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World War II casualties of the Soviet Union

December 11, 2023

World War II losses of the Soviet Union were about 27,000,000, both civilian and military from all war-related causes,[1] although exact figures are disputed. A figure of 20 million was considered official during the Soviet era. The post-Soviet government of Russia puts the Soviet war losses at 26.6 million,[2] on the basis of the 1993 study by the Russian Academy of Sciences, including people dying as a result of effects of the war.[3][4][5] This includes 8,668,400 military deaths as calculated by the Russian Ministry of Defence.[2][6][7]

Dead Soviet civilians near Minsk, Belarus, 1943
Kyiv, 23 June 1941
A victim of starvation in besieged Leningrad suffering from muscle atrophy in 1941

The figures published by the Russian Ministry of Defence have been accepted by most historians outside Russia. However, the official figure of 8.7 million military deaths has been disputed by Russian scholars who believe that the number of dead and missing POWs is not correct and new research is necessary to determine actual losses.[8] Officials at the Russian Central Defense Ministry Archive (CDMA) maintain that their database lists the names of roughly 14 million dead and missing service personnel.[9][10][11] Russian President Dmitry Medvedev stated in 2009 that more than 2.4 million people are still officially considered missing in action, and that of the 9.5 million persons buried in mass graves, six million are unidentified.[12] Some Russian scholars put the total number of losses in the war, both civilian and military, at over 40 million.[13][14][15][16] In 2020, Mikhail Meltyukhov, who works with the Russian Federal archival project, claimed that 15.9–17.4 million civilians were killed on Soviet territory by Germany and its allies during the war.[17]

Summary of Russian sources edit

The war related deaths detailed in Russian sources are as follows.

  • The Krivosheev study listed 8,668,400 irreplaceable losses (from listed strength): 5,226,800 killed in action, 1,102,800 died of wounds in field hospitals, 555,500 non combat deaths, POW deaths and missing were 4,559,000. Deductions were 939,700 who "were encircled or missing in action in occupied areas who were reconscripted once areas liberated" and 1,836,000 POWs returned from captivity.[18][19]
  • The Krivosheev study listed 500,000 reservists captured by the enemy after being conscripted but before being taken on strength.[19]
  • Russian sources report 2,164,000 deaths as civilian "forced labor in Germany".[20] Viktor Zemskov believed that these were actually military deaths not included in the Krivosheev report. Zemskov put the military death toll at 11.5 million.[a]
  • Convicts and deserters listed in the Krivosheev study. 994,300[21][22] were sentenced by court martial and 212,400[23] were reported as deserters.[24] They are not included with the 8,668,000 irreplaceable losses listed by Krivosheev.
  • Russian sources list 7.420 million civilians killed in the war, including the siege of Leningrad. Sources cited for this figure are from the Soviet period.[20] The figure of 7.4 million has been disputed by Viktor Zemskov who believed that the actual civilian death toll was at least 4.5 million. He maintained that the official figures included POWs, persons who emigrated from the country, persons evacuated during the war counted as missing as well as militia and partisan fighters.[25]
  • Russian sources maintain that there were 4.1 million famine deaths in the regions occupied by Germany.[20]
  • Gulag prisoners. According to Viktor Zemskov "due to general difficulties in 1941–1945 in the camps, the GULAG and prisons about 1.0 million prisoners died.[26] Anne Applebaum cites Russian sources that put the Gulag death toll from 1941 to 1945 at 932,000.[27]
  • Deportation of ethnic minorities. Russian sources put the death toll at 309,000. [28]
  • War-related deaths of those born during war – according to Andreev, Darski and Kharkova (ADK), there was an increase in infant mortality of 1.3 million.[3]

