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World War II casualties

February 15, 2024

World War II was the deadliest military conflict in history. An estimated total of 70–85 million people perished, or about 3% of the 2.3 billion (est.) people that comprised the global population in 1940.[1] Deaths directly caused by the war (including military and civilian fatalities) are estimated at 50–56 million, with an additional estimated 19–28 million deaths from war-related disease and famine. Civilian deaths totaled 50–55 million. Military deaths from all causes totaled 21–25 million, including deaths in captivity of about 5 million prisoners of war. More than half of the total number of casualties are accounted for by the dead of the Republic of China and of the Soviet Union. The following tables give a detailed country-by-country count of human losses. Statistics on the number of military wounded are included whenever available.

Soviet soldiers killed during the Toropets–Kholm Offensive, January 1942. Officially, roughly 8.6 million Soviet soldiers died in the course of the war, including millions of POWs.
Einsatzgruppen murder Jewish civilians outside Ivanhorod, Ukraine, 1942. Over 6 million Jews were murdered by the Nazis and their collaborators in the Holocaust.
Bodies of U.S. Marines on the beach of Tarawa. The Marines secured the island after 76 hours of intense fighting. Over 1,000 American and ~4600 Japanese troops died in the fighting.

Recent historical scholarship has shed new light on the topic of Second World War casualties. Research in Russia since the collapse of the Soviet Union has caused a revision of estimates of Soviet World War II fatalities.[2] According to Russian government figures, USSR losses within postwar borders now stand at 26.6 million,[3][4] including 8 to 9 million due to famine and disease.[4][5][2] In August 2009 the Polish Institute of National Remembrance (IPN) researchers estimated Poland's dead at between 5.6 and 5.8 million.[6] Historian Rüdiger Overmans of the Military History Research Office (Germany) published a study in 2000 that estimated the German military dead and missing at 5.3 million, including 900,000 men conscripted from outside of Germany's 1937 borders, in Austria, and in east-central Europe.[7][8] The Red Army claimed responsibility for the majority of Wehrmacht casualties during World War II.[9] The People's Republic of China puts its war dead at 20 million,[10] while the Japanese government puts its casualties due to the war at 3.1 million.[11] An estimated 7–10 million people died in the Dutch, British, French and US colonies in South and Southeast Asia, mostly from war-related famine.[12][13][14][15][16]

Classification of casualties

Compiling or estimating the numbers of deaths and wounded caused during wars and other violent conflicts is a controversial subject. Historians often put forward many different estimates of the numbers killed and wounded during World War II.[17] The authors of the Oxford Companion to World War II maintain that "casualty statistics are notoriously unreliable".[18] The table below gives data on the number of dead and military wounded for each country, along with population information to show the relative impact of losses. When scholarly sources differ on the number of deaths in a country, a range of war losses is given, in order to inform readers that the death toll is disputed. Since casualty statistics are sometimes disputed the footnotes to this article present the different estimates by official governmental sources as well as historians. Military figures include battle deaths (KIA) and personnel missing in action (MIA), as well as fatalities due to accidents, disease and deaths of prisoners of war in captivity. Civilian casualties include deaths caused by strategic bombing, Holocaust victims, German war crimes, Japanese war crimes, population transfers in the Soviet Union, Allied war crimes, and deaths due to war-related famine and disease.

The sources for the casualties of the individual nations do not use the same methods, and civilian deaths due to starvation and disease make up a large proportion of the civilian deaths in China and the Soviet Union. The losses listed here are actual deaths; hypothetical losses due to a decline in births are not included with the total dead. The distinction between military and civilian casualties caused directly by warfare and collateral damage is not always clear-cut. For nations that suffered huge losses such as the Soviet Union, China, Poland, Germany, and Yugoslavia, sources can give only the total estimated population loss caused by the war and a rough estimate of the breakdown of deaths caused by military activity, crimes against humanity and war-related famine. The casualties listed here include 19 to 25 million war-related famine deaths in the USSR, China, Indonesia, Vietnam, the Philippines, and India that are often omitted from other compilations of World War II casualties.[19][20]

The footnotes give a detailed breakdown of the casualties and their sources, including data on the number of wounded where reliable sources are available.

Human losses by country

Total deaths by country

Death toll of World War II & military wounded by country
Country Total population
1/1/1939 		Military
deaths from all causes 		Civilian deaths due to
military activity and crimes against humanity 		Civilian deaths due to
war-related famine and disease 		Total
deaths 		Deaths as % of
1939 population 		Average Deaths as % of
1939 population 		Military
wounded
  Albania A 1,073,000[21] 30,000[22] 30,000 2.80 2.80 NA
  Australia B 6,968,000[21] 39,700[23] 700[24] 40,400 0.58 0.58 39,803[25]
  Austria (Unified with Germany) C 6,653,000[21] Included with Germany Included with Germany (See table below.) S2 (See table below.) S2 Included with Germany
  Belgium D 8,387,000[21] 12,000[26] 76,000[26] 88,000 1.05 1.05 55,513[25]
  Brazil E 40,289,000[21] 1,000[25] 1,000[27] 2,000 0.00 0.00 4,222[25]
  Bulgaria F 6,458,000[21] 18,500[25] 3,000[28] 21,500 0.33 0.33 21,878[25]
  Burma (British colony) G 16,119,000[21] 2,600[29] 250,000[29] to 1,000,000[30] 252,600 to 1,000,000 1.57 to 6.2 3.89 NA
  Canada H 11,267,000[21] 42,000[31] 1,600[32] 43,600 0.38 0.38 53,174[25]
  China I (1937–1945) 517,568,000[21] 3,000,000[33]
to 3,750,000+[34]		 7,357,000[35]
to 8,191,000[36]		 5,000,000
to 10,000,000		 15,000,000[37]
to 20,000,000[37]		 2.90 to 3.86 3.38 1,761,335[25]
  Cuba J 4,235,000[21] 100[27] 100 0.00 0.00 NA
  Czechoslovakia (in postwar 1945–1992 borders) K 14,612,000[38] 35,000[39] to 46,000[40]
 294,000[40] to
320,000[39]		 340,000 to 355,000 2.33 to 2.43 2.38 8,017[25]
  Denmark L 3,795,000[21] 6,000[41] 6,000 0.16 0.16 2,000[25]
  Dutch East Indies M 69,435,000[21] 11,500[42][43] 300,000[15] 2,400,000[14]
to 4,000,000[44]		 3,000,000
to 4,000,000		 4.3 to 5.76 5.03 NA
  Egypt MA 16,492,000[21] 1,100[45] 1,100 0.00 0.00 NA
  Estonia (within 1939 borders) N 1,134,000[21] 34,000 (in both Soviet & German armed forces)[46] 49,000[47] 83,000 7.3 7.3 NA
  Ethiopia O 17,700,000[21] 15,000[48] 85,000 100,000[48] 0.56 0.56 NA
  Finland P 3,700,000[21] 94,700[49] 2,100[50][51] 96,800 2.62 2.62 197,000[50]
  France Q (including colonies) 41,680,000[51] 210,000[51] 390,000[51] 600,000 1.44 1.44 390,000[25]
  French Indochina R 24,664,000[21] 1,000,000
to 2,000,000[52]		 1,000,000
to 2,200,000		 4.05 to 8.11 6.08 NA
  Germany S 69,300,000[53] 4,440,000[54] to 5,318,000[55] 1,500,000
to 3,000,000 S1		 6,900,000
to 7,400,000		 (See table below.) S2 (See table below.) S2 7,300,000[25]
  Greece T 7,222,000[21] 35,100[56] 171,800[56] 300,000[57]
to 600,000[56]		 507,000
to 807,000		 7.02 to 11.17 9.095 47,290[25]
  Guam TA 22,800[21] 1,000[58]
to 2,000[59]		 1,000
to 2,000		 4.39 to 8.77 6.58 NA
  Hungary U (figures in 1938 borders not including territories annexed in 1938–41) 9,129,000[21] 200,000[60] 264,000
to 664,000[61]		 464,000
to 864,000		 5.08 to 9.46 7.27 89,313[25]
  Iceland V 118,900[21] 200[62] 200 0.17 0.17 NA
  India W 377,800,000[21] 87,000[63] 2,100,000[64]
to 3,000,000[65]		 2,200,000
to 3,087,000		 0.58 0.58 64,354[25]
  Iraq Y 3,698,000[21] 500[66] 200[67] 700 0.01 0.01 NA
  Ireland Z 2,960,000[21] 5,000 Irish volunteers' deaths included with UK Armed Forces[68] 100[69] 5,100 0.00 0.17 NA
  Italy (in postwar 1947 borders) AA 44,394,000[21] 319,200[70] to 341,000 Italian nationals and c. 20,000 Africans conscripted by Italy[71][72] 153,200[73] 492,400 to 514,000 1.11 to 1.16 1.135 225,000[25] to 320,000[74] (incomplete data)
  Japan AB 71,380,000[21] 2,100,000[75] to
2,300,000[76]		 550,000[77] to
800,000[78]		 2,500,000[79]
to 3,100,000[80]		 3.50 to 4.34 3.92 326,000[25]
  Korea (Japanese colony) AC 24,326,000[21] Included with Japanese military 483,000[81]
to 533,000[82]		 483,000
to 533,000		 1.99 to 2.19 2.09 NA
  Latvia (within 1939 borders) AD 1,994,500[21] 30,000[83] (in both Soviet and German Armies) 220,000[84] 250,000 12.5 12.5 NA
  Lithuania (within 1939 borders) AE 2,575,000[21] 25,000[85] (in both Soviet and German Armies) 345,000[86] 370,000 14.36 14.36 NA
  Luxembourg AF 290,000[87] 2,905[87] Included with German & Allied military 4,201[87] 7,106[87] 2.45 2.45 NA
  Malaya & Singapore AG 5,118,000[21] 100,000[88] 100,000 1.95 1.95 NA
  Malta (British) AH 269,000[21] Included with U.K. 1,500[89] 1,500 0.55 0.55 NA
  Mexico AI 19,320,000[21] 100[27] 100 0.00 0.00 NA
  Mongolia AJ 819,000[21] 300[90] 300 0.04 0.04 NA
  Nauru (Australian) AK 3,400[21] 500[91] 500 14.7 14.7 NA
  Nepal AL 6,087,000[21] Included with British Indian Army NA
  Netherlands AM 8,729,000[21] 6,700[92] 187,300[92] 16,000[92] 250,000[93] 2.86 2.86 2,860[25]
  Newfoundland (British) AN 320,000[21] 1,100[94] (included with the U.K. & Canada) 100[95] 1,200 0.3 0.3 (included with the/ U.K. & Canada)
  New Zealand AO 1,629,000[21] 11,700[96] 11,700 0.72 0.72 19,314[25]
  Norway AP 2,945,000[21] 2,000[51] 8,200[97] 10,200 0.35 0.35 364[25]
  Papua and New Guinea (Australian) AQ 1,292,000[21] 15,000[98] 15,000 1.16 1.16 NA
  Philippines (U.S. Territory) AR 16,000,303[99] 62,500[100] 164,000[16] to 1,000,000[101][102][103] 336,000[16] 557,000 to 1,411,938[104][16][102][101][103] 3.48 to 8.82 6.15 NA
  Poland (within 1939 borders, including territories annexed by USSR) AS 34,849,000[105] 240,000[106] 5,620,000[107]
to 5,820,000[107]		 5,900,000[108]
to 6,000,000[108]		 16.93 to 17.22 17.075 766,606[25]
  Portuguese Timor AT 480,000[21] 40,000[109]
to 70,000[109]		 40,000
to 70,000		 8.33 to 14.58 11.455 NA
  Romania (in postwar 1945 borders) AU 15,970,000[51] 300,000[40] 200,000[40] 500,000[40] 3.13 3.13 332,769[110]
  Ruanda-Urundi (Belgian) AV 3,800,000[111] 36,000[112] and 50,000[113] 36,000–50,000 0.09–1.3 0.695 NA
  South Africa AW 10,160,000[21] 11,900[63] 11,900 0.12 0.12 14,363[25]
  South Seas Mandate (Japanese Colony) AX 127,000[114] 10,000[115] 10,000 7.87 7.87 [25]
  Soviet Union (within 1946–91 borders including annexed territories,[116]) AY 188,793,000[117][118] 8,668,000[119][120][121] to 11,400,000[122][123][124][125] 4,500,000[126] to 10,000,000[127][128][129] 8,000,000 to 9,000,000[130][131][132] 20,000,000[133] to 27,000,000[134][135][136][137][138] (See table below.) AY4 (See table below.) AY4 14,685,593[25]
  Spain AZ 25,637,000[21] Included with the German Army Included with France (See footnote.) NA
  Sweden BA 6,341,000[21] 100[139] 2,000[140] 2,100 0.03 0.03 NA
   Switzerland BB 4,210,000[21] 100[141] 100 0.00 0.00 NA
  Thailand BC 15,023,000[21] 5,600[142] 2,000[142] 7,600 0.05 0.05 NA
  Turkey BD 17,370,000[21] 200[143] 200 0.00 0.00 NA
  United Kingdom BE including Crown Colonies 47,760,000[144] 383,700[145] 67,200[146][147] 450,900 0.94 0.94 376,239[25]
  United States BF 131,028,000[21] 407,300 BF1 12,100 BF2 419,400 0.32 0.32 671,801[25]
  Yugoslavia BG 15,490,000[148] 300,000[149]
to 446,000[150]		 581,000[150] to 1,400,000[149] 1,027,000[150] to 1,700,000[149] 6.63 to 10.97 8.8 425,000[25]
Other nations BH 300,000,000 NA
Approx. totals 2,300,000,000[151] 21,000,000
to 25,500,000		 29,000,000
to 30,500,000		 19,000,000
to 28,000,000		 70,000,000
to 85,000,000		 3.0 to 3.7 3.35 NA
  • Figures are rounded to the nearest hundredth place.
  • Military casualties include deaths of regular military forces from combat as well as non-combat causes. Partisan and resistance fighter deaths are included with military losses. The deaths of prisoners of war in captivity and personnel missing in action are also included with military deaths. Whenever possible the details are given in the footnotes.
  • The armed forces of the various nations are treated as single entities, for example the deaths of Austrians, French and foreign nationals of German ancestry in eastern Europe in the Wehrmacht are included with German military losses. For example, Michael Strank is included with American not Czechoslovak war dead.
  • Civilian war dead are included with the nations where they resided. For example, German Jewish refugees in France who were deported to the death camps are included with French casualties in the published sources on the Holocaust.
  • The official casualty statistics published by the governments of the United States, France, and the UK do not give the details of the national origin, race and religion of the losses.
  • Civilian casualties include deaths caused by strategic bombing, Holocaust victims, German war crimes, Japanese war crimes, population transfers in the Soviet Union, Allied war crimes, and deaths due to war related famine and disease. The exact breakdown is not always provided in the sources cited.

Nazi Germany

Main article: German casualties in World War II
Human losses of the Third Reich in World War II (included in above figures of total war dead). A detailed description is given in the footnotes for Germany and Austria.[8][9]^S2
Country Population
1939 		Military
deaths 		Civilian deaths due to
Allied Strategic Bombing 		Civilian deaths due to
Nazi persecution 		Civilian deaths due to Expulsion of Germans Total
deaths 		Deaths as
% of 1939
population
Austria 6,653,000[21] 250,000[152] to 261,000[55] 24,000[152][153] 100,000[153] 370,000[154] 5.56
Germany (within 1937 borders)[155] 69,300,000[53] 3,760,000[152] to 4,456,000[55] 353,000 (1942 borders)[156] to 410,000[152][157] 300,000[158] to 500,000[159][160] 400,000[161] to 1,225,000[152] 5,700,000[162] 8.23
Foreign nationals of German ancestry in Eastern Europe[163] 7,423,000[164] 430,000[54] to 538,000[55] 200,000[165] to 886,000[166] 738,000[55][165] to 1,316,000[167] 9.96 to 17.76
Foreign nationals in Western Europe 215,000[168] 63,000[55] 63,000[55] 29.3
Approx. Totals 83,500,000 4,440,000[54] to 5,318,000[55] 353,000[156] to 434,000[54] 400,000[169][159] to 600,000[159][160][169] 600,000[170] to 2,111,000[167] 6,900,000 to 7,400,000 8.26 to 8.86
  • German sources do not provide figures for Soviet citizens conscripted by Germany. Russian historian Grigoriy Krivosheyev puts the losses of the "Vlasovites, Balts and Muslims etc." in German service at 215,000.[171]

Soviet Union

Main article: World War II casualties of the Soviet Union

The estimated breakdown for each Soviet republic of total war dead[10]^AY4

Soviet Republic Population 1940
(within 1946–91 borders)		 Military deaths Civilian deaths due to
military activity and
crimes against humanity		 Civilian deaths due to war
related famine and disease		 Total Deaths as % of
1940 population
  Armenia 1,320,000 150,000 30,000 180,000 13.6%
  Azerbaijan 3,270,000 210,000 90,000 300,000 9.1%
  Belarus 9,050,000 620,000 1,360,000 310,000 2,290,000 25.3%
  Estonia 1,050,000 30,000 50,000 80,000 7.6%
  Georgia 3,610,000 190,000 110,000 300,000 8.3%
  Kazakhstan 6,150,000 310,000 350,000 660,000 10.7%
  Kyrgyzstan 1,530,000 70,000 50,000 120,000 7.8%
  Latvia 1,890,000 30,000 190,000 40,000 260,000 13.7%
  Lithuania 2,930,000 25,000 275,000 75,000 375,000 12.7%
  Moldova 2,470,000 50,000 75,000 45,000 170,000 6.9%
  Russia 110,100,000 6,750,000 4,100,000 3,100,000 13,950,000 12.7%
  Tajikistan 1,530,000 50,000 70,000 120,000 7.8%
  Turkmenistan 1,300,000 70,000 30,000 100,000 7.7%
  Ukraine 41,340,000 1,650,000 3,700,000 1,500,000 6,850,000 16.3%
  Uzbekistan 6,550,000 330,000 220,000 550,000 8.4%
Unidentified – 165,000 130,000 295,000
Total USSR 194,090,000 10,600,000 10,000,000 6,000,000 26,600,000 13.7%

The source of the figures is Vadim Erlikman [ru].[172] Erlikman, a Russian historian, notes that these figures are his estimates.

Holocaust deaths

Further information: The Holocaust and Holocaust victims

Included in the figures of total war dead for each nation are victims of the Holocaust.

Jewish deaths

The Holocaust is the term generally used to describe the genocide of approximately six million European Jews during World War II. Martin Gilbert estimates 5.7 million (78%) of the 7.3 million Jews in German-occupied Europe were Holocaust victims.[182] Estimates of Holocaust deaths range between 4.9 and 5.9 million Jews.[183]

Statistical breakdown of Jewish dead

The figures for the pre-war Jewish population and deaths in the table below are from The Columbia Guide to the Holocaust.[183] The low, high and average percentage figures for deaths of the pre-war population have been added.

Country Pre-war Jewish population[183] in 1933 Low estimate deaths[183] High estimate deaths[183] Low % High % Average %
  Austria 191,000 (see footnote) 50,000 65,000 26.2% 34.0% 30.1%
  Belgium 60,000 (see footnote) 25,000 29,000 41.7% 48.3% 45.0%
  Czech Republic[188] 92,000 77,000 78,300 83.7% 85.1% 84.4%
  Denmark 8,000 60 116 0.8% 1.5% 1.1%
  Estonia 4,600 1,500 2,000 32.6% 43.5% 38.0%
  France 260,000 (see footnote) 75,000 77,000 28.8% 29.6% 29.2%
  Germany 566,000 (see footnote) 135,000 142,000 23.9% 25.1% 24.5%
  Greece 73,000 59,000 67,000 80.8% 91.8% 86.3%
  Hungary (borders 1940)[189] 725,000 502,000 569,000 69.2% 78.5% 73.9%
  Italy 48,000 6,500 9,000 13.5% 18.8% 16.1%
  Latvia 95,000 70,000 72,000 73.7% 75.8% 74.7%
  Lithuania 155,000 130,000 143,000 83.9% 92.3% 88.1%
  Luxembourg 3,500 1,000 2,000 28.6% 57.1% 42.9%
  Netherlands 140,000 (see footnote) 100,000 105,000 72.8% 74.3% 71.0%
  Norway 1,700 800 800 47.1% 47.1% 47.1%
  Poland (borders 1939) 3,250,000 2,700,000 3,000,000 83.1% 92.3% 87.7%
  Romania (borders 1940) 441,000 121,000 287,000 27.4% 65.1% 46.3%
  Slovakia 89,000 60,000 71,000 67.4% 79.8% 73.6%
  Soviet Union (borders 1939) 2,825,000 700,000 1,100,000 24.8% 38.9% 31.9%
  Yugoslavia 68,000 56,000 65,000 82.4% 95.6% 89.0%
Total 9,067,000 4,869,860 5,894,716 50.4% (avg.) 59.7% (avg.) 55.1% (avg.)
  • The total population figures from 1933 listed here are taken from The Columbia Guide to the Holocaust. From 1933 to 1939 about 400,000 Jews fled Germany, Austria, and Czechoslovakia. Some of these refugees were in western Europe when Germany occupied these countries in 1940. In 1940 there were 30,000 Jewish refugees in the Netherlands, 12,000 in Belgium, 30,000 in France, 2,000 in Denmark, 5,000 in Italy, and 2,000 in Norway.[190]
  • Hungarian Jewish losses of 569,000 presented here include the territories annexed in 1939–41.[191] The number of Holocaust dead in 1938 Hungarian borders were 220,000.[61] According to Martin Gilbert, the Jewish population inside Hungary's 1941 borders was 764,000 (445,000 in the 1938 borders and 319,000 in the annexed territories). Holocaust deaths from inside the 1938 borders was 200,000, not including 20,000 men conscripted as forced labor for the military.[192]
  • Netherlands figure listed in the table of 112,000 Jews taken from The Columbia Guide to the Holocaust includes those Jews who were resident in Holland in 1933. By 1940, the Jewish population had increased to 140,000 with the inclusion of 30,000 Jewish refugees.[190] In the Netherlands, 8,000 Jews in mixed marriages were not subject to deportation.[193] However, an article in the Dutch periodical De Groene Amsterdammer maintains that some Jews in mixed marriages were deported before the practice was ended by Hitler.[194]
  • Hungarian Jewish Holocaust victims within the 1939 borders were 200,000.[195]
  • Romanian Jewish Holocaust victims totalled 469,000 within the 1939 borders, which includes 300,000 in Bessarabia and Bukovina occupied by the USSR in 1940.[195][196]
  • According to Martin Gilbert, Jewish Holocaust victims totaled 8,000 in Italy, and 562 in the Italian colony of Libya.[197]

Non-Jews persecuted and killed by Nazi and Nazi-affiliated forces

See also: The Holocaust in Ukraine

Some scholars maintain that the definition of the Holocaust should also include the other victims persecuted and killed by the Nazis.[198][199]

  • Donald L. Niewyk, professor of history at Southern Methodist University, maintains that the Holocaust can be defined in four ways: first, that it was the genocide of the Jews alone; second, that there were several parallel Holocausts, one for each of the several groups; third, the Holocaust would include Roma and the handicapped along with the Jews; fourth, it would include all racially motivated German crimes, such as the murder of Soviet prisoners of war, Polish and Soviet civilians, as well as political prisoners, religious dissenters, and homosexuals. Using this definition, the total number of Holocaust victims is between 11 million and 17 million people.[200]
  • According to the College of Education of the University of South Florida "Approximately 11 million people were killed because of Nazi genocidal policy".[201]
  • R.J. Rummel estimated the death toll due to Nazi Democide at 20.9 million persons.[202]
  • Timothy Snyder put the number of victims of the Nazis killed as a result of "deliberate policies of mass murder" only, such as executions, deliberate famine and in death camps, at 10.4 million persons including 5.4 million Jews.[203]
  • German scholar Hellmuth Auerbach puts the death toll in the Hitler era at 6 million Jews killed in the Holocaust and 7 million other victims of the Nazis.[204]
  • Dieter Pohl puts the total number of victims of the Nazi era at between 12 and 14 million persons, including 5.6–5.7 million Jews.[205]
  • Roma Included in the figures of total war dead are the Roma victims of the Nazi persecution; some scholars include the Roma deaths with the Holocaust. Most estimates of Roma (Gypsies) victims range from 130,000 to 500,000.[200][206] Ian Hancock, Director of the Program of Romani Studies and the Romani Archives and Documentation Center at the University of Texas at Austin, has argued in favour of a higher figure of between 500,000 and 1,500,000 Roma dead.[207] Hancock writes that, proportionately, the death toll equaled "and almost certainly exceed[ed], that of Jewish victims".[208] In a 2010 publication, Ian Hancock stated that he agrees with the view that the number of Romanis killed has been underestimated as a result of being grouped with others in Nazi records under headings such as "remainder to be liquidated", "hangers-on" and "partisans".[209]
  • In 2018, the United States Holocaust museum has the number of murdered during the time period of the holocaust at 17 million – 6 million Jews and 11 million others.[210]

The following figures are from The Columbia Guide to the Holocaust, the authors maintain that "statistics on Gypsy losses are especially unreliable and controversial. These figures (cited below) are based on necessarily rough estimates".[211]

Country Pre-war Roma population Low estimate victims High estimate victims
Austria 11,200 6,800 8,250
Belgium 600 350 500
Czech Republic[188] 13,000 5,000 6,500
Estonia 1,000 500 1,000
France 40,000 15,150 15,150
Germany 20,000 15,000 15,000
Greece ? 50 50
Hungary 100,000 1,000 28,000
Italy 25,000 1,000 1,000
Latvia 5,000 1,500 2,500
Lithuania 1,000 500 1,000
Luxembourg 200 100 200
Netherlands 500 215 500
Poland 50,000 8,000 35,000
Romania 300,000 19,000 36,000
Slovakia 80,000 400 10,000
Soviet Union (borders 1939) 200,000 30,000 35,000
Yugoslavia 100,000 26,000 90,000
Total 947,500 130,565 285,650
  • Handicapped persons: 200,000 to 250,000 handicapped persons were killed.[212] A 2003 report by the German Federal Archive put the total murdered during the Action T4 and Action 14f13 programs at 200,000.[213][214]
  • Prisoners of War: POW deaths in Nazi captivity totalled 3.1 million[215] including 2.6 to 3.0 million Soviet prisoners of war.[216]
  • Ethnic Poles: According to the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum "It is estimated that the Germans killed at least 1.9 million non-Jewish Polish civilians during World War II."[217] They maintain that "Documentation remains fragmentary, but today scholars of independent Poland believe that 1.8 to 1.9 million Polish civilians (non-Jews) were victims of German Occupation policies and the war."[218] However, the Polish government affiliated Institute of National Remembrance (IPN) in 2009 estimated 2,770,000 ethnic Polish deaths due to the German occupation[219] (see World War II casualties of Poland).
  • Russians, Ukrainians and Belarusians: According to Nazi ideology, Slavs were useless sub-humans. As such, their leaders, the Soviet elite, were to be killed and the remainder of the population enslaved, starved to death, or expelled further eastward. As a result, millions of civilians in the Soviet Union were deliberately killed, starved, or worked to death.[220] Contemporary Russian sources use the terms "genocide" and "premeditated extermination" when referring to civilian losses in the occupied USSR.[citation needed] Civilians killed in reprisals during the Soviet partisan war and wartime-related famine account for a major part of the huge toll.[221] The Cambridge History of Russia puts overall civilian deaths in the Nazi-occupied USSR at 13.7 million persons including 2 million Jews. There were an additional 2.6 million deaths in the interior regions of the Soviet Union. The authors maintain "scope for error in this number is very wide". At least 1 million perished in the wartime GULAG camps or in deportations. Other deaths occurred in the wartime evacuations and due to war related malnutrition and disease in the interior. The authors maintain that both Stalin and Hitler "were both responsible but in different ways for these deaths", and "In short the general picture of Soviet wartime losses suggests a jigsaw puzzle. The general outline is clear: people died in colossal numbers but in many different miserable and terrible circumstances. But individual pieces of the puzzle do not fit well; some overlap and others are yet to be found".[222] Bohdan Wytwycky maintained that civilian losses of 3.0 million Ukrainians and 1.4 million Belarusians "were racially motivated".[223][224] According to Paul Robert Magocsi, between 1941 and 1945, approximately 3,000,000 Ukrainian and other non-Jewish victims were killed as part of Nazi extermination policies in the territory of modern Ukraine.[225] Dieter Pohl puts the total number of victims of the Nazi policies in the USSR at 500,000 civilians killed in the repression of partisans, 1.0 million victims of the Nazi Hunger Plan, c. 3.0 million Soviet POW and 1.0 million Jews (in pre-war borders).[226] Soviet author Georgiy A. Kumanev put the civilian death toll in the Nazi-occupied USSR at 8.2 million (4.0 million Ukrainians, 2.5 million Belarusians, and 1.7 million Russians).[227] A report published by the Russian Academy of Sciences in 1995 put the death toll due to the German occupation at 13.7 million civilians (including Jews): 7.4 million victims of Nazi genocide and reprisals; 2.2 million persons deported to Germany for forced labor; and 4.1 million famine and disease deaths in occupied territory. Sources published in the Soviet Union were cited to support these figures.[228]
  • Homosexuals: According to the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum "Between 1933 and 1945 the police arrested an estimated 100,000 men as homosexuals. Most of the 50,000 men sentenced by the courts spent time in regular prisons, and between 5,000 and 15,000 were interned in concentration camps." They also noted that there are no known statistics for the number of homosexuals who died in the camps.[229]
  • Other victims of Nazi persecution: Between 1,000 and 2,000 Roman Catholic clergy,[230] about 1,000 Jehovah's Witnesses,[231] and an unknown number of Freemasons[232] perished in Nazi prisons and camps. "The fate of black people from 1933 to 1945 in Nazi Germany and in German-occupied territories ranged from isolation to persecution, sterilization, medical experimentation, incarceration, brutality, and murder."[233] During the Nazi era Communists, Socialists, Social Democrats, and trade union leaders were victims of Nazi persecution.[234]
  • Serbs: The numbers of Serbs murdered by the Ustaše is the subject of debate and estimates vary widely. Yad Vashem estimates over 500,000 murdered, 250,000 expelled and 200,000 forcibly converted to Catholicism.[235] The estimate of the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum is that the Ustaše murdered between 320,000 and 340,000 ethnic Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia between 1941 and 1945, with roughly 45,000 to 52,000 murdered at the Jasenovac concentration camp alone.[236] According to the Wiesenthal Center at least 90,000 Serbs, Jews, Gypsies and anti-fascist Croatians perished at the hands of the Ustashe at the camp at Jasenovac.[237] According to Yugoslav sources published in the Tito era the estimates of the number of Serb victims range from 200,000 to at least 600,000 persons.[238] See also World War II persecution of Serbs.

German war crimes

Main articles: War crimes of the Wehrmacht and German war crimes
See also: Nazi crimes against the Polish nation, Generalplan Ost, and German mistreatment of Soviet prisoners of war
See also: The Holocaust

During World War II, the German military helped fulfill Nazism's racial, political, and territorial ambitions. Long after the war, a myth persisted claiming the German military (or Wehrmacht) was not involved in the Holocaust and other crimes associated with Nazi genocidal policy. This belief is untrue. The German military participated in many aspects of the Holocaust: in supporting Hitler, in the use of forced labor, and in the mass murder of Jews and other groups targeted by the Nazis.

The military's complicity extended not only to the generals and upper leadership but also to the rank and file. In addition, the war and genocidal policy were inextricably linked. The German army (or Heer) was the most complicit as a result of being on the ground in Germany's eastern campaigns, but all branches participated.

— United States Holocaust Memorial Museum[239]

 
Soviet POWs held by the Nazis in Mauthausen concentration camp. It is estimated that at least 3.3 million Soviet POWs died in German custody.[240]

Nazi Germany ordered, organized and condoned a substantial number of war crimes in World War II. The most notable of these is the Holocaust in which millions of Jews, Poles, and Romani were systematically murdered or died from abuse and mistreatment. Millions also died as a result of other German actions.

While the Nazi Party's own SS forces (in particular the SS-Totenkopfverbände, Einsatzgruppen and Waffen-SS) of Nazi Germany was the organization most responsible for the genocidal killing of the Holocaust, the regular armed forces represented by the Wehrmacht committed war crimes of their own, particularly on the Eastern Front in the war against the Soviet Union.

Japanese war crimes

Main article: Japanese war crimes

Included with total war dead are victims of Japanese war crimes.

R. J. Rummel

R. J. Rummel estimates the civilian victims of Japanese democide at 5,964,000. Detailed by country:

  • China: 3,695,000
  • Indochina: 457,000
  • Korea: 378,000
  • Indonesia: 375,000
  • Malaya-Singapore: 283,000
  • Philippines: 119,000
  • Burma: 60,000
  • Pacific Islands: 57,000

Rummel estimates POW deaths in Japanese custody at 539,000. Detailed by country:

  • China: 400,000
  • French Indochina: 30,000
  • Philippines: 27,300
  • Netherlands: 25,000
  • France: 14,000
  • Britain: 13,000
  • British Colonies: 11,000
  • U.S.: 10,700
  • Australia: 8,000[20][241]

Werner Gruhl

Werner Gruhl estimates the civilian deaths at 20,365,000.

Detailed by country
  • China: 12,392,000
  • Indochina: 1,500,000
  • Korea: 500,000
  • Dutch East Indies: 3,000,000
  • Malaya and Singapore: 100,000
  • Philippines: 500,000
  • Burma: 170,000
  • Forced laborers in Southeast Asia: 70,000, 30,000 interned non-Asian civilians
  • Timor: 60,000
  • Thailand and Pacific Islands: 60,000.[242][243]

Gruhl estimates POW deaths in Japanese captivity at 331,584.

