Machine
  19. ^ Friedman (1994), pp. 134–138.
  20. ^ Friedman (1994), pp. 235, 243.
  21. ^ Gardiner & Chumbley (1995), p. 529.
  22. ^ Gardiner & Chumbley (1995), pp. 403–406.
  23. ^ . 2009-08-03. Archived from the original on 3 August 2009. Retrieved 2021-04-19.
  24. ^ (in French) Déconstruction : le SNA « Rubis » attendu début 2017 à Cherbourg, le marin.fr
  25. ^ Rossiter (2009), pp. 305–18, 367–77.
  26. ^ "O Prosub e o submarino nuclear brasileiro SN-BR" (in Portuguese). Poder Naval. 20 February 2018.
  27. ^ Pubby, Manu (2020-02-21). "India's Rs 1.2 lakh crore nuclear submarine project closer to realisation". The Economic Times. Retrieved 2020-02-23.
  28. ^ Gupta, Shishir (2021-03-24). "For Navy, 6 nuclear-powered submarines take priority over 3rd aircraft carrier". The Hindustan Times. Retrieved 2021-04-02.
  29. ^ Prime Minister; Minister for Defence; Minister for Foreign Affairs; Minister for Women (16 September 2021). "Australia to pursue Nuclear-powered Submarines through new Trilateral Enhanced Security Partnership". Prime Minister of Australia (Press release). from the original on 27 September 2021. Retrieved 25 September 2021.  This article contains quotations from this source, which is available under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Licence.
  30. ^ "SSK Gotland Class (Type A19)". Naval Technology. Retrieved 2020-03-15.
  31. ^ Roblin, Sebastien (2016-11-13). "Sweden's Super Stealth Submarines Are So Lethal They 'Sank' a U.S. Aircraft Carrier". The National Interest. Retrieved 2020-03-15.
  32. ^ "How a Plucky Swedish Sub Took Out a US Carrier All on Its Own". Popular Mechanics. 2018-04-13. Retrieved 2020-03-15.

Sources

External links

  •   Media related to Attack submarines at Wikimedia Commons

January 12, 2023
attack, submarine, attack, submarine, hunter, killer, submarine, submarine, specifically, designed, purpose, attacking, sinking, other, submarines, surface, combatants, merchant, vessels, soviet, russian, navies, they, were, called, multi, purpose, submarines,. An attack submarine or hunter killer submarine is a submarine specifically designed for the purpose of attacking and sinking other submarines surface combatants and merchant vessels In the Soviet and Russian navies they were and are called multi purpose submarines 1 They are also used to protect friendly surface combatants and missile submarines 2 Some attack subs are also armed with cruise missiles increasing the scope of their potential missions to include land targets HMCS Windsor an attack submarine of the Royal Canadian Navy Attack submarines may be either nuclear powered or diesel electric conventionally powered In the United States Navy naming system and in the equivalent NATO system STANAG 1166 nuclear powered attack submarines are known as SSNs and their anti submarine ASW diesel electric predecessors are SSKs In the US Navy SSNs are unofficially called fast attacks Contents 1 History 1 1 Origins 1 1 1 Beginnings of the attack submarine type 1 1 2 Beginnings of a separate hunter killer submarine type SSK 1 2 Nuclear era 1 2 1 End of the U S conventional hunter killers SSK 1 2 2 Other new technologies 1 2 3 Failure to develop a U S nuclear hunter killer SSKN 1 2 4 Later developments 1 3 Modern conventional submarines 2 Operators 2 1 Current operators 2 2 Former operators 2 3 Former operators pre modern attack 3 See also 4 References 4 1 Citations 4 2 Sources 5 External linksHistory EditOrigins Edit During World War II submarines that fulfilled the offensive surface attack role were termed fleet submarines in the U S Navy and ocean going long patrol type 1 or 1st class by continental European navies 3 4 In the action of 9 February 1945 HMS Venturer sank U 864 while both were at periscope depth This was the first and so far only intentional sinking of a submerged submarine by a submerged submarine U 864 was snorkeling thus producing much noise for Venturer s hydrophones an early form of passive sonar to detect and Venturer was fortunate in having over 45 minutes to plot the U boat s zig zag course by observing the snorkel mast Venturer s commander James S Jimmy Launders was astute in assuming the U boat would execute an emergency deep maneuver once it heard the torpedoes in the water thus the spread of four torpedoes immediately available was aimed on that assumption One hit sinking the U boat 5 6 Beginnings of the attack submarine