Military losses edit

Krivosheev's analysis edit

In 1993, the Russian Ministry of Defense report authored by a group headed by General G. F. Krivosheev detailed military casualties.[29] Their sources were Soviet reports from the field and other archive documents that were secret during the Soviet era, including a secret Soviet General Staff report from 1966 to 1968. Krivosheev's study puts Soviet military dead and missing at 8.7 million and is often cited by historians. Krivosheev maintained that the figure of 8.668 million is correct because it excludes called up reservists that were never inducted, men who were duplicated as conscripts because they were conscripted again into the Soviet army and Navy during the war as territories were being liberated and non-combat related causes. The statistic of 8.668 million military dead includes only the combat related deaths of the forces in the field units of the Army and Navy[b] and does not include civilian support forces in rear areas, conscripted reservists killed before being listed on active strength, militia units, and Soviet partisan dead, Krivosheev maintained that they should be included with civilian war losses.[36]

Soviet World War II military casualties 1939–45 by period[37][38]
Dead and missing Wounded and sick
Battle of Khalkhin Gol 1939[7][39] 9,703 15,952
Invasion of Poland 1939[7][39] 1,475 2,383
Winter War 1939–40[7][39] 126,875 264,908
World War II 1941–45[40][41] 8,668,400 22,326,905
(including 14,685,593 wounded and 7,641,312 sick)
Total 8,806,453 22,610,148

The schedule below summarizes Soviet casualties from 1941 to 1945.

 
Starting attack in Leningrad battlefront
Military dead and missing (1941–45) by cause[42][43]
Cause Estimate
KIA or died of wounds 6,329,600[44]
Missing in action 500,000[45]
Noncombat deaths of units at the front
(sickness, accidents, etc.) 		555,500[44]
Died or killed while POW 1,283,200[45]
Total irrecoverable losses (from listed strength) 8,668,400[19]
 
Soviet prisoners of war
Reconciliation of missing[19]
Missing in action 500,000[45]
Missing later re-conscripted 940,000[45]
POW deaths 1,283,000 [45]
POW returned to USSR 1,836,000[45]
Total reported missing 4,559,000[45]

Krivosheev's analysis shows that 4,559,000 were reported missing (including 3,396,400 per field reports and an additional 1,162,600 estimated based on German documents), out of which 500,000 were missing and presumed dead, 939,700 were re-conscripted during the war as territories were liberated, 1,836,000 returned to the U.S.S.R. after the war, while the balance of 1,283,300 died in German captivity as POWs or did not return to the USSR.[46][44] Krivoshhev wrote, "According to German sources 673,000 died in captivity. Of the remaining 1,110,300, Soviet sources indicate that over half also died in captivity".[45] Sources published outside of Russia put total POW dead at 3.0 million. Krivosheev maintains that this figure based on German sources includes civilian personnel that were not included in the reports of the Army and Navy field forces.[45] In a 1999 article Krivosheev noted that after the war 180,000 liberated POWs did not return to the USSR and most likely settled in other countries, Krivosheev did not mention this in the English language translation of his study.[47] According to declassified documents from the Soviet archives 960,039 surviving Soviet military POW were turned over to the Soviet authorities by the Western powers and 865,735 were released by the Soviet forces in territory they occupied.[48]

 
Soviet conscripts, 1941
Reconciliation of Soviet forces 1941–1945[43]
Description Balance
Army & Navy strength – June 1941 4,902,000
Drafted during war 29,575,000
Discharged during war (9,693,000)
Army & Navy strength in June 1945 (12,840,000)
Losses of conscripted reservists 1941 not officially inducted (500,000)
Subtotal: operational losses 11,444,000
Missing later re-conscripted (940,000)
Liberated POW returned to USSR (1,836,000)
Total losses 8,668,000
  • Discharged during war of 9,693,000 includes 3,798,200 sent on sick leave; 3,614,600 transferred to work in industry, anti-aircraft defense and armed guards; 1,174,600 sent to NKVD troops and organs; 250,400 transferred to Polish, Czechoslovak and Romanian armies; 436,600 imprisoned; 206,000 discharged; and 212,400 not found after deserting, detached from troop convoy or missing in military districts in the interior.[44]
  • During the war 422,700 men were sent to penal units at the front and not discharged.[49]

The June 1945 force strength of 12,840,000 included 11,390,600 on active service; 1,046,000 in hospital; and 403,200 in civilian departments.