Detailed by country
  • China: 270,000
  • Netherlands: 8,500
  • Britain: 12,433
  • Canada: 273
  • Philippines: 20,000
  • Australia: 7,412
  • New Zealand: 31
  • United States: 12,935[242]

Out of 60,000 Indian Army POWs taken at the Fall of Singapore, 11,000 died in captivity.[244] There were 14,657 deaths among the total 130,895 western civilians interned by the Japanese due to famine and disease.[245][246]

Oppression in the Soviet Union

 
Polish military officers executed by the Soviet NKVD in the Katyn massacre, exhumation photo taken by the Polish Red Cross delegation in 1943

The total war dead in the USSR includes about 1 million[247] victims of Stalin's regime. The number of deaths in the Gulag labor camps increased as a result of wartime overcrowding and food shortages.[248] The Stalin regime deported the entire populations of ethnic minorities considered to be potentially disloyal.[249] Since 1990 Russian scholars have been given access to the Soviet-era archives and have published data on the numbers of people executed and those who died in Gulag labor camps and prisons.[250] The Russian scholar Viktor Zemskov puts the death toll from 1941 to 1945 at about 1 million based on data from the Soviet archives.[247] The Soviet-era archive figures on the Gulag labor camps has been the subject of a vigorous academic debate outside Russia since their publication in 1991. J. Arch Getty and Stephen G. Wheatcroft maintain that Soviet-era figures more accurately detail the victims of the Gulag labor camp system in the Stalin era.[251][252] Robert Conquest and Steven Rosefielde have disputed the accuracy of the data from the Soviet archives, maintaining that the demographic data and testimonials by survivors of the Gulag labor camps indicate a higher death toll.[253][254] Rosefielde posits that the release of the Soviet Archive figures is disinformation generated by the modern KGB.[255] Rosefielde maintains that the data from the Soviet archives is incomplete; for example, he pointed out that the figures do not include the 22,000 victims of the Katyn massacre.[256] Rosefielde's demographic analysis puts the number of excess deaths due to Soviet repression at 2,183,000 in 1939–40 and 5,458,000 from 1941 to 1945.[257] Michael Haynes and Rumy Husun accept the figures from the Soviet archives as being an accurate tally of Stalin's victims, they maintain that the demographic data depicts an underdeveloped Soviet economy and the losses in World War Two rather than indicating a higher death toll in the Gulag labor camps.[258]

In August 2009 the Polish Institute of National Remembrance (IPN) researchers estimated 150,000 Polish citizens were killed due to Soviet repression. Since the collapse of the USSR, Polish scholars have been able to do research in the Soviet archives on Polish losses during the Soviet occupation.[181] Andrzej Paczkowski puts the number of Polish deaths at 90,000–100,000 of the 1.0 million persons deported and 30,000 executed by the Soviets.[259] In 2005 Tadeusz Piotrowski estimated the death toll in Soviet hands at 350,000.[260]

The Estonian State Commission for the Examination of Repressive Policies Carried out During the Occupations put civilian deaths due to the Soviet occupation in 1940–1941 at 33,900 including (7,800 deaths) of arrested people, (6,000) deportee deaths, (5,000) evacuee deaths, (1,100) people gone missing and (14,000) conscripted for forced labor. After the reoccupation by the USSR, 5,000 Estonians died in Soviet prisons during 1944–45.[261]

The following is a summary of the data from the Soviet archives:
Reported deaths for the years 1939–1945 1,187,783, including: judicial executions 46,350; deaths in Gulag labor camps 718,804; deaths in labor colonies and prisons 422,629.[262]

Deported to special settlements: (figures are for deportations to Special Settlements only, not including those executed, sent to Gulag labor camps or conscripted into the Soviet Army. Nor do the figures include additional deportations after the war).
Deported from annexed territories 1940–41 380,000 to 390,000 persons, including: Poland 309–312,000; Lithuania 17,500; Latvia 17,000; Estonia 6,000; Moldova 22,842.[263] In August 1941, 243,106 Poles living in the Special Settlements were amnestied and released by the Soviets.[264]
Deported during the War 1941–1945 about 2.3 million persons of Soviet ethnic minorities including: Soviet Germans 1,209,000; Finns 9,000; Karachays 69,000; Kalmyks 92,000; Chechens and Ingush 479,000; Balkars 37,000; Crimean Tatars 191,014; Meskhetian Turks 91,000; Greeks, Bulgarians and Armenians from Crimea 42,000; Ukrainian OUN members 100,000; Poles 30,000.[265]
A total of 2,230,500[266] persons were living in the settlements in October 1945 and 309,100 deaths were reported in special settlements for the years 1941–1948.[267]

Russian sources list Axis prisoner of war deaths of 580,589 in Soviet captivity based on data in the Soviet archives (Germany 381,067; Hungary 54,755; Romania 54,612; Italy 27,683; Finland 403, and Japan 62,069).[268] However, some western scholars estimate the total at between 1.7 and 2.3 million.[269]

Military casualties by branch of service

Country Branch of service Number served Killed/missing Wounded Prisoners of war Captured Percent killed
Germany Army[270] 13,600,000 4,202,000 30.9
Germany Air Force (including infantry units)[270] 2,500,000 433,000 17.3
Germany Navy[270] 1,200,000 138,000 11.5
Germany Waffen SS[270] 900,000 314,000 34.9
Germany Volkssturm and other Paramilitary Forces[270] 231,000
Germany Total (incl. conscripted foreigners) 18,200,000 5,318,000 6,035,000 11,100,000 29.2
Japan[271][272] Army (1937–1945) 6,300,000 1,326,076 85,600 30,000 24.2
Japan Navy (1941–1945) 2,100,000 414,879 8,900 10,000 19.8
Japan POW dead after surrender[273][274][275] 381,000
Japan Imperial Japan Total 8,400,000 2,121,955 94,500 40,000 25.3
Italy Army 3,040,000 246,432 8.1
Italy Navy 259,082[276] 31,347 12.0
Italy Air Force 130,000[277] 13,210 10.2
Italy Partisan forces 80,000[278] to 250,000[279][280] 35,828 14 to 44
Italy RSI forces 520,000[281] 13,021 to 35,000 2.5 to 6.7
Italy Total Italian Forces 3,430,000[282][283] 319,207[284] to 341,000 320,000 1,300,000[285] 9.3 to 9.9
Soviet Union (1939–40) All branches of service[286] 136,945 205,924
Soviet Union (1941–45) All branches of service[287] 34,476,700 8,668,400 14,685,593 4,050,000 25.1
Soviet Union Conscripted Reservists not yet in active service (see note below)[288] 500,000
Soviet Union Civilians in POW camps (see note below)[289] 1,000,000 1,750,000
Soviet Union Paramilitary and Soviet partisan units[290] 400,000
Soviet Union Total Soviet Forces 34,476,700 10,725,345 14,915,517 5,750,000 31.1
British Empire and Commonwealth[63][291][292] All branches of service 17,843,000 580,497 475,000 318,000 3.3
United States[293] Army[294] 11,260,000 318,274 565,861 124,079[294][295] 2.8
United States Air Force (included with Army)[294] (3,400,000) (88,119) (17,360) 2.5
United States Navy 4,183,446 62,614 37,778 3,848[295] 1.5
United States Maritime Service 215,000 9,400 12,000 663[296] 4.5
United States Marine Corps 669,100 24,511 68,207 2,274[297][295] 3.7
United States Coast Guard[298] 241,093 1,917 0.8
United States Public Health Service Commissioned Corps[299] 2,600 8[300] 0.3
United States Coast and Geodetic Survey Corps[301] 3
United States Total U.S. Armed Forces 16,353,639 407,316 671,846 130,201[302][303] 2.5
Germany
  1. The number killed in action was 2,303,320; died of wounds, disease or accidents 500,165; 11,000 sentenced to death by court martial; 2,007,571 missing in action or unaccounted for after the war; 25,000 suicides; 12,000 unknown;[304] 459,475 confirmed POW deaths, of whom 77,000 were in the custody of the U.S., UK and France; and 363,000 in Soviet custody. POW deaths includes 266,000 in the post-war period after June 1945, primarily in Soviet captivity.[305]
  2. Rüdiger Overmans writes "It seems entirely plausible, while not provable, that one half of the 1.5 million missing on the eastern front were killed in action, the other half (700,000) having died in Soviet custody".[306]
  3. Soviet sources list the deaths of 474,967 of the 2,652,672 German Armed Forces POW taken in the war.[307]
USSR
  1. Estimated total Soviet military war dead in 1941–45 on the Eastern Front (World War II) including missing in action, POWs and Soviet partisans range from 8.6 to 10.6 million.[290] There were an additional 127,000 war dead in 1939–40 during the Winter War with Finland.[308]
  2. The official figures for military war dead and missing in 1941–45 are 8,668,400 comprising 6,329,600 combat related deaths, 555,500 non-combat deaths.[309] 500,000 missing in action and 1,103,300 POW dead and another 180,000 liberated POWs who most likely emigrated to other countries.[310][311] Figures include Navy losses of 154,771.[312] Non-combat deaths include 157,000 sentenced to death by court martial.[313]
  3. Casualties in 1939–40 include the following dead and missing: Battle of Khalkhin Gol in 1939 (8,931), Invasion of Poland of 1939 (1,139), Winter War with Finland (1939–40) (126,875).[286]
  4. The number of wounded includes 2,576,000 permanently disabled.[314]
  5. The official Russian figure for total POW held by the Germans is 4,059,000; the number of Soviet POW who survived the war was 2,016,000, including 180,000 who most likely emigrated to other countries, and an additional 939,700 POW and MIA who were redrafted as territory was liberated. This leaves 1,103,000 POW dead. However, western historians put the number of POW held by the Germans at 5.7 million and about 3 million as dead in captivity (in the official Russian figures 1.1 million are military POW and remaining balance of about 2 million are included with civilian war dead).[310][315]
  6. Conscripted reservists is an estimate of men called up, primarily in 1941, who were killed in battle or died as POWs before being listed on active strength. Soviet and Russian sources classify these losses as civilian deaths.[289]
British Commonwealth
  1. Number served: UK and Crown Colonies (5,896,000); India-(British colonial administration) (2,582,000), Australia (993,000); Canada (1,100,000); New Zealand (295,000); South Africa (250,000).[316]
  2. Total war related deaths reported by the Commonwealth War Graves Commission: UK and Crown Colonies (383,898); India-(British colonial administration) (87,026), Australia (40,696); Canada (45,388); New Zealand (11,926); South Africa (11,914).[317]
  3. Total military dead for the United Kingdom alone (according to preliminary 1945 figures): 264,443. Royal Navy (50,758); British Army (144,079); Royal Air Force (69,606).[291][318]
  4. Wounded: UK and Crown Colonies (284,049); India-(British colonial administration) (64,354), Australia (39,803); Canada (53,174); New Zealand (19,314); South Africa (14,363).[291][292][319]
  5. Prisoner of war: UK and Crown Colonies (180,488); India-(British colonial administration) (79,481); Australia (26,358); South Africa (14,750); Canada (9,334); New Zealand (8,415).[291][292][319]
  6. The Debt of Honour Register from the Commonwealth War Graves Commission lists the 1.7m men and women of the Commonwealth forces who died during the two world wars.[320]
U.S.
  1. Battle deaths (including POWs who died in captivity, does not include those who died of disease and accidents)[294] were 292,131: Army 234,874 (including Army Air Forces 52,173); Navy 36,950; Marine Corps 19,733; and Coast Guard 574 (185,924 deaths occurred in the European/Atlantic theater of operations and 106,207 deaths occurred in Asia/Pacific theater of operations).[294][321]
  2. During World War II, 14,059 American POWs died in enemy captivity throughout the war (12,935 held by Japan and 1,124 held by Germany).[322]
  3. During World War II, 1.2 million African Americans served in the U.S. Armed Forces and 708 were killed in action. 350,000 American women served in the Armed Forces during World War II and 16 were killed in action.[323] During World War II, 26,000 Japanese-Americans served in the Armed Forces and over 800 were killed in action.[324]

Commonwealth military casualties

The Commonwealth War Graves Commission (CWGC) Annual Report 2014–2015[63] is the source of the military dead for the British Empire. The war dead totals listed in the report are based on the research by the CWGC to identify and commemorate Commonwealth war dead. The statistics tabulated by the CWGC are representative of the number of names commemorated for all servicemen/women of the Armed Forces of the Commonwealth and former UK Dependencies, whose death was attributable to their war service. Some auxiliary and civilian organizations are also accorded war grave status if death occurred under certain specified conditions. For the purposes of CWGC the dates of inclusion for Commonwealth War Dead are 3 September 1939 to 31 December 1947.

See also

Footnotes

^A 　Albania

  • No reliable statistics on Albania's wartime losses exist, but the United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration reported about 30,000 Albanian war dead. Albanian official statistics claim somewhat higher losses.[22]
  • Jewish Holocaust victims totalled 200, these Jews were Yugoslav citizens resident in Albania. Jews of Albanian origin survived the Holocaust.[195]

^B 　Australia

  • The Australian War Memorial[23] reports 39,648 military deaths. This figure includes all personnel who died from war-related causes during 1939–47.
  • According to official statistics Australian battle casualties included 27,073 killed, died of wounds or died as POW; wounded or injured in action were 23,477, these figures exclude non-battle casualties, such as deaths in non operational areas and deaths due to natural causes.[325][326]
  • The Australian government does not regard merchant mariners as military personnel and the 349 Australians killed in action while crewing merchant ships around the world,[327] are included in the total civilian deaths. Other civilian fatalities were due to air raids and attacks on passenger ships.
  • The preliminary data for Australian losses included 23,365 killed, 6,030 missing, 39,803 wounded, and 26,363 POWs.[319]

^C 　Austria

  • Military war dead reported by Rüdiger Overmans of 261,000 are included with Germany.[304]
  • Austrian civilian casualties were 99,700 victims of Nazi persecution and 24,000 killed in Allied air raids. The Austrian government provides the following information on human losses during the rule of the Nazis. "For Austria the consequences of the Nazi regime and the Second World War were disastrous: During this period 2,700 Austrians had been executed and more than 16,000 citizens murdered in the concentration camps. Some 16,000 Austrians were killed in prison, while over 67,000 Austrian Jews were deported to death camps, only 2,000 of them lived to see the end of the war. In addition, 247,000 Austrians lost their lives serving in the army of the Third Reich or were reported missing, and 24,000 civilians were killed during bombing" raids.[153]

^D 　Belgium

  • Belgian government sources reported 12,000 military war dead which included (8,800 killed, 500 missing in action, 200 executed, 800 resistance movement fighters and 1,800 POWs) and civilian losses of 73,000 which included (32,200 deaths due to military operations, 3,400 executed, 8,500 political deportees, 5,000 workers in Germany and 27,000 Jewish Holocaust victims).[328]
  • Losses of about 10,000 in the German Armed Forces are not included in these figures, they are included with German military casualties.[329]

^E 　Brazil

^F 　Bulgaria

  • Total Bulgarian military war dead were 18,500 including 6,671 battle deaths.[25]
  • There were 3,000 civilian deaths in Allied air raids including 1,400 in the bombing of Sofia.[28]
  • A Russian historian in a handbook of human losses in the 20th century has provided the following assessment of Bulgarian casualties:Military deaths: 2,000 military Axis occupation forces in Yugoslavia and Greece; 10,124 dead as allies of the USSR and 10,000 Anti-Fascist Partisan deaths.[331] Regarding partisan and civilian casualties Erlikman notes "According to the official data of the royal government 2,320 were killed and 199 executed. The communists claim that 20–35,000 persons died. In reality, deaths were 10,000, including an unknown number of civilians."[331]

^G 　Burma

  • Military casualties with the pro-Japanese Burma National Army were 400 killed in action, 1,500 other deaths, 715 missing, 2,000 wounded and 800 POW.[29]
  • Civilian deaths during the Japanese occupation of Burma totalled 250,000; 110,000 Burmese, plus 100,000 Indian and 40,000 Chinese civilians in Burma.[29]
  • Werner Gruhl estimates 70,000 Asian laborers died cruelly during the construction of the Burma Railway.[332]

^H 　Canada

  • The Canadian War Museum puts military losses at 42,000 plus 1,600 Merchant Navy deaths. An additional 700 military dead from Newfoundland are included with the U.K.[31]
  • Library and Archives Canada puts military losses at 44,090 (24,525 Army, 17,397 Air Force, 2,168 Navy.)[333]
  • The preliminary data for Canadian losses included killed 37,476, missing 1,843, wounded 53,174 and POW 9,045.[319]

^I 　China Sources for total Chinese war dead are divergent and range from 10 to 20 million as detailed below.

  • John W. Dower has noted "So great was the devastation and suffering in China that in the end it is necessary to speak of uncertain "millions" of deaths. Certainly, it is reasonable to think in general terms of approximately 10 million Chinese war dead, a total surpassed only by the Soviet Union." Dower cited a United Nations report from 1947 that put Chinese war dead at 9 million.[44]
  • According to Rana Mitter "the death toll on China is still being calculated, but conservative estimates number the dead at 14 million".[334] Rana Mitter cited the estimate of Chinese casualties by Odd Arne Westad of 2 million combat deaths and 12 million civilian deaths, Mitter also cited a Chinese study published in 2006 that put the death toll in the war at 8 to 10 million.[335]
  • An academic study of the Chinese population concluded that "a conservative estimate would put total human casualties directly caused by the war of 1937–1945 at between 15,000,000 and 20,000,000".[37] This study cited a Chinese Nationalist source that put total civilian casualties at 2,144,048 =(1,073,496 killed; 237,319 wounded; 71,050 captured by Japanese; 335,934 killed in Japanese air raids; 426,249 wounded in air raids), military casualties at 6,750,000 in 1937–1943 (1,500,000 killed; 3,000,000 wounded; 750,000 missing; 1,500,000 deaths caused by sickness, etc.[336]) In addition 960,000 collaborator forces and 446,736 Communist were killed or wounded.[336]
  • The official Chinese government (communist) statistic for China's civilian and military casualties in the Second Sino-Japanese War in 1937–1945 is 20 million dead and 15 million wounded.[10]
  • Chinese scholar Bianxiu Yue has published a study of China's population losses in the Second Sino-Japanese War. He put total Chinese losses at 20.6 million dead and 14.2 million injured.[337]
  • Official Nationalist Chinese casualty figures were: killed 1,319,958; wounded 1,716,335 and missing 130,126,[338] An academic study of the Chinese population concluded that these figures are "unreasonably low" and "highly suspect".[339]
  • R. J. Rummel's estimate of total war dead in 1937–45 is 19,605,000.[35] Military dead: 3,400,000 (including 400,000 POW) Nationalist/Communist, and 432,000 collaborator forces. Civilian war deaths: 3,808,000 killed in fighting and 3,549,000 victims of Japanese war crimes (not including an additional 400,000 POWs). Other deaths: Repression by Chinese Nationalists 5,907,000 (3,081,000 military conscripts who died due to mistreatment and 2,826,000 civilian deaths caused by Nationalist government, including the 1938 Yellow River flood); political repression by Chinese Communists 250,000 and by Warlords 110,000. Additional deaths due to famine were 2,250,000.
  • Werner Gruhl estimates China's total war losses at 15,554,000, Civilians :12,392,000 including (8,191,000) due to the Japanese brutality and military dead 3,162,000.[36]

^J 　Cuba

  • Cuba lost 5 merchant ships and 79 merchant mariners died.[27]

^K 　Czechoslovakia

  • According to the Czechoslovak State Statistical Office the population at 1/1/1939 (within post war 1945–1992 borders) was 14,612,000.[38] The population in 1939 included about 3.3 million ethnic Germans that were expelled after the war or were German military casualties during the war.
  • Russian demographer Boris Urlanis estimated Czechoslovak war dead of 340,000 persons, 46,000 military and 294,000 civilians.[40]
  • A Russian historian in a handbook of human losses in the 20th century has provided the following assessment of Czechoslovak casualties:[39]
    35,000 Military deaths: including: killed during 1938 occupation (171); Czechoslovak Forces with the Western Allies (3,220); Czechoslovak military units on Eastern front (4,570); Slovak Republic Axis forces (7,000); Czechs in German forces (5,000), partisan losses 10,000 and (5,000) POWs.
    320,000 Civilian deaths: (10,000) in bombing and shelling; (22,000) executed; (285,000 in camps including 270,000 Jews, 8,000 Roma); and (3,000) forced laborers in Germany.[39]

^L 　Denmark

  • The Danish Ministry of Education has detailed Denmark's losses in the war of about 8,000 persons including 2,685 killed in Denmark in bombing raids, resistance fighters and those executed by the Germans and 3,000 who died outside Denmark including (2,000 merchant seamen, 63 serving with Allied forces, 600 in German camps, 400 workers in Germany). In addition 2,000 Danish volunteers were killed serving in the German military.[41]

^M 　Dutch East Indies

  • The United Nations reported in 1947 that "about 30,000 Europeans and 300,000 Indonesian internees and forced laborers died during the occupation." They reported, "The total number who were killed by the Japanese, or who died from, hunger, disease and lack of medical attention is estimated at 3,000,000 for Java alone, 1,000,000 for the Outer Islands. Altogether 35,000 of the 240,000 Europeans died; most of them were men of working age."[340]
  • John W. Dower cited the 1947 UN report that estimated 4 million famine and forced labor dead during the Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies.[44]
  • Werner Gruhl estimated the civilian death toll due to the war and Japanese occupation at 3,000,000 Indonesians and 30,000 interned Europeans.[341]
  • A discussion of the famine in Java during 1944–45, leads Pierre van der Eng to conclude that 2.4 million Indonesians perished.[14]
  • Dutch Military losses in Asia were 2,500 killed in the 1942 Dutch East Indies campaign.[342]
  • Data from the Netherlands Institute of War Documentation puts the number of Dutch POW captured by the Japanese at 37,000 of whom 8,500 died.[343]
  • The Japanese interned 105,530 Dutch civilians in the East Indies, of whom 13,567 died.[343]

^MA 　Egypt

  • Egyptian military casualties were 1,125 killed and 1,308 wounded. The British used the Egyptian army to guard lines of communication and to clear minefields.[344]

^N 　Estonia

  • Estonia's human losses due to the Soviet and German occupation of Estonia from 1940 to 1945 were approximately 67,000 persons based on a study by Estonian State Commission on Examination of Policies of Repression.[47][261]
  • The first Soviet occupation of Estonia in 1940–41 resulted in 43,900 people dead or missing, including (7,800) arrested persons who were murdered or perished in the Soviet Union; (6,000) deported persons who perished in the Soviet Union; (24,000) mobilized persons who perished in the Soviet Union and (1,100) persons who went missing.[261]
  • Losses during the 1941–1944 Occupation of Estonia by Nazi Germany were 23,040, including (7,800) executed by Nazis and (1,040) killed in prison camps. (200) people died in forced labor in Germany. (800) deaths in Soviet bombing raids against Estonian cities, (1,000) killed in Allied air raids on Germany and (1,000) perished at sea while attempting to flee the country in 1944–45. (10,000) Estonians were war dead in the German armed forces and (1,000) surrendered POW were executed by the Soviets.[345] Included in the above figures is the genocide of (243) Roma people and (929) Jews.[346][261]
  • After the reoccupation by the USSR, 16,000 Estonians died in Soviet repressions during 1944–53.[347][261]
  • Total deaths from 1940 to 1953 due to the war and the Soviet occupation were approximately 83,000 persons (7.3% of the population).[47][261]

^O 　Ethiopia

  • Total military and civilian dead in the East African Campaign were 100,000 including 15,000 native military with Italian forces.[48]
  • Small and Singer put the military losses at 5,000.[348]
  • The deaths of African soldiers conscripted by Italy are not included with the Italian war dead. The Italian Ministry of Defense estimated 10,000 deaths of native soldiers in East African Campaign.[349]
  • These totals do not include losses in the Italian Second Italo-Abyssinian War and Italian occupation from 1935 to 1941. The official Ethiopian government report lists 760,000 deaths due to the war and Italian occupation from 1935 to 1941.[350] However, R.J. Rummel estimates 200,000 Ethiopians and Libyans were killed by the Italians from the 1920s–1941 "based on Discovery TV Cable Channel Program 'Timewatch'", which aired January 17, 1992.[351]

^P 　Finland

  • Military dead include killed and missing from the Winter War and Continuation War with the Soviet Union between 1939 and 1944, as well as action against German forces in the Lapland War 1944–45. Winter War (1939–40) losses were approximately 27,000 military deaths, Continuation War (1941–44) were 66,000, and 1,000 in Lapland War (1944–45).[50]
  • The Finnish National Archives website's database lists the names of the 94,676 Finnish war dead between 1939 and 1945. The database includes all servicemen and women who died during being listed in the Finnish army, navy or the air force. It also includes foreign volunteers who died during their service in Finland and Finnish SS-men who died while serving in the German army. The database contains civilians in case they have been buried at a military cemetery. That was sometimes done if the deceased was, for example, an ammunition worker, air raid victim or a civilian worker who for some other reason died because of the war. Some parishes continued burying in the Second World War military cemeteries up to the 1980s.[49]
  • Soviet sources list the deaths of 403 of the 2,377 Finnish POW taken in the War.[352]
  • 1,407 Finnish volunteers served in the Finnish Volunteer Battalion of the Waffen-SS and 256 were killed in action.[citation needed]
  • Civilian war dead were approximately 2,100,[50][51] due in part to the bombing of Helsinki in World War II.

^Q 　France

  • French military war of 210,000 dead include 150,000 regular forces (1939–40 Battle of France 92,000; 1940–45 on Western Front (World War II) 58,000); 20,000 French resistance fighters and 40,000 POWs in Germany.[353] Civilian losses of 390,000 include: 60,000 killed in allied (mainly American) bombardments,[354] 60,000 in land fighting, 30,000 murdered in executions, 60,000 political deportees, 40,000 workers in Germany, 100,000 victims of Nazi genocide (Jews & Roma) and 40,000 French nationals in the German Armed forces who were conscripted in Alsace-Lorraine.[353]
  • The French Ministry of Defense puts French military war dead at 200,000.[355] They note that these losses include combatants from the French colonies as well as metropolitan France; regular soldiers and members of the resistance.[356]
  • Vadim Erlikman, a Russian historian, estimates losses of Africans in the French Colonial Forces at about 22,000.[357]
  • 752 civilians were killed during the U.S. air attacks on French Tunisia in 1942–43.[358]
  • R. J. Rummel estimates the deaths of 20,000 anti-Fascist Spanish refugees resident in France who were deported to Nazi camps, these deaths are included with French civilian casualties.[202]

^R 　French Indochina

  • John W. Dower estimated 1.0 million deaths due to Vietnamese Famine of 1945 during Japanese occupation.[271]
  • Werner Gruhl estimates the civilian death toll due to the war and Japanese occupation at 1,500,000.[341]
  • Vietnamese sources put the number of deaths during the 1944–45 famine in North Vietnam at between 1 and 2 million.[52]

^S 　Germany The following notes summarize German casualties, the details are presented in German casualties in World War II.

German population

  • The 1939 Population for Germany within 1937 borders File:DR1937.1.png was 69.3 million persons.[53]
  • Foreign nationals of German ancestry in the countries of East-Central Europe were subject to conscription by Nazi Germany during the war. According to a 1958 report by the West German Statistisches Bundesamt (Federal Statistical Office) the pre war ethnic German population in eastern Europe was 7,423,300 persons (249,500 Baltic states & Memel; 380,000 Danzig; 1,371,000 Poland (1939 Borders) File:Rzeczpospolita 1923.png - Wikimedia Commons; 3,477,000 Czechoslovakia; 623,000 Hungary; 536,800 Yugoslavia; and 786,000 Romania).[359][360] These German estimates are disputed. A recent analysis by a Polish scholar found that "Generally speaking, the German estimates... are not only highly arbitrary, but also clearly tendentious in presentation of the German losses". He maintains that the German government figures from 1958 overstated the total number of the ethnic Germans living in Poland prior to war as well as the total civilian deaths due to the post war expulsions.[361]

Total German war dead

  • (1949) The West German Statistisches Bundesamt (Federal Statistical Office)estimated total war dead of 5,483,000; (3,250,000)military; (500,000) civilians killed in bombing raids and the land campaign; (1,533,000) deaths in the expulsions from Poland and (200,000) victims of Nazi racial, religious or political persecution. These figures are for Germany in 1937 borders File:DR1937.1.png and do not include Austria or foreign nationals of German ancestry in eastern Europe.[362]
  • (1953) The German economist de:Bruno Gleitze from the German Institute for Economic Research estimated total war dead of 6,000,000; (3,100,000) military; (600,000) civilians killed in bombing raids and the land campaign; (800,000) deaths to expulsion from Poland (300,000) victims of Nazi racial, religious or political persecution, (1,200,000) increase in natural deaths due to the war. These figures are for Germany in 1937 borders File:DR1937.1.png and do not include Austria or foreign nationals of German ancestry in eastern Europe.[363]
  • (1956) The West German Statistisches Bundesamt (Federal Statistical Office)estimated total war dead of 5,650,000 = (3,760,000) military; (430,000) civilians killed in bombing raids and the land campaign; (1,260,000) deaths to expulsion from Poland and (200,000) victims of Nazi racial, religious or political persecution. These figures are for Germany in 1937 borders File:DR1937.1.png and do not include Austria or foreign nationals of German ancestry in eastern Europe.[162]
  • (1961) The West German government issued a statement listing a total of 7,032,800 war dead: (military dead 3,760,000 in prewar 1937 borders File:DR1937.1.png and 432,000 foreign nationals of German ancestry in eastern Europe); (430,000 civilians killed in bombing raids and the land campaign in prewar 1937 borders); (300,000 victims of Nazi racial, religious or political persecution including 170,000 Jews); (expulsion dead 1,224,900 in prewar 1937 borders and 885,900 foreign nationals of German ancestry in eastern Europe). These figures do not include Austria.[364] The Statistisches Jahrbuch für die Bundesrepublik Deutschland 1961, listed Austrian casualties as 250,000 military dead and 24,000 civilians killed in bombing raids[152]
  • (1984) A German demographic study estimated 6,900,000 deaths caused by the war in prewar 1937 borders File:DR1937.1.png. (3,800,000) military and (3,100,000) civilians.[53]
  • (1991) A German demographic study estimated 5,450,000 to 5,600,000 war dead (4,300,000 military dead; 430,000 civilians killed in bombing raids and the land campaign and 882,000 deaths due to expulsions from Poland). These figures are for Germany in 1937 borders File:DR1937.1.png and do not include Austria or foreign nationals of German ancestry in eastern Europe.[365]
  • (1998) A German demographic study estimated 5,500,000 to 6,900,000 war dead. These figures vary because of the shift of borders between 1937 and 1940.[366]
  • (2005) The German government issued a report listing total war dead of 7,375,800 (3,100,000 soldiers killed; 1,200,000 soldiers missing; 500,000 civilians killed in bombing raids; 2,251,500 civilian victims of expulsions and deportations; 24,300 Austrian civilians killed and 300,000 victims of Nazi racial, religious or political persecution. These figures include Austria and foreign nationals of German ancestry in eastern Europe.)[367]

German military casualties

  • (1945) The casualty figures compiled by the German High Command (OKW) as of January 31, 1945 put total military losses at 2,001,399 dead, 1,902,704 missing and POW held by Allies and 4,429,875 wounded.[368]
  • (1946) The Metropolitan Life Insurance Co. estimated German military dead at 3,250,000.[369]
  • (1947) The combined staff of the U.K., Canada and the U.S. prepared "A study of the employment of German manpower from 1933–1945". They estimated German casualties up until April 30, 1945, at 2,230,324 dead, 2,870,404 missing and POW held by Allies.[370][371]
  • (1960) The West German government issued figures of the war losses. Total military dead were put at 4,440,000 (3,760,000 in prewar 1937 borders File:DR1937.1.png, 430,000 foreign nationals of German ancestry in eastern Europe and 250,000 Austria).[152]
  • (1974) The Maschke Commission found that about 1.2 million German military personnel reported as missing more than likely died as POWs, including 1.1 million in the USSR.[372]
  • (1985) The Deutsche Dienststelle (WASt) has been responsible for providing information for the families of those military personnel who were killed or went missing in the war, they do not compile figures of the total war dead. By 1985 they had identified 3.1 million confirmed dead and 1.2 million missing and presumed dead.[371] The Deutsche Dienststelle (WASt) reported the same figures in 2005.[367]
  • (1993) The Russian historian Grigoriy Krivosheyev puts the losses of the "Vlasovites, Balts and Muslims etc." in German service at 215,000[373] According to Krivosheev, 450,600 German POWs died in Soviet captivity (356,700 in camps and 93,900 in transit).[374]
  • (2000) Rüdiger Overmans, an associate of the German Armed Forces Military History Research Office,[375] provided a reassessment of German military war dead based on a statistical survey of German military personnel records at the Deutsche Dienststelle (WASt). The Overmans research project was financed by a private foundation and published with the endorsement of the German Armed Forces Military History Research Office of the Federal Ministry of Defense (Germany). The study found that the statistics compiled by German military during the war were incomplete and did not provide an accurate accounting of casualties. The research by Overmans concluded that German military dead and missing were 5,318,000 (4,456,000 in prewar 1937 borders File:DR1937.1.png and 539,000 foreign nationals of German ancestry in eastern Europe, 261,000 Austria and 63,000 foreign nationals from western European nations). The Overmans study did not include Soviet citizens in German service.[55] The details of the Overmans study are presented in German casualties in World War II. In a separate study, Overmans concluded that the actual death toll of German POWs was about 1.1 million men (including 1.0 million in the USSR).[376]

Civilian Casualties

  1. ^S2 　German civilian casualties are combined from (a) air raid dead, (b) racial, religious and political persecution and (c) casualties due to expulsion of the Germans from east-central Europe:
    (a) Official German and Austrian sources from the 1950s cite 434,000 air raid dead (410,000 in Germany, 24,000 in) Austria[377] The figure cited by Overy (2013) is 353,000 air raid dead.[378]
    (b) The number of victims of Nazi persecution in Germany and Austria (victims of the Nazi euthanasia program) is estimated at close to 400,000 (300,000 in Germany, 100,000 in Austria).[379][153] According to the German government the euthanasia accounted for an additional 200,000 victims.[380]
    (c) The number of victims of the flight and expulsion of Germans (1944–50) is contentious. Estimates in the 1960s cited a total of 2,111,000 deaths,[381][382] and the German government as of 2005 still maintained a number of "ca. 2 million".[383] Direct civilian deaths due to the expulsion of Germans is estimated at 600,000 by the German Federal Archive (1974)[384] and at 500,000 to 600,000 by Haar (2009).[385] The substantial difference of close to 1.5 million comprises people whose fate is uncertain in the reported German statistics. The German government maintains that these deaths are due to famine and disease during the flight and expulsion of Germans (1944–50)[386] This was disputed by historian Ingo Haar who maintains that the difference classified as missing is due to a decline in births, the assimilation of ethnic Germans in Eastern Europe after the war, the understatement of military casualties and murdered Jews.[385]

Civilian casualties in air raids

    1- The summary report of September 30, 1945 put total casualties for the entire period of the war at 305,000 killed and 780,000 wounded.[387]
    2- The section Effects of Strategic Bombing on the German War Economy of October 31, 1945 put the losses at 375,000 killed and 625,000 wounded.[387]
    3- The section The Effect of Bombing on Health and Medical Care in Germany of January 1947 made a preliminary calculated estimate of air raid dead at 422,000. Regarding overall losses, they concluded that "It was further estimated that an additional number, approximately 25% of known deaths in 1944–45, were still unrecovered and unrecorded. With an addition of this estimate of 1944–45 unrecorded deaths, the final estimation gave in round numbers a half a million German civilians killed by Allied aerial attacks."[387]