type Edit Following World War II advanced German submarines especially the Type XXI U boat became available to the Allies particularly the United States Navy and the Soviet Navy Initially the Type XVII U boat with a Walter hydrogen peroxide fueled gas turbine allowing high sustained underwater speed was thought to be more developed than was actually the case and was viewed as the submarine technology of the immediate future However the Type XXI streamlined and with a high battery capacity for high submerged speed was fully developed and became the basis for most non nuclear submarine designs worldwide through the 1950s 7 In the US Navy the Greater Underwater Propulsion Power Program GUPPY was developed to modernize World War II submarines along the lines of the Type XXI 8 By 1955 the U S Navy was using the term attack submarine to describe the GUPPY conversions and the first postwar submarines the Tang class and the Darter 9 Beginnings of a separate hunter killer submarine type SSK Edit It was realized that the Soviet Union had acquired Type XXI and other advanced U boats and would soon be putting their own equivalents into production In 1948 the US Navy prepared estimates of the number of anti submarine warfare ASW capable submarines that would be needed to counter the hundreds of advanced Soviet submarines that were expected to be in service by 1960 Two scenarios were considered a reasonable scenario assuming the Soviets would build to their existing force level of about 360 submarines and a nightmare scenario projecting that the Soviets could build submarines as fast as the Germans had built U boats with a force level of 2 000 submarines The projected US SSK force levels for these scenarios were 250 for the former and 970 for the latter Additional anti surface i e attack guided missile and radar picket submarines would also be needed By comparison the total US submarine force at the end of World War II excluding obsolescent training submarines was just over 200 boats 7 USS K 3 with BQR 4 sonar dome A small submarine suitable for mass production was designed to meet the SSK requirement This resulted in the three submarines of the K 1 class later named the Barracuda class which entered service in 1951 At 750 long tons 760 t surfaced they were considerably smaller than the 1 650 long tons 1 680 t boats produced in World War II They were equipped with an advanced passive sonar the bow mounted BQR 4 but had only four torpedo tubes Initially a sonar located around the conning tower was considered but tests showed that bow mounted sonar was much less affected by the submarine s own noise While developing the purpose built SSKs consideration was given to converting World War II submarines into SSKs The less capable Gato class was chosen for this as some of the deeper diving Balao and Tench class boats were being upgraded as GUPPYs Seven Gato class boats were converted to SSKs in 1951 53 These had the bow mounted BQR 4 sonar of the other SSKs with four of the six bow torpedo tubes removed to make room for the sonar and its electronics The four stern torpedo tubes were retained Two diesel engines were removed and the auxiliary machinery was relocated in their place and sound isolated to reduce the submarine s own noise 7 10 The Soviets took longer than anticipated to start producing new submarines in quantity By 1952 only ten had entered service 11 However production was soon ramped up By the end of 1960 a total of 320 new Soviet submarines had been built very close to the USN s 1948 low end assumption 215 of them were the Project 613 class NATO Whiskey class a smaller derivative of the Type XXI Significantly eight of the new submarines were nuclear powered 12 13 Nuclear era Edit End of the U S conventional hunter killers SSK Edit K 5 a Soviet November class SSN the threat that made Western conventional SSKs obsolete USS Nautilus the world s first nuclear submarine was operational in 1955 the Soviets followed this only three years later with their first Project 627 Kit class SSN NATO November class Since a nuclear submarine could maintain a high speed at a deep depth indefinitely conventional SSKs would be useless against them By the fall of 1957 Nautilus had been exposed to 5 000 dummy attacks in U S exercises A conservative estimate would have had a conventional submarine killed 300 times Nautilus was ruled as killed only 3 times Using their