 
Carrying a wounded soldier on the Leningrad Front
 
Naked Soviet POWs in Mauthausen concentration camp[50]
Numbers of wounded & sick by category
according to Military Medical Service[51]
Wounded Sick Total
Total 14,685,593 7,641,312 22,326,905
Of these:
Discharged (3,050,733) (747,425) (3,798,158)
Returned to duty (10,530,750) (6,626,493) (17,157,243)
Died (also included in irrecoverable losses) (1,104,110) (267,394) (1,371,504)
Casualties 1941–1945 According to Field Reports[43]
Description Irrecoverable losses Wounded & sick Total losses
1941 3rd Q 2,129,677 687,626 2,817,303
1941 4th Q 1,007,996 648,521 1,656,517
1942 1st Q 675,315 1,179,457 1,854,772
1942 2nd Q 842,898 706,647 1,549,545
1942 3rd Q 1,224,495 1,283,062 2,507,557
1942 4th Q 515,508 941,896 1,457,404
1943 1st Q 726,714 1,425,692 2,152,406
1943 2nd Q 191,904 490,637 682,541
1943 3rd Q 803,856 2,060,805 2,864,661
1943 4th Q 589,955 1,567,940 2,157,895
1944 1st Q 570,761 1,572,742 2,143,503
1944 2nd Q 344,258 965,208 1,309,466
1944 3rd Q 510,790 1,545,442 2,056,232
1944 4th Q 338,082 1,031,358 1,369,440
1945 1st Q 557,521 1,594,635 2,152,156
1945 2nd Q 243,296 618,055 861,351
Campaign in Far East 12,031 24,425 36,456
Subtotal operational losses: Army & Navy 11,285,057 18,344,148 29,629,205
Add: losses border/internal service troops 159,100
Subtotal: operational losses 11,444,100
Less: missing later re-conscripted (939,700)
Less: liberated POW returned to USSR (1,836,000)
Total irrecoverable losses 8,668,400

Krivosheev's group estimated losses for the early part of the war, because from 1941 to 1942 no surrounded or defeated divisions reported their casualties.

Total wounded and sick includes 15,205,592 wounded, 3,047,675 sick and 90,881 frostbite cases. Included in the total of 11.444 million irrecoverable losses are 1,100,327 died of wounds in hospital.

Field reports stated the number of wounded and sick as 18,344,148, while the records of the military medical service show a total of 22,326,905. According to Krivosheev the difference can be explained by the fact that the medical service included sick personnel who did not take part in the fighting.[52]

 
Monument in Israel to Jewish war dead in the Soviet Army
Total losses by age group[53]
Age group Total losses % of total losses
Under 20 years 1,560,000 18.0
21–25 1,907,000 22.0
26–30 1,517,000 17.5
31–35 1,430,200 16.5
36–40 1,040,200 12
41–45 693,500 8
46–50 433,400 5
over 50 years 86,700 1
All age groups 8,668,400 100

Criticism of Krivosheev edit

Krivosheev's analysis has been disputed by independent scholars in Russia. His critics maintain that he underestimated the number of missing in action and POW deaths[54][55] and deaths of service personnel in rear area hospitals.[10] Makhmut Gareev, former Deputy Chief of the General Staff of the Armed Forces of the USSR, maintains that the published information on Soviet casualties is the work of the individual authors and not based on official data. According to Gareev the Russian government has not disclosed the actual losses in the war.[56]