  • (1956) A German government study put German air war dead at 635,000; 500,000 killed by allied strategic bombing and 135,000 refugees killed during the evacuations from eastern Europe in 1945. These figures include 593,000 Germany in 1937 borders File:DR1937.1.png (410,000 civilians, 32,000 foreigners and POW and 23,000 military and Police killed in strategic bombing and 127,000 civilians and 1,000 military and Police refugees fleeing on the eastern front). There were an additional 42,000 dead in Austria and the annexed territories (26,000 civilians, 7,000 foreigners and POW and 1,000 military and Police were killed in strategic bombing and 7,000 refugees fleeing on the eastern front).[388][389][390]
  • In 2014, Historian Richard Overy published a study of the air war, The Bombers and the Bombed: Allied Air War Over Europe 1940–1945, in which he disputed the official German figures of air war dead. He estimated total air raid deaths at 353,000. Overy maintains that the German estimates are based on incorrect speculations for losses during the last three months of the war when there was a gap in the record keeping system. He points out that the figures for air raid dead in the last three months of the war were estimated in the West German figures from 1956 at 300,000 people which he believes is not plausible. The official figures include an inflated total of 60,000 in the Bombing of Dresden and the inclusion of refugees fleeing westward.[156]

Civilians killed in 1945 military campaign

  • The West German government in made a rough estimate in 1956 of 20,000 civilians killed during the 1945 military campaign in current post war German borders, not including the former German territories in Poland.[152] However, there is a more recent estimate of 22,000 civilians killed during the fighting in Berlin only.[391]

Deaths due to Nazi political, racial and religious persecution

  • The West German government put the number of Germans killed by the Nazi political, racial and religious persecution at 300,000 (including 170,000 German Jews).[367][392]
  • A 2003 report by the German Federal Archive put the total murdered during the Action T4 Euthanasia program at over 200,000 persons.[393]

Expulsion and flight of ethnic Germans The following notes summarize German expulsion casualties, the details are presented in the flight and expulsion of Germans (1944–1950), the forced labor of Germans in the Soviet Union' and the Demographic estimates of the flight and expulsion of Germans. The figures for these losses are currently disputed, estimates of the total deaths range from 500,000 to 2,000,000. The death toll attributable to the flight and expulsions was estimated at 2.2 million by the West German government in 1958.[394] German government reports which were released to the public in 1987 and 1989 have caused some historians in Germany to put the actual total at 500,000 to 600,000.[395] English language sources put the death toll at 2 to 3 million based on the West German government statistical analysis of the 1950s.[396][397][398][399][400][401][402][403][404][405]

  • (1950) The West German government made a preliminary estimate of 3.0 million civilian deaths in the expulsions.(1.5 million in prewar 1937 Germany File:Oder-neisse.gif and 1.5 million foreign nationals of German ancestry in eastern Europe)[406]
  • (1954–1961) The Schieder commission made preliminary estimates the civilian death toll in the expulsions of about 2.3 million persons, broken out as follows: 2,000,000 Poland (in post-war borders) and the Kaliningrad Oblast of Russia; 225,600 Czechoslovakia; 69,000 Yugoslavia; 40,000 Romania; 6,000 Hungary. These preliminary figures were superseded with the publication of the 1958 West German demographic study.[407]
  • (1958) A West German government demographic study estimated 2,225,000 civilians died during the flight during the war, post war expulsions and the Forced labor of Germans in the Soviet Union, broken out as follows: Germany in 1937 borders File:Oder-neisse.gif 1,339,000; Poland in 1939 borders File:Rzeczpospolita 1923.png - Wikimedia Commons 185,000; Danzig 83,000; Czechoslovakia 273,000; Yugoslavia 136,000; Romania 101,000; Hungary 57,000; Baltic States 51,000.[152][394]
  • (1965), The search service of the German churches and Red Cross was able to confirm 473,013 civilian deaths in eastern Europe due to the expulsions, broken out as follows: 367,392 Poland (in post war borders); 18,889 Sudetenland; 64,779 Slovakia, Hungary, Romania and Yugoslavia; 9,064 Baltic States ; and 12,889 Germans resettled in Poland. There were an additional 1,905,991 unsolved cases of persons reported missing. The results of this survey were kept secret until 1987.[408][409][410][411][412]
  • (1966) The West German Federal Ministry for Expellees, Refugees and War Victims issued a statement that put the number of expulsion dead at 2,111,000 (1,225,000 Germany in 1937 borders File:Oder-neisse.gif and 886,000 foreign nationals of German ancestry in eastern Europe)[382][381]
  • (1974) A study by the German Federal Archive estimated a death toll of 600,000 of civilians in the expulsions and deportations to the USSR. (400,000 in Poland (in post war borders) and the Kaliningrad Oblast of Russia; 130,000 in Czechoslovakia and 80,000 in Yugoslavia.) The authors of the report maintain that these figures cover only those deaths caused by violent acts and deaths in forced labor and internment camps. They also stated that their figures do not include deaths due to malnutrition and disease. This report was kept secret and not published until 1989.[413]
  • (1985) A demographic analysis which has the support of the German government, estimated 2,020,000 civilians died during the post war expulsions and the forced labor of Germans in the Soviet Union broken out as follows: (870,000Germany in 1937 borders east of the Oder–Neisse line; 108,000 Germans resettled in Poland during the war; 174,000 Poland in 1939 borders File:Rzeczpospolita 1923.png - Wikimedia Commons; 40,000 Danzig; 220,000 Czechoslovakia; 106,000 Yugoslavia; 75,000 Romania; 84,000 Hungary; 33,000 Baltic States; 310,000 USSR)[414]
  • The German government currently maintains that 2.0 million civilians perished in the flight and expulsion from Eastern Europe. In 2006, Christoph Bergner, Secretary of State in Germany's Bureau for Inner Affairs maintainted that the figure of 2 million deaths is correct because it includes the deaths from malnutrition and disease of those civilians subject to the expulsions.[415]
  • A 2005 report by the German government search service put the death toll at 2,251,500, they did not provide details of the figure[416] The current position in 2015 of the German government Federal Agency for Civic Education is that 2 million civilians perished in the expulsions, they cited as the source for this figure Gerhard Reichling, Die deutschen Vertriebenen in Zahlen.[417]

German government figures of 2.0 to 2.5 million civilian deaths due to expulsions have been disputed by scholars since the publication of the results of the German church search service survey and the report by the German Federal Archive.[418][419][420][421][422][423][424][425]

  • German historian Rüdiger Overmans (2000) published a study of German military casualties; this project did not investigate civilian expulsion deaths.[426] Overmans did, however, provide a critical analysis of the previous studies by German government of the human losses in the expulsions. Overmans maintains that these studies lack adequate support, that a figure of 500,000 expulsion dead is credible, and that there are more arguments for the lower figures rather than the higher figures. He believes that new research is needed to determine the correct balance of the human losses in the expulsions. According to him, the figure of 1.9 million missing persons reported by the search service is unreliable as it includes military dead and persons of dubious German ancestry who were not expelled after the war but remained in eastern Europe, also the figures for expellees living in the GDR was understated.[420][421][427]
  • In 2006, Historian Ingo Haar controversially disputed the official figures in an article published on 14 November 2006 in the German newspaper Süddeutsche Zeitung.[418] Haar argued for a total of 500,000 to 600,000 victims.[418][420][421][422][423][424][425] Christoph Bergner, Secretary of state in the German Federal Ministry of the Interior, argued in an interview on 29 November against revising the official count of 2.0 to 2.5 million victims, and that the controversy was based on what he maintains is misunderstanding, as he stated that Haar's figures represent the number violent deaths, while the official figures include the much more numerous deaths due to exhaustion, disease and starvation which occurred in the wake of the expulsions and deportations.[386] Haar has published three articles in academic journals during 2006–2009 which covered the background of the research by the West German government on the expulsions. According to Haar the numbers were set too high for postwar political reasons. Haar argues that the government figure of two million is overstated. He maintains the total number of known German deaths east of the Oder–Neisse line and the ethnic Germans in East Central Europe lies between 500,000 and 600,000, including those deported to the Soviet Union. Haar argues that the number reported missing includes a decline in births, persons of dubious German nationality, military deaths and murdered Jews.[385][423][424][425]
  • German historians Hans Henning Hahn and Eva Hahn (2010) have published a detailed study of the flight and expulsions. They maintain that figures related to flight and expulsion have been manipulated by the German government due to political pressure. The Hahn's believe the official German figure of 2 million deaths is an historical myth, lacking foundation. They place the ultimate blame for the mass flight and expulsion on the wartime policy of the Nazis in Eastern Europe. The Hahn's maintain that the 473,013 confirmed deaths is a correct accounting of the losses. Most of these losses occurred during the Nazi organized flight and evacuation during the war, and the forced labor of Germans in the Soviet Union; they point out that there are 80,522 confirmed deaths in the postwar internment camps.[419]
  • The German Historical Museum puts the number of deaths due to the expulsions at 600,000, they maintain that the figure of 2 million deaths in the previous government studies cannot be supported.[428]
  • A joint Czech–German Historical Commission determined that between 15,000 and 30,000 Germans perished in the expulsions. The commission found that the demographic estimates by the German government of 220,000 to 270,000 civilian deaths due to expulsions from Czechoslovakia were based on faulty data. The Commission determined that the demographic estimates by the German government counted as missing 90,000 ethnic Germans assimilated into the Czech population; military deaths were understated and that the 1950 census data used to compute the demographic losses was unreliable.[429]
  • Polish historian Bernadetta Nitschke has provided a summary of the research in Poland on German losses due to the flight and resettlement of the Germans from Poland, not including other eastern European countries. Nitschke contrasted the estimate of 1.6 million deaths in Poland reported by the West German government in the 1950s with the figure of 400,000 (in Poland only) that was disclosed in 1989. According to Nitschke most of the civilian deaths occurred during the flight and evacuation during the war, the deportation to the U.S.S.R. for forced labor, and after the resettlement in the Soviet occupation zone in post war Germany.[430]
  • Polish historians Witold Sienkiewicz and Grzegorz Hryciuk believe that between 600,000 and 1.2 million German civilians perished during the wartime evacuations. The main causes of death were cold, stress, and bombing.[431] According to Sienkiewicz and Hryciuk between 200,000 and 250,000 persons were held in postwar Polish internment camps and between 15,000 and 60,000 perished.[432]

Post war increase in natural deaths

  • German government figures of war losses do not include the increase in natural deaths with war casualties. The German economist Bruno Gleitze from the German Institute for Economic Research estimated that there were 1,200,000 excess deaths caused by the harsh conditions in Germany during and after the war. Gleitze estimated 400,000 excess deaths during the war and 800,000 in post war Germany[363] The West German Statistisches Bundesamt put the actual deaths in 1939–46 due to natural causes at 7,130,000 persons, the demographic study by Peter Marschalck estimated the expected deaths in peacetime due to natural causes of 5,900,000 persons, a difference of 1,230,000 excess deaths.[53] In Allied-occupied Germany the shortage of food was an acute problem in 1946–47. The average kilocalorie intake per day was only 1,600 to 1,800, an amount insufficient for long-term health.[433]

^T 　Greece

  • The Greek government is planning to claim reparations from Germany for war damages.[434][435]
  • The Greek National Council for Reparations from Germany reports the following casualties during the Axis occupation of Greece during World War II. Military dead 35,077, including: 13,327 killed in the Greco-Italian War of 1940–41; 1,100 with the Greek Armed Forces in the Middle East, and 20,650 partisan deaths. Civilian deaths 171,845, including: 56,225 executed by Axis forces; 105,000 dead in German concentration camps (including Jews); 7,120 deaths due to bombing; 3,500 merchant marine dead; 600,000 Famine deaths during the war.[56]
  • A study published by Cambridge University Press in 2010 estimated that Greece suffered approximately 300,000 deaths during the Axis occupation as a result of famine and malnutrition.[57]
  • Gregory Frumkin, who was throughout its existence editor of the Statistical Year-Book of the League of Nations gave the following assessment of Greek losses in the war. He points out that "the data on Greek war losses are frequently divergent and even inconsistent". His estimates for Greek losses are as follows: the war dead included 20,000 military deaths in the Greco-Italian War of 1940–41, 60,000 non-Jewish civilians, 20,000 non-Jewish deportees, 60,000 Jews and 140,000 famine deaths during the Axis occupation of Greece during World War II.[436]
  • In campaigns against the Greek Resistance the German occupiers engaged in a policy of reprisals against civilians, the most notorious were the Distomo massacre and the Massacre of Kalavryta. According to the German historian Dieter Pohl at least 25,000 but perhaps even more civilians were killed in mass executions. Pohl maintains that about 1 million persons (14% of the population) were displaced in the campaigns against the Greek Resistance because their homes were destroyed or they were expelled and became refugees.[437]

^TA 　Guam

  • Guam was a United States administered territory during World War Two. The local Chamorro people were granted U.S. citizenship in the Guam Organic Act of 1950.
  • According to an official U.S. report during the Battle of Guam on December 8–10, 4 Guam local military personnel and 3 Guam residents were killed in the battle.[438] However, Japanese sources reported 40–50 of the local population killed.[439]
  • Between 1,000[58] to 2,000[59] Chamorro people were killed or otherwise died of abuse and mistreatment during the Japanese occupation of Guam from December 10, 1941, until August 10, 1944, including an estimated 600 civilians who were massacred by the Japanese during the Battle of Guam (1944).[59]

^U 　Hungary

  • Tamás Stark of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences has provided the following assessment of Hungarian losses.
    Military losses were 300,000 to 310,000 including 110–120,000 killed in action and 200,000 in Soviet POW and labor camps and 20,000–25,000 Jews in Hungarian military labor service.[60] About 200,000 were from Hungary in the 1938 borders and 100,000 men who were conscripted from the annexed territories of Greater Hungary in Slovakia, Romania and Yugoslavia.[61]
    Civilian dead within the borders of present-day Hungary included 220,000 Hungarian Jews killed in the Holocaust and 44,000 deaths from military operations[61] The Jewish population of Hungary in the 1941 borders was 764,000 (445,000 in the 1938 borders and 319,000 in the annexed territories). Holocaust deaths in the 1938 borders was 200,000 not including 20,000 men conscripted as forced labor for the military.[192] During the Soviet occupation of Hungary, about 700,000 men were deported to Soviet Union, only 300,000 retrned to Hungary.[440]

^V 　Iceland

  • Confirmed losses of civilian sailors due to German attacks and mines.[62]

^W 　India

  • India, which was a British colony during World War II, included the present-day India, Pakistan and Bangladesh. India under British administration is sometimes referred to as the British Raj.
  • The war dead of 87,029 listed here are those reported by the Commonwealth War Graves Commission.[63]
  • Gurkhas recruited from Nepal fought with the British Indian Army during the Second World War. Gurkha casualties with the British Indian Army can be broken down as: 8,985 killed or missing and 23,655 wounded.[441]
  • The preliminary 1945 data for Indian losses was, killed 24,338, missing 11,754, wounded 64,354 and POW 79,489.[319] Out of 60,000 Indian Army POWs taken at the Fall of Singapore, 11,000 died in captivity.[244]
  • The pro-Japanese Indian National Army lost 2,615 dead and missing.[29]

Bengal famine of 1943

^Y 　Iraq

^Z 　Ireland

  • Although neutral, an estimated 70,000 of the Irish Free State's citizens volunteered in the British military service. Some 40 Irish citizens were killed by accidental bombings in Dublin and Carlow, and 33 Irish merchant seamen were killed in U-boat attacks by Germany.[69][444] The Irish Free State (Eire) being part of the British Commonwealth during the war, the Commonwealth War Graves Commission records 51 named civilians who died within its borders from effects of enemy action.[445]

^AA 　Italy

  • The Italian government issued an accounting of the war dead in 1957, they broke out the losses before and after the Armistice with Italy: military dead and missing 291,376 (204,376 pre-armistice and 87,030 post armistice). Civilian dead and missing at 153,147 (123,119 post armistice) including in air raids 61,432 (42,613 post armistice).[446] A brief summary of data from this report can be found online.[447]

           Military war dead
           Confirmed dead were 159,957 (92,767 pre-armistice, 67,090 post armistice)[448]
           Missing and presumed dead(including POWs) were 131,419 (111,579 pre-armistice, 19,840 post armistice)[449]
           Losses by branch of service: Army 201,405; Navy 22,034; Air Force 9,096; Colonial Forces 354; Chaplains 91; Fascist militia
           10,066; Paramilitary 3,252; not indicated 45,078.[450]
           Military Losses by theatre of war: Italy 74,725 (37,573 post armistice); France 2,060 (1,039 post armistice);
           Germany 25,430 (24,020 post armistice); Greece, Albania, and Yugoslavia 49,459 (10,090 post armistice);
           USSR 82,079 (3,522 post armistice); Africa 22,341 (1,565 post armistice), at sea 28,438 (5,526 post armistice);
           other and unknown 6,844 (3,695 post armistice).[451]

  • Military losses in Italy after the September 1943 Armistice with Italy, included 5,927 with the Allies, 17,488 Italian resistance movement fighters in Italy and 13,000 RSI Italian Social Republic Fascist forces.[452]
  • Included in the losses are 64,000 victims of Nazi reprisals and genocide including 30,000 POWs and 8,500 Jews.[202]
  • According to Martin Gilbert, Jewish Holocaust victims totaled 8,000 in Italy and 562 in the Italian colony of Libya[197]
  • Updated studies (2010) by the Ufficio dell'Albo d'Oro of the Italian Ministry of Defence, p. 4 2020-08-02 at the Wayback Machine have revised the military deaths to 319,207, of which 246,432 belonged to the Army, 31,347 to the Navy, 13,210 to the Air Force, 15,197 to the Partisan formations and 13,021 to the armed forces of the Italian Social Republic. The casualties recorded for Italy do not include Italians who were born in Italian colonies and possessions (ethnic Italians in Libya, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Somalia and the Dodecanese) and in national territories that Italy lost with the Paris peace treaty of 1947 (mainly the Julian March, Istria and Zara/Zadar; a large part of the victims of the Foibe massacres are thus not included). Also Africans conscripted by Italy are not included in their figures.
  • With regards to the Partisan casualties, a ministerial study published in 1955 listed the partisans killed or executed as 35,828; however, the Ufficio dell'Albo d'Oro only considered as partisans the members of the Resistance who were civilians before joining the partisans, whereas partisans who were formerly members of the Italian armed forces (more than half those killed) were considered as members of their armed force of origin.
  • With regards to the Italian Social Republic casualties, the Ufficio dell'Albo d'Oro excludes from its lists of the fallen the individuals who committed war crimes. In the context of the RSI, where numerous war crimes were committed in the anti-partisan warfare, and many individuals were therefore involved in such crimes (especially GNR and Black Brigades personnel), this influences negatively the casualty count, under a statistical point of view. The "RSI Historical Foundation" (Fondazione RSI Istituto Storico) has drafted a list that lists the names of some 35,000 RSI military personnel killed in action or executed during and immediately after World War II (including the "revenge killings" that occurred at the end of the hostilities and in their immediate aftermath), including some 13,500 members of the Guardia Nazionale Repubblicana and Milizia Difesa Territoriale, 6,200 members of the Black Brigades, 2,800 Aeronautica Nazionale Repubblicana personnel, 1,000 Marina Nazionale Repubblicana personnel, 1,900 X MAS personnel, 800 soldiers of the "Monterosa" Division, 470 soldiers of the "Italia" Division, 1,500 soldiers of the "San Marco" Division, 300 soldiers of the "Littorio" Division, 350 soldiers of the "Tagliamento" Alpini Regiment, 730 soldiers of the 3rd and 8th Bersaglieri regiments, 4,000 troops of miscellaneous units of the Esercito Nazionale Repubblicano (excluding the above-mentioned Divisions and Alpini and Bersaglieri Regiments), 300 members of the Legione Autonoma Mobile "Ettore Muti", 200 members of the Raggruppamento Anti Partigiani, 550 members of the Italian SS, and 170 members of the Cacciatori degli Appennini Regiment.
  • This would bring the total number of Italian military personnel killed to some 341,000 (excluding colonial troops).
  • According to the official history of the Italian Army (Rovighi, Alberto (1988), Le Operazioni in Africa Orientale: (giugno 1940 – novembre 1941) [Operations in East Africa: (June 1940 – November 1941)], Rome, Stato Maggiore Esercito, Ufficio storico) From June 1940 to 16 April 1941, 11,755 askaris were killed in Italian East Africa, excluding the losses in Giuba region and eastern fronts. After that date, in the last battles in East Africa there were 490 askaris killed in the battle of Culqualber and 3,700 killed in the battle of Gondar, plus an unknown number in the battle of Amba Alagi and other minor clashes. This would mean that the number of askaris killed in East Africa was likely somewhere between 16,000 and 20,000. According to the Italian Army official history (USSME, La prima offensiva Britannica in Africa Settentrionale, tomo I, allegato 32 (page 375)), the two Libyan colonial divisions lost 1,399 soldiers killed (not counting the officers, who were Italian) in the battle of Sidi Barrani, where they were both destroyed. There was not much use of colonial troops in North Africa afterwards.[citation needed]

^AB 　Japan

  • Estimates for total Japanese war dead in 1937–1945 range from at least 2.5 million[442] to 3.237 million.[453]
  • According to the Japanese Ministry of Health and Welfare Japanese war dead (1937–45) totaled 3.1 million persons including 2.3 million soldiers and Army/Navy civilian employees, 500,000 civilians in Japan and 300,000 civilians living outside of Japan. These figures include military dead of 30,000 Chinese from Taiwan and 22,182 Koreans.[11]

Military dead

  • According to a report compiled by the Relief Bureau of the Japanese Ministry of Health and Welfare in March 1964, combined Japanese Army and Navy deaths during the war (1937–45) numbered approximately 2,121,000; broken down as follows:[454]

             Key: Location, Army dead, Navy dead, (Total dead)
             Japan Proper: 58,100, 45,800, (103,900)
             Bonin Islands: 2,700, 12,500, (15,200)
             Okinawa: 67,900, 21,500, (89,400)
             Formosa (Taiwan): 28,500, 10,600, (39,100)
             Korea: 19,600, 6,900, (26,500)
             Sakhalin, the Aleutian, and Kuril Islands: 8,200, 3,200, (11,400)
             Manchuria: 45,900, 800, (46,700)
             China (inc. Hong Kong): 435,600, 20,100, (455,700)
             Siberia: 52,300, 400, (52,700)
             Central Pacific: 95,800, 151,400, (247,200)
             Philippines: 377,500, 121,100, (498,600)
             French Indochina: 7,900, 4,500, (12,400)
             Thailand: 6,900, 100, (7,000)
             Burma (inc. India): 163,000, 1,500, (164,500)
             Malaya & Singapore: 8,500, 2,900, (11,400)
             Andaman & Nicobar Islands: 900, 1,500, (2,400)
             Sumatra: 2,700, 500, (3,200)
             Java: 2,700, 3,800, (6,500)
             Lesser Sundas: 51,800, 1,200, (53,000)
             Borneo: 11,300, 6,700, (18,000)
             Celebes: 1,500, 4,000, (5,500)
             Moluccas: 2,600, 1,800, (4,400)
             New Guinea: 112,400, 15,200, (127,600)
             Bismarck Archipelago: 19,700, 10,800, (30,500)
             Solomon Islands: 63,200, 25,000, (88,200)
             Total: 1,647,200, 473,800, (2,121,000)
 

Overall, perhaps two thirds of all Japanese military dead came not from combat, but from starvation and disease.[455] In some cases this figure was potentially even higher, up to 80% in the Philippines[456] and a staggering 97% in New Guinea.[457]

  • According to John W. Dower, the Japanese source Showa Shi – 1959 by Shigeki Toyama put Japanese war dead in 1937–1941 in the Second Sino-Japanese War at 185,467.[442]
  • In 1949 the report of the Japanese government Economic Stabilization Board put military war dead from December 1941 to December 21, 1946, at 1,555,308 Killed and 309,402 wounded.[458][459] These figures do not include an additional 240,000 missing Army personnel. The figures of wounded show only those receiving pensions.[458] The details of these figures are as follows:[460][459]

             Army
             China after Pearl Harbor 202,958 killed and 88,920 wounded.
             vs. United States 485,717 killed and 34,679 wounded.
             vs. U.K. and Netherlands 208,026 killed and 139,225 wounded.
             vs. Australia 199,511 killed and 15,000 wounded.
             French Indochina 2,803 killed and 6,000 wounded.
             Manchuria & USSR 7,483 killed and 4,641 wounded.
             other overseas 23,388 killed and 0 wounded.
             Japan proper 10,543 killed and 6,782 wounded.
             Army total 1,140,429 killed and 295,247 wounded.
             Navy
             Sailors 300,386 killed and 12,275 wounded and missing.
             Civilians in Navy service 114,493 killed and 1,880 wounded and missing.
             Navy total 414,879 killed and 14,155 wounded and missing.
 

  • The Japanese Central Liaison Office reported in July 1947 to the Allied occupation authorities that Japanese military dead in 1935–1945 were 1,687,738 (1,340,700 Army and 347,038 Navy.)[461]
  • The Yasukuni Shrine in Japan lists a total of 191,250 war dead from 1937 to 1941 in the Second Sino-Japanese War and 2,133,915 in the Pacific War Their figures include civilians who participated in combat and Chinese(Taiwan) and Koreans in the Japanese Armed Forces.
  • According to the calculations of Werner Gruhl, Japanese military war dead were 2,565,878 (250,000 from 1931 to 1941 and 2,315,878 in 1942–45).[462]
  • John W. Dower maintains that "only one third of the military deaths occurred in actual combat, the majority being caused by illness and starvation".[442] According to Dower over 300,000 Japanese POW were missing after being captured by the Soviets. Japanese figures as of 12/31/1948 listed 469,074 missing personnel in Soviet hands, while at the same time the Soviets admitted to holding 95,000 Japanese prisoners thus leaving 374,041 surrendered Japanese personnel who were unaccounted for and presumed dead.[463] According to Dower "Known deaths of Japanese troops awaiting repatriation in Allied(non-Soviet) hands were listed as 81,090 by U.S. authorities.[463][464]
  • The Japanese Ministry of Welfare and Foreign Office reported from 1951 to 1960 that 254,000 military personnel and civilians were confirmed dead and 95,000 went missing in Soviet hands after the war. The details of these losses are as follows: 199,000 in Manchurian transit camps, 36,000 in North Korea, 9,000 on Sakhalin and 103,000 in the USSR.[465]
  • According to the Japanese Ministry of Health and Welfare 65,000 soldiers and civilians were killed in the 1945 military campaign against the Soviet Union. After the war ended deaths at the hands of the Red Army and local Chinese population were 185,000 Manchuria, 28,000 in North Korea and 10,000 on Sakhalin and the Kurile islands. An additional 700,000 were taken prisoner by the Soviets were 50,000 died in forced labor in the USSR and Outer Mongolia.[466]
  • The Japanese government figures for POW deaths are not in agreement with Soviet figures. Russian sources report that the Soviets reported the POW deaths of 62,105 (61,855 Japanese and 214 collaborator forces) out of the 640,105 captured (609,448 Japanese and 30,657 collaborator forces).[467]

Civilian Dead

  • The 1949 report of the Japanese government Economic Stabilization Board detailed the casualties caused by air raids and sea bombardment. Total casualties were 668,315 including 299,485 dead, 24,010 missing and 344,820 injured. These figures include the casualties in Tokyo (東京) 97,031 dead, 6,034 missing and 113,923 injured; in Hiroshima (広島) 86,141 dead, 14,394 missing and 46,672 injured, in Nagasaki (長崎) 26,238 dead, 1,947 missing and 41,113 injured.[468][469][470] According to John W. Dower, an error which appears in English language sources puts the total killed in air raids at 668,000, a figure which includes dead, missing and injured.[463]
  • A Japanese academic study published in 1979 by The Committee for the Compilation of Materials on Damage Caused by the Atomic Bombs in Hiroshima and Nagasaki puts the total dead in the atomic attacks at 140,000 (± 10,000) in Hiroshima and 70,000 (± 10,000) in Nagasaki.[471] According to the authors of the report a study of atomic bomb related casualties in Hiroshima in December 1945 was "lost and not discovered until twenty years later", they cited a similar survey in Nagasaki done in December 1945.[471] The authors maintain that the lower casualty figures published in the immediate post war era did not include military personnel and missing persons.[472] The figures of dead in the atomic attacks from this study were cited by John W. Dower in his War Without Mercy.[473]
  • According to the World Nuclear Association, "In Hiroshima, of a resident civilian population of 250,000 it was estimated that 45,000 died on the first day and a further 19,000 during the subsequent four months. In Nagasaki, out of a population of 174,000, 22,000 died on the first day and another 17,000 within four months. Unrecorded deaths of military personnel and foreign workers may have added considerably to these figures. About 15 square kilometers (over 50%) of the two cities was destroyed. It is impossible to estimate the proportion of these 103,000 deaths, or of the further deaths in military personnel, which were due to radiation exposure rather than to the very high temperatures and blast pressures caused by the explosions." They noted that "To the 103,000 deaths from the blast or acute radiation exposure at Hiroshima and Nagasaki have since been added those due to radiation-induced cancers, which amounted to some 400 within 30 years, and which may ultimately reach about 550. (Some 93,000 exposed survivors were still being monitored 50 years later.)"[474]
  • The Radiation Effects Research Foundation puts the number of deaths (within two to four months), in Hiroshima at 90,000 to 166,000 persons, and in Nagasaki at 60,000 to 80,000 persons. They noted that deaths caused by the atomic bombings include those that occurred on the days of the bombings due to the overwhelming force and heat of the blasts, as well as later deaths attributable to radiation exposure. The total number of deaths is not known precisely because military personnel records in each city were destroyed; entire families perished, leaving no one to report deaths; and unknown numbers of forced laborers were present in both cities.[475]
  • The U.S. Strategic Bombing Survey published the following estimates of Japanese casualties due to U.S. bombing.

1-Summary Report (July 1946) Total civilian casualties in Japan, as a result of 9 months of air attack, including those from the atomic bombs, were approximately 806,000. Of these, approximately 330,000 were fatalities.[476]

2-United States Strategic Bombing Survey, Medical Division (1947) The bombing of Japan killed 333,000 civilians and injured 473,000. Of this total 120,000 died and 160,000 were injured in the atomic bombings, leaving 213,000 dead and 313,000 injured by conventional bombing.[477]

3-The effects of air attack on Japanese urban economy. Summary report (1947) Estimated that 252,769 Japanese were killed and 298,650 injured in the air war.[478]

4-The Effects of strategic bombing on Japanese morale Based on a survey of Japanese households the death toll was put at 900,000 dead and 1.3 million injured, the SBS noted that this figure was subject to a maximum sampling error of 30%.[479]

5-Strategic Bombing Survey The Effects of Atomic Bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki The most striking result of the atomic bombs was the great number of casualties. The exact number of dead and injured will never be known because of the confusion after the explosions. Persons unaccounted for might have been burned beyond recognition in the falling buildings, disposed of in one of the mass cremations of the first week of recovery, or driven out of the city to die or recover without any record remaining. No sure count of even the prepaid populations existed. Because of the decline in activity in the two port cities, the constant threat of incendiary raids, and the formal evacuation programs of the Government, an unknown number of the inhabitants had either drifter away from the cities or been removed according to plan. In this uncertain situation, estimates of casualties have generally ranged between 100,000 and 180,000 for Hiroshima, and between 50,000 and 100,000 for Nagasaki. The Survey believes the dead at Hiroshima to have been between 70,000 and 80,000, with an equal number injured; at Nagasaki over 35,000 dead and somewhat more than that injured seems the most plausible estimate. [480]

  • John W. Dower puts Japanese civilian dead in Battle of Saipan at 10,000 and 150,000 in Battle of Okinawa based on a recent study of the campaign.[463] However, American military sources put civilian dead on Okinawa at 42,000, they noted that Japanese sources indicate 50,000 Okinawan noncombatants were killed during the campaign.[481][482]
  • War related deaths of Japanese merchant marine personnel were 27,000.[483]

^AC 　Korea

  • American researcher R. J. Rummel estimated 378,000 Korean dead due to forced labor in Japan and Manchuria. According to Rummel, "Information on Korean deaths under Japanese occupation is difficult to uncover. We do know that 5,400,000 Koreans were conscripted for labor beginning in 1939, but how many died can only be roughly estimated."[484]
  • Werner Gruhl estimated the civilian death toll due to the war and Japanese occupation at 533,000.[485]
  • John W. Dower has noted "Between 1939 and 1945, close to 670,000 Koreans were brought to Japan for fixed terms of work, mostly in mines and heavy industry, and it has been estimated that 60,000 or more of them died under harsh conditions of their work places. Over 10,000 others were probably killed in the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki".[486]

^AD 　Latvia

  • Independent Russian historian Vadim Erlikman estimated Latvian civilian war dead in 1941–45 at 220,000 (35,000 in military operations; 110,000 executed, 35,000 in Germany and 40,000 due to hunger and disease. Military dead were estimated with Soviet forces at 10,000 and 15,000 with German. POW deaths 3,000.)[487]

^AE 　Lithuania

  • Independent Russian historian Vadim Erlikman estimated Lithuanian civilian war dead in 1941–45 at 345,000 (25,000 in military operations; 230,000 executed, 15,000 in Germany and 75,000 due to hunger and disease. Military dead were estimated with Soviet forces at 15,000 and 5,000 with German. POW deaths 4,000.)[488]

^AF 　Luxembourg

  • Total war dead were 5,000[489] which included military losses of about 3,000 with the German Armed Forces and 200 in a separate unit attached to the Belgian Army.

^AG 　Malaya and Singapore

  • The British colony of Malaya consisted of the Straits Settlements, the Federated Malay States and Unfederated Malay States. Today they are the nations Malaysia and Singapore.
  • According to John W. Dower "Malayan officials after the war claimed, possibly with exaggeration, that as many as 100,000 residents, mostly Chinese, may have been killed by the Japanese; of 73,000 Malayans transported to work on the Burma-Siam railway, 25,000 were reported to have died.[490]
  • According to Werner Gruhl in Singapore the Japanese murdered 5,000 to 10,000 Chinese in 1942. In Malaya and Singapore an estimated 50,000 Chinese were killed in this genocide by the end of the war[491]

^AH 　Malta 1,493 civilians were killed and 3,734 wounded during the Siege of Malta (World War II)[89] Maltese civilians killed during the siege are also included with U.K. civilian deaths by the Commonwealth War Graves Commission.

^AI 　Mexico

  • Mexico lost 7 merchant ships and 63 dead merchant mariners.[27] A Mexican Air Force unit Escuadrón 201 served in the Pacific and suffered 5 combat deaths.

^AJ 　Mongolia

^AK 　Nauru

  • During World War II Japan occupied Nauru in August 1942 and deported 1,200 Nauruans to work as laborers in the Caroline Islands, where 463 died. The survivors returned to Nauru in January 1946.[91]

^AL 　Nepal

^AM 　Netherlands

  • In 1948 the Netherlands Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS) issued a report of war losses. They listed 210,000 direct war casualties in the Netherlands, not including the Dutch East Indies.