active sonars nuclear submarines could hold contact on diesel craft without risking counterattack In effect Nautilus wiped out the ASW progress of the past decade 14 As the development and deployment of nuclear submarines proceeded in 1957 59 the US Navy s SSKs were decommissioned or redesignated and reassigned to other duties It had become apparent that all nuclear submarines would have to perform ASW missions Other new technologies Edit USS Thresher the first high speed deep diving SSN optimized for both ASW and surface attackResearch proceeded rapidly to maximize the potential of the nuclear submarine for the ASW and other missions The US Navy developed a fully streamlined hull form and tested other technologies with the conventional USS Albacore commissioned in 1953 The new hull form was first operationalized with the three conventional Barbel class boats and the six nuclear Skipjack class boats when both classes entered service beginning in 1959 15 16 The Skipjack was declared the world s fastest submarine following trials although the actual speed was kept secret Sonar research showed that a sonar sphere capable of three dimensional operation mounted at the very bow of a streamlined submarine would increase detection performance This was recommended by Project Nobska a 1956 study ordered by Chief of Naval Operations Admiral Arleigh Burke 17 The one off Tullibee in 1960 and the Thresher class starting in 1961 were the first with a bow mounted sonar sphere midships torpedo tubes angled outboard were fitted to make room for the sphere 7 18 Failure to develop a U S nuclear hunter killer SSKN Edit Tullibee was a type of nuclear powered SSK technologically very successful intentionally slow but ultra quiet with turbo electric drive Her unexpectedly high cost compared with the Thresher proved it was impossible to build a low cost nuclear SSK several nuclear reactor features could not be scaled down beyond a certain point including radiation shielding This result coupled with her lower performance was judged to be not cost effective and the type was not repeated the Navy decided to merge the hunter killer role with the attack submarines making the terms interchangeable 19 Thresher was faster and had an increased diving depth carried twice as many torpedoes included comparable sound silencing improvements and was commissioned only nine months later 20 Thresher s loss in April 1963 triggered a major redesign of subsequent US submarines known as the SUBSAFE program 16 However Thresher s general arrangement and concept were continued in all subsequent US Navy attack submarines Later developments Edit Britain commissioned its first nuclear attack submarine HMS Dreadnought in 1963 21 The first fully streamlined Soviet attack submarines were the Project 671 Yorsh class NATO Victor I class which first entered service in 1967 12 22 China commissioned its first nuclear attack submarine Changzheng 1 in 1974 and France its first Rubis class submarine in 1983 23 24 The only time in history that a nuclear attack submarine engaged and sank an enemy warship was in the Falklands War when on 2 May 1982 the British nuclear submarine HMS Conqueror torpedoed and sank the Argentine light cruiser ARA General Belgrano 25 As of 2021 Brazil has a nuclear attack submarine under construction India has finalized a nuclear attack submarine interim design and Australia has started a nuclear attack submarine program under the AUKUS security pact with UK and US assistance 26 27 28 29 Modern conventional submarines Edit HSwMS Gotland with USS Ronald Reagan Conventional attack submarines have however remained relevant throughout the nuclear era with the British Oberon class and the Soviet Romeo Foxtrot Tango and Kilo classes being good examples which served during the Cold War With the advent of air independent propulsion technology these submarines have grown more and more capable Examples include the Type 212 Scorpene and Gotland classes of submarine The US Navy leased HSwMS Gotland to perform the opposing force role during ASW exercises tactics 30 The Gotland caused a stir in 2005 when during training it sank the American carrier USS Ronald Reagan 31 32 Operators EditThis section does not cite any sources Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed July 2022 Learn how and when to remove this template message Current operators Edit Algerian National Navy operates six