  • The data listed in the Krivosheev study has been disputed, S. N. Mikhalev put the losses of the combat forces at 10,922,000[57] Historian Viktor Zemskov estimated total military dead at 11.5 million.[8] In his book Christian Hartmann puts the total at 11.4 million.[58] Some researchers in Russia put the total demographic losses of the military at nearly 14.0 million. S. N. Mikahlev put total losses at 13.7 million[59] S.A.Il'Enkov at the Russian military archives believes total losses were 13.850 million.[9]
  • Krivosheev's critics maintain that he underestimated the numbers of missing and POWs. According to Viktor Zemskov total POW dead were 2.3 million and the number missing in action 1.5 million, 2.2 million more than Krivosheev. He noted that the figure includes military prisoners as well as militias, guerrillas, special units of various civil departments.[60] S.N. Mikhalev maintained that Krivosheev understated irrecoverable losses by 2.254 million[61] Data published in Russia indicate Soviet POW losses of 2,543,000 (5,734,000 were captured, 821,000 released into German service with the German military and 2,371,000 liberated)[60][62]
  • 1,046,000 sent to hospital were deducted from the total strength at the end of the war. In Krivosheev's figures 3,798,000 personnel were discharged for medical reasons of whom 2,576,000 became invalids. Kiriosheev does not include the balance of 1,222,000 with the war dead. S. A. Il'Enkov, an official at the Russian Military Archives, maintained that the "complex military situation at the front did not always allow for the conduct of a full accounting of losses, especially in the first years of the war". He pointed out that the reports from the field units did not include deaths in rear area hospitals of wounded and sick personnel.[9] S.N Mikhalev put total losses at 13.7 million, based on his analysis of Ministry of Defense documents that a total of 2.6 million service personnel died of sickness or wounds in hospitals, 1.5 million more than the figure in the Krivosheev study.[59]
  • 994,300[59] Personnel convicted of offenses, according to Krivosheev 422,700,[63] were sent to "penal sub-units at the front". S.N. Mikhalev maintained that the penal sub-units are not included with the casualties reported by the forces in the field.[64] According to S.N. Mikhalev 135,000 service personnel were executed after being convicted, he believed that they are not included with the non-combat losses of the frontal units.[64] Krivosheev maintains that those executed are included with non-combat losses of the field forces.[63] Krivosheev lists an additional 436,600 personnel as being "imprisoned" during the war and were deducted from the total on active duty at the end of the war.[63] However S.N. Mikhalev includes those imprisoned with irrecoverable losses[65]

POW deaths edit

Western scholars estimate 3.3 million dead out of 5.7 million total Soviet POW captured.[66][67] According to German figures 5,734,000 Soviet POWs were taken[68][69] Between 22 June 1941 and the end of the war, roughly 5.7 million members of the Red Army fell into German hands. In January 1945, 930,000 were still in German camps. A million at most had been released, most of whom were so-called ‘volunteers’ (Hilfswillige) for (often compulsory) auxiliary service in the Wehrmacht. Another 500,000, as estimated by the Army High Command, had either fled or been liberated. The remaining 3,300,000 (57.5 percent of the total) had perished.".[70] However, according to Krivosheev the Germans claimed to have captured up to 5.750 million POWs, he maintains that the figures in Nazi propaganda included civilians and military reservists that were caught up in the German encirclement's. Krivosheev puts the number of Soviet military POW that actually were sent to the camps at 4,059,000.[71] Krivosheev maintained that the figure of 3.0 million POW dead reported in western sources included partisans, militia and civilian men of military age taken as POWs in the early stages of the war in 1941.[72] In addition to the German-held POW Romania captured 82,090 Soviet POWs, 5,221 died, 3,331 escaped, and 13,682 were released [73] Finland captured 64,188 Soviet POWs, at least 18,318 were documented to have died in Finnish prisoner of war camps.[74]

Analysis of S. N. Mikhalev edit

In 2000, S. N. Mikhalev[75] published a study of Soviet casualties. From 1989 to 1996 he was an associate of the Institute of Military History of the Ministry of Defence. Mikhalev disputed Krivosheev's figure of 8.7 million military war dead, he put Soviet military dead at more than 10.9 million persons based on his analysis of those conscripted. He maintained that the official figures could not be reconciled to the total men drafted and that POW deaths were understated. Mikhalev put the total irreplaceable losses at 13.7 million; he believed that the official figures understated POW and missing losses, that the deaths of service personnel convicted of offenses were not included with the overall losses and that the number who died of wounds was understated.[57]