      Military deaths 6,750 which included 3,900 regular Army, 2,600 Navy forces, and 250 POW in Germany.
      Civilian deaths of 203,250 which included 1,350 Merchant seaman, 2,800 executed, 2,500 dead in Dutch concentration camps,
      20,400 killed by acts of war, 104,000 Jewish Holocaust dead, 18,000 political prisoners in Germany, 27,000 workers in Germany,
      3,700 Dutch nationals in the German armed forces and 7,500 missing and presumed dead in Germany and 16,000 deaths
      in the Dutch famine of 1944. Not Included in the figure of 210,000 war dead are 70,000 "indirect war casualties",
      which are attributed to an increase in natural deaths from 1940 to 1945 and 1,650 foreign nationals killed while serving in the
      Dutch Merchant Marine.[92]

  • The Netherlands War Graves Foundation maintains a registry of the names of Dutch war dead.[493]

^AN 　Newfoundland

  • Newfoundland lost 1,089 persons with U.K. and Canadian Forces during the war.[94]
  • The losses of the Newfoundland Merchant Navy are commemorated at the Allied Merchant Navy Memorial in Newfoundland,[494]
  • Civilian losses were due to the sinking of the SS Caribou in October 1942.[95]

^AO 　New Zealand

  • The Auckland War Museum puts the number of World War II dead at 11,671.[96]
  • The preliminary data for New Zealand losses was killed 10,033, missing 2,129, wounded 19,314 and POW 8,453.[319]

^AP 　Norway

  • According to Norwegian government sources the war dead were 10,200.[97]

          Military(Norwegian & Allied Forces) 2,000 (800 Army, 900 Navy and 100 Air).[97]
          Civilians 7,500 (3,600 Merchant seaman, 1,500 resistance fighters, 1,800 civilians killed and 600 Jews killed)[97]
          In German Armed Forces 700[97]

^AQ 　Papua New Guinea

  • Civilian deaths were caused by Allied bombing and shellfire and Japanese atrocities. Both the Allies and Japanese also conscripted civilians to work as laborers and porters.[98]

^AR 　Philippines

  • Philippines military losses were 57,000 including 7,000 KIA in 1941–42 campaign, 8,000 guerrillas KIA 1942–45 and 42,000 POWs(out of 98,000).[100]
  • According to Werner Gruhl the death toll due to the war and Japanese occupation at 527,000 (27,000 military dead, 141,000 massacred, 22,500 forced labor deaths and 336,500 deaths due war related famine). Civilian losses included victims of Japanese war crimes, such as the Manila massacre which claimed the lives of 100,000 Filipinos.[16]
  • Between 5,000 and 10,000 Filipinos serving with the Filipino troops, Scouts, Constabulary and Philippine Army units lost their lives on the Bataan Death March.[495]

^AS 　Poland

Total Polish war dead

  • In 2009, Wojciech Materski and Tomasz Szarota of the Polish Institute of National Remembrance (IPN) put the figure of Poland's dead at between 5,620,000 and 5,820,000; including an estimated 150,000 Polish citizens who died due to Soviet repression. The IPN's figures include 2.7 to 2.9 million Polish Jews who were murdered in the Holocaust and 2,770,000 ethnic Poles[496] (including "Direct War Losses" −543,000; "Murdered in Camps and in Pacification" −506,000; "Deaths in prisons and Camps" 1,146,000; "Deaths outside of prisons and Camps" 473,000; "Murdered in Eastern Regions" 100,000; "Deaths in other countries" 2,000).[497] Polish researchers have determined that the Nazis murdered 2,830,000 Jews (including 1,860,000 Polish Jews) in the extermination camps in Poland, in addition over 1.0 million Polish Jews were murdered by the Einsatzgruppen in the eastern regions or died of starvation and disease while in ghettos.[496]
  • In his 2009 book, Andrzej Leon Sowa of the Jagiellonian University emphasizes the lack of reliable data concerning World War II losses. According to him, between 2.35 and 2.9 million Polish citizens of Jewish ethnicity were killed, in addition to about two million ethnic Poles. He writes that not even estimated figures are available regarding Polish citizens of German, Ukrainian or Belarusian ethnicity.[498]
  • The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum states that "[i]t is estimated that the Germans killed between 1.8 and 1.9 million non-Jewish Polish civilians during World War II. In addition, the Germans murdered at least 3 million Jewish citizens of Poland.".[499]
  • Czesław Łuczak in 1993 estimated Poland's war dead to be 5.9 to 6.0 million, including 2.9 to 3.0 million Jews murdered in the Holocaust and 2.0 million ethnic Polish victims of the German and Soviet occupations, (1.5 million under German occupation and the balance of 500,000 in the former eastern Polish regions under Soviet occupation).[500] Łuczak also included in his figures an estimated 1,000,000 war dead of Polish citizens from the ethnic Ukrainian and Belarusian ethnic groups who comprised 20% of Poland's pre-war population.[501][502]
  • Tadeusz Piotrowski estimated Poland's losses in World War II to be 5.6 million; including 5,150,000 victims of Nazi crimes against ethnic Poles and The Holocaust, 350,000 deaths during the Soviet occupation in 1940–41 and about 100,000 Poles killed in 1943–44 during the massacres of Poles in Volhynia. Losses by ethnic group were 3,100,000 Jews; 2,000,000 ethnic Poles; 500,000 Ukrainians and Belarusians.[260]
  • Total losses by geographic area were about 4.4 million in present-day Poland and about 1.6 million in the Polish areas annexed by the Soviet Union.[503][504] Polish historian Krystyna Kersten estimated losses of about 2.0 million in the Polish areas annexed by the Soviet Union.[181] Contemporary Russian sources also include Poland's losses in the annexed territories with Soviet war deaths.[505]
  • The official Polish government report on war damages prepared in 1947 listed 6,028,000 war victims during the German occupation (including 123,178 military deaths, 2.8 million Poles and 3.2 million Jews), out of a population of 27,007,000 ethnic Poles and Jews; this report excluded ethnic Ukrainian and Belarusian losses. Losses were calculated for the territory of Poland in 1939, including the territories annexed by the USSR.[506] The figure of 6.0 million war dead has been disputed by Polish scholars since the fall of communism who now put the total actual losses at about 3.0 million Jews and 2.0 million ethnic Poles, not including other ethnic groups (Ukrainians and Belarusians). They maintain that the official statistics include those persons who were missing and presumed dead, but actually remained abroad in the West and the USSR after the war.[502][507]

Polish losses during the Soviet occupation (1939–1941)

  • In August 2009, Wojciech Materski and Tomasz Szarota of the Polish Institute of National Remembrance (IPN) estimated that 150,000 Polish citizens were killed due to Soviet repression. Since the collapse of the USSR, Polish scholars have been able to do research in the Soviet archives on Polish losses during the Soviet occupation.[496]
  • In his 2009 book, Andrzej Leon Sowa of the Jagiellonian University states that about 325,000 Polish citizens were deported by the Soviets in 1940–41. The number of the deaths for which the Soviets are responsible "probably did not exceed 100,000", and the same applies to the killings perpetrated by Ukrainian nationalists.[498]
  • Andrzej Paczkowski puts the number of Polish deaths at 90,000–100,000 of the 1.0 million persons deported and 30,000 executed by the Soviets.[259]
  • In 2005 Tadeusz Piotrowski estimated the death toll in Soviet hands at 350,000.[508]
  • An earlier estimate made in 1987 by Franciszek Proch of the Polish Association of Former Political Prisoners of Nazi and Soviet Concentration Camps estimated the total dead due to the Soviet occupation at 1,050,000.[509]

Polish military casualties

^AT 　Timor

  • Officially neutral, East Timor was occupied by Japan during 1942–45. Allied commandos initiated a guerrilla resistance campaign and most deaths were caused by Japanese reprisals against the civilian population. The Australian Dept. of Defence estimated the civilian death toll at 40,000 to 70,000.[109] However, another source puts the death toll at 40,000 to 50,000.[516]

^AU 　Romania

  • Demographer Boris Urlanis estimated Romanian war dead at 300,000 military and 200,000 civilians.[517]
  • Total Romanian military war dead were approximately 300,000. Total killed were 93,326 (72,291 with Axis and 21,035 with Allies). Total missing and POW were 341,765 (283,322 with Axis and 58,443 with Allies), only about 80,000 survived Soviet captivity.[518]
  • Civilian losses included 160,000 Jewish Holocaust dead,[195] the genocide of Roma people 36,000 and 7,693 civilians killed in Allied air raids on Romania.[519]

^AV 　Ruanda Urundi

  • The Ruzagayura famine from October 1943 to December 1944 was due to a local drought and the harsh wartime policies of the Belgian colonial administration to increase food production for the war effort in the Congo. By the time the famine ended between 36,000[112] and 50,000[113] people died of hunger in the territory. Several hundred thousand people also emigrated away from Ruanda-Urundi, most to the Belgian Congo but also to British Uganda.[520][521]
  • As Ruanda [Rwanda] was not occupied nor its food supply cut off, these deaths are not usually included with World War II casualties. However, at least one historian has compared the 1943 famine there to the Bengal famine of 1943, which is attributed to war.[522]

^AW 　South Africa

^AX 　South Seas Mandate

  • This territory includes areas now known as the Marshall Islands, Micronesia, Palau, and the Northern Mariana Islands.
  • Micronesian war related civilian deaths were caused by American bombing and shellfire; and malnutrition caused by the U.S. blockade of the islands. In addition the civilian population was conscripted by the Japanese as forced laborers and were subjected to numerous mindless atrocities.[524]
  • John W. Dower put Japanese civilian dead in Battle of Saipan at 10,000.[463]
  • ^AY 　Soviet Union

The following notes summarize Soviet casualties, the details are presented in World War II casualties of the Soviet Union.

  • A 1993 report published by the Russian Academy of Science estimated the total Soviet losses in World War II at 26.6 million[4][525][526] The Russian Ministry of Defense in 1993 put total military dead and missing in 1941–45 at 8,668,400[310][527] These figures have generally been accepted by historians in the west.[528][529][530] The total population loss of 26.6 million is an estimate based on a demographic study, it is not an exact accounting of the war dead.[531] The figures of 26.6 million total war dead and 8.668 million military dead are cited by the Russian government for the losses in the war.[532]
  • Military war dead The figures for Soviet military war dead and missing are disputed. The official report on the military casualties was prepared by Grigori F. Krivosheev[533][534] According to Krivosheev, the losses of the Red Army and Navy combat forces in the field were 8,668,400 including 5,226,800 killed in action,[309] 555,500 non-combat deaths,[309] 1,102,800 died of wounds[309] 500,000 missing in action.[309]
    The remaining balance includes 1,103,000 POW dead and 180,000 POWs who remained in western countries at the end of the war. Krivosheev maintains that the higher figure of 3.3 million POW dead cited in western sources is based on German figures and analysis.[535][536] Krivosheev maintains that these statistics are not correct because they include reservists not on active strength, civilians and military personnel reported missing who were recovered during the course of the war. He maintains that the actual number captured were 4,559,000, he deducted 3,276,000 to arrive at his total of 1.283 million POW irrecoverable losses, his deductions were 500,000 reservists not on actual strength, 939,700 military personnel reported missing who were recovered during the war and 1,836,000 POWs who returned to the Soviet Union at the end of the war.[537]
    Krivosheev's figures are disputed by historians who put the actual losses at between 10.9 and 11.5 million. Critics of Krivosheev maintain that he underestimated the losses of POWs and missing in action and did he did not include the casualties of those convicted. Data published in Russia by Viktor Zemskov put Soviet POW losses at 2,543,000 (5,734,000 were captured, 821,000 released into German service and 2,371,000 liberated).[538] Zemskov estimated the total military war dead were 11.5 million, including POW dead of 2.3 million and 1.5 million missing in action.[539] S. N. Mikhalev estimated total military irrecoverable losses at 10.922 million.[540] A recent study by Christian Hartmann put Soviet military dead at 11.4 million.[541] Additional losses not included by Krivosheev were 267,300 who died of sickness in hospital,[542] 135,000 convicts executed,[543] and 422,700 convicts sent to penal units at the front.[543]
    S. N. Mikhalev estimated total military demographic losses at 13.7 million.[540] S. A. Il'enkov, an official of the Central Archives of the Russian Ministry of Defense, maintained, "We established the number of irreplaceable losses of our Armed Forces at the time of the Great Patriotic War of about 13,850,000."[544] Il'enkov and Mikhalev maintained that the field unit reports did not include deaths in rear area hospitals of wounded personnel and personnel captured in the early months of the war. Additional demographic losses to the Soviet military were those imprisoned for desertion after the war and deserters in German military service. According to Krivosheev, the losses of deserters in German service were 215,000.[373] He listed 436,600 convicts who were imprisoned.[314]
  • Civilian war dead The Russian government puts the civilian death toll due to the war at 13,684,000 (7,420,000 killed, 2,164,000 forced labor deaths in Germany and 4,100,000 deaths due to famine and disease).[545][546] A Russian academic study estimated an additional 2.5 to 3.2 million civilian dead due to famine and disease in Soviet territory not occupied by the Germans.[547] Statistics published in Russia list civilian war losses of 6,074,857 civilians killed reported by the Extraordinary State Commission in 1946,[548] 641,803 famine deaths during the siege of Leningrad according to official figures,[548] 58,000 killed in bombing raids (40,000 Stalingrad,17,000 Leningrad and 1,000 Moscow),[549] and an additional 645,000 civilian reservists that were killed or captured are also included with civilian casualties. The statistic of forced labor deaths in Germany of 2.164 million includes the balance of POW'S and those convicted not included in Krivosheev's figures. In addition to these losses, a Russian demographic study of the wartime population indicated an increase of 1.3 million in infant mortality caused by the war and that 9–10 million of the 26.6 million total Soviet war dead were due to the worsening of living conditions in the USSR, including the region that was not occupied.[550] The number deaths in the siege of Leningrad have been disputed. According to David Glantz, the 1945 Soviet estimate presented at the Nuremberg Trials was 642,000 civilian deaths. He noted that Soviet era source from 1965 put the number of dead in the Siege of Leningrad at "greater than 800,000" and that a Russian source from 2000 put the number of dead at 1,000,000.[551] These casualties are for 1941–1945 within the 1946–1991 borders of the USSR.[552] Included with civilian losses are deaths in the territories annexed by the USSR in 1939–1940 including 600,000 in the Baltic states[553] and 1,500,000 in Eastern Poland.[554] Russian sources include Jewish Holocaust deaths among total civilian dead. Gilbert put Jewish losses at one million within 1939 borders; Holocaust deaths in the annexed territories numbered an additional 1.5 million, bringing total Jewish losses to 2.5 million.[555]
  • Alternative viewpoints According to the Russian demographer Dr. L.L. Rybakovsky, there are a wide range of estimates for total war dead by Russian scholars. He cites figures of total war dead that range from 21.8 million up to 28.0 million. Rybakovsky points out that the variables that are used to compute losses are by no means certain and are currently disputed by historians in Russia.[556] Viktor Zemskov put the total war dead at 20 million, he maintained that the official figure of 26.6 million includes about 7 million deaths due to natural causes based on the mortality rate that prevailed before the war. He put military dead at 11.5 million, 4.5 million civilians killed and 4.0 due to famine and disease.[126] Some Russian historians put the figure as high as 46.0 million by counting the population deficit due to children not born. Based on the birth rate prior to the war there is a population shortfall of about 20 million births during the war. The figures for the number of children born during the war and natural deaths are rough estimates because of a lack of vital statistics.[556]
  • There were additional casualties in 1939–40, which totaled 136,945: Battle of Khalkhin Gol in 1939 (8,931), Invasion of Poland of 1939 (1,139), and the Winter War with Finland in 1939–40 (126,875).[557] The names of many Soviet war dead are presented in the OBD Memorial database online.[558]

^AZ 　Spain

  • There were 4,500 military deaths with the all Spanish Blue Division serving with the German Army in the U.S.S.R. The unit was withdrawn by Spain in 1943.[559]
  • R.J. Rummel estimates the deaths of 20,000 anti-Fascist Spanish refugees resident in France who were deported to Nazi camps, these deaths are included with French civilian casualties.[202]

^BA 　Sweden

  • During the Winter war of 1939–40 the Swedish Volunteer Corps served with the Finnish Armed Forces and lost 28 men in combat.[139]
  • 33 Swedish sailors were killed when submarine HMS Ulven was sunk by a German mine on April 16, 1943.
  • During the war, Swedish merchant shipping was attacked by both German and Soviet submarines; 2,000 merchant seamen were killed.[560]

^BB 　Switzerland

^BC 　Thailand

^BD 　Turkey

  • The Refah tragedy (Turkish: Refah faciası) refers to a maritime disaster during World War II, when the cargo steamer Refah of neutral Turkey, carrying Turkish military personnel from Mersin in Turkey to Port Said, Egypt was sunk in eastern Mediterranean waters by a torpedo fired from an unidentified submarine. Of the 200 passengers and crew aboard, only 32 survived.[143]

^BE 　United Kingdom and Colonies

  • The Commonwealth War Graves Commission reported a total of 383,758 military dead from all causes for both the UK and non-dominion British colonies, not including India which was reported separately; figures include identified burials and those commemorated by name on memorials. These figures include deaths that occurred after the war up until 31 December 1947.[566]
  • The Commonwealth War Graves Commission also maintains a Roll of Honour of those civilians under Crown Protection (including foreign nationals) who died as a result of enemy actions in the Second World War. The names of 67,170 are commemorated in the Civilian War Dead Roll of Honour.[567]
  • Modern updates of UK casualties including the wounded are contained in French, David (2000). Raising Churchill's Army: The British Army and the War against Germany 1919–1945. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-924630-4. online 2020-11-23 at the Wayback Machine
  • The official UK report on war casualties of June 1946 provided a summary of the UK war losses, excluding colonies. This report (HMSO 6832) listed:[291][292]

         Total war dead of 357,116; Navy (50,758); Army (144,079); Air Force (69,606); Women's Auxiliary Territorial Service (624);
         Merchant Navy (30,248); British Home Guard (1,206) and Civilians (60,595).
         The total still missing on 2/28/1946 were 6,244; Navy (340); Army (2,267); Air Force (3,089); Women's Auxiliary Territorial Service (18);
         Merchant Navy (530); British Home Guard (0) and Civilians (0).
         These figures included the losses of Newfoundland and Southern Rhodesia.
         Colonial forces are not included in these figures.
         There were an additional 31,271 military deaths due to "natural causes" which are not included in these figures.
         Deaths due to air and V-rocket attacks were 60,595 civilians and 1,206 British Home Guard.

  • The preliminary 1945 data for UK colonial forces was killed 6,877, missing 14,208, wounded 6,972 and POW 8,115.[319]
  • UK casualties include losses of the colonial forces.[568] UK colonial forces included units from East Africa, West Africa, Ghana, the Caribbean, Malaya, Burma, Hong Kong, Jordan, Sudan, Malta and the Jewish Brigade. The Cyprus Regiment made up of volunteers that fought with the UK Army, and suffered about 358 killed and 250 missing.[569] Gurkhas recruited from Nepal fought with the British Army during the Second World War. Included with UK casualties are citizens of the various European countries occupied by Germany. There were separate RAF squadrons with citizens from Poland (17); Czechoslovakia (5); Netherlands (1); Free French (7); Yugoslavia (2); Belgium (3); Greece (3); Norway (2). Volunteers from the United States served in 3 RAF squadrons known as the Eagle Squadrons. Many foreign nationals and persons from the British colonies served in the UK Merchant Navy.[570]

^BF 　United States
American military dead#^BF1

  • Total U.S. military deaths in battle and from other causes were 407,316. The breakout by service is as follows: Army 318,274 (234,874 battle, 83,400 nonbattle),[293] Navy 62,614,[293] Marine Corps 24,511,[293] and the Coast Guard 1,917.[571][321]
  • Deaths in battle were 292,131. The breakout by service is as follows: Army 234,874,[293] Navy 36,950,[293] Marine Corps 19,733,[293] and Coast Guard 574. These losses were incurred during the period 12/8/41 until 12/31/46.[89][571]
  • During the period of America's neutrality in World War II (September 1, 1939 – December 8, 1941), U.S. military losses including 126 killed in October 1941 when the USS Kearny and the USS Reuben James were attacked by U-boats, as well as 2,335 killed during the surprise attack on Pearl Harbor by Japanese air forces on December 7, 1941.[572]
  • The United States Army Air Forces losses, which are included in the Army total, were 52,173 deaths due to combat and 35,946 from non-combat causes.[294]
  • U.S. Battle Deaths by Theater of war: Europe–Atlantic 183,588 (Army ground forces 141,088, Army Air Forces 36,461, and Navy/Coast Guard 6,039); Asia–Pacific 92,904 (Army 41,592 including 15,694 from Army Air Forces, Navy/Coast Guard 31,485, Marine Corps 19,733); unidentified theaters 39 (Army).[294][321] The details of U.S. military casualties are listed online: the U.S. Army,[294] the U.S. Navy, and the U.S. Marine Corps.[573]
  • Of 34,648 U.S. Prisoners taken by Japan 12,935 died; of 95,532 captured in the European Theater of War, 1,124 died.[321]
  • U.S. Army figures include the deaths of 5,337 from the Philippines and 165 from Puerto Rico (see p. 118).[294]
  • The names of individual U.S. military personnel killed in World War II can be found at the U.S. National Archives.[574]
  • American Battle Monuments Commission website lists the names of military and civilian war dead from World War II buried in ABMC cemeteries or listed on Walls of the Missing.[575]

American civilian dead #^BF2

  • According to the Usmm.org, 9,521 merchant mariners lost their lives in the war (8,421 killed and 1,100 who later died of wounds). In 1950, the United States Coast Guard put U.S. Merchant Marine losses at 5,662 (845 due to enemy action, 37 in prison camps, and 4,780 missing), excluding U.S. Army transports and foreign flagged ships and they did not break out losses between the Atlantic and Pacific theaters.[576][577][578]
  • The names of U.S. Merchant Mariners killed in World War II are listed by USMM.org.[576][579]
  • The Civil Air Patrol assumed many missions including anti-submarine patrol and warfare, border patrols, and courier services. During World War II CAP's coastal patrol had flown 24 million miles, found 173 enemy U-boats, attacked 57, hit 10 and sunk 2, dropping a total of 83 bombs and depth charges throughout the conflict.[citation needed] By the end of the war, 64 CAP members had lost their lives in the line of duty.[580]
  • According to U.S. War Department figures, 18,745 American civilians were interned in the war (13,996 in the Far East and 4,749 in Europe). A total of 2,419 American civilian internees were listed as dead and missing. Under Japanese internment, 992 died and another 544 were listed as "unknown"; under German internment, 168 died and a further 715 were listed as "unknown".[303][581][582]
  • 68 U.S. civilians were killed during the attack on Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941.[583]
  • The official U.S. report listed 1 U.S. civilian killed during the Battle of Guam on December 8–10.[438] However, another source reported 13 "civilians" killed during the battle[584] and 70 U.S. civilians were killed during the Battle of Wake Island from December 8–23, 1941.[583] 98 U.S. civilian POWs were massacred by the Japanese on Wake Island in October 1943.
  • During Japan's Aleutian Islands Campaign in Alaska in June 1942, a U.S. civilian was killed during the bombing of Dutch Harbor. The Japanese invaded the island of Attu, killing a white U.S. civilian and interned 45 Alaska Native Aleuts in Japan, in which 19 died during the rest of the war.[585]
  • Six U.S. civilians were killed in Oregon in May 1945 by Japanese balloon bombs.[586]

^BG 　Yugoslavia

  • The official Yugoslav figure for total war dead is 1.7 million (300,000 military and 1,400,000 civilians). This figure is cited in reference works dealing with World War II.[149][587][588] Studies in Yugoslavia by Franjo Tudjman and Ivo Lah put losses at 2.1 million[589] However, the official Yugoslav figure has been disputed studies by Vladimir Žerjavić and Bogoljub Kočović who put actual losses at about 1.0 million persons.[590][591][592][593] The calculation of Yugoslav losses is not an exact accounting listing of the dead, but is based on demographic calculations of the population balance which estimate births during the war and natural deaths. The number of persons who emigrated after the war (ethnic Germans, Hungarians, Italians and Yugoslav refugees to the west) are rough estimates.[590][591][593]
  • The U.S. Bureau of the Census published a report in 1954 that concluded that Yugoslav war-related deaths were 1,067,000. The U.S. Bureau of the Census noted that the official Yugoslav government figure of 1.7 million war dead was overstated because it "was released soon after the war and was estimated without the benefit of a postwar census".[591]
  • A recent study by Vladimir Žerjavić estimates total war related deaths at 1,027,000, which included losses of 237,000 Yugoslav partisans and 209,000 "Quislings and collaborators" (see discussion below losses of Yugoslav collaborators)[594] Civilian dead of 581,000 included 57,000 Jews. Losses by each Yugoslav republic were: Bosnia 316,000; Serbia 273,000; Croatia 271,000; Slovenia 33,000; Montenegro 27,000; Macedonia 17,000; and killed abroad 80,000.[590]
  • Bogoljub Kočović, a Yugoslav statistician, calculated the actual war losses at 1,014,000.[593]
  • Jozo Tomasevich, Professor Emeritus of Economics at San Francisco State University, stated that the calculations of Kočović and Žerjavić "seem to be free of bias, we can accept them as reliable".[595]

The losses of Yugoslav collaborators

  • Croatian emigres in the west made exaggerated allegations that 500,000–600,000 Croatians and Chetniks were massacred by the Partisans after the war; these claims are cited by Rudolph Rummel in his study Statistics of Democide.[596]Jozo Tomasevich noted that the figures of the number of collaborators killed by the Partisans are disputed. According to Tomasevich some Croatian exiles "have been more moderate in their estimates", putting the death toll at "about 200,000".[597] Regarding the death toll in the reprisals by the Yugoslav partisans Tomasevich believed that "It is impossible to establish the exact number of victims in these operations, although fairly accurate figures could probably be reached after much additional unbiased research".[598]

The reasons for the high human toll in Yugoslavia were as follows A. Military operations between the occupying German military forces and their "Quislings and collaborators" against the Yugoslav resistance.[150]
B. German forces, under express orders from Hitler, fought with a special vengeance against the Serbs, who were considered Untermensch.[150] One of the worst one-day massacres during the German military occupation of Serbia was the Kragujevac massacre.
C. Deliberate acts of reprisal against target populations were perpetrated by all combatants. All sides practiced the shooting of hostages on a large scale. At the end of the war, many Ustaše and Slovene collaborators were killed in or as a result of the Yugoslav death march of Nazi collaborators.[150]
D. The systematic extermination of large numbers of people for political, religious or racial reasons. The most numerous victims were Serbs.[150] According to Yad Vashem, "During their four years in power, the Ustasa carried out a Serb genocide, exterminating over 500,000, expelling 250,000 and forcing another 200,000 to convert to Catholicism. The Ustasa also killed most of Croatia's Jews, 20,000 Gypsies, and many thousands of their political enemies."[599] According to the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum "The Croat authorities murdered between 320,000 and 340,000 ethnic Serb residents of Croatia and Bosnia during the period of Ustaša rule; more than 30,000 Croatian Jews were killed either in Croatia or at Auschwitz-Birkenau". [600] The USHMM reports between 77,000 and 99,000 persons were killed at the Jasenovac and Stara Gradiška concentration camps.[601] The Jasenovac Memorial Site quotes a similar figure of between 80,000 and 100,000 victims. Stara Gradiška was a sub-camp of Jasenovac established for women and children.[602] The names and data for 12,790 victims at Stara Gradiška have been established.[603] Serbian sources currently claim that 700,000 persons were murdered at Jasenovac.[602]
Some 40,000 Roma were murdered.[604] Jewish victims in Yugoslavia totaled 67,122.[605]
E. Reduced food supply caused famine and disease.[150]
F. Allied bombing of German supply lines caused civilian casualties. The hardest hit localities were Podgorica, Leskovac, Zadar and Belgrade.[150]
G. The demographic losses due to the reduction of 335,000 births and emigration of about 660,000 are not included with war casualties.[150]

^BH Other Nations

  • Dominican Republic had 27 Merchant Mariners killed.[606]