Kilo class submarines Argentine Navy operates one Type 209 submarine as a pier side trainer one TR 1700 class submarine remains in inventory but is inactive Royal Australian Navy operates six Collins class submarines Bangladesh Navy operates two Ming class submarines Brazilian Navy operates five Type 209 submarines and three Riachuelo class submarines Royal Canadian Navy operates four Victoria class submarines Chilean Navy operates two Type 209 submarines and two Scorpene class submarines People s Liberation Army Navy operates 6 Shang class submarines 3 Han class submarines 17 Yuan class submarines 13 Song class submarines 12 Kilo class submarines and 4 Ming class submarines Republic of China Navy operates two Zwaardvis class submarines one Tench class submarine and one Balao class submarine Colombian National Navy operates two Type 209 submarines Ecuadorian Navy operates two Type 209 submarines Egyptian Navy operates four Type 209 submarines and four Romeo class submarines French Navy operates five Rubis class submarines and one Barracuda class submarine citation needed German Navy operates six Type 212 submarines Indian Navy operates four Type 209 submarines four Scorpene class submarines eight Kilo class submarines Indonesian Navy operates three Nagapasa class submarines and one Cakra class submarine Hellenic Navy operates seven Type 209 submarines and four Type 214 submarines Islamic Republic of Iran Navy operates three Kilo class submarines Israeli Navy operates six Dolphin class submarines Italian Navy operates four Type 212 submarines and four Sauro class submarines Japan Maritime Self Defense Force operates 12 Sōryu class submarines 9 Oyashio class submarines and one Taigei class submarine citation needed Korean People s Army Naval Force operates 20 Romeo class submarines citation needed Republic of Korea Navy operates nine Jang Bogo class submarines and eight Type 214 submarines Royal Malaysian Navy operates two Scorpene class submarines Myanmar Navy operates a single Kilo class submarine purchased from India and a single Ming class submarine purchased from China Royal Netherlands Navy operates four Walrus class submarines Royal Norwegian Navy operates six Ula class submarines Pakistan Navy operates five Agosta class submarines Peruvian Navy operates six Type 209 submarines Polish Navy operates one Kilo class submarine Portuguese Navy operates two Type 214 submarines Romanian Naval Forces possesses a single Kilo class submarine though it is not operational Russian Navy operates 10 Akula class submarines 2 Victor III class submarines two Sierra class submarines c 21 Kilo class submarines of which nine are the Improved Kilo variant and one Lada class submarine Republic of Singapore Navy operates two Sjoormen class submarines and two Vastergotland class submarines all purchased from Sweden South African Navy operates three Type 209 submarines Spanish Navy operates two Agosta class submarines Swedish Navy operates three Gotland class submarines and one Sodermanland class submarine Turkish Navy operates 12 Type 209 submarines Royal Navy operates five Astute class submarines and one Trafalgar class submarine United States Navy operates 26 Los Angeles class submarines three Seawolf class submarines and 21 Virginia class submarines Bolivarian Navy of Venezuela operates two Type 209 submarines Vietnam People s Navy operates six Kilo class submarines Former operators Edit Albanian Naval Force retired all four of its Whiskey class submarines in 1989 Bulgarian Navy decommissioned its last Romeo class submarine Slava in 2011 Cuban Revolutionary Navy retired all three of its Foxtrot class submarines in the 1990s Royal Danish Navy retired its last two Kobben class submarines and its lone Nacken class submarine in 2005 Libyan Navy retired its six Foxtrot class submarines from active service in 1984 Montenegrin Navy decommissioned its last Heroj class submarine in 2006 Navy of Serbia and Montenegro transferred its entire navy to Montenegro upon their independence in 2006 Syrian Arab Navy retired all three of its Whiskey class submarines in 1993 Ukrainian Navy only submarine Zaporizhzhia was captured by the Russian Navy during the 2014 Annexation of Crimea Former operators pre modern attack Edit Austro Hungarian Navy lost its entire fleet following the Empire s collapse after World War I Estonian Navy two Kalev class submarines were seized by the Soviet