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February 15, 2024
world, casualties, world, deadliest, military, conflict, history, estimated, total, million, people, perished, about, billion, people, that, comprised, global, population, 1940, deaths, directly, caused, including, military, civilian, fatalities, estimated, mi. World War II was the deadliest military conflict in history An estimated total of 70 85 million people perished or about 3 of the 2 3 billion est people that comprised the global population in 1940 1 Deaths directly caused by the war including military and civilian fatalities are estimated at 50 56 million with an additional estimated 19 28 million deaths from war related disease and famine Civilian deaths totaled 50 55 million Military deaths from all causes totaled 21 25 million including deaths in captivity of about 5 million prisoners of war More than half of the total number of casualties are accounted for by the dead of the Republic of China and of the Soviet Union The following tables give a detailed country by country count of human losses Statistics on the number of military wounded are included whenever available Soviet soldiers killed during the Toropets Kholm Offensive January 1942 Officially roughly 8 6 million Soviet soldiers died in the course of the war including millions of POWs Einsatzgruppen murder Jewish civilians outside Ivanhorod Ukraine 1942 Over 6 million Jews were murdered by the Nazis and their collaborators in the Holocaust Bodies of U S Marines on the beach of Tarawa The Marines secured the island after 76 hours of intense fighting Over 1 000 American and 4600 Japanese troops died in the fighting Recent historical scholarship has shed new light on the topic of Second World War casualties Research in Russia since the collapse of the Soviet Union has caused a revision of estimates of Soviet World War II fatalities 2 According to Russian government figures USSR losses within postwar borders now stand at 26 6 million 3 4 including 8 to 9 million due to famine and disease 4 5 2 In August 2009 the Polish Institute of National Remembrance IPN researchers estimated Poland s dead at between 5 6 and 5 8 million 6 Historian Rudiger Overmans of the Military History Research Office Germany published a study in 2000 that estimated the German military dead and missing at 5 3 million including 900 000 men conscripted from outside of Germany s 1937 borders in Austria and in east central Europe 7 8 The Red Army claimed responsibility for the majority of Wehrmacht casualties during World War II 9 The People s Republic of China puts its war dead at 20 million 10 while the Japanese government puts its casualties due to the war at 3 1 million 11 An estimated 7 10 million people died in the Dutch British French and US colonies in South and Southeast Asia mostly from war related famine 12 13 14 15 16 Contents 1 Classification of casualties 2 Human losses by country 2 1 Total deaths by country 2 2 Nazi Germany 2 3 Soviet Union 2 4 Holocaust deaths 2 4 1 Jewish deaths 2 4 2 Non Jews persecuted and killed by Nazi and Nazi affiliated forces 2 5 German war crimes 2 6 Japanese war crimes 2 6 1 R J Rummel 2 6 2 Werner Gruhl 2 7 Oppression in the Soviet Union 2 8 Military casualties by branch of service 2 9 Commonwealth military casualties 3 See also 4 Footnotes 5 References 6 Further reading 7 External linksClassification of casualtiesCompiling or estimating the numbers of deaths and wounded caused during wars and other violent conflicts is a controversial subject Historians often put forward many different estimates of the numbers killed and wounded during World War II 17 The authors of the Oxford Companion to World War II maintain that casualty statistics are notoriously unreliable 18 The table below gives data on the number of dead and military wounded for each country along with population information to show the relative impact of losses When scholarly sources differ on the number of deaths in a country a range of war losses is given in order to inform readers that the death toll is disputed Since casualty statistics are sometimes disputed the footnotes to this article present the different estimates by official governmental sources as well as historians Military figures include battle deaths KIA and personnel missing in action MIA as well as fatalities due to accidents disease and deaths of prisoners of war in captivity Civilian casualties include deaths caused by strategic bombing Holocaust victims German war crimes Japanese war crimes population transfers in the Soviet Union Allied war crimes and deaths due to war related famine and disease The sources for the casualties of the individual nations do not use the same methods and civilian deaths due to starvation and disease make up a large proportion of the civilian deaths in China and the Soviet Union The losses listed here are actual deaths hypothetical losses due to a decline in births are not included with the total dead The distinction between military and civilian casualties caused directly by warfare and collateral damage is not always clear cut For nations that suffered huge losses such as the Soviet Union China Poland Germany and Yugoslavia sources can give only the total estimated population loss caused by the war and a rough estimate of the breakdown of deaths caused by military activity crimes against humanity and war related famine The casualties listed here include 19 to 25 million war related famine deaths in the USSR China Indonesia Vietnam the Philippines and India that are often omitted from other compilations of World War II casualties 19 20 The footnotes give a detailed breakdown of the casualties and their sources including data on the number of wounded where reliable sources are available Human losses by countryTotal deaths by country Death toll of World War II amp military wounded by country Country Total population1 1 1939 Militarydeaths from all causes Civilian deaths due tomilitary activity and crimes against humanity Civilian deaths due towar related famine and disease Totaldeaths Deaths as of1939 population Average Deaths as of1939 population Militarywounded nbsp Albania A 1 073 000 21 30 000 22 30 000 2 80 2 80 NA nbsp Australia B 6 968 000 21 39 700 23 700 24 40 400 0 58 0 58 39 803 25 nbsp Austria Unified with Germany C 6 653 000 21 Included with Germany Included with Germany See table below S2 See table below S2 Included with Germany nbsp Belgium D 8 387 000 21 12 000 26 76 000 26 88 000 1 05 1 05 55 513 25 nbsp Brazil E 40 289 000 21 1 000 25 1 000 27 2 000 0 00 0 00 4 222 25 nbsp Bulgaria F 6 458 000 21 18 500 25 3 000 28 21 500 0 33 0 33 21 878 25 nbsp Burma British colony G 16 119 000 21 2 600 29 250 000 29 to 1 000 000 30 252 600 to 1 000 000 1 57 to 6 2 3 89 NA nbsp Canada H 11 267 000 21 42 000 31 1 600 32 43 600 0 38 0 38 53 174 25 nbsp China I 1937 1945 517 568 000 21 3 000 000 33 to 3 750 000 34 7 357 000 35 to 8 191 000 36 5 000 000to 10 000 000 15 000 000 37 to 20 000 000 37 2 90 to 3 86 3 38 1 761 335 25 nbsp Cuba J 4 235 000 21 100 27 100 0 00 0 00 NA nbsp Czechoslovakia in postwar 1945 1992 borders K 14 612 000 38 35 000 39 to 46 000 40 294 000 40 to320 000 39 340 000 to 355 000 2 33 to 2 43 2 38 8 017 25 nbsp Denmark L 3 795 000 21 6 000 41 6 000 0 16 0 16 2 000 25 nbsp Dutch East Indies M 69 435 000 21 11 500 42 43 300 000 15 2 400 000 14 to 4 000 000 44 3 000 000to 4 000 000 4 3 to 5 76 5 03 NA nbsp Egypt MA 16 492 000 21 1 100 45 1 100 0 00 0 00 NA nbsp Estonia within 1939 borders N 1 134 000 21 34 000 in both Soviet amp German armed forces 46 49 000 47 83 000 7 3 7 3 NA nbsp Ethiopia O 17 700 000 21 15 000 48 85 000 100 000 48 0 56 0 56 NA nbsp Finland P 3 700 000 21 94 700 49 2 100 50 51 96 800 2 62 2 62 197 000 50 nbsp France Q including colonies 41 680 000 51 210 000 51 390 000 51 600 000 1 44 1 44 390 000 25 nbsp French Indochina R 24 664 000 21 1 000 000to 2 000 000 52 1 000 000to 2 200 000 4 05 to 8 11 6 08 NA nbsp Germany S 69 300 000 53 4 440 000 54 to 5 318 000 55 1 500 000to 3 000 000 S1 6 900 000 to 7 400 000 See table below S2 See table below S2 7 300 000 25 nbsp Greece T 7 222 000 21 35 100 56 171 800 56 300 000 57 to 600 000 56 507 000to 807 000 7 02 to 11 17 9 095 47 290 25 nbsp Guam TA 22 800 21 1 000 58 to 2 000 59 1 000to 2 000 4 39 to 8 77 6 58 NA nbsp Hungary U figures in 1938 borders not including territories annexed in 1938 41 9 129 000 21 200 000 60 264 000to 664 000 61 464 000to 864 000 5 08 to 9 46 7 27 89 313 25 nbsp Iceland V 118 900 21 200 62 200 0 17 0 17 NA nbsp India W 377 800 000 21 87 000 63 2 100 000 64 to 3 000 000 65 2 200 000to 3 087 000 0 58 0 58 64 354 25 nbsp Iraq Y 3 698 000 21 500 66 200 67 700 0 01 0 01 NA nbsp Ireland Z 2 960 000 21 5 000 Irish volunteers deaths included with UK Armed Forces 68 100 69 5 100 0 00 0 17 NA nbsp Italy in postwar 1947 borders AA 44 394 000 21 319 200 70 to 341 000 Italian nationals and c 20 000 Africans conscripted by Italy 71 72 153 200 73 492 400 to 514 000 1 11 to 1 16 1 135 225 000 25 to 320 000 74 incomplete data nbsp Japan AB 71 380 000 21 2 100 000 75 to2 300 000 76 550 000 77 to800 000 78 2 500 000 79 to 3 100 000 80 3 50 to 4 34 3 92 326 000 25 nbsp Korea Japanese colony AC 24 326 000 21 Included with Japanese military 483 000 81 to 533 000 82 483 000 to 533 000 1 99 to 2 19 2 09 NA nbsp Latvia within 1939 borders AD 1 994 500 21 30 000 83 in both Soviet and German Armies 220 000 84 250 000 12 5 12 5 NA nbsp Lithuania within 1939 borders AE 2 575 000 21 25 000 85 in both Soviet and German Armies 345 000 86 370 000 14 36 14 36 NA nbsp Luxembourg AF 290 000 87 2 905 87 Included with German amp Allied military 4 201 87 7 106 87 2 45 2 45 NA nbsp Malaya amp Singapore AG 5 118 000 21 100 000 88 100 000 1 95 1 95 NA nbsp Malta British AH 269 000 21 Included with U K 1 500 89 1 500 0 55 0 55 NA nbsp Mexico AI 19 320 000 21 100 27 100 0 00 0 00 NA nbsp Mongolia AJ 819 000 21 300 90 300 0 04 0 04 NA nbsp Nauru Australian AK 3 400 21 500 91 500 14 7 14 7 NA nbsp Nepal AL 6 087 000 21 Included with British Indian Army NA nbsp Netherlands AM 8 729 000 21 6 700 92 187 300 92 16 000 92 250 000 93 2 86 2 86 2 860 25 nbsp Newfoundland British AN 320 000 21 1 100 94 included with the U K amp Canada 100 95 1 200 0 3 0 3 included with the U K amp Canada nbsp New Zealand AO 1 629 000 21 11 700 96 11 700 0 72 0 72 19 314 25 nbsp Norway AP 2 945 000 21 2 000 51 8 200 97 10 200 0 35 0 35 364 25 nbsp Papua and New Guinea Australian AQ 1 292 000 21 15 000 98 15 000 1 16 1 16 NA nbsp Philippines U S Territory AR 16 000 303 99 62 500 100 164 000 16 to 1 000 000 101 102 103 336 000 16 557 000 to 1 411 938 104 16 102 101 103 3 48 to 8 82 6 15 NA nbsp Poland within 1939 borders including territories annexed by USSR AS 34 849 000 105 240 000 106 5 620 000 107 to 5 820 000 107 5 900 000 108 to 6 000 000 108 16 93 to 17 22 17 075 766 606 25 nbsp Portuguese Timor AT 480 000 21 40 000 109 to 70 000 109 40 000to 70 000 8 33 to 14 58 11 455 NA nbsp Romania in postwar 1945 borders AU 15 970 000 51 300 000 40 200 000 40 500 000 40 3 13 3 13 332 769 110 nbsp Ruanda Urundi Belgian AV 3 800 000 111 36 000 112 and 50 000 113 36 000 50 000 0 09 1 3 0 695 NA nbsp South Africa AW 10 160 000 21 11 900 63 11 900 0 12 0 12 14 363 25 nbsp South Seas Mandate Japanese Colony AX 127 000 114 10 000 115 10 000 7 87 7 87 25 nbsp Soviet Union within 1946 91 borders including annexed territories 116 AY 188 793 000 117 118 8 668 000 119 120 121 to 11 400 000 122 123 124 125 4 500 000 126 to 10 000 000 127 128 129 8 000 000 to 9 000 000 130 131 132 20 000 000 133 to 27 000 000 134 135 136 137 138 See table below AY4 See table below AY4 14 685 593 25 nbsp Spain AZ 25 637 000 21 Included with the German Army Included with France See footnote NA nbsp Sweden BA 6 341 000 21 100 139 2 000 140 2 100 0 03 0 03 NA nbsp Switzerland BB 4 210 000 21 100 141 100 0 00 0 00 NA nbsp Thailand BC 15 023 000 21 5 600 142 2 000 142 7 600 0 05 0 05 NA nbsp Turkey BD 17 370 000 21 200 143 200 0 00 0 00 NA nbsp United Kingdom BE including Crown Colonies 47 760 000 144 383 700 145 67 200 146 147 450 900 0 94 0 94 376 239 25 nbsp United States BF 131 028 000 21 407 300 BF1 12 100 BF2 419 400 0 32 0 32 671 801 25 nbsp Yugoslavia BG 15 490 000 148 300 000 149 to 446 000 150 581 000 150 to 1 400 000 149 1 027 000 150 to 1 700 000 149 6 63 to 10 97 8 8 425 000 25 Other nations BH 300 000 000 NAApprox totals 2 300 000 000 151 21 000 000to 25 500 000 29 000 000to 30 500 000 19 000 000to 28 000 000 70 000 000to 85 000 000 3 0 to 3 7 3 35 NAFigures are rounded to the nearest hundredth place Military casualties include deaths of regular military forces from combat as well as non combat causes Partisan and resistance fighter deaths are included with military losses The deaths of prisoners of war in captivity and personnel missing in action are also included with military deaths Whenever possible the details are given in the footnotes The armed forces of the various nations are treated as single entities for example the deaths of Austrians French and foreign nationals of German ancestry in eastern Europe in the Wehrmacht are included with German military losses For example Michael Strank is included with American not Czechoslovak war dead Civilian war dead are included with the nations where they resided For example German Jewish refugees in France who were deported to the death camps are included with French casualties in the published sources on the Holocaust The official casualty statistics published by the governments of the United States France and the UK do not give the details of the national origin race and religion of the losses Civilian casualties include deaths caused by strategic bombing Holocaust victims German war crimes Japanese war crimes population transfers in the Soviet Union Allied war crimes and deaths due to war related famine and disease The exact breakdown is not always provided in the sources cited Nazi Germany Main article German casualties in World War II Human losses of the Third Reich in World War II included in above figures of total war dead A detailed description is given in the footnotes for Germany and Austria 8 9 S2 Country Population1939 Militarydeaths Civilian deaths due toAllied Strategic Bombing Civilian deaths due toNazi persecution Civilian deaths due to Expulsion of Germans Totaldeaths Deaths as of 1939populationAustria 6 653 000 21 250 000 152 to 261 000 55 24 000 152 153 100 000 153 370 000 154 5 56Germany within 1937 borders 155 69 300 000 53 3 760 000 152 to 4 456 000 55 353 000 1942 borders 156 to 410 000 152 157 300 000 158 to 500 000 159 160 400 000 161 to 1 225 000 152 5 700 000 162 8 23Foreign nationals of German ancestry in Eastern Europe 163 7 423 000 164 430 000 54 to 538 000 55 200 000 165 to 886 000 166 738 000 55 165 to 1 316 000 167 9 96 to 17 76Foreign nationals in Western Europe 215 000 168 63 000 55 63 000 55 29 3Approx Totals 83 500 000 4 440 000 54 to 5 318 000 55 353 000 156 to 434 000 54 400 000 169 159 to 600 000 159 160 169 600 000 170 to 2 111 000 167 6 900 000 to 7 400 000 8 26 to 8 86German sources do not provide figures for Soviet citizens conscripted by Germany Russian historian Grigoriy Krivosheyev puts the losses of the Vlasovites Balts and Muslims etc in German service at 215 000 171 Soviet Union Main article World War II casualties of the Soviet Union The estimated breakdown for each Soviet republic of total war dead 10 AY4 Soviet Republic Population 1940 within 1946 91 borders Military deaths Civilian deaths due tomilitary activity andcrimes against humanity Civilian deaths due to warrelated famine and disease Total Deaths as of1940 population nbsp Armenia 1 320 000 150 000 30 000 180 000 13 6 nbsp Azerbaijan 3 270 000 210 000 90 000 300 000 9 1 nbsp Belarus 9 050 000 620 000 1 360 000 310 000 2 290 000 25 3 nbsp Estonia 1 050 000 30 000 50 000 80 000 7 6 nbsp Georgia 3 610 000 190 000 110 000 300 000 8 3 nbsp Kazakhstan 6 150 000 310 000 350 000 660 000 10 7 nbsp Kyrgyzstan 1 530 000 70 000 50 000 120 000 7 8 nbsp Latvia 1 890 000 30 000 190 000 40 000 260 000 13 7 nbsp Lithuania 2 930 000 25 000 275 000 75 000 375 000 12 7 nbsp Moldova 2 470 000 50 000 75 000 45 000 170 000 6 9 nbsp Russia 110 100 000 6 750 000 4 100 000 3 100 000 13 950 000 12 7 nbsp Tajikistan 1 530 000 50 000 70 000 120 000 7 8 nbsp Turkmenistan 1 300 000 70 000 30 000 100 000 7 7 nbsp Ukraine 41 340 000 1 650 000 3 700 000 1 500 000 6 850 000 16 3 nbsp Uzbekistan 6 550 000 330 000 220 000 550 000 8 4 Unidentified 165 000 130 000 295 000Total USSR 194 090 000 10 600 000 10 000 000 6 000 000 26 600 000 13 7 The source of the figures is Vadim Erlikman ru 172 Erlikman a Russian historian notes that these figures are his estimates The population listed here of 194 090 million is taken from Soviet era sources Recent studies published in Russia put the actual corrected population in 1940 at 192 598 million 173 174 According to Russian estimates the population in 1939 included 20 268 million in the territories annexed by the USSR from 1939 to 1940 the eastern regions of Poland 12 983 million Lithuania 2 440 million Latvia 1 951 million Estonia 1 122 million Romanian Bessarabia and Bukovina 3 7 million less transfers out of 392 000 ethnic Germans deported during the Nazi Soviet population transfers the Anders Army 120 000 the First Polish Army 1944 45 26 000 and Zakerzonia amp the Belastok Region 1 392 000 which was returned to Poland in 1945 173 175 176 Russian sources estimate post war population transfers resulted in a net loss of 622 000 The additions were the annexation of the Carpatho Ukraine 725 000 the Tuvan People s Republic 81 000 the remaining population on South Sakhalin 29 000 and in the Kaliningrad Oblast 5 000 and the deportation of Ukrainians from Poland to the USSR in 1944 47 518 000 The transfers out included the flight and expulsion of Poles from the USSR 1944 47 1 529 000 and the post war emigration to the west 451 000 173 176 175 According to Viktor Zemskov 3 4 of the post war emigration to the west was of persons who were from the territories annexed in 1939 40 177 Estimates in the west for the population transfers differ According to Sergei Maksudov a Russian demographer living in the west the population of the territories annexed by the USSR was 23 million less the net population transfers out of 3 million persons who emigrated from the USSR including 2 136 000 Poles who left the USSR 115 000 Polish soldiers of the Anders Army 392 000 Germans who left in the era of the Nazi Soviet Pact and 400 000 Jews Romanians Germans Czech and Hungarians who emigrated after the war 178 3 The Polish government in exile put the population of the territories of Poland annexed by the Soviet Union at 13 199 million 179 Polish sources put the number of refugees from the territories of Poland annexed by the Soviet Union living in post war Poland at about 2 2 million about 700 000 more than those listed in the Soviet sources of Poles repatriated The difference is due to the fact that Poles from the eastern regions who were deported to Germany during the war or had fled Volhynia and Eastern Galicia were not included in the figures of the organized transfers in 1944 47 180 Figures for Belarus Ukraine and Lithuania include about two million civilian dead that are also listed in Polish sources in the total war dead of Poland Polish historian Krystyna Kersten estimated losses of about two million in the Polish areas annexed by the Soviet Union 181 The formal transfer of the territories of Poland annexed by the Soviet Union occurred with the Polish Soviet border agreement of August 1945 According to Erlikman in addition to the war dead there were 1 700 000 deaths due to Soviet repression 200 000 executed 4 500 000 sent to prisons and Gulag of whom 1 200 000 died 2 200 000 deported of whom 300 000 died 172 Holocaust deaths Further information The Holocaust and Holocaust victims Included in the figures of total war dead for each nation are victims of the Holocaust Jewish deaths The Holocaust is the term generally used to describe the genocide of approximately six million European Jews during World War II Martin Gilbert estimates 5 7 million 78 of the 7 3 million Jews in German occupied Europe were Holocaust victims 182 Estimates of Holocaust deaths range between 4 9 and 5 9 million Jews 183 Statistical breakdown of Jewish deadIn Nazi extermination camps according to Polish Institute of National Remembrance IPN researchers 2 830 000 Jews were murdered in the Nazi death camps 500 000 Belzec 150 000 Sobibor 850 000 Treblinka 150 000 Chelmno 1 100 000 Auschwitz 80 000 Majdanek 184 Raul Hilberg puts the Jewish death toll in the death camps including Romanian Transnistria at 3 0 million 185 In the USSR by the Einsatzgruppen Raul Hilberg puts the Jewish death toll in the area of the mobile killing groups at 1 4 million 185 Aggravated deaths in the Ghettos of Nazi occupied Europe Raul Hilberg puts the Jewish death toll in the Ghettos at 700 000 185 Yad Vashem estimated that in early 2019 its Central Database of Shoah Victims Names contained the names of 4 8 million Jewish Holocaust dead 186 187 The figures for the pre war Jewish population and deaths in the table below are from The Columbia Guide to the Holocaust 183 The low high and average percentage figures for deaths of the pre war population have been added Country Pre war Jewish population 183 in 1933 Low estimate deaths 183 High estimate deaths 183 Low High Average nbsp Austria 191 000 see footnote 50 000 65 000 26 2 34 0 30 1 nbsp Belgium 60 000 see footnote 25 000 29 000 41 7 48 3 45 0 nbsp Czech Republic 188 92 000 77 000 78 300 83 7 85 1 84 4 nbsp Denmark 8 000 60 116 0 8 1 5 1 1 nbsp Estonia 4 600 1 500 2 000 32 6 43 5 38 0 nbsp France 260 000 see footnote 75 000 77 000 28 8 29 6 29 2 nbsp Germany 566 000 see footnote 135 000 142 000 23 9 25 1 24 5 nbsp Greece 73 000 59 000 67 000 80 8 91 8 86 3 nbsp Hungary borders 1940 189 725 000 502 000 569 000 69 2 78 5 73 9 nbsp Italy 48 000 6 500 9 000 13 5 18 8 16 1 nbsp Latvia 95 000 70 000 72 000 73 7 75 8 74 7 nbsp Lithuania 155 000 130 000 143 000 83 9 92 3 88 1 nbsp Luxembourg 3 500 1 000 2 000 28 6 57 1 42 9 nbsp Netherlands 140 000 see footnote 100 000 105 000 72 8 74 3 71 0 nbsp Norway 1 700 800 800 47 1 47 1 47 1 nbsp Poland borders 1939 3 250 000 2 700 000 3 000 000 83 1 92 3 87 7 nbsp Romania borders 1940 441 000 121 000 287 000 27 4 65 1 46 3 nbsp Slovakia 89 000 60 000 71 000 67 4 79 8 73 6 nbsp Soviet Union borders 1939 2 825 000 700 000 1 100 000 24 8 38 9 31 9 nbsp Yugoslavia 68 000 56 000 65 000 82 4 95 6 89 0 Total 9 067 000 4 869 860 5 894 716 50 4 avg 59 7 avg 55 1 avg The total population figures from 1933 listed here are taken from The Columbia Guide to the Holocaust From 1933 to 1939 about 400 000 Jews fled Germany Austria and Czechoslovakia Some of these refugees were in western Europe when Germany occupied these countries in 1940 In 1940 there were 30 000 Jewish refugees in the Netherlands 12 000 in Belgium 30 000 in France 2 000 in Denmark 5 000 in Italy and 2 000 in Norway 190 Hungarian Jewish losses of 569 000 presented here include the territories annexed in 1939 41 191 The number of Holocaust dead in 1938 Hungarian borders were 220 000 61 According to Martin Gilbert the Jewish population inside Hungary s 1941 borders was 764 000 445 000 in the 1938 borders and 319 000 in the annexed territories Holocaust deaths from inside the 1938 borders was 200 000 not including 20 000 men conscripted as forced labor for the military 192 Netherlands figure listed in the table of 112 000 Jews taken from The Columbia Guide to the Holocaust includes those Jews who were resident in Holland in 1933 By 1940 the Jewish population had increased to 140 000 with the inclusion of 30 000 Jewish refugees 190 In the Netherlands 8 000 Jews in mixed marriages were not subject to deportation 193 However an article in the Dutch periodical De Groene Amsterdammer maintains that some Jews in mixed marriages were deported before the practice was ended by Hitler 194 Hungarian Jewish Holocaust victims within the 1939 borders were 200 000 195 Romanian Jewish Holocaust victims totalled 469 000 within the 1939 borders which includes 300 000 in Bessarabia and Bukovina occupied by the USSR in 1940 195 196 According to Martin Gilbert Jewish Holocaust victims totaled 8 000 in Italy and 562 in the Italian colony of Libya 197 Non Jews persecuted and killed by Nazi and Nazi affiliated forces See also The Holocaust in Ukraine Some scholars maintain that the definition of the Holocaust should also include the other victims persecuted and killed by the Nazis 198 199 Donald L Niewyk professor of history at Southern Methodist University maintains that the Holocaust can be defined in four ways first that it was the genocide of the Jews alone second that there were several parallel Holocausts one for each of the several groups third the Holocaust would include Roma and the handicapped along with the Jews fourth it would include all racially motivated German crimes such as the murder of Soviet prisoners of war Polish and Soviet civilians as well as political prisoners religious dissenters and homosexuals Using this definition the total number of Holocaust victims is between 11 million and 17 million people 200 According to the College of Education of the University of South Florida Approximately 11 million people were killed because of Nazi genocidal policy 201 R J Rummel estimated the death toll due to Nazi Democide at 20 9 million persons 202 Timothy Snyder put the number of victims of the Nazis killed as a result of deliberate policies of mass murder only such as executions deliberate famine and in death camps at 10 4 million persons including 5 4 million Jews 203 German scholar Hellmuth Auerbach puts the death toll in the Hitler era at 6 million Jews killed in the Holocaust and 7 million other victims of the Nazis 204 Dieter Pohl puts the total number of victims of the Nazi era at between 12 and 14 million persons including 5 6 5 7 million Jews 205 Roma Included in the figures of total war dead are the Roma victims of the Nazi persecution some scholars include the Roma deaths with the Holocaust Most estimates of Roma Gypsies victims range from 130 000 to 500 000 200 206 Ian Hancock Director of the Program of Romani Studies and the Romani Archives and Documentation Center at the University of Texas at Austin has argued in favour of a higher figure of between 500 000 and 1 500 000 Roma dead 207 Hancock writes that proportionately the death toll equaled and almost certainly exceed ed that of Jewish victims 208 In a 2010 publication Ian Hancock stated that he agrees with the view that the number of Romanis killed has been underestimated as a result of being grouped with others in Nazi records under headings such as remainder to be liquidated hangers on and partisans 209 In 2018 the United States Holocaust museum has the number of murdered during the time period of the holocaust at 17 million 6 million Jews and 11 million others 210 The following figures are from The Columbia Guide to the Holocaust the authors maintain that statistics on Gypsy losses are especially unreliable and controversial These figures cited below are based on necessarily rough estimates 211 Country Pre war Roma population Low estimate victims High estimate victimsAustria 11 200 6 800 8 250Belgium 600 350 500Czech Republic 188 13 000 5 000 6 500Estonia 1 000 500 1 000France 40 000 15 150 15 150Germany 20 000 15 000 15 000Greece 50 50Hungary 100 000 1 000 28 000Italy 25 000 1 000 1 000Latvia 5 000 1 500 2 500Lithuania 1 000 500 1 000Luxembourg 200 100 200Netherlands 500 215 500Poland 50 000 8 000 35 000Romania 300 000 19 000 36 000Slovakia 80 000 400 10 000Soviet Union borders 1939 200 000 30 000 35 000Yugoslavia 100 000 26 000 90 000Total 947 500 130 565 285 650 Handicapped persons 200 000 to 250 000 handicapped persons were killed 212 A 2003 report by the German Federal Archive put the total murdered during the Action T4 and Action 14f13 programs at 200 000 213 214 Prisoners of War POW deaths in Nazi captivity totalled 3 1 million 215 including 2 6 to 3 0 million Soviet prisoners of war 216 Ethnic Poles According to the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum It is estimated that the Germans killed at least 1 9 million non Jewish Polish civilians during World War II 217 They maintain that Documentation remains fragmentary but today scholars of independent Poland believe that 1 8 to 1 9 million Polish civilians non Jews were victims of German Occupation policies and the war 218 However the Polish government affiliated Institute of National Remembrance IPN in 2009 estimated 2 770 000 ethnic Polish deaths due to the German occupation 219 see World War II casualties of Poland Russians Ukrainians and Belarusians According to Nazi ideology Slavs were useless sub humans As such their leaders the Soviet elite were to be killed and the remainder of the population enslaved starved to death or expelled further eastward As a result millions of civilians in the Soviet Union were deliberately killed starved or worked to death 220 Contemporary Russian sources use the terms genocide and premeditated extermination when referring to civilian losses in the occupied USSR citation needed Civilians killed in reprisals during the Soviet partisan war and wartime related famine account for a major part of the huge toll 221 The Cambridge History of Russia puts overall civilian deaths in the Nazi occupied USSR at 13 7 million persons including 2 million Jews There were an additional 2 6 million deaths in the interior regions of the Soviet Union The authors maintain scope for error in this number is very wide At least 1 million perished in the wartime GULAG camps or in deportations Other deaths occurred in the wartime evacuations and due to war related malnutrition and disease in the interior The authors maintain that both Stalin and Hitler were both responsible but in different ways for these deaths and In short the general picture of Soviet wartime losses suggests a jigsaw puzzle The general outline is clear people died in colossal numbers but in many different miserable and terrible circumstances But individual pieces of the puzzle do not fit well some overlap and others are yet to be found 222 Bohdan Wytwycky maintained that civilian losses of 3 0 million Ukrainians and 1 4 million Belarusians were racially motivated 223 224 According to Paul Robert Magocsi between 1941 and 1945 approximately 3 000 000 Ukrainian and other non Jewish victims were killed as part of Nazi extermination policies in the territory of modern Ukraine 225 Dieter Pohl puts the total number of victims of the Nazi policies in the USSR at 500 000 civilians killed in the repression of partisans 1 0 million victims of the Nazi Hunger Plan c 3 0 million Soviet POW and 1 0 million Jews in pre war borders 226 Soviet author Georgiy A Kumanev put the civilian death toll in the Nazi occupied USSR at 8 2 million 4 0 million Ukrainians 2 5 million Belarusians and 1 7 million Russians 227 A report published by the Russian Academy of Sciences in 1995 put the death toll due to the German occupation at 13 7 million civilians including Jews 7 4 million victims of Nazi genocide and reprisals 2 2 million persons deported to Germany for forced labor and 4 1 million famine and disease deaths in occupied territory Sources published in the Soviet Union were cited to support these figures 228 Homosexuals According to the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Between 1933 and 1945 the police arrested an estimated 100 000 men as homosexuals Most of the 50 000 men sentenced by the courts spent time in regular prisons and between 5 000 and 15 000 were interned in concentration camps They also noted that there are no known statistics for the number of homosexuals who died in the camps 229 Other victims of Nazi persecution Between 1 000 and 2 000 Roman Catholic clergy 230 about 1 000 Jehovah s Witnesses 231 and an unknown number of Freemasons 232 perished in Nazi prisons and camps The fate of black people from 1933 to 1945 in Nazi Germany and in German occupied territories ranged from isolation to persecution sterilization medical experimentation incarceration brutality and murder 233 During the Nazi era Communists Socialists Social Democrats and trade union leaders were victims of Nazi persecution 234 Serbs The numbers of Serbs murdered by the Ustase is the subject of debate and estimates vary widely Yad Vashem estimates over 500 000 murdered 250 000 expelled and 200 000 forcibly converted to Catholicism 235 The estimate of the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum is that the Ustase murdered between 320 000 and 340 000 ethnic Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia between 1941 and 1945 with roughly 45 000 to 52 000 murdered at the Jasenovac concentration camp alone 236 According to the Wiesenthal Center at least 90 000 Serbs Jews Gypsies and anti fascist Croatians perished at the hands of the Ustashe at the camp at Jasenovac 237 According to Yugoslav sources published in the Tito era the estimates of the number of Serb victims range from 200 000 to at least 600 000 persons 238 See also World War II persecution of Serbs German war crimes Main articles War crimes of the Wehrmacht and German war crimesSee also Nazi crimes against the Polish nation Generalplan Ost and German mistreatment of Soviet prisoners of warSee also The Holocaust During World War II the German military helped fulfill Nazism s racial political and territorial ambitions Long after the war a myth persisted claiming the German military or Wehrmacht was not involved in the Holocaust and other crimes associated with Nazi genocidal policy This belief is untrue The German military participated in many aspects of the Holocaust in supporting Hitler in the use of forced labor and in the mass murder of Jews and other groups targeted by the Nazis The military s complicity extended not only to the generals and upper leadership but also to the rank and file In addition the war and genocidal policy were inextricably linked The German army or Heer was the most complicit as a result of being on the ground in Germany s eastern campaigns but all branches participated United States Holocaust Memorial Museum 239 nbsp Soviet POWs held by the Nazis in Mauthausen concentration camp It is estimated that at least 3 3 million Soviet POWs died in German custody 240 Nazi Germany ordered organized and condoned a substantial number of war crimes in World War II The most notable of these is the Holocaust in which millions of Jews Poles and Romani were systematically murdered or died from abuse and mistreatment Millions also died as a result of other German actions While the Nazi Party s own SS forces in particular the SS Totenkopfverbande Einsatzgruppen and Waffen SS of Nazi Germany was the organization most responsible for the genocidal killing of the Holocaust the regular armed forces represented by the Wehrmacht committed war crimes of their own particularly on the Eastern Front in the war against the Soviet Union Japanese war crimes Main article Japanese war crimes Included with total war dead are victims of Japanese war crimes R J Rummel R J Rummel estimates the civilian victims of Japanese democide at 5 964 000 Detailed by country China 3 695 000 Indochina 457 000 Korea 378 000 Indonesia 375 000 Malaya Singapore 283 000 Philippines 119 000 Burma 60 000 Pacific Islands 57 000Rummel estimates POW deaths in Japanese custody at 539 000 Detailed by country China 400 000 French Indochina 30 000 Philippines 27 300 Netherlands 25 000 France 14 000 Britain 13 000 British Colonies 11 000 U S 10 700 Australia 8 000 20 241 Werner Gruhl Werner Gruhl estimates the civilian deaths at 20 365 000 Detailed by countryChina 12 392 000 Indochina 1 500 000 Korea 500 000 Dutch East Indies 3 000 000 Malaya and Singapore 100 000 Philippines 500 000 Burma 170 000 Forced laborers in Southeast Asia 70 000 30 000 interned non Asian civilians Timor 60 000 Thailand and Pacific Islands 60 000 242 243 Gruhl estimates POW deaths in Japanese captivity at 331 584 Detailed by countryChina 270 000 Netherlands 8 500 Britain 12 433 Canada 273 Philippines 20 000 Australia 7 412 New Zealand 31 United States 12 935 242 Out of 60 000 Indian Army POWs taken at the Fall of Singapore 11 000 died in captivity 244 There were 14 657 deaths among the total 130 895 western civilians interned by the Japanese due to famine and disease 245 246 Oppression in the Soviet Union nbsp Polish military officers executed by the Soviet NKVD in the Katyn massacre exhumation photo taken by the Polish Red Cross delegation in 1943The total war dead in the USSR includes about 1 million 247 victims of Stalin s regime The number of deaths in the Gulag labor camps increased as a result of wartime overcrowding and food shortages 248 The Stalin regime deported the entire populations of ethnic minorities considered to be potentially disloyal 249 Since 1990 Russian scholars have been given access to the Soviet era archives and have published data on the numbers of people executed and those who died in Gulag labor camps and prisons 250 The Russian scholar Viktor Zemskov puts the death toll from 1941 to 1945 at about 1 million based on data from the Soviet archives 247 The Soviet era archive figures on the Gulag labor camps has been the subject of a vigorous academic debate outside Russia since their publication in 1991 J Arch Getty and Stephen G Wheatcroft maintain that Soviet era figures more accurately detail the victims of the Gulag labor camp system in the Stalin era 251 252 Robert Conquest and Steven Rosefielde have disputed the accuracy of the data from the Soviet archives maintaining that the demographic data and testimonials by survivors of the Gulag labor camps indicate a higher death toll 253 254 Rosefielde posits that the release of the Soviet Archive figures is disinformation generated by the modern KGB 255 Rosefielde maintains that the data from the Soviet archives is incomplete for example he pointed out that the figures do not include the 22 000 victims of the Katyn massacre 256 Rosefielde s demographic analysis puts the number of excess deaths due to Soviet repression at 2 183 000 in 1939 40 and 5 458 000 from 1941 to 1945 257 Michael Haynes and Rumy Husun accept the figures from the Soviet archives as being an accurate tally of Stalin s victims they maintain that the demographic data depicts an underdeveloped Soviet economy and the losses in World War Two rather than indicating a higher death toll in the Gulag labor camps 258 In August 2009 the Polish Institute of National Remembrance IPN researchers estimated 150 000 Polish citizens were killed due to Soviet repression Since the collapse of the USSR Polish scholars have been able to do research in the Soviet archives on Polish losses during the Soviet occupation 181 Andrzej Paczkowski puts the number of Polish deaths at 90 000 100 000 of the 1 0 million persons deported and 30 000 executed by the Soviets 259 In 2005 Tadeusz Piotrowski estimated the death toll in Soviet hands at 350 000 260 The Estonian State Commission for the Examination of Repressive Policies Carried out During the Occupations put civilian deaths due to the Soviet occupation in 1940 1941 at 33 900 including 7 800 deaths of arrested people 6 000 deportee deaths 5 000 evacuee deaths 1 100 people gone missing and 14 000 conscripted for forced labor After the reoccupation by the USSR 5 000 Estonians died in Soviet prisons during 1944 45 261 The following is a summary of the data from the Soviet archives Reported deaths for the years 1939 1945 1 187 783 including judicial executions 46 350 deaths in Gulag labor camps 718 804 deaths in labor colonies and prisons 422 629 262 Deported to special settlements figures are for deportations to Special Settlements only not including those executed sent to Gulag labor camps or conscripted into the Soviet Army Nor do the figures include additional deportations after the war Deported from annexed territories 1940 41 380 000 to 390 000 persons including Poland 309 312 000 Lithuania 17 500 Latvia 17 000 Estonia 6 000 Moldova 22 842 263 In August 1941 243 106 Poles living in the Special Settlements were amnestied and released by the Soviets 264 Deported during the War 1941 1945 about 2 3 million persons of Soviet ethnic minorities including Soviet Germans 1 209 000 Finns 9 000 Karachays 69 000 Kalmyks 92 000 Chechens and Ingush 479 000 Balkars 37 000 Crimean Tatars 191 014 Meskhetian Turks 91 000 Greeks Bulgarians and Armenians from Crimea 42 000 Ukrainian OUN members 100 000 Poles 30 000 265 A total of 2 230 500 266 persons were living in the settlements in October 1945 and 309 100 deaths were reported in special settlements for the years 1941 1948 267 Russian sources list Axis prisoner of war deaths of 580 589 in Soviet captivity based on data in the Soviet archives Germany 381 067 Hungary 54 755 Romania 54 612 Italy 27 683 Finland 403 and Japan 62 069 268 However some western scholars estimate the total at between 1 7 and 2 3 million 269 Military casualties by branch of service Country Branch of service Number served Killed missing Wounded Prisoners of war Captured Percent killedGermany Army 270 13 600 000 4 202 000 30 9Germany Air Force including infantry units 270 2 500 000 433 000 17 3Germany Navy 270 1 200 000 138 000 11 5Germany Waffen SS 270 900 000 314 000 34 9Germany Volkssturm and other Paramilitary Forces 270 231 000Germany Total incl conscripted foreigners 18 200 000 5 318 000 6 035 000 11 100 000 29 2Japan 271 272 Army 1937 1945 6 300 000 1 326 076 85 600 30 000 24 2Japan Navy 1941 1945 2 100 000 414 879 8 900 10 000 19 8Japan POW dead after surrender 273 274 275 381 000Japan Imperial Japan Total 8 400 000 2 121 955 94 500 40 000 25 3Italy Army 3 040 000 246 432 8 1Italy Navy 259 082 276 31 347 12 0Italy Air Force 130 000 277 13 210 10 2Italy Partisan forces 80 000 278 to 250 000 279 280 35 828 14 to 44Italy RSI forces 520 000 281 13 021 to 35 000 2 5 to 6 7Italy Total Italian Forces 3 430 000 282 283 319 207 284 to 341 000 320 000 1 300 000 285 9 3 to 9 9Soviet Union 1939 40 All branches of service 286 136 945 205 924Soviet Union 1941 45 All branches of service 287 34 476 700 8 668 400 14 685 593 4 050 000 25 1Soviet Union Conscripted Reservists not yet in active service see note below 288 500 000Soviet Union Civilians in POW camps see note below 289 1 000 000 1 750 000Soviet Union Paramilitary and Soviet partisan units 290 400 000Soviet Union Total Soviet Forces 34 476 700 10 725 345 14 915 517 5 750 000 31 1British Empire and Commonwealth 63 291 292 All branches of service 17 843 000 580 497 475 000 318 000 3 3United States 293 Army 294 11 260 000 318 274 565 861 124 079 294 295 2 8United States Air Force included with Army 294 3 400 000 88 119 17 360 2 5United States Navy 4 183 446 62 614 37 778 3 848 295 1 5United States Maritime Service 215 000 9 400 12 000 663 296 4 5United States Marine Corps 669 100 24 511 68 207 2 274 297 295 3 7United States Coast Guard 298 241 093 1 917 0 8United States Public Health Service Commissioned Corps 299 2 600 8 300 0 3United States Coast and Geodetic Survey Corps 301 3United States Total U S Armed Forces 16 353 639 407 316 671 846 130 201 302 303 2 5GermanyThe number killed in action was 2 303 320 died of wounds disease or accidents 500 165 11 000 sentenced to death by court martial 2 007 571 missing in action or unaccounted for after the war 25 000 suicides 12 000 unknown 304 459 475 confirmed POW deaths of whom 77 000 were in the custody of the U S UK and France and 363 000 in Soviet custody POW deaths includes 266 000 in the post war period after June 1945 primarily in Soviet captivity 305 Rudiger Overmans writes It seems entirely plausible while not provable that one half of the 1 5 million missing on the eastern front were killed in action the other half 700 000 having died in Soviet custody 306 Soviet sources list the deaths of 474 967 of the 2 652 672 German Armed Forces POW taken in the war 307 USSREstimated total Soviet military war dead in 1941 45 on the Eastern Front World War II including missing in action POWs and Soviet partisans range from 8 6 to 10 6 million 290 There were an additional 127 000 war dead in 1939 40 during the Winter War with Finland 308 The official figures for military war dead and missing in 1941 45 are 8 668 400 comprising 6 329 600 combat related deaths 555 500 non combat deaths 309 500 000 missing in action and 1 103 300 POW dead and another 180 000 liberated POWs who most likely emigrated to other countries 310 311 Figures include Navy losses of 154 771 312 Non combat deaths include 157 000 sentenced to death by court martial 313 Casualties in 1939 40 include the following dead and missing Battle of Khalkhin Gol in 1939 8 931 Invasion of Poland of 1939 1 139 Winter War with Finland 1939 40 126 875 286 The number of wounded includes 2 576 000 permanently disabled 314 The official Russian figure for total POW held by the Germans is 4 059 000 the number of Soviet POW who survived the war was 2 016 000 including 180 000 who most likely emigrated to other countries and an additional 939 700 POW and MIA who were redrafted as territory was liberated This leaves 1 103 000 POW dead However western historians put the number of POW held by the Germans at 5 7 million and about 3 million as dead in captivity in the official Russian figures 1 1 million are military POW and remaining balance of about 2 million are included with civilian war dead 310 315 Conscripted reservists is an estimate of men called up primarily in 1941 who were killed in battle or died as POWs before being listed on active strength Soviet and Russian sources classify these losses as civilian deaths 289 British CommonwealthNumber served UK and Crown Colonies 5 896 000 India British colonial administration 2 582 000 Australia 993 000 Canada 1 100 000 New Zealand 295 000 South Africa 250 000 316 Total war related deaths reported by the Commonwealth War Graves Commission UK and Crown Colonies 383 898 India British colonial administration 87 026 Australia 40 696 Canada 45 388 New Zealand 11 926 South Africa 11 914 317 Total military dead for the United Kingdom alone according to preliminary 1945 figures 264 443 Royal Navy 50 758 British Army 144 079 Royal Air Force 69 606 291 318 Wounded UK and Crown Colonies 284 049 India British colonial administration 64 354 Australia 39 803 Canada 53 174 New Zealand 19 314 South Africa 14 363 291 292 319 Prisoner of war UK and Crown Colonies 180 488 India British colonial administration 79 481 Australia 26 358 South Africa 14 750 Canada 9 334 New Zealand 8 415 291 292 319 The Debt of Honour Register from the Commonwealth War Graves Commission lists the 1 7m men and women of the Commonwealth forces who died during the two world wars 320 U S Battle deaths including POWs who died in captivity does not include those who died of disease and accidents 294 were 292 131 Army 234 874 including Army Air Forces 52 173 Navy 36 950 Marine Corps 19 733 and Coast Guard 574 185 924 deaths occurred in the European Atlantic theater of operations and 106 207 deaths occurred in Asia Pacific theater of operations 294 321 During World War II 14 059 American POWs died in enemy captivity throughout the war 12 935 held by Japan and 1 124 held by Germany 322 During World War II 1 2 million African Americans served in the U S Armed Forces and 708 were killed in action 350 000 American women served in the Armed Forces during World War II and 16 were killed in action 323 During World War II 26 000 Japanese Americans served in the Armed Forces and over 800 were killed in action 324 Commonwealth military casualties The Commonwealth War Graves Commission CWGC Annual Report 2014 2015 63 is the source of the military dead for the British Empire The war dead totals listed in the report are based on the research by the CWGC to identify and commemorate Commonwealth war dead The statistics tabulated by the CWGC are representative of the number of names commemorated for all servicemen women of the Armed Forces of the Commonwealth and former UK Dependencies whose death was attributable to their war service Some auxiliary and civilian organizations are also accorded war grave status if death occurred under certain specified conditions For the purposes of CWGC the dates of inclusion for Commonwealth War Dead are 3 September 1939 to 31 December 1947 See alsoWorld War II casualties of the Soviet Union German casualties in World War II World War II casualties of Poland Equipment losses in World War II World War I casualties List of wars and disasters by death tollFootnotes A Albania No reliable statistics on Albania s wartime losses exist but the United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration reported about 30 000 Albanian war dead Albanian official statistics claim somewhat higher losses 22 Jewish Holocaust victims totalled 200 these Jews were Yugoslav citizens resident in Albania Jews of Albanian origin survived the Holocaust 195 B Australia The Australian War Memorial 23 reports 39 648 military deaths This figure includes all personnel who died from war related causes during 1939 47 According to official statistics Australian battle casualties included 27 073 killed died of wounds or died as POW wounded or injured in action were 23 477 these figures exclude non battle casualties such as deaths in non operational areas and deaths due to natural causes 325 326 The Australian government does not regard merchant mariners as military personnel and the 349 Australians killed in action while crewing merchant ships around the world 327 are included in the total civilian deaths Other civilian fatalities were due to air raids and attacks on passenger ships The preliminary data for Australian losses included 23 365 killed 6 030 missing 39 803 wounded and 26 363 POWs 319 C Austria Military war dead reported by Rudiger Overmans of 261 000 are included with Germany 304 Austrian civilian casualties were 99 700 victims of Nazi persecution and 24 000 killed in Allied air raids The Austrian government provides the following information on human losses during the rule of the Nazis For Austria the consequences of the Nazi regime and the Second World War were disastrous During this period 2 700 Austrians had been executed and more than 16 000 citizens murdered in the concentration camps Some 16 000 Austrians were killed in prison while over 67 000 Austrian Jews were deported to death camps only 2 000 of them lived to see the end of the war In addition 247 000 Austrians lost their lives serving in the army of the Third Reich or were reported missing and 24 000 civilians were killed during bombing raids 153 D Belgium Belgian government sources reported 12 000 military war dead which included 8 800 killed 500 missing in action 200 executed 800 resistance movement fighters and 1 800 POWs and civilian losses of 73 000 which included 32 200 deaths due to military operations 3 400 executed 8 500 political deportees 5 000 workers in Germany and 27 000 Jewish Holocaust victims 328 Losses of about 10 000 in the German Armed Forces are not included in these figures they are included with German military casualties 329 E Brazil The Brazilian Expeditionary Force war dead were 510 330 Navy losses in the Battle of the Atlantic were 492 27 Civilian losses due to attacks on merchant shipping were 470 merchant mariners and 502 passengers 27 F Bulgaria Total Bulgarian military war dead were 18 500 including 6 671 battle deaths 25 There were 3 000 civilian deaths in Allied air raids including 1 400 in the bombing of Sofia 28 A Russian historian in a handbook of human losses in the 20th century has provided the following assessment of Bulgarian casualties Military deaths 2 000 military Axis occupation forces in Yugoslavia and Greece 10 124 dead as allies of the USSR and 10 000 Anti Fascist Partisan deaths 331 Regarding partisan and civilian casualties Erlikman notes According to the official data of the royal government 2 320 were killed and 199 executed The communists claim that 20 35 000 persons died In reality deaths were 10 000 including an unknown number of civilians 331 G Burma Military casualties with the pro Japanese Burma National Army were 400 killed in action 1 500 other deaths 715 missing 2 000 wounded and 800 POW 29 Civilian deaths during the Japanese occupation of Burma totalled 250 000 110 000 Burmese plus 100 000 Indian and 40 000 Chinese civilians in Burma 29 Werner Gruhl estimates 70 000 Asian laborers died cruelly during the construction of the Burma Railway 332 H Canada The Canadian War Museum puts military losses at 42 000 plus 1 600 Merchant Navy deaths An additional 700 military dead from Newfoundland are included with the U K 31 Library and Archives Canada puts military losses at 44 090 24 525 Army 17 397 Air Force 2 168 Navy 333 The preliminary data for Canadian losses included killed 37 476 missing 1 843 wounded 53 174 and POW 9 045 319 I China Sources for total Chinese war dead are divergent and range from 10 to 20 million as detailed below John W Dower has noted So great was the devastation and suffering in China that in the end it is necessary to speak of uncertain millions of deaths Certainly it is reasonable to think in general terms of approximately 10 million Chinese war dead a total surpassed only by the Soviet Union Dower cited a United Nations report from 1947 that put Chinese war dead at 9 million 44 According to Rana Mitter the death toll on China is still being calculated but conservative estimates number the dead at 14 million 334 Rana Mitter cited the estimate of Chinese casualties by Odd Arne Westad of 2 million combat deaths and 12 million civilian deaths Mitter also cited a Chinese study published in 2006 that put the death toll in the war at 8 to 10 million 335 An academic study of the Chinese population concluded that a conservative estimate would put total human casualties directly caused by the war of 1937 1945 at between 15 000 000 and 20 000 000 37 This study cited a Chinese Nationalist source that put total civilian casualties at 2 144 048 1 073 496 killed 237 319 wounded 71 050 captured by Japanese 335 934 killed in Japanese air raids 426 249 wounded in air raids military casualties at 6 750 000 in 1937 1943 1 500 000 killed 3 000 000 wounded 750 000 missing 1 500 000 deaths caused by sickness etc 336 In addition 960 000 collaborator forces and 446 736 Communist were killed or wounded 336 The official Chinese government communist statistic for China s civilian and military casualties in the Second Sino Japanese War in 1937 1945 is 20 million dead and 15 million wounded 10 Chinese scholar Bianxiu Yue has published a study of China s population losses in the Second Sino Japanese War He put total Chinese losses at 20 6 million dead and 14 2 million injured 337 Official Nationalist Chinese casualty figures were killed 1 319 958 wounded 1 716 335 and missing 130 126 338 An academic study of the Chinese population concluded that these figures are unreasonably low and highly suspect 339 R J Rummel s estimate of total war dead in 1937 45 is 19 605 000 35 Military dead 3 400 000 including 400 000 POW Nationalist Communist and 432 000 collaborator forces Civilian war deaths 3 808 000 killed in fighting and 3 549 000 victims of Japanese war crimes not including an additional 400 000 POWs Other deaths Repression by Chinese Nationalists 5 907 000 3 081 000 military conscripts who died due to mistreatment and 2 826 000 civilian deaths caused by Nationalist government including the 1938 Yellow River flood political repression by Chinese Communists 250 000 and by Warlords 110 000 Additional deaths due to famine were 2 250 000 Werner Gruhl estimates China s total war losses at 15 554 000 Civilians 12 392 000 including 8 191 000 due to the Japanese brutality and military dead 3 162 000 36 J Cuba Cuba lost 5 merchant ships and 79 merchant mariners died 27 K Czechoslovakia According to the Czechoslovak State Statistical Office the population at 1 1 1939 within post war 1945 1992 borders was 14 612 000 38 The population in 1939 included about 3 3 million ethnic Germans that were expelled after the war or were German military casualties during the war Russian demographer Boris Urlanis estimated Czechoslovak war dead of 340 000 persons 46 000 military and 294 000 civilians 40 A Russian historian in a handbook of human losses in the 20th century has provided the following assessment of Czechoslovak casualties 39 35 000 Military deaths including killed during 1938 occupation 171 Czechoslovak Forces with the Western Allies 3 220 Czechoslovak military units on Eastern front 4 570 Slovak Republic Axis forces 7 000 Czechs in German forces 5 000 partisan losses 10 000 and 5 000 POWs 320 000 Civilian deaths 10 000 in bombing and shelling 22 000 executed 285 000 in camps including 270 000 Jews 8 000 Roma and 3 000 forced laborers in Germany 39 L Denmark The Danish Ministry of Education has detailed Denmark s losses in the war of about 8 000 persons including 2 685 killed in Denmark in bombing raids resistance fighters and those executed by the Germans and 3 000 who died outside Denmark including 2 000 merchant seamen 63 serving with Allied forces 600 in German camps 400 workers in Germany In addition 2 000 Danish volunteers were killed serving in the German military 41 M Dutch East Indies The United Nations reported in 1947 that about 30 000 Europeans and 300 000 Indonesian internees and forced laborers died during the occupation They reported The total number who were killed by the Japanese or who died from hunger disease and lack of medical attention is estimated at 3 000 000 for Java alone 1 000 000 for the Outer Islands Altogether 35 000 of the 240 000 Europeans died most of them were men of working age 340 John W Dower cited the 1947 UN report that estimated 4 million famine and forced labor dead during the Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies 44 Werner Gruhl estimated the civilian death toll due to the war and Japanese occupation at 3 000 000 Indonesians and 30 000 interned Europeans 341 A discussion of the famine in Java during 1944 45 leads Pierre van der Eng to conclude that 2 4 million Indonesians perished 14 Dutch Military losses in Asia were 2 500 killed in the 1942 Dutch East Indies campaign 342 Data from the Netherlands Institute of War Documentation puts the number of Dutch POW captured by the Japanese at 37 000 of whom 8 500 died 343 The Japanese interned 105 530 Dutch civilians in the East Indies of whom 13 567 died 343 MA Egypt Egyptian military casualties were 1 125 killed and 1 308 wounded The British used the Egyptian army to guard lines of communication and to clear minefields 344 N Estonia Estonia s human losses due to the Soviet and German occupation of Estonia from 1940 to 1945 were approximately 67 000 persons based on a study by Estonian State Commission on Examination of Policies of Repression 47 261 The first Soviet occupation of Estonia in 1940 41 resulted in 43 900 people dead or missing including 7 800 arrested persons who were murdered or perished in the Soviet Union 6 000 deported persons who perished in the Soviet Union 24 000 mobilized persons who perished in the Soviet Union and 1 100 persons who went missing 261 Losses during the 1941 1944 Occupation of Estonia by Nazi Germany were 23 040 including 7 800 executed by Nazis and 1 040 killed in prison camps 200 people died in forced labor in Germany 800 deaths in Soviet bombing raids against Estonian cities 1 000 killed in Allied air raids on Germany and 1 000 perished at sea while attempting to flee the country in 1944 45 10 000 Estonians were war dead in the German armed forces and 1 000 surrendered POW were executed by the Soviets 345 Included in the above figures is the genocide of 243 Roma people and 929 Jews 346 261 After the reoccupation by the USSR 16 000 Estonians died in Soviet repressions during 1944 53 347 261 Total deaths from 1940 to 1953 due to the war and the Soviet occupation were approximately 83 000 persons 7 3 of the population 47 261 O Ethiopia Total military and civilian dead in the East African Campaign were 100 000 including 15 000 native military with Italian forces 48 Small and Singer put the military losses at 5 000 348 The deaths of African soldiers conscripted by Italy are not included with the Italian war dead The Italian Ministry of Defense estimated 10 000 deaths of native soldiers in East African Campaign 349 These totals do not include losses in the Italian Second Italo Abyssinian War and Italian occupation from 1935 to 1941 The official Ethiopian government report lists 760 000 deaths due to the war and Italian occupation from 1935 to 1941 350 However R J Rummel estimates 200 000 Ethiopians and Libyans were killed by the Italians from the 1920s 1941 based on Discovery TV Cable Channel Program Timewatch which aired January 17 1992 351 P Finland Military dead include killed and missing from the Winter War and Continuation War with the Soviet Union between 1939 and 1944 as well as action against German forces in the Lapland War 1944 45 Winter War 1939 40 losses were approximately 27 000 military deaths Continuation War 1941 44 were 66 000 and 1 000 in Lapland War 1944 45 50 The Finnish National Archives website s database lists the names of the 94 676 Finnish war dead between 1939 and 1945 The database includes all servicemen and women who died during being listed in the Finnish army navy or the air force It also includes foreign volunteers who died during their service in Finland and Finnish SS men who died while serving in the German army The database contains civilians in case they have been buried at a military cemetery That was sometimes done if the deceased was for example an ammunition worker air raid victim or a civilian worker who for some other reason died because of the war Some parishes continued burying in the Second World War military cemeteries up to the 1980s 49 Soviet sources list the deaths of 403 of the 2 377 Finnish POW taken in the War 352 1 407 Finnish volunteers served in the Finnish Volunteer Battalion of the Waffen SS and 256 were killed in action citation needed Civilian war dead were approximately 2 100 50 51 due in part to the bombing of Helsinki in World War II Q France French military war of 210 000 dead include 150 000 regular forces 1939 40 Battle of France 92 000 1940 45 on Western Front World War II 58 000 20 000 French resistance fighters and 40 000 POWs in Germany 353 Civilian losses of 390 000 include 60 000 killed in allied mainly American bombardments 354 60 000 in land fighting 30 000 murdered in executions 60 000 political deportees 40 000 workers in Germany 100 000 victims of Nazi genocide Jews amp Roma and 40 000 French nationals in the German Armed forces who were conscripted in Alsace Lorraine 353 The French Ministry of Defense puts French military war dead at 200 000 355 They note that these losses include combatants from the French colonies as well as metropolitan France regular soldiers and members of the resistance 356 Vadim Erlikman a Russian historian estimates losses of Africans in the French Colonial Forces at about 22 000 357 752 civilians were killed during the U S air attacks on French Tunisia in 1942 43 358 R J Rummel estimates the deaths of 20 000 anti Fascist Spanish refugees resident in France who were deported to Nazi camps these deaths are included with French civilian casualties 202 R French Indochina John W Dower estimated 1 0 million deaths due to Vietnamese Famine of 1945 during Japanese occupation 271 Werner Gruhl estimates the civilian death toll due to the war and Japanese occupation at 1 500 000 341 Vietnamese sources put the number of deaths during the 1944 45 famine in North Vietnam at between 1 and 2 million 52 S Germany The following notes summarize German casualties the details are presented in German casualties in World War II German population The 1939 Population for Germany within 1937 borders File DR1937 1 png was 69 3 million persons 53 Foreign nationals of German ancestry in the countries of East Central Europe were subject to conscription by Nazi Germany during the war According to a 1958 report by the West German Statistisches Bundesamt Federal Statistical Office the pre war ethnic German population in eastern Europe was 7 423 300 persons 249 500 Baltic states amp Memel 380 000 Danzig 1 371 000 Poland 1939 Borders File Rzeczpospolita 1923 png Wikimedia Commons 3 477 000 Czechoslovakia 623 000 Hungary 536 800 Yugoslavia and 786 000 Romania 359 360 These German estimates are disputed A recent analysis by a Polish scholar found that Generally speaking the German estimates are not only highly arbitrary but also clearly tendentious in presentation of the German losses He maintains that the German government figures from 1958 overstated the total number of the ethnic Germans living in Poland prior to war as well as the total civilian deaths due to the post war expulsions 361 Total German war dead 1949 The West German Statistisches Bundesamt Federal Statistical Office estimated total war dead of 5 483 000 3 250 000 military 500 000 civilians killed in bombing raids and the land campaign 1 533 000 deaths in the expulsions from Poland and 200 000 victims of Nazi racial religious or political persecution These figures are for Germany in 1937 borders File DR1937 1 png and do not include Austria or foreign nationals of German ancestry in eastern Europe 362 1953 The German economist de Bruno Gleitze from the German Institute for Economic Research estimated total war dead of 6 000 000 3 100 000 military 600 000 civilians killed in bombing raids and the land campaign 800 000 deaths to expulsion from Poland 300 000 victims of Nazi racial religious or political persecution 1 200 000 increase in natural deaths due to the war These figures are for Germany in 1937 borders File DR1937 1 png and do not include Austria or foreign nationals of German ancestry in eastern Europe 363 1956 The West German Statistisches Bundesamt Federal Statistical Office estimated total war dead of 5 650 000 3 760 000 military 430 000 civilians killed in bombing raids and the land campaign 1 260 000 deaths to expulsion from Poland and 200 000 victims of Nazi racial religious or political persecution These figures are for Germany in 1937 borders File DR1937 1 png and do not include Austria or foreign nationals of German ancestry in eastern Europe 162 1961 The West German government issued a statement listing a total of 7 032 800 war dead military dead 3 760 000 in prewar 1937 borders File DR1937 1 png and 432 000 foreign nationals of German ancestry in eastern Europe 430 000 civilians killed in bombing raids and the land campaign in prewar 1937 borders 300 000 victims of Nazi racial religious or political persecution including 170 000 Jews expulsion dead 1 224 900 in prewar 1937 borders and 885 900 foreign nationals of German ancestry in eastern Europe These figures do not include Austria 364 The Statistisches Jahrbuch fur die Bundesrepublik Deutschland 1961 listed Austrian casualties as 250 000 military dead and 24 000 civilians killed in bombing raids 152 1984 A German demographic study estimated 6 900 000 deaths caused by the war in prewar 1937 borders File DR1937 1 png 3 800 000 military and 3 100 000 civilians 53 1991 A German demographic study estimated 5 450 000 to 5 600 000 war dead 4 300 000 military dead 430 000 civilians killed in bombing raids and the land campaign and 882 000 deaths due to expulsions from Poland These figures are for Germany in 1937 borders File DR1937 1 png and do not include Austria or foreign nationals of German ancestry in eastern Europe 365 1998 A German demographic study estimated 5 500 000 to 6 900 000 war dead These figures vary because of the shift of borders between 1937 and 1940 366 2005 The German government issued a report listing total war dead of 7 375 800 3 100 000 soldiers killed 1 200 000 soldiers missing 500 000 civilians killed in bombing raids 2 251 500 civilian victims of expulsions and deportations 24 300 Austrian civilians killed and 300 000 victims of Nazi racial religious or political persecution These figures include Austria and foreign nationals of German ancestry in eastern Europe 367 German military casualties 1945 The casualty figures compiled by the German High Command OKW as of January 31 1945 put total military losses at 2 001 399 dead 1 902 704 missing and POW held by Allies and 4 429 875 wounded 368 1946 The Metropolitan Life Insurance Co estimated German military dead at 3 250 000 369 1947 The combined staff of the U K Canada and the U S prepared A study of the employment of German manpower from 1933 1945 They estimated German casualties up until April 30 1945 at 2 230 324 dead 2 870 404 missing and POW held by Allies 370 371 1960 The West German government issued figures of the war losses Total military dead were put at 4 440 000 3 760 000 in prewar 1937 borders File DR1937 1 png 430 000 foreign nationals of German ancestry in eastern Europe and 250 000 Austria 152 1974 The Maschke Commission found that about 1 2 million German military personnel reported as missing more than likely died as POWs including 1 1 million in the USSR 372 1985 The Deutsche Dienststelle WASt has been responsible for providing information for the families of those military personnel who were killed or went missing in the war they do not compile figures of the total war dead By 1985 they had identified 3 1 million confirmed dead and 1 2 million missing and presumed dead 371 The Deutsche Dienststelle WASt reported the same figures in 2005 367 1993 The Russian historian Grigoriy Krivosheyev puts the losses of the Vlasovites Balts and Muslims etc in German service at 215 000 373 According to Krivosheev 450 600 German POWs died in Soviet captivity 356 700 in camps and 93 900 in transit 374 2000 Rudiger Overmans an associate of the German Armed Forces Military History Research Office 375 provided a reassessment of German military war dead based on a statistical survey of German military personnel records at the Deutsche Dienststelle WASt The Overmans research project was financed by a private foundation and published with the endorsement of the German Armed Forces Military History Research Office of the Federal Ministry of Defense Germany The study found that the statistics compiled by German military during the war were incomplete and did not provide an accurate accounting of casualties The research by Overmans concluded that German military dead and missing were 5 318 000 4 456 000 in prewar 1937 borders File DR1937 1 png and 539 000 foreign nationals of German ancestry in eastern Europe 261 000 Austria and 63 000 foreign nationals from western European nations The Overmans study did not include Soviet citizens in German service 55 The details of the Overmans study are presented in German casualties in World War II In a separate study Overmans concluded that the actual death toll of German POWs was about 1 1 million men including 1 0 million in the USSR 376 Civilian Casualties S2 German civilian casualties are combined from a air raid dead b racial religious and political persecution and c casualties due to expulsion of the Germans from east central Europe a Official German and Austrian sources from the 1950s cite 434 000 air raid dead 410 000 in Germany 24 000 in Austria 377 The figure cited by Overy 2013 is 353 000 air raid dead 378 b The number of victims of Nazi persecution in Germany and Austria victims of the Nazi euthanasia program is estimated at close to 400 000 300 000 in Germany 100 000 in Austria 379 153 According to the German government the euthanasia accounted for an additional 200 000 victims 380 c The number of victims of the flight and expulsion of Germans 1944 50 is contentious Estimates in the 1960s cited a total of 2 111 000 deaths 381 382 and the German government as of 2005 still maintained a number of ca 2 million 383 Direct civilian deaths due to the expulsion of Germans is estimated at 600 000 by the German Federal Archive 1974 384 and at 500 000 to 600 000 by Haar 2009 385 The substantial difference of close to 1 5 million comprises people whose fate is uncertain in the reported German statistics The German government maintains that these deaths are due to famine and disease during the flight and expulsion of Germans 1944 50 386 This was disputed by historian Ingo Haar who maintains that the difference classified as missing is due to a decline in births the assimilation of ethnic Germans in Eastern Europe after the war the understatement of military casualties and murdered Jews 385 Civilian casualties in air raids 1945 47 The United States Strategic Bombing Survey gave three different figures for German air raid deaths 1 The summary report of September 30 1945 put total casualties for the entire period of the war at 305 000 killed and 780 000 wounded 387 2 The section Effects of Strategic Bombing on the German War Economy of October 31 1945 put the losses at 375 000 killed and 625 000 wounded 387 3 The section The Effect of Bombing on Health and Medical Care in Germany of January 1947 made a preliminary calculated estimate of air raid dead at 422 000 Regarding overall losses they concluded that It was further estimated that an additional number approximately 25 of known deaths in 1944 45 were still unrecovered and unrecorded With an addition of this estimate of 1944 45 unrecorded deaths the final estimation gave in round numbers a half a million German civilians killed by Allied aerial attacks 387 1956 A German government study put German air war dead at 635 000 500 000 killed by allied strategic bombing and 135 000 refugees killed during the evacuations from eastern Europe in 1945 These figures include 593 000 Germany in 1937 borders File DR1937 1 png 410 000 civilians 32 000 foreigners and POW and 23 000 military and Police killed in strategic bombing and 127 000 civilians and 1 000 military and Police refugees fleeing on the eastern front There were an additional 42 000 dead in Austria and the annexed territories 26 000 civilians 7 000 foreigners and POW and 1 000 military and Police were killed in strategic bombing and 7 000 refugees fleeing on the eastern front 388 389 390 In 2014 Historian Richard Overy published a study of the air war The Bombers and the Bombed Allied Air War Over Europe 1940 1945 in which he disputed the official German figures of air war dead He estimated total air raid deaths at 353 000 Overy maintains that the German estimates are based on incorrect speculations for losses during the last three months of the war when there was a gap in the record keeping system He points out that the figures for air raid dead in the last three months of the war were estimated in the West German figures from 1956 at 300 000 people which he believes is not plausible The official figures include an inflated total of 60 000 in the Bombing of Dresden and the inclusion of refugees fleeing westward 156 Civilians killed in 1945 military campaign The West German government in made a rough estimate in 1956 of 20 000 civilians killed during the 1945 military campaign in current post war German borders not including the former German territories in Poland 152 However there is a more recent estimate of 22 000 civilians killed during the fighting in Berlin only 391 Deaths due to Nazi political racial and religious persecution The West German government put the number of Germans killed by the Nazi political racial and religious persecution at 300 000 including 170 000 German Jews 367 392 A 2003 report by the German Federal Archive put the total murdered during the Action T4 Euthanasia program at over 200 000 persons 393 Expulsion and flight of ethnic Germans The following notes summarize German expulsion casualties the details are presented in the flight and expulsion of Germans 1944 1950 the forced labor of Germans in the Soviet Union and the Demographic estimates of the flight and expulsion of Germans The figures for these losses are currently disputed estimates of the total deaths range from 500 000 to 2 000 000 The death toll attributable to the flight and expulsions was estimated at 2 2 million by the West German government in 1958 394 German government reports which were released to the public in 1987 and 1989 have caused some historians in Germany to put the actual total at 500 000 to 600 000 395 English language sources put the death toll at 2 to 3 million based on the West German government statistical analysis of the 1950s 396 397 398 399 400 401 402 403 404 405 1950 The West German government made a preliminary estimate of 3 0 million civilian deaths in the expulsions 1 5 million in prewar 1937 Germany File Oder neisse gif and 1 5 million foreign nationals of German ancestry in eastern Europe 406 1954 1961 The Schieder commission made preliminary estimates the civilian death toll in the expulsions of about 2 3 million persons broken out as follows 2 000 000 Poland in post war borders and the Kaliningrad Oblast of Russia 225 600 Czechoslovakia 69 000 Yugoslavia 40 000 Romania 6 000 Hungary These preliminary figures were superseded with the publication of the 1958 West German demographic study 407 1958 A West German government demographic study estimated 2 225 000 civilians died during the flight during the war post war expulsions and the Forced labor of Germans in the Soviet Union broken out as follows Germany in 1937 borders File Oder neisse gif 1 339 000 Poland in 1939 borders File Rzeczpospolita 1923 png Wikimedia Commons 185 000 Danzig 83 000 Czechoslovakia 273 000 Yugoslavia 136 000 Romania 101 000 Hungary 57 000 Baltic States 51 000 152 394 1965 The search service of the German churches and Red Cross was able to confirm 473 013 civilian deaths in eastern Europe due to the expulsions broken out as follows 367 392 Poland in post war borders 18 889 Sudetenland 64 779 Slovakia Hungary Romania and Yugoslavia 9 064 Baltic States and 12 889 Germans resettled in Poland There were an additional 1 905 991 unsolved cases of persons reported missing The results of this survey were kept secret until 1987 408 409 410 411 412 1966 The West German Federal Ministry for Expellees Refugees and War Victims issued a statement that put the number of expulsion dead at 2 111 000 1 225 000 Germany in 1937 borders File Oder neisse gif and 886 000 foreign nationals of German ancestry in eastern Europe 382 381 1974 A study by the German Federal Archive estimated a death toll of 600 000 of civilians in the expulsions and deportations to the USSR 400 000 in Poland in post war borders and the Kaliningrad Oblast of Russia 130 000 in Czechoslovakia and 80 000 in Yugoslavia The authors of the report maintain that these figures cover only those deaths caused by violent acts and deaths in forced labor and internment