Union in 1940 After Estonia regained independence in 1991 it took back EML Lembit and was kept in ceremonial commission as the flagship until 2011 Finnish Navy forced to decommission all five of its submarines following World War II under the Paris Peace Treaty Latvian Naval Forces two Ronis class submarines were seized by the Soviet Union in 1940 Royal Thai Navy decommissioned its last Matchanu class submarine in 1951 See also EditList of submarine classes in service List of submarine operators Nuclear navy Coastal submarine History of submarines Aspect of historyReferences EditCitations Edit Gorshkov 1979 p 55 Attack Submarine Info US Navy Retrieved August 17 2012 Friedman 1995 pp 99 104 le Masson p 143 Jones 1986 p 197 Preisler amp Sewell 2013 pp 7 16 164 167 183 a b c d Friedman 1994 pp 75 85 GUPPY and other diesel boat conversions page Friedman 1994 p 64 List of USN SSKs Russian ships website in English conventional submarines page Archived from the original on 2014 10 22 Retrieved 2014 12 12 a b Russian ships website in English nuclear submarines page Archived from the original on 2015 01 02 Retrieved 2014 12 12 Gardiner amp Chumbley 1995 pp 396 401 Friedman 1994 p 109 Friedman 1994 pp 31 35 242 a b Gardiner amp Chumbley 1995 pp 605 606 Friedman 1994 pp 109 113 US Navy Submarine Warfare Division Technical Innovations of the Submarine Force retrieved 14 December 2014 Archived December 16 2014 at the Wayback Machine Friedman 1994 pp 134 138 Friedman 1994 pp 235 243 Gardiner amp Chumbley 1995 p 529 Gardiner amp Chumbley 1995 pp 403 406 深海蓝鲨 中国海军091 093型攻击核潜艇 网易新闻中心 2009 08 03 Archived from the original on 3 August 2009 Retrieved 2021 04 19 in French Deconstruction le SNA Rubis attendu debut 2017 a Cherbourg le marin fr Rossiter 2009 pp 305 18 367 77 O Prosub e o submarino nuclear brasileiro SN BR in Portuguese Poder Naval 20 February 2018 Pubby Manu 2020 02 21 India s Rs 1 2 lakh crore nuclear submarine project closer to realisation The Economic Times Retrieved 2020 02 23 Gupta Shishir 2021 03 24 For Navy 6 nuclear powered submarines take priority over 3rd aircraft carrier The Hindustan Times Retrieved 2021 04 02 Prime Minister Minister for Defence Minister for Foreign Affairs Minister for Women 16 September 2021 Australia to pursue Nuclear powered Submarines through new Trilateral Enhanced Security Partnership Prime Minister of Australia Press release Archived from the original on 27 September 2021 Retrieved 25 September 2021 This article contains quotations from this source which is available under a Creative Commons Attribution 4 0 International Licence SSK Gotland Class Type A19 Naval Technology Retrieved 2020 03 15 Roblin Sebastien 2016 11 13 Sweden s Super Stealth Submarines Are So Lethal They Sank a U S Aircraft Carrier The National Interest Retrieved 2020 03 15 How a Plucky Swedish Sub Took Out a US Carrier All on Its Own Popular Mechanics 2018 04 13 Retrieved 2020 03 15 Sources Edit Friedman Norman 1995 U S Submarines Through 1945 An Illustrated Design History Annapolis Maryland United States Naval Institute ISBN 1 55750 263 3 Friedman Norman 1994 U S Submarines Since 1945 An Illustrated Design History Annapolis Maryland United States Naval Institute ISBN 1 55750 260 9 Gorshkov Sergei Georgievich 1979 The Sea Power of the State 2nd ed Naval Institute Press ISBN 0 87021 961 8 Gardiner Robert Chumbley Stephen 1995 Conway s All the World s Fighting Ships 1947 1995 Conway Maritime Press ISBN 1 55750 132 7 Jones G P 1986 Submarines versus U Boats London William Kimber ISBN 978 0 7183 0626 7 le Masson Henri 1969 Navies of the Second World War Vol The French Navy 1 Garden City New York Doubleday amp Company Preisler J Sewell K 2013 2012 Code Name Caesar The Secret Hunt for U boat 864 during World War II repr Souvenir Press London ed New York Berkley Books ISBN 978 0 285 64203 4 Rossiter Mike 2009 Sink the Belgrano London Random House ISBN 978 1 4070 3411 9 OCLC 1004977305 This article incorporates text from the public domainDictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships External links Edit Media related to Attack submarines at Wikimedia Commons Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Attack submarine amp oldid 1132207277, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

article

, read, download, free, free download, mp3, video, mp4, 3gp, jpg, jpeg, gif, png, picture, music, song, movie, book, game, games.