camps They also stated that their figures do not include deaths due to malnutrition and disease This report was kept secret and not published until 1989 413 1985 A demographic analysis which has the support of the German government estimated 2 020 000 civilians died during the post war expulsions and the forced labor of Germans in the Soviet Union broken out as follows 870 000Germany in 1937 borders east of the Oder Neisse line 108 000 Germans resettled in Poland during the war 174 000 Poland in 1939 borders File Rzeczpospolita 1923 png Wikimedia Commons 40 000 Danzig 220 000 Czechoslovakia 106 000 Yugoslavia 75 000 Romania 84 000 Hungary 33 000 Baltic States 310 000 USSR 414 The German government currently maintains that 2 0 million civilians perished in the flight and expulsion from Eastern Europe In 2006 Christoph Bergner Secretary of State in Germany s Bureau for Inner Affairs maintainted that the figure of 2 million deaths is correct because it includes the deaths from malnutrition and disease of those civilians subject to the expulsions 415 A 2005 report by the German government search service put the death toll at 2 251 500 they did not provide details of the figure 416 The current position in 2015 of the German government Federal Agency for Civic Education is that 2 million civilians perished in the expulsions they cited as the source for this figure Gerhard Reichling Die deutschen Vertriebenen in Zahlen 417 German government figures of 2 0 to 2 5 million civilian deaths due to expulsions have been disputed by scholars since the publication of the results of the German church search service survey and the report by the German Federal Archive 418 419 420 421 422 423 424 425 German historian Rudiger Overmans 2000 published a study of German military casualties this project did not investigate civilian expulsion deaths 426 Overmans did however provide a critical analysis of the previous studies by German government of the human losses in the expulsions Overmans maintains that these studies lack adequate support that a figure of 500 000 expulsion dead is credible and that there are more arguments for the lower figures rather than the higher figures He believes that new research is needed to determine the correct balance of the human losses in the expulsions According to him the figure of 1 9 million missing persons reported by the search service is unreliable as it includes military dead and persons of dubious German ancestry who were not expelled after the war but remained in eastern Europe also the figures for expellees living in the GDR was understated 420 421 427 In 2006 Historian Ingo Haar controversially disputed the official figures in an article published on 14 November 2006 in the German newspaper Suddeutsche Zeitung 418 Haar argued for a total of 500 000 to 600 000 victims 418 420 421 422 423 424 425 Christoph Bergner Secretary of state in the German Federal Ministry of the Interior argued in an interview on 29 November against revising the official count of 2 0 to 2 5 million victims and that the controversy was based on what he maintains is misunderstanding as he stated that Haar s figures represent the number violent deaths while the official figures include the much more numerous deaths due to exhaustion disease and starvation which occurred in the wake of the expulsions and deportations 386 Haar has published three articles in academic journals during 2006 2009 which covered the background of the research by the West German government on the expulsions According to Haar the numbers were set too high for postwar political reasons Haar argues that the government figure of two million is overstated He maintains the total number of known German deaths east of the Oder Neisse line and the ethnic Germans in East Central Europe lies between 500 000 and 600 000 including those deported to the Soviet Union Haar argues that the number reported missing includes a decline in births persons of dubious German nationality military deaths and murdered Jews 385 423 424 425 German historians Hans Henning Hahn and Eva Hahn 2010 have published a detailed study of the flight and expulsions They maintain that figures related to flight and expulsion have been manipulated by the German government due to political pressure The Hahn s believe the official German figure of 2 million deaths is an historical myth lacking foundation They place the ultimate blame for the mass flight and expulsion on the wartime policy of the Nazis in Eastern Europe The Hahn s maintain that the 473 013 confirmed deaths is a correct accounting of the losses Most of these losses occurred during the Nazi organized flight and evacuation during the war and the forced labor of Germans in the Soviet Union they point out that there are 80 522 confirmed deaths in the postwar internment camps 419 The German Historical Museum puts the number of deaths due to the expulsions at 600 000 they maintain that the figure of 2 million deaths in the previous government studies cannot be supported 428 A joint Czech German Historical Commission determined that between 15 000 and 30 000 Germans perished in the expulsions The commission found that the demographic estimates by the German government of 220 000 to 270 000 civilian deaths due to expulsions from Czechoslovakia were based on faulty data The Commission determined that the demographic estimates by the German government counted as missing 90 000 ethnic Germans assimilated into the Czech population military deaths were understated and that the 1950 census data used to compute the demographic losses was unreliable 429 Polish historian Bernadetta Nitschke has provided a summary of the research in Poland on German losses due to the flight and resettlement of the Germans from Poland not including other eastern European countries Nitschke contrasted the estimate of 1 6 million deaths in Poland reported by the West German government in the 1950s with the figure of 400 000 in Poland only that was disclosed in 1989 According to Nitschke most of the civilian deaths occurred during the flight and evacuation during the war the deportation to the U S S R for forced labor and after the resettlement in the Soviet occupation zone in post war Germany 430 Polish historians Witold Sienkiewicz and Grzegorz Hryciuk believe that between 600 000 and 1 2 million German civilians perished during the wartime evacuations The main causes of death were cold stress and bombing 431 According to Sienkiewicz and Hryciuk between 200 000 and 250 000 persons were held in postwar Polish internment camps and between 15 000 and 60 000 perished 432 Post war increase in natural deaths German government figures of war losses do not include the increase in natural deaths with war casualties The German economist Bruno Gleitze from the German Institute for Economic Research estimated that there were 1 200 000 excess deaths caused by the harsh conditions in Germany during and after the war Gleitze estimated 400 000 excess deaths during the war and 800 000 in post war Germany 363 The West German Statistisches Bundesamt put the actual deaths in 1939 46 due to natural causes at 7 130 000 persons the demographic study by Peter Marschalck estimated the expected deaths in peacetime due to natural causes of 5 900 000 persons a difference of 1 230 000 excess deaths 53 In Allied occupied Germany the shortage of food was an acute problem in 1946 47 The average kilocalorie intake per day was only 1 600 to 1 800 an amount insufficient for long term health 433 T Greece The Greek government is planning to claim reparations from Germany for war damages 434 435 The Greek National Council for Reparations from Germany reports the following casualties during the Axis occupation of Greece during World War II Military dead 35 077 including 13 327 killed in the Greco Italian War of 1940 41 1 100 with the Greek Armed Forces in the Middle East and 20 650 partisan deaths Civilian deaths 171 845 including 56 225 executed by Axis forces 105 000 dead in German concentration camps including Jews 7 120 deaths due to bombing 3 500 merchant marine dead 600 000 Famine deaths during the war 56 A study published by Cambridge University Press in 2010 estimated that Greece suffered approximately 300 000 deaths during the Axis occupation as a result of famine and malnutrition 57 Gregory Frumkin who was throughout its existence editor of the Statistical Year Book of the League of Nations gave the following assessment of Greek losses in the war He points out that the data on Greek war losses are frequently divergent and even inconsistent His estimates for Greek losses are as follows the war dead included 20 000 military deaths in the Greco Italian War of 1940 41 60 000 non Jewish civilians 20 000 non Jewish deportees 60 000 Jews and 140 000 famine deaths during the Axis occupation of Greece during World War II 436 In campaigns against the Greek Resistance the German occupiers engaged in a policy of reprisals against civilians the most notorious were the Distomo massacre and the Massacre of Kalavryta According to the German historian Dieter Pohl at least 25 000 but perhaps even more civilians were killed in mass executions Pohl maintains that about 1 million persons 14 of the population were displaced in the campaigns against the Greek Resistance because their homes were destroyed or they were expelled and became refugees 437 TA Guam Guam was a United States administered territory during World War Two The local Chamorro people were granted U S citizenship in the Guam Organic Act of 1950 According to an official U S report during the Battle of Guam on December 8 10 4 Guam local military personnel and 3 Guam residents were killed in the battle 438 However Japanese sources reported 40 50 of the local population killed 439 Between 1 000 58 to 2 000 59 Chamorro people were killed or otherwise died of abuse and mistreatment during the Japanese occupation of Guam from December 10 1941 until August 10 1944 including an estimated 600 civilians who were massacred by the Japanese during the Battle of Guam 1944 59 U Hungary Tamas Stark of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences has provided the following assessment of Hungarian losses Military losses were 300 000 to 310 000 including 110 120 000 killed in action and 200 000 in Soviet POW and labor camps and 20 000 25 000 Jews in Hungarian military labor service 60 About 200 000 were from Hungary in the 1938 borders and 100 000 men who were conscripted from the annexed territories of Greater Hungary in Slovakia Romania and Yugoslavia 61 Civilian dead within the borders of present day Hungary included 220 000 Hungarian Jews killed in the Holocaust and 44 000 deaths from military operations 61 The Jewish population of Hungary in the 1941 borders was 764 000 445 000 in the 1938 borders and 319 000 in the annexed territories Holocaust deaths in the 1938 borders was 200 000 not including 20 000 men conscripted as forced labor for the military 192 During the Soviet occupation of Hungary about 700 000 men were deported to Soviet Union only 300 000 retrned to Hungary 440 V Iceland Confirmed losses of civilian sailors due to German attacks and mines 62 W India India which was a British colony during World War II included the present day India Pakistan and Bangladesh India under British administration is sometimes referred to as the British Raj The war dead of 87 029 listed here are those reported by the Commonwealth War Graves Commission 63 Gurkhas recruited from Nepal fought with the British Indian Army during the Second World War Gurkha casualties with the British Indian Army can be broken down as 8 985 killed or missing and 23 655 wounded 441 The preliminary 1945 data for Indian losses was killed 24 338 missing 11 754 wounded 64 354 and POW 79 489 319 Out of 60 000 Indian Army POWs taken at the Fall of Singapore 11 000 died in captivity 244 The pro Japanese Indian National Army lost 2 615 dead and missing 29 Bengal famine of 1943 Cormac o Grada 2007 E stimates of mortality in the Bengal famine of 1943 range from 0 8 million to 3 8 million today the scholarly consensus is about 2 1 million Hall Matthews 2005 Sen 1981 Maharatna 1996 64 John W Dower estimated 1 5 million civilian deaths in the Bengal famine of 1943 442 Amartya Sen currently the Lamont University Professor at Harvard University has recently estimated that a figure of 2 0 to 2 5 million fatalities may be more accurate 443 Y Iraq Losses during Anglo Iraqi War and UK occupation in 1941 66 According to the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum 150 180 Jews were killed in the Farhud pogrom in 1941 67 Z Ireland Although neutral an estimated 70 000 of the Irish Free State s citizens volunteered in the British military service Some 40 Irish citizens were killed by accidental bombings in Dublin and Carlow and 33 Irish merchant seamen were killed in U boat attacks by Germany 69 444 The Irish Free State Eire being part of the British Commonwealth during the war the Commonwealth War Graves Commission records 51 named civilians who died within its borders from effects of enemy action 445 AA Italy The Italian government issued an accounting of the war dead in 1957 they broke out the losses before and after the Armistice with Italy military dead and missing 291 376 204 376 pre armistice and 87 030 post armistice Civilian dead and missing at 153 147 123 119 post armistice including in air raids 61 432 42 613 post armistice 446 A brief summary of data from this report can be found online 447 Military war dead Confirmed dead were 159 957 92 767 pre armistice 67 090 post armistice 448 Missing and presumed dead including POWs were 131 419 111 579 pre armistice 19 840 post armistice 449 Losses by branch of service Army 201 405 Navy 22 034 Air Force 9 096 Colonial Forces 354 Chaplains 91 Fascist militia 10 066 Paramilitary 3 252 not indicated 45 078 450 Military Losses by theatre of war Italy 74 725 37 573 post armistice France 2 060 1 039 post armistice Germany 25 430 24 020 post armistice Greece Albania and Yugoslavia 49 459 10 090 post armistice USSR 82 079 3 522 post armistice Africa 22 341 1 565 post armistice at sea 28 438 5 526 post armistice other and unknown 6 844 3 695 post armistice 451 Military losses in Italy after the September 1943 Armistice with Italy included 5 927 with the Allies 17 488 Italian resistance movement fighters in Italy and 13 000 RSI Italian Social Republic Fascist forces 452 Included in the losses are 64 000 victims of Nazi reprisals and genocide including 30 000 POWs and 8 500 Jews 202 According to Martin Gilbert Jewish Holocaust victims totaled 8 000 in Italy and 562 in the Italian colony of Libya 197 Updated studies 2010 by the Ufficio dell Albo d Oro of the Italian Ministry of Defence p 4 Archived 2020 08 02 at the Wayback Machine have revised the military deaths to 319 207 of which 246 432 belonged to the Army 31 347 to the Navy 13 210 to the Air Force 15 197 to the Partisan formations and 13 021 to the armed forces of the Italian Social Republic The casualties recorded for Italy do not include Italians who were born in Italian colonies and possessions ethnic Italians in Libya Eritrea Ethiopia Somalia and the Dodecanese and in national territories that Italy lost with the Paris peace treaty of 1947 mainly the Julian March Istria and Zara Zadar a large part of the victims of the Foibe massacres are thus not included Also Africans conscripted by Italy are not included in their figures With regards to the Partisan casualties a ministerial study published in 1955 listed the partisans killed or executed as 35 828 however the Ufficio dell Albo d Oro only considered as partisans the members of the Resistance who were civilians before joining the partisans whereas partisans who were formerly members of the Italian armed forces more than half those killed were considered as members of their armed force of origin With regards to the Italian Social Republic casualties the Ufficio dell Albo d Oro excludes from its lists of the fallen the individuals who committed war crimes In the context of the RSI where numerous war crimes were committed in the anti partisan warfare and many individuals were therefore involved in such crimes especially GNR and Black Brigades personnel this influences negatively the casualty count under a statistical point of view The RSI Historical Foundation Fondazione RSI Istituto Storico has drafted a list that lists the names of some 35 000 RSI military personnel killed in action or executed during and immediately after World War II including the revenge killings that occurred at the end of the hostilities and in their immediate aftermath including some 13 500 members of the Guardia Nazionale Repubblicana and Milizia Difesa Territoriale 6 200 members of the Black Brigades 2 800 Aeronautica Nazionale Repubblicana personnel 1 000 Marina Nazionale Repubblicana personnel 1 900 X MAS personnel 800 soldiers of the Monterosa Division 470 soldiers of the Italia Division 1 500 soldiers of the San Marco Division 300 soldiers of the Littorio Division 350 soldiers of the Tagliamento Alpini Regiment 730 soldiers of the 3rd and 8th Bersaglieri regiments 4 000 troops of miscellaneous units of the Esercito Nazionale Repubblicano excluding the above mentioned Divisions and Alpini and Bersaglieri Regiments 300 members of the Legione Autonoma Mobile Ettore Muti 200 members of the Raggruppamento Anti Partigiani 550 members of the Italian SS and 170 members of the Cacciatori degli Appennini Regiment This would bring the total number of Italian military personnel killed to some 341 000 excluding colonial troops According to the official history of the Italian Army Rovighi Alberto 1988 Le Operazioni in Africa Orientale giugno 1940 novembre 1941 Operations in East Africa June 1940 November 1941 Rome Stato Maggiore Esercito Ufficio storico From June 1940 to 16 April 1941 11 755 askaris were killed in Italian East Africa excluding the losses in Giuba region and eastern fronts After that date in the last battles in East Africa there were 490 askaris killed in the battle of Culqualber and 3 700 killed in the battle of Gondar plus an unknown number in the battle of Amba Alagi and other minor clashes This would mean that the number of askaris killed in East Africa was likely somewhere between 16 000 and 20 000 According to the Italian Army official history USSME La prima offensiva Britannica in Africa Settentrionale tomo I allegato 32 page 375 the two Libyan colonial divisions lost 1 399 soldiers killed not counting the officers who were Italian in the battle of Sidi Barrani where they were both destroyed There was not much use of colonial troops in North Africa afterwards citation needed AB Japan Estimates for total Japanese war dead in 1937 1945 range from at least 2 5 million 442 to 3 237 million 453 According to the Japanese Ministry of Health and Welfare Japanese war dead 1937 45 totaled 3 1 million persons including 2 3 million soldiers and Army Navy civilian employees 500 000 civilians in Japan and 300 000 civilians living outside of Japan These figures include military dead of 30 000 Chinese from Taiwan and 22 182 Koreans 11 Military dead According to a report compiled by the Relief Bureau of the Japanese Ministry of Health and Welfare in March 1964 combined Japanese Army and Navy deaths during the war 1937 45 numbered approximately 2 121 000 broken down as follows 454 Key Location Army dead Navy dead Total dead Japan Proper 58 100 45 800 103 900 Bonin Islands 2 700 12 500 15 200 Okinawa 67 900 21 500 89 400 Formosa Taiwan 28 500 10 600 39 100 Korea 19 600 6 900 26 500 Sakhalin the Aleutian and Kuril Islands 8 200 3 200 11 400 Manchuria 45 900 800 46 700 China inc Hong Kong 435 600 20 100 455 700 Siberia 52 300 400 52 700 Central Pacific 95 800 151 400 247 200 Philippines 377 500 121 100 498 600 French Indochina 7 900 4 500 12 400 Thailand 6 900 100 7 000 Burma inc India 163 000 1 500 164 500 Malaya amp Singapore 8 500 2 900 11 400 Andaman amp Nicobar Islands 900 1 500 2 400 Sumatra 2 700 500 3 200 Java 2 700 3 800 6 500 Lesser Sundas 51 800 1 200 53 000 Borneo 11 300 6 700 18 000 Celebes 1 500 4 000 5 500 Moluccas 2 600 1 800 4 400 New Guinea 112 400 15 200 127 600 Bismarck Archipelago 19 700 10 800 30 500 Solomon Islands 63 200 25 000 88 200 Total 1 647 200 473 800 2 121 000 Overall perhaps two thirds of all Japanese military dead came not from combat but from starvation and disease 455 In some cases this figure was potentially even higher up to 80 in the Philippines 456 and a staggering 97 in New Guinea 457 According to John W Dower the Japanese source Showa Shi 1959 by Shigeki Toyama put Japanese war dead in 1937 1941 in the Second Sino Japanese War at 185 467 442 In 1949 the report of the Japanese government Economic Stabilization Board put military war dead from December 1941 to December 21 1946 at 1 555 308 Killed and 309 402 wounded 458 459 These figures do not include an additional 240 000 missing Army personnel The figures of wounded show only those receiving pensions 458 The details of these figures are as follows 460 459 Army China after Pearl Harbor 202 958 killed and 88 920 wounded vs United States 485 717 killed and 34 679 wounded vs U K and Netherlands 208 026 killed and 139 225 wounded vs Australia 199 511 killed and 15 000 wounded French Indochina 2 803 killed and 6 000 wounded Manchuria amp USSR 7 483 killed and 4 641 wounded other overseas 23 388 killed and 0 wounded Japan proper 10 543 killed and 6 782 wounded Army total 1 140 429 killed and 295 247 wounded Navy Sailors 300 386 killed and 12 275 wounded and missing Civilians in Navy service 114 493 killed and 1 880 wounded and missing Navy total 414 879 killed and 14 155 wounded and missing The Japanese Central Liaison Office reported in July 1947 to the Allied occupation authorities that Japanese military dead in 1935 1945 were 1 687 738 1 340 700 Army and 347 038 Navy 461 The Yasukuni Shrine in Japan lists a total of 191 250 war dead from 1937 to 1941 in the Second Sino Japanese War and 2 133 915 in the Pacific War Their figures include civilians who participated in combat and Chinese Taiwan and Koreans in the Japanese Armed Forces According to the calculations of Werner Gruhl Japanese military war dead were 2 565 878 250 000 from 1931 to 1941 and 2 315 878 in 1942 45 462 John W Dower maintains that only one third of the military deaths occurred in actual combat the majority being caused by illness and starvation 442 According to Dower over 300 000 Japanese POW were missing after being captured by the Soviets Japanese figures as of 12 31 1948 listed 469 074 missing personnel in Soviet hands while at the same time the Soviets admitted to holding 95 000 Japanese prisoners thus leaving 374 041 surrendered Japanese personnel who were unaccounted for and presumed dead 463 According to Dower Known deaths of Japanese troops awaiting repatriation in Allied non Soviet hands were listed as 81 090 by U S authorities 463 464 The Japanese Ministry of Welfare and Foreign Office reported from 1951 to 1960 that 254 000 military personnel and civilians were confirmed dead and 95 000 went missing in Soviet hands after the war The details of these losses are as follows 199 000 in Manchurian transit camps 36 000 in North Korea 9 000 on Sakhalin and 103 000 in the USSR 465 According to the Japanese Ministry of Health and Welfare 65 000 soldiers and civilians were killed in the 1945 military campaign against the Soviet Union After the war ended deaths at the hands of the Red Army and local Chinese population were 185 000 Manchuria 28 000 in North Korea and 10 000 on Sakhalin and the Kurile islands An additional 700 000 were taken prisoner by the Soviets were 50 000 died in forced labor in the USSR and Outer Mongolia 466 The Japanese government figures for POW deaths are not in agreement with Soviet figures Russian sources report that the Soviets reported the POW deaths of 62 105 61 855 Japanese and 214 collaborator forces out of the 640 105 captured 609 448 Japanese and 30 657 collaborator forces 467 Civilian Dead The 1949 report of the Japanese government Economic Stabilization Board detailed the casualties caused by air raids and sea bombardment Total casualties were 668 315 including 299 485 dead 24 010 missing and 344 820 injured These figures include the casualties in Tokyo 東京 97 031 dead 6 034 missing and 113 923 injured in Hiroshima 広島 86 141 dead 14 394 missing and 46 672 injured in Nagasaki 長崎 26 238 dead 1 947 missing and 41 113 injured 468 469 470 According to John W Dower an error which appears in English language sources puts the total killed in air raids at 668 000 a figure which includes dead missing and injured 463 A Japanese academic study published in 1979 by The Committee for the Compilation of Materials on Damage Caused by the Atomic Bombs in Hiroshima and Nagasaki puts the total dead in the atomic attacks at 140 000 10 000 in Hiroshima and 70 000 10 000 in Nagasaki 471 According to the authors of the report a study of atomic bomb related casualties in Hiroshima in December 1945 was lost and not discovered until twenty years later they cited a similar survey in Nagasaki done in December 1945 471 The authors maintain that the lower casualty figures published in the immediate post war era did not include military personnel and missing persons 472 The figures of dead in the atomic attacks from this study were cited by John W Dower in his War Without Mercy 473 According to the World Nuclear Association In Hiroshima of a resident civilian population of 250 000 it was estimated that 45 000 died on the first day and a further 19 000 during the subsequent four months In Nagasaki out of a population of 174 000 22 000 died on the first day and another 17 000 within four months Unrecorded deaths of military personnel and foreign workers may have added considerably to these figures About 15 square kilometers over 50 of the two cities was destroyed It is impossible to estimate the proportion of these 103 000 deaths or of the further deaths in military personnel which were due to radiation exposure rather than to the very high temperatures and blast pressures caused by the explosions They noted that To the 103 000 deaths from the blast or acute radiation exposure at Hiroshima and Nagasaki have since been added those due to radiation induced cancers which amounted to some 400 within 30 years and which may ultimately reach about 550 Some 93 000 exposed survivors were still being monitored 50 years later 474 The Radiation Effects Research Foundation puts the number of deaths within two to four months in Hiroshima at 90 000 to 166 000 persons and in Nagasaki at 60 000 to 80 000 persons They noted that deaths caused by the atomic bombings include those that occurred on the days of the bombings due to the overwhelming force and heat of the blasts as well as later deaths attributable to radiation exposure The total number of deaths is not known precisely because military personnel records in each city were destroyed entire families perished leaving no one to report deaths and unknown numbers of forced laborers were present in both cities 475 The U S Strategic Bombing Survey published the following estimates of Japanese casualties due to U S bombing 1 Summary Report July 1946 Total civilian casualties in Japan as a result of 9 months of air attack including those from the atomic bombs were approximately 806 000 Of these approximately 330 000 were fatalities 476 2 United States Strategic Bombing Survey Medical Division 1947 The bombing of Japan killed 333 000 civilians and injured 473 000 Of this total 120 000 died and 160 000 were injured in the atomic bombings leaving 213 000 dead and 313 000 injured by conventional bombing 477 3 The effects of air attack on Japanese urban economy Summary report 1947 Estimated that 252 769 Japanese were killed and 298 650 injured in the air war 478 4 The Effects of strategic bombing on Japanese morale Based on a survey of Japanese households the death toll was put at 900 000 dead and 1 3 million injured the SBS noted that this figure was subject to a maximum sampling error of 30 479 5 Strategic Bombing Survey The Effects of Atomic Bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki The most striking result of the atomic bombs was the great number of casualties The exact number of dead and injured will never be known because of the confusion after the explosions Persons unaccounted for might have been burned beyond recognition in the falling buildings disposed of in one of the mass cremations of the first week of recovery or driven out of the city to die or recover without any record remaining No sure count of even the prepaid populations existed Because of the decline in activity in the two port cities the constant threat of incendiary raids and the formal evacuation programs of the Government an unknown number of the inhabitants had either drifter away from the cities or been removed according to plan In this uncertain situation estimates of casualties have generally ranged between 100 000 and 180 000 for Hiroshima and between 50 000 and 100 000 for Nagasaki The Survey believes the dead at Hiroshima to have been between 70 000 and 80 000 with an equal number injured at Nagasaki over 35 000 dead and somewhat more than that injured seems the most plausible estimate 480 John W Dower puts Japanese civilian dead in Battle of Saipan at 10 000 and 150 000 in Battle of Okinawa based on a recent study of the campaign 463 However American military sources put civilian dead on Okinawa at 42 000 they noted that Japanese sources indicate 50 000 Okinawan noncombatants were killed during the campaign 481 482 War related deaths of Japanese merchant marine personnel were 27 000 483 AC Korea American researcher R J Rummel estimated 378 000 Korean dead due to forced labor in Japan and Manchuria According to Rummel Information on Korean deaths under Japanese occupation is difficult to uncover We do know that 5 400 000 Koreans were conscripted for labor beginning in 1939 but how many died can only be roughly estimated 484 Werner Gruhl estimated the civilian death toll due to the war and Japanese occupation at 533 000 485 John W Dower has noted Between 1939 and 1945 close to 670 000 Koreans were brought to Japan for fixed terms of work mostly in mines and heavy industry and it has been estimated that 60 000 or more of them died under harsh conditions of their work places Over 10 000 others were probably killed in the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki 486 AD Latvia Independent Russian historian Vadim Erlikman estimated Latvian civilian war dead in 1941 45 at 220 000 35 000 in military operations 110 000 executed 35 000 in Germany and 40 000 due to hunger and disease Military dead were estimated with Soviet forces at 10 000 and 15 000 with German POW deaths 3 000 487 AE Lithuania Independent Russian historian Vadim Erlikman estimated Lithuanian civilian war dead in 1941 45 at 345 000 25 000 in military operations 230 000 executed 15 000 in Germany and 75 000 due to hunger and disease Military dead were estimated with Soviet forces at 15 000 and 5 000 with German POW deaths 4 000 488 AF Luxembourg Total war dead were 5 000 489 which included military losses of about 3 000 with the German Armed Forces and 200 in a separate unit attached to the Belgian Army AG Malaya and Singapore The British colony of Malaya consisted of the Straits Settlements the Federated Malay States and Unfederated Malay States Today they are the nations Malaysia and Singapore According to John W Dower Malayan officials after the war claimed possibly with exaggeration that as many as 100 000 residents mostly Chinese may have been killed by the Japanese of 73 000 Malayans transported to work on the Burma Siam railway 25 000 were reported to have died 490 According to Werner Gruhl in Singapore the Japanese murdered 5 000 to 10 000 Chinese in 1942 In Malaya and Singapore an estimated 50 000 Chinese were killed in this genocide by the end of the war 491 AH Malta 1 493 civilians were killed and 3 734 wounded during the Siege of Malta World War II 89 Maltese civilians killed during the siege are also included with U K civilian deaths by the Commonwealth War Graves Commission AI Mexico Mexico lost 7 merchant ships and 63 dead merchant mariners 27 A Mexican Air Force unit Escuadron 201 served in the Pacific and suffered 5 combat deaths AJ Mongolia Military losses with USSR against Japan in the 1939 Battle of Khalkhin Gol 200 and the 1945 Soviet invasion of Manchuria 72 campaigns 90 AK Nauru During World War II Japan occupied Nauru in August 1942 and deported 1 200 Nauruans to work as laborers in the Caroline Islands where 463 died The survivors returned to Nauru in January 1946 91 AL Nepal Gurkhas recruited from Nepal fought with the British Indian Army and Nepalese Army during the Second World War The war dead reported by the Commonwealth War Graves Commission for India include Nepalese in the British Indian Army and Nepalese Army 492 Gurkha casualties can be broken down as 8 985 killed or missing and 23 655 wounded 441 AM Netherlands In 1948 the Netherlands Central Bureau of Statistics CBS issued a report of war losses They listed 210 000 direct war casualties in the Netherlands not including the Dutch East Indies Military deaths 6 750 which included 3 900 regular Army 2 600 Navy forces and 250 POW in Germany Civilian deaths of 203 250 which included 1 350 Merchant seaman 2 800 executed 2 500 dead in Dutch concentration camps 20 400 killed by acts of war 104 000 Jewish Holocaust dead 18 000 political prisoners in Germany 27 000 workers in Germany 3 700 Dutch nationals in the German armed forces and 7 500 missing and presumed dead in Germany and 16 000 deaths in the Dutch famine of 1944 Not Included in the figure of 210 000 war dead are 70 000 indirect war casualties which are attributed to an increase in natural deaths from 1940 to 1945 and 1 650 foreign nationals killed while serving in the Dutch Merchant Marine 92 The Netherlands War Graves Foundation maintains a registry of the names of Dutch war dead 493 AN Newfoundland Newfoundland lost 1 089 persons with U K and Canadian Forces during the war 94 The losses of the Newfoundland Merchant Navy are commemorated at the Allied Merchant Navy Memorial in Newfoundland 494 Civilian losses were due to the sinking of the SS Caribou in October 1942 95 AO New Zealand The Auckland War Museum puts the number of World War II dead at 11 671 96 The preliminary data for New Zealand losses was killed 10 033 missing 2 129 wounded 19 314 and POW 8 453 319 AP Norway According to Norwegian government sources the war dead were 10 200 97 Military Norwegian amp Allied Forces 2 000 800 Army 900 Navy and 100 Air 97 Civilians 7 500 3 600 Merchant seaman 1 500 resistance fighters 1 800 civilians killed and 600 Jews killed 97 In German Armed Forces 700 97 AQ Papua New Guinea Civilian deaths were caused by Allied bombing and shellfire and Japanese atrocities Both the Allies and Japanese also conscripted civilians to work as laborers and porters 98 AR Philippines Philippines military losses were 57 000 including 7 000 KIA in 1941 42 campaign 8 000 guerrillas KIA 1942 45 and 42 000 POWs out of 98 000 100 According to Werner Gruhl the death toll due to the war and Japanese occupation at 527 000 27 000 military dead 141 000 massacred 22 500 forced labor deaths and 336 500 deaths due war related famine Civilian losses included victims of Japanese war crimes such as the Manila massacre which claimed the lives of 100 000 Filipinos 16 Between 5 000 and 10 000 Filipinos serving with the Filipino troops Scouts Constabulary and Philippine Army units lost their lives on the Bataan Death March 495 AS PolandTotal Polish war dead In 2009 Wojciech Materski and Tomasz Szarota of the Polish Institute of National Remembrance IPN put the figure of Poland s dead at between 5 620 000 and 5 820 000 including an estimated 150 000 Polish citizens who died due to Soviet repression The IPN s figures include 2 7 to 2 9 million Polish Jews who were murdered in the Holocaust and 2 770 000 ethnic Poles 496 including Direct War Losses 543 000 Murdered in Camps and in Pacification 506 000 Deaths in prisons and Camps 1 146 000 Deaths outside of prisons and Camps 473 000 Murdered in Eastern Regions 100 000 Deaths in other countries 2 000 497 Polish researchers have determined that the Nazis murdered 2 830 000 Jews including 1 860 000 Polish Jews in the extermination camps in Poland in addition over 1 0 million Polish Jews were murdered by the Einsatzgruppen in the eastern regions or died of starvation and disease while in ghettos 496 In his 2009 book Andrzej Leon Sowa of the Jagiellonian University emphasizes the lack of reliable data concerning World War II losses According to him between 2 35 and 2 9 million Polish citizens of Jewish ethnicity were killed in addition to about two million ethnic Poles He writes that not even estimated figures are available regarding Polish citizens of German Ukrainian or Belarusian ethnicity 498 The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum states that i t is estimated that the Germans killed between 1 8 and 1 9 million non Jewish Polish civilians during World War II In addition the Germans murdered at least 3 million Jewish citizens of Poland 499 Czeslaw Luczak in 1993 estimated Poland s war dead to be 5 9 to 6 0 million including 2 9 to 3 0 million Jews murdered in the Holocaust and 2 0 million ethnic Polish victims of the German and Soviet occupations 1 5 million under German occupation and the balance of 500 000 in the former eastern Polish regions under Soviet occupation 500 Luczak also included in his figures an estimated 1 000 000 war dead of Polish citizens from the ethnic Ukrainian and Belarusian ethnic groups who comprised 20 of Poland s pre war population 501 502 Tadeusz Piotrowski estimated Poland s losses in World War II to be 5 6 million including 5 150 000 victims of Nazi crimes against ethnic Poles and The Holocaust 350 000 deaths during the Soviet occupation in 1940 41 and about 100 000 Poles killed in 1943 44 during the massacres of Poles in Volhynia Losses by ethnic group were 3 100 000 Jews 2 000 000 ethnic Poles 500 000 Ukrainians and Belarusians 260 Total losses by geographic area were about 4 4 million in present day Poland and about 1 6 million in the Polish areas annexed by the Soviet Union 503 504 Polish historian Krystyna Kersten estimated losses of about 2 0 million in the Polish areas annexed by the Soviet Union 181 Contemporary Russian sources also include Poland s losses in the annexed territories with Soviet war deaths 505 The official Polish government report on war damages prepared in 1947 listed 6 028 000 war victims during the German occupation including 123 178 military deaths 2 8 million Poles and 3 2 million Jews out of a population of 27 007 000 ethnic Poles and Jews this report excluded ethnic Ukrainian and Belarusian losses Losses were calculated for the territory of Poland in 1939 including the territories annexed by the USSR 506 The figure of 6 0 million war dead has been disputed by Polish scholars since the fall of communism who now put the total actual losses at about 3 0 million Jews and 2 0 million ethnic Poles not including other ethnic groups Ukrainians and Belarusians They maintain that the official statistics include those persons who were missing and presumed dead but actually remained abroad in the West and the USSR after the war 502 507 Polish losses during the Soviet occupation 1939 1941 In August 2009 Wojciech Materski and Tomasz Szarota of the Polish Institute of National Remembrance IPN estimated that 150 000 Polish citizens were killed due to Soviet repression Since the collapse of the USSR Polish scholars have been able to do research in the Soviet archives on Polish losses during the Soviet occupation 496 In his 2009 book Andrzej Leon Sowa of the Jagiellonian University states that about 325 000 Polish citizens were deported by the Soviets in 1940 41 The number of the deaths for which the Soviets are responsible probably did not exceed 100 000 and the same applies to the killings perpetrated by Ukrainian nationalists 498 Andrzej Paczkowski puts the number of Polish deaths at 90 000 100 000 of the 1 0 million persons deported and 30 000 executed by the Soviets 259 In 2005 Tadeusz Piotrowski estimated the death toll in Soviet hands at 350 000 508 An earlier estimate made in 1987 by Franciszek Proch of the Polish Association of Former Political Prisoners of Nazi and Soviet Concentration Camps estimated the total dead due to the Soviet occupation at 1 050 000 509 Polish military casualties Poland lost a total of 139 800 regular soldiers and 100 000 Polish resistance movement fighters during the war 502 Polish military casualties Military dead and missing were 66 000 and 130 000 wounded in the 1939 Invasion of Poland in addition 17 000 19 000 were killed by the Soviets in the Katyn massacre and 12 000 died in German POW camps 510 The Polish contribution to World War II included the Polish Armed Forces in the West and the 1st Polish Army fighting under Soviet command Total casualties of these forces in exile were 33 256 killed in action 8 548 missing in action 42 666 wounded and 29 385 interned 510 The Polish Red Cross reported that the 1944 Warsaw Uprising cost the lives of 120 000 130 000 Polish civilians and 16 000 17 000 Polish resistance movement fighters 502 511 The names of Polish war dead are presented at a database online 512 During the war 2 762 000 513 Polish citizens of German descent declared their loyalty to Germany by signing the Deutsche Volksliste A West German government report estimated the deaths of 108 000 Polish citizens serving in the German armed forces 514 these men were conscripted in violation of international law 515 The Institute of National Remembrance IPN estimates 200 000 210 000 Polish citizens including 76 000 ethnic Poles were conscripted into the Soviet armed forces in 1940 41 during the occupation of the eastern regions The IPN also reported that the Germans conscripted 250 000 Polish nationals into the Wehrmacht 89 300 later deserted and joined the Polish Armed Forces in the West 497 AT Timor Officially neutral East Timor was occupied by Japan during 1942 45 Allied commandos initiated a guerrilla resistance campaign and most deaths were caused by Japanese reprisals against the civilian population The Australian Dept of Defence estimated the civilian death toll at 40 000 to 70 000 109 However another source puts the death toll at 40 000 to 50 000 516 AU Romania Demographer Boris Urlanis estimated Romanian war dead at 300 000 military and 200 000 civilians 517 Total Romanian military war dead were approximately 300 000 Total killed were 93 326 72 291 with Axis and 21 035 with Allies Total missing and POW were 341 765 283 322 with Axis and 58 443 with Allies only about 80 000 survived Soviet captivity 518 Civilian losses included 160 000 Jewish Holocaust dead 195 the genocide of Roma people 36 000 and 7 693 civilians killed in Allied air raids on Romania 519 AV Ruanda Urundi The Ruzagayura famine from October 1943 to December 1944 was due to a local drought and the harsh wartime policies of the Belgian colonial administration to increase food production for the war effort in the Congo By the time the famine ended between 36 000 112 and 50 000 113 people died of hunger in the territory Several hundred thousand people also emigrated away from Ruanda Urundi most to the Belgian Congo but also to British Uganda 520 521 As Ruanda Rwanda was not occupied nor its food supply cut off these deaths are not usually included with World War II casualties However at least one historian has compared the 1943 famine there to the Bengal famine of 1943 which is attributed to war 522 AW South Africa The war dead of 11 907 listed here are those reported by the Commonwealth War Graves Commission 523 The preliminary 1945 data for South African losses was killed 6 840 missing 1 841 wounded 14 363 and POW 14 589 319 AX South Seas Mandate This territory includes areas now known as the Marshall Islands Micronesia Palau and the Northern Mariana Islands Micronesian war related civilian deaths were caused by American bombing and shellfire and malnutrition caused by the U S blockade of the islands In addition the civilian population was conscripted by the Japanese as forced laborers and were subjected to numerous mindless atrocities 524 John W Dower put Japanese civilian dead in Battle of Saipan at 10 000 463 AY Soviet UnionThe following notes summarize Soviet casualties the details are presented in World War II casualties of the Soviet Union A 1993 report published by the Russian Academy of Science estimated the total Soviet losses in World War II at 26 6 million 4 525 526 The Russian Ministry of Defense in 1993 put total military dead and missing in 1941 45 at 8 668 400 310 527 These figures have generally been accepted by historians in the west 528 529 530 The total population loss of 26 6 million is an estimate based on a demographic study it is not an exact accounting of the war dead 531 The figures of 26 6 million total war dead and 8 668 million military dead are cited by the Russian government for the losses in the war 532 Military war dead The figures for Soviet military war dead and missing are disputed The official report on the military casualties was prepared by Grigori F Krivosheev 533 534 According to Krivosheev the losses of the Red Army and Navy combat forces in the field were 8 668 400 including 5 226 800 killed in action 309 555 500 non combat deaths 309 1 102 800 died of wounds 309 500 000 missing in action 309 The remaining balance includes 1 103 000 POW dead and 180 000 POWs who remained in western countries at the end of the war Krivosheev maintains that the higher figure of 3 3 million POW dead cited in western sources is based on German figures and analysis 535 536 Krivosheev maintains that these statistics are not correct because they include reservists not on active strength civilians and military personnel reported missing who were recovered during the course of the war He maintains that the actual number captured were 4 559 000 he deducted 3 276 000 to arrive at his total of 1 283 million POW irrecoverable losses his deductions were 500 000 reservists not on actual strength 939 700 military personnel reported missing who were recovered during the war and 1 836 000 POWs who returned to the Soviet Union at the end of the war 537 Krivosheev s figures are disputed by historians who put the actual losses at between 10 9 and 11 5 million Critics of Krivosheev maintain that he underestimated the losses of POWs and missing in action and did he did not include the casualties of those convicted Data published in Russia by Viktor Zemskov put Soviet POW losses at 2 543 000 5 734 000 were captured 821 000 released into German service and 2 371 000 liberated 538 Zemskov estimated the total military war dead were 11 5 million including POW dead of 2 3 million and 1 5 million missing in action 539 S N Mikhalev estimated total military irrecoverable losses at 10 922 million 540 A recent study by Christian Hartmann put Soviet military dead at 11 4 million 541 Additional losses not included by Krivosheev were 267 300 who died of sickness in hospital 542 135 000 convicts executed 543 and 422 700 convicts sent to penal units at the front 543 S N Mikhalev estimated total military demographic losses at 13 7 million 540 S A Il enkov an official of the Central Archives of the Russian Ministry of Defense maintained We established the number of irreplaceable losses of our Armed Forces at the time of the Great Patriotic War of about 13 850 000 544 Il enkov and Mikhalev maintained that the field unit reports did not include deaths in rear area hospitals of wounded personnel and personnel captured in the early months of the war Additional demographic losses to the Soviet military were those imprisoned for desertion after the war and deserters in German military service According to Krivosheev the losses of deserters in German service were 215 000 373 He listed 436 600 convicts who were imprisoned 314 Civilian war dead The Russian government puts the civilian death toll due to the war at 13 684 000 7 420 000 killed 2 164 000 forced labor deaths in Germany and 4 100 000 deaths due to famine and disease 545 546 A Russian academic study estimated an additional 2 5 to 3 2 million civilian dead due to famine and disease in Soviet territory not occupied by the Germans 547 Statistics published in Russia list civilian war losses of 6 074 857 civilians killed reported by the Extraordinary State Commission in 1946 548 641 803 famine deaths during the siege of Leningrad according to official figures 548 58 000 killed in bombing raids 40 000 Stalingrad 17 000 Leningrad and 1 000 Moscow 549 and an additional 645 000 civilian reservists that were killed or captured are also included with civilian casualties The statistic of forced labor deaths in Germany of 2 164 million includes the balance of POW S and those convicted not included in Krivosheev s figures In addition to these losses a Russian demographic study of the wartime population indicated an increase of 1 3 million in infant mortality caused by the war and that 9 10 million of the 26 6 million total Soviet war dead were due to the worsening of living conditions in the USSR including the region that was not occupied 550 The number deaths in the siege of Leningrad have been disputed According to David Glantz the 1945 Soviet estimate presented at the Nuremberg Trials was 642 000 civilian deaths He noted that Soviet era source from 1965 put the number of dead in the Siege of Leningrad at greater than 800 000 and that a Russian source from 2000 put the number of dead at 1 000 000 551 These casualties are for 1941 1945 within the 1946 1991 borders of the USSR 552 Included with civilian losses are deaths in the territories annexed by the USSR in 1939 1940 including 600 000 in the Baltic states 553 and 1 500 000 in Eastern Poland 554 Russian sources include Jewish Holocaust deaths among total civilian dead Gilbert put Jewish losses at one million within 1939 borders Holocaust deaths in the annexed territories numbered an additional 1 5 million bringing total Jewish losses to 2 5 million 555 Alternative viewpoints According to the Russian demographer Dr L L Rybakovsky there are a wide range of estimates for total war dead by Russian scholars He cites figures of total war dead that range from 21 8 million up to 28 0 million Rybakovsky points out that the variables that are used to compute losses are by no means certain and are currently disputed by historians in Russia 556 Viktor Zemskov put the total war dead at 20 million he maintained that the official figure of 26 6 million includes about 7 million deaths due to natural causes based on the mortality rate that prevailed before the war He put military dead at 11 5 million 4 5 million civilians killed and 4 0 due to famine and disease 126 Some Russian historians put the figure as high as 46 0 million by counting the population deficit due to children not born Based on the birth rate prior to the war there is a population shortfall of about 20 million births during the war The figures for the number of children born during the war and natural deaths are rough estimates because of a lack of vital statistics 556 There were additional casualties in 1939 40 which totaled 136 945 Battle of Khalkhin Gol in 1939 8 931 Invasion of Poland of 1939 1 139 and the Winter War with Finland in 1939 40 126 875 557 The names of many Soviet war dead are presented in the OBD Memorial database online 558 AZ Spain There were 4 500 military deaths with the all Spanish Blue Division serving with the German Army in the U S S R The unit was withdrawn by Spain in 1943 559 R J Rummel estimates the deaths of 20 000 anti Fascist Spanish refugees resident in France who were deported to Nazi camps these deaths are included with French civilian casualties 202 BA Sweden During the Winter war of 1939 40 the Swedish Volunteer Corps served with the Finnish Armed Forces and lost 28 men in combat 139 33 Swedish sailors were killed when submarine HMS Ulven was sunk by a German mine on April 16 1943 During the war Swedish merchant shipping was attacked by both German and Soviet submarines 2 000 merchant seamen were killed 560 BB Switzerland The Americans accidentally bombed neutral Switzerland during the war causing civilian casualties 141 561 BC Thailand Military deaths included 108 dead in the French Thai War 1940 41 562 and 5 559 who died either resisting the Japanese invasion 1941 or fighting alongside Japanese forces in the Burma Campaign of 1942 45 563 Allied bombing in 1944 45 caused 2 000 civilian deaths 564 Unlike other parts of South East Asia Thailand did not suffer from famine during the war 565 BD Turkey The Refah tragedy Turkish Refah faciasi refers to a maritime disaster during World War II when the cargo steamer Refah of neutral Turkey carrying Turkish military personnel from Mersin in Turkey to Port Said Egypt was sunk in eastern Mediterranean waters by a torpedo fired from an unidentified submarine Of the 200 passengers and crew aboard only 32 survived 143 BE United Kingdom and Colonies The Commonwealth War Graves Commission reported a total of 383 758 military dead from all causes for both the UK and non dominion British colonies not including India which was reported separately figures include identified burials and those commemorated by name on memorials These figures include deaths that occurred after the war up until 31 December 1947 566 The Commonwealth War Graves Commission also maintains a Roll of Honour of those civilians under Crown Protection including foreign nationals who died as a result of enemy actions in the Second World War The names of 67 170 are commemorated in the Civilian War Dead Roll of Honour 567 Modern updates of UK casualties including the wounded are contained in French David 2000 Raising Churchill s Army The British Army and the War against Germany 1919 1945 Oxford University Press ISBN 978 0 19 924630 4 online Archived 2020 11 23 at the Wayback MachineThe official UK report on war casualties of June 1946 provided a summary of the UK war losses excluding colonies This report HMSO 6832 listed 291 292 Total war dead of 357 116 Navy 50 758 Army 144 079 Air Force 69 606 Women s Auxiliary Territorial Service 624 Merchant Navy 30 248 British Home Guard 1 206 and Civilians 60 595 The total still missing on 2 28 1946 were 6 244 Navy 340 Army 2 267 Air Force 3 089 Women s Auxiliary Territorial Service 18 Merchant Navy 530 British Home Guard 0 and Civilians 0 These figures included the losses of Newfoundland and Southern Rhodesia Colonial forces are not included in these figures There were an additional 31 271 military deaths due to natural causes which are not included in these figures Deaths due to air and V rocket attacks were 60 595 civilians and 1 206 British Home Guard The preliminary 1945 data for UK colonial forces was killed 6 877 missing 14 208 wounded 6 972 and POW 8 115 319 UK casualties include losses of the colonial forces 568 UK colonial forces included units from East Africa West Africa Ghana the Caribbean Malaya Burma Hong Kong Jordan Sudan Malta and the Jewish Brigade The Cyprus Regiment made up of volunteers that fought with the UK Army and suffered about 358 killed and 250 missing 569 Gurkhas recruited from Nepal fought with the British Army during the Second World War Included with UK casualties are citizens of the various European countries occupied by Germany There were separate RAF squadrons with citizens from Poland 17 Czechoslovakia 5 Netherlands 1 Free French 7 Yugoslavia 2 Belgium 3 Greece 3 Norway 2 Volunteers from the United States served in 3 RAF squadrons known as the Eagle Squadrons Many foreign nationals and persons from the British colonies served in the UK Merchant Navy 570 BF United StatesAmerican military dead BF1 Total U S military deaths in battle and from other causes were 407 316 The breakout by service is as follows Army 318 274 234 874 battle 83 400 nonbattle 293 Navy 62 614 293 Marine Corps 24 511 293 and the Coast Guard 1 917 571 321 Deaths in battle were 292 131 The breakout by service is as follows Army 234 874 293 Navy 36 950 293 Marine Corps 19 733 293 and Coast Guard 574 These losses were incurred during the period 12 8 41 until 12 31 46 89 571 During the period of America s neutrality in World War II September 1 1939 December 8 1941 U S military losses including 126 killed in October 1941 when the USS Kearny and the USS Reuben James were attacked by U boats as well as 2 335 killed during the surprise attack on Pearl Harbor by Japanese air forces on December 7 1941 572 The United States Army Air Forces losses which are included in the Army total were 52 173 deaths due to combat and 35 946 from non combat causes 294 U S Battle Deaths by Theater of war Europe Atlantic 183 588 Army ground forces 141 088 Army Air Forces 36 461 and Navy Coast Guard 6 039 Asia Pacific 92 904 Army 41 592 including 15 694 from Army Air Forces Navy Coast Guard 31 485 Marine Corps 19 733 unidentified theaters 39 Army 294 321 The details of U S military casualties are listed online the U S Army 294 the U S Navy and the U S Marine Corps 573 Of 34 648 U S Prisoners taken by Japan 12 935 died of 95 532 captured in the European Theater of War 1 124 died 321 U S Army figures include the deaths of 5 337 from the Philippines and 165 from Puerto Rico see p 118 294 The names of individual U S military personnel killed in World War II can be found at the U S National Archives 574 American Battle Monuments Commission website lists the names of military and civilian war dead from World War II buried in ABMC cemeteries or listed on Walls of the Missing 575 American civilian dead BF2 According to the Usmm org 9 521 merchant mariners lost their lives in the war 8 421 killed and 1 100 who later died of wounds In 1950 the United States Coast Guard put U S Merchant Marine losses at 5 662 845 due to enemy action 37 in prison camps and 4 780 missing excluding U S Army transports and foreign flagged ships and they did not break out losses between the Atlantic and Pacific theaters 576 577 578 The names of U S Merchant Mariners killed in World War II are listed by USMM org 576 579 The Civil Air Patrol assumed many missions including anti submarine patrol and warfare border patrols and courier services During World War II CAP s coastal patrol had flown 24 million miles found 173 enemy U boats attacked 57 hit 10 and sunk 2 dropping a total of 83 bombs and depth charges throughout the conflict citation needed By the end of the war 64 CAP members had lost their lives in the line of duty 580 According to U S War Department figures 18 745 American civilians were interned in the war 13 996 in the Far East and 4 749 in Europe A total of 2 419 American civilian internees were listed as dead and missing Under Japanese internment 992 died and another 544 were listed as unknown under German internment 168 died and a further 715 were listed as unknown 303 581 582 68 U S civilians were killed during the attack on Pearl Harbor on December 7 1941 583 The official U S report listed 1 U S civilian killed during the Battle of Guam on December 8 10 438 However another source reported 13 civilians killed during the battle 584 and 70 U S civilians were killed during the Battle of Wake Island from December 8 23 1941 583 98 U S civilian POWs were massacred by the Japanese on Wake Island in October 1943 During Japan s Aleutian Islands Campaign in Alaska in June 1942 a U S civilian was killed during the bombing of Dutch Harbor The Japanese invaded the island of Attu killing a white U S civilian and interned 45 Alaska Native Aleuts in Japan in which 19 died during the rest of the war 585 Six U S civilians were killed in Oregon in May 1945 by Japanese balloon bombs 586 BG Yugoslavia The official Yugoslav figure for total war dead is 1 7 million 300 000 military and 1 400 000 civilians This figure is cited in reference works dealing with World War II 149 587 588 Studies in Yugoslavia by Franjo Tudjman and Ivo Lah put losses at 2 1 million 589 However the official Yugoslav figure has been disputed studies by Vladimir Zerjavic and Bogoljub Kocovic who put actual losses at about 1 0 million persons 590 591 592 593 The calculation of Yugoslav losses is not an exact accounting listing of the dead but is based on demographic calculations of the population balance which estimate births during the war and natural deaths The number of persons who emigrated after the war ethnic Germans Hungarians Italians and Yugoslav refugees to the west are rough estimates 590 591 593 The U S Bureau of the Census published a report in 1954 that concluded that Yugoslav war related deaths were 1 067 000 The U S Bureau of the Census noted that the official Yugoslav government figure of 1 7 million war dead was overstated because it was released soon after the war and was estimated without the benefit of a postwar census 591 A recent study by Vladimir Zerjavic estimates total war related deaths at 1 027 000 which included losses of 237 000 Yugoslav partisans and 209 000 Quislings and collaborators see discussion below losses of Yugoslav collaborators 594 Civilian dead of 581 000 included 57 000 Jews Losses by each Yugoslav republic were Bosnia 316 000 Serbia 273 000 Croatia 271 000 Slovenia 33 000 Montenegro 27 000 Macedonia 17 000 and killed abroad 80 000 590 Bogoljub Kocovic a Yugoslav statistician calculated the actual war losses at 1 014 000 593 Jozo Tomasevich Professor Emeritus of Economics at San Francisco State University stated that the calculations of Kocovic and Zerjavic seem to be free of bias we can accept them as reliable 595 The losses of Yugoslav collaborators Croatian emigres in the west made exaggerated allegations that 500 000 600 000 Croatians and Chetniks were massacred by the Partisans after the war these claims are cited by Rudolph Rummel in his study Statistics of Democide 596 Jozo Tomasevich noted that the figures of the number of collaborators killed by the Partisans are disputed According to Tomasevich some Croatian exiles have been more moderate in their estimates putting the death toll at about 200 000 597 Regarding the death toll in the reprisals by the Yugoslav partisans Tomasevich believed that It is impossible to establish the exact number of victims in these operations although fairly accurate figures could probably be reached after much additional unbiased research 598 The reasons for the high human toll in Yugoslavia were as follows A Military operations between the occupying German military forces and their Quislings and collaborators against the Yugoslav resistance 150 B German forces under express orders from Hitler fought with a special vengeance against the Serbs who were considered Untermensch 150 One of the worst one day massacres during the German military occupation of Serbia was the Kragujevac massacre C Deliberate acts of reprisal against target populations were perpetrated by all combatants All sides practiced the shooting of hostages on a large scale At the end of the war many Ustase and Slovene collaborators were killed in or as a result of the Yugoslav death march of Nazi collaborators 150 D The systematic extermination of large numbers of people for political religious or racial reasons The most numerous victims were Serbs 150 According to Yad Vashem During their four years in power the Ustasa carried out a Serb genocide exterminating over 500 000 expelling 250 000 and forcing another 200 000 to convert to Catholicism The Ustasa also killed most of Croatia s Jews 20 000 Gypsies and many thousands of their political enemies 599 According to the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum The Croat authorities murdered between 320 000 and 340 000 ethnic Serb residents of Croatia and Bosnia during the period of Ustasa rule more than 30 000 Croatian Jews were killed either in Croatia or at Auschwitz Birkenau 600 The USHMM reports between 77 000 and 99 000 persons were killed at the Jasenovac and Stara Gradiska concentration camps 601 The Jasenovac Memorial Site quotes a similar figure of between 80 000 and 100 000 victims Stara Gradiska was a sub camp of Jasenovac established for women and children 602 The names and data for 12 790 victims at Stara Gradiska have been established 603 Serbian sources currently claim that 700 000 persons were murdered at Jasenovac 602 Some 40 000 Roma were murdered 604 Jewish victims in Yugoslavia totaled 67 122 605 E Reduced food supply caused famine and disease 150 F Allied bombing of German supply lines caused civilian casualties The hardest hit localities were Podgorica Leskovac Zadar and Belgrade 150 G The demographic losses due to the reduction of 335 000 births and emigration of about 660 000 are not included with war casualties 150 BH Other Nations Dominican Republic had 27 Merchant Mariners killed 606 References International Programs Historical Estimates of World Population U S Census Bureau 2013 03 06 Archived from the original on 2013 03 06 Retrieved 2020 03 28 a b Geoffrey A Hosking 2006 Rulers and victims the Russians in the Soviet Union Harvard University Press p 242 ISBN 0 674 02178 9 a b Michael Ellman and S Maksudov Soviet Deaths in the Great Patriotic War a note World War II Europe Asia Studies July 1994 a b c Andreev EM Darsky LE Kharkova TL Population dynamics consequences of regular and irregular changes in Demographic Trends and Patterns in the Soviet Union Before 1991 Routledge 1993 ISBN 0415101948 Rossiiskaia Akademiia nauk Liudskie poteri SSSR v period vtoroi mirovoi voiny sbornik statei Sankt Peterburg 1995 ISBN 5 86789 023 6 pp 124 31 these losses are for the territory of the USSR in the borders of 1946 1991 including territories annexed in 1939 40 Wojciech Materski and Tomasz Szarota Polska 1939 1945 Straty osobowe i ofiary represji pod dwiema okupacjami Institute of National Remembrance IPN Warsaw 2009 ISBN 978 83 7629 067 6 Overmans Rudiger 2000 Deutsche militarische Verluste im Zweiten Weltkrieg in German Oldenbourg p Bd 46 ISBN 3 486 56531 1 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint location missing publisher link Overmans 2000 p 228 Pauwels Jacques 2015 The Myth of the Good War Revista ed Toronto James Laurimer amp Company p 73 ISBN 978 1459408722 a b China s Anti Japanese War Combat Operations Guo Rugui editor in chief Huang Yuzhang Jiangsu People s Publishing House 2005 ISBN 7 214 03034 9 pp 4 9 a b Ishikida Miki July 13 2005 Toward Peace War Responsibility Postwar Compensation and Peace Movements and Education in Japan iUniverse Inc p 30 ISBN 978 0595350636 Retrieved March 4 2016 Archived copy Archived May 16 2017 at the Wayback Machine The Great Vietnamese Famine of 1944 45 Revisited1944 45 a b c Pierre van der Eng 2008 Food Supply in Java during War and Decolonisation 1940 1950 Munich Personal RePEc Archive No 8852 pp 35 38 a b John W Dower War Without Mercy 1986 ISBN 0 394 75172 8 p 296 300 000 forced laborers a b c d e Werner Gruhl Imperial Japan s World War Two 1931 1945 Transaction 2007 ISBN 978 0 7658 0352 8 pp 143 44 Source List and Detailed Death Tolls for the Twentieth Century Hemoclysm Users erols com Retrieved March 4 2016 I C B Dear and M R D Foot Oxford Companion to World War II Oxford 2005 ISBN 0 19 280670 X p 290 John W Dower War Without Mercy 1986 ISBN 0 394 75172 8 a b R J Rummel China s Bloody Century Transaction 1991 ISBN 0 88738 417 X a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw Population Statistics Library uu nl Archived from the original on 2012 03 26 Retrieved 2015 06 07 a b Albania a country study Federal Research Division Library of Congress edited by Raymond E Zickel and Walter R Iwaskiw 2nd ed 1994 ISBN 0 8444 0792 5 Available online at Federal Research Division of the U S Library of Congress See section On The Communist Takeover Library of Congress Country Study a b Deaths as a result of service with Australian units AWM web page AWM Retrieved 2011 06 15 Australian Military Statistics World War II A Global Perspective AWM Archived from the original on May 27 2010 Retrieved 2011 06 15 a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab Clodfelter Micheal 2002 Warfare and Armed Conflicts A Statistical Reference to Casualty and Other Figures 1500 2000 2nd ed McFarland amp Co p 582 ISBN 0 7864 1204 6 a b Gregory Frumkin Population Changes in Europe Since 1939 Geneva 1951 p 44 45 a b c d e f g Clodfelter 2002 p 540 a b Clodfelter 2002 p 512 a b c d e Clodfelter 2002 p 556 McLynn The Burma Campaign Disaster into Triumph 1942 1945 pg 1 a b Canadian War Museum Warmuseum ca Retrieved 2015 06 29 Canadian War Museum Warmuseum ca Retrieved 2015 06 29 1 600 in Merchant Navy Clodfelter 2002 p 412 Ho Ping ti Studies on the Population of China 1368 1953 Cambridge Harvard University Press 1959 a b R J Rummel China s Bloody Century Transaction 1991 ISBN 0 88738 417 X Table 5A a b Werner Gruhl Imperial Japan s World War Two 1931 1945 Transaction 2007 ISBN 978 0 7658 0352 8 p 85 a b c Ho Ping ti Studies on the Population of China 1368 1953 Cambridge Harvard University Press 1959 p 252 a b Waller Wynne Population of Czechoslovakia International Population Statistics Reports series P 90 No 3 U S Dept of Commerce Washington 1953 p 43 The U S Commerce Dept Census Bureau cited the following source for the population at 1 1 1939 for Czechoslovakia State Statistical Office Statistical Bulletin of Czechoslovakia v II 1947 no 4 Prague p 57 a b c d Erlikman Vadim 2004 Poteri narodonaseleniia v XX veke spravochnik XX in Russian Moscow Russkaia panorama p 54 ISBN 5 93165 107 1 a b c d e f Urlanis Boris 1971 Wars and Population Moscow Page 294 a b Hvor mange draebte danskere Danish Ministry of Education 2005 03 11 Archived from the original on 2019 07 25 Retrieved March 4 2016 Clodfelter 2002 p 557 2 500 killed in 1942 campaign Van Waterford Prisoners of the Japanese in World War II McFarland amp Company 1994 ISBN 0899508936 p 144 8 500 Dutch POW deaths a b c Dower John W 1986 War Without Mercy Knopf Doubleday Publishing pp 295 96 ISBN 0 394 75172 8 Heike Liebau et al World in World Wars Experiences Perceptions and Perspectives from Africa and Asia Studies in Global Social History 2010 p 227 Estonian State Commission on Examination of Policies of Repression The White Book Losses inflicted on the Estonian nation by occupation regimes 1940 1991 Tallinn 2005 ISBN 9985 70 195 X p 38 Table 2 24 000 mobolized by USSR and 10 000 with Germans a b c Estonian State Commission on Examination of Policies of Repression The White Book Losses inflicted on the Estonian nation by occupation regimes 1940 1991 Tallinn 2005 ISBN 9985 70 195 X p 38 Table 2 a b c Clodfelter 2002 p 491 a b Finnish National Archives Kronos narc fi Archived from the original on April 20 2021 Retrieved March 4 2016 a b c d Tiina Kinnunen Ville Kivimaki Finland in World War II History Memory Interpretations BRILL 2011 ISBN 978 90 04 20894 0 pp 172 a b c d e f g Gregory Frumkin Population Changes in Europe Since 1939 Geneva 1951 pp 58 59 a b Gunn Geoffrey 2011 The Great Vietnamese Famine of 1944 45 Revisited The Asia Pacific Journal 9 5 no 4 January 31 2011 http www japanfocus org Geoffrey Gunn 3483 a b c d e Marschalck Peter Bevolkerungsgeschichte Deutschlands im 19 und 20 Jahrhundert Suhrkamp 1984 p 149 a b c d The Statistisches Jahrbuch fur die Bundesrepublik Deutschland 1960 p 78 a b c d e f g h i Overmans 2000 pp 228 232 a b c d Council for Reparations from Germany Black Book of the Occupation in Greek and German Athens 2006 p 126 PDF Archived from the original PDF on March 31 2014 Retrieved March 4 2016 a b Baranowski Shelley 2010 Nazi Empire German colonialism and imperialism from Bismarck to Hitler Cambridge Cambridge University Press p 273 ISBN 978 0 521 67408 9 a b ASSESSING THE GUAM WAR CLAIMS PROCESS COMMITTEE ON ARMED SERVICES U S HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Dec 12 2009 Retrieved March 4 2016 a b c Werner Gruhl Imperial Japan s World War Two 1931 1945 Transaction 2007 ISBN 978 0 7658 0352 8 p 102 a b Tamas Stark Hungary s Human Losses in World War II Uppsala Univ 1995 ISBN 91 86624 21 0 p 33 a b c d Tamas Stark Hungary s Human Losses in World War II Uppsala Univ 1995 ISBN 91 86624 21 0 p 59 a b Hve margir Islendingar dou i seinni heimsstyrjoldinni Visindavefur hi is 2005 06 14 Retrieved 2015 06 23 a b c d e Commonwealth War Graves Commission Annual Report 2014 2015 p 38 Commonwealth War Graves Commission Retrieved 24 May 2016 Figures include identified burials and those commemorated by name on memorials a b o Grada Cormac 2007 Making Famine History Journal of Economic Literature Submitted manuscript 45 1 5 38 doi 10 1257 jel 45 1 5 hdl 10197 492 JSTOR 27646746 S2CID 54763671 p 19 Devereux Stephen 2000 Famine in the twentieth century PDF Report Brighton Institute of Development Studies p 6 IDS Working Paper 105 Archived from the original PDF on 2017 05 16 a b Clodfelter 2002 p 498 a b Farhud U S Holocaust Museum Retrieved 2011 07 30 In service to their country Moving tales of Irishmen who fought in WWII irishexaminer com 2015 08 28 Retrieved 14 June 2019 a b Bombing Incidents in Ireland during the Emergency 1939 1945 Csn ul ie Archived from the original on 28 January 2021 Retrieved 4 March 2016 the Ufficio dell Albo d Oro of the Italian Ministry of Defence Archived 2020 08 02 at the Wayback Machine Rovighi Alberto 1988 Le Operazioni in Africa Orientale giugno 1940 novembre 1941 USSME La prima offensiva Britannica in Africa Settentrionale tomo I allegato 32 page 375 Roma Instituto Centrale Statistica Morti E Dispersi Per Cause Belliche Negli Anni 1940 45 Rome 1957 Ufficio Storico dello Stato Maggiore dell Esercito John W Dower War Without Mercy 1986 ISBN 0 394 75172 8 pp 297 99 includes 1 740 995 dead 1937 45 and 380 000 surrendered Japanese who were unaccounted for after the war Ishikida Miki 2005 Toward Peace War Responsibility Postwar Compensation and Peace Movements and Education in Japan Universe Inc July 13 2005 p 30 figures of Japanese Ministry of Health and Welfare John W Dower War Without Mercy 1986 ISBN 0 394 75172 8 pp 297 99 including air raid dead and Japanese civilians killed on Siapan and Okinawa Ishikida Miki 2005 Toward Peace War Responsibility Postwar Compensation and Peace Movements and Education in Japan iUniverse Inc July 13 2005 p 30 500 000 civilians in Japan and 300 000 overseas figures of Japanese Ministry of Health and Welfare John W Dower War Without Mercy 1986 ISBN 0 394 75172 8 p 299 According to Dower Japanese war dead are at least 2 5 million Ishikida Miki 2005 Toward Peace War Responsibility Postwar Compensation and Peace Movements and Education in Japan Universe Inc July 13 2005 p 30 figures of Japanese Ministry of Health and Welfare R J Rumell Statistics of democide Table 3 1 Werner Gruhl Imperial Japan s World War Two 1931 1945 Transaction 2007 ISBN 978 0 7658 0352 8 p 19 Erlikman 2004 p 28 footnotes 6 7Killed 10 000 with Soviets and 15 000 with Germans 3 000 POW deaths 2 000 partisans Erlikman 2004 p 28 Erlikman 2004 p 29 footnotes 5 6Killed 15 000 with Soviets and 5 000 with Germans POW deaths 4 000 1 000 partisans Erlikman 2004 p 29 a b c d Michel Pauly Geschichte Luxemburgs 2013 ISBN 978 3 406 62225 0 p 102 John W Dower War Without Mercy 1986 ISBN 0 394 75172 8 p 296 a b c Clodfelter 2002 p 492 a b Erlikman 2004 p 74 a b United States State Department Background notes Nauru State gov Retrieved March 4 2016 a b c d Central Bureau of Statistics CBS Netherlands PDF Archived from the original PDF on March 2 2011 Retrieved March 4 2016 The loss of Dutch lives in numbers www niod nl Retrieved 2023 01 01 a b Higgins Jenny 2007 Newfoundlanders and Labradorians in WWII Heritage Newfoundland amp Labrador Retrieved 2017 02 23 a b Sinking of the Caribou www heritage nf ca a b Auckland War Museum World War Two Hall of Memories Archived from the original on March 3 2016 Retrieved March 4 2016 a b c d e Gregory Frumkin Population Changes in Europe Since 1939 Geneva 1951 pp 112 14 a b Bjij V Lal and Kate Fortune The Pacific Islands An Encyclopedia p 244 Census of Population and Housing Archived from the original on 2016 10 11 Retrieved 2016 10 06 a b Clodfelter 2002 p 566 a b Research Starters Worldwide Deaths in World War II New Orleans United States The National WWII Museum Retrieved 23 July 2019 a b Anne Sharp Wells 28 September 2009 The A to Z of World War II The War Against Japan Scarecrow Press p 16 ISBN 978 0 8108 7026 0 a b AJR 27 War crimes Japanese military during World War II California Legislative Information State of California 26 August 1999 Retrieved 23 July 2019 WHEREAS At the February 1945 Battle of Manila 100 000 men women and children were killed by Japanese armed forces in inhumane ways adding to a total death toll that may have exceeded one million Filipinos during the Japanese occupation of the Philippines which began in December 1941 and ended in August 1945 Clodfelter 2017 p 512 sfn error no target CITEREFClodfelter2017 help U S Bureau of the Census The Population of Poland Ed W Parker Mauldin Washington D C 1954 p 103 population on 1 1 1939 Gniazdowski Mateusz Losses Inflicted on Poland by Germany during World War II Assessments and Estimates an Outline The Polish Quarterly of International Affairs 2007 140 000 Regular forces and 100 000 resistance fighters a b Wojciech Materski and Tomasz Szarota Polska 1939 1945 Straty osobowe i ofiary represji pod dwiema okupacjami Institute of National Remembrance IPN Warszawa 2009 ISBN 978 83 7629 067 6 p 9 a b Czes aw uczak Polska i Polacy w drugiej wojnie wiatowej Poland and Poles in the Second World War Stycze 1993 ISBN 83 232 0511 6 p 683 a b c Department of Defence Australia 2002 A Short History of East Timor Archived from the original on January 3 2006 Retrieved 2007 01 03 accessdate October 13 2010 Mark Axworthy Third Axis Fourth Ally Arms and Armour 1995 ISBN 1 85409 267 7 p 216 League of Nations Yearbook 1942 p 14 a b Belgian 1946 estimate cited in Singiza Dantes 2011 La Famine Ruzagayura Rwanda 1943 1944 causes Consequences et reactions des autorites PDF Teveuren Royal Museum of Central Africa pp 92 3 a b United Nations 1948 estimate cited in Singiza Dantes 2011 La Famine Ruzagayura Rwanda 1943 1944 causes Consequences et reactions des autorites PDF Teveuren Royal Museum of Central Africa p 94 League of Nations Yearbook 1942 p 22 John W Dower War Without Mercy 1986 ISBN 0 394 75172 8 p 29 10 000 civilian dead on Saipan Andreev EM et al Naselenie Sovetskogo Soiuza 1922 1991 Moscow Nauka 1993 ISBN 978 5 02 013479 9 pp 52 53 the 1939 population was adjusted by Andreev to reflect the net population transfers in 1939 1945, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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