Reconciliation of conscripted persons[76]
Description Krivosheev Mikhalev Difference
Army & Navy – June 1941 4,902,000 4,704,000 [KMDiff 1] (198,000)
Drafted during war[KMDiff 2] 29,575,000 29,575,000 0
Discharged during war[KMDiff 3] (9,693,000) (9,693,000) 0
Army & Navy – June 1945 (12,840,000) (11,999,000) [KMDiff 4] 841,000
Conscripted reservists (500,000) 0 [KMDiff 5] 500,000
Subtotal: operational losses 11,444,000 12,587,000 1,143,000
MIA re-conscripted[KMDiff 6] (940,000) 0 940,000
Liberated POW returned to USSR (1,836,000) (1,836,000) 0
Losses of NKVD & border troops[KMDiff 7] 0 159,000 159,000
Losses in the Far East August 1945 0 12,000 [KMDiff 8] 12,000
Total irrecoverable losses 8,668,000 10,922,000 [KMDiff 9] 2,254,000

Notes:

  1. ^ Mikhalev excludes Construction troops whose casualties were not included in the field reports.
  2. ^ Excludes those drafted twice.
  3. ^ Krivosheev includes those sent on sick leave, those sent to industry, NKVD or foreign units and 436,600 imprisoned after sentencing. Mikhalev maintains that this figure includes personnel who died in hospital of wounds and sickness and the deaths of those convicted of offenses.
  4. ^ Mikhalev excludes 403,000 Construction troops whose casualties were not included in the field reports and 437,000 imprisoned after sentencing already deducted in number of discharged
  5. ^ Mikhalev maintains that they were military operational losses that should be included with total casualties
  6. ^ MIA Re-conscripted were men conscripted back into the Soviet army during the war as territories were being liberated. Mikhalev maintains that they should not be deducted because were included in the Red Army strength in June 1945 and that the number conscripted excludes those drafted twice.
  7. ^ NKVD & Border Troops -Mikhalev adds these losses to the total because they were not part of the Red Army balance in June 1945.
  8. ^ Mikhalev adds these losses to the total because they were not part of the Red Army balance in June 1945
  9. ^ In addition Mikhalev believed that an additional 1.8 million deaths in hospital of wounded and sick personnel and 1.0 million convicted of offenses should be added to the total irreplaceable losses

Convicted of offences by Soviet military edit

S. N. Mikhalev included in his figure irrecoverable losses the deaths of 994,300 Soviet military personnel that were convicted of offences during the course of the war (422,700 sent to penal battalions, 135,000 executed and 436,600 imprisoned)[57]

Russian Military Archives database edit

An alternative method is to determine losses from the Russian Military Archives database of individual war dead. S. A. Il'Enkov, an official at the Russian Military Archives, maintained that the "complex military situation at the front did not always allow for the conduct of a full accounting of losses, especially in the first years of the war" He pointed out that in the reports from the field units did not include deaths in rear area hospitals of wounded personnel. Il'Enkov maintained that the information in the Russian Military Archives alphabetical card-indexes "is a priceless treasure of history, which can assist in resolving the problems of the price of Soviet victory"[10] Il'Enkov maintained it could provide an accurate accounting of war losses. He concluded by stating, "We established the number of irreplaceable losses of our Armed Forces at the time of the Great Patriotic War of about 13,850,000.[9] Krivosheev maintained that the database of individual war dead is unreliable because some personnel records are duplicated and others omitted.[36]

Critics edit

Critics of the official figures by the Russian Ministry of Defense base their arguments on self analyses of documents in the Soviet archives and demographic models of the Soviet population during the Stalin era.

  • In 2020, Doctor of History Mikhail Meltyukhov who works with the Russian Federal archival project stated that 15.9–17.4 million civilians were killed on Soviet territory by the Nazis during the Great Patriotic War.[17]
  • On 14 February 2017 at a hearing of the Russian State Duma a presentation by legislator Nikolai Zemtsov, a member of the non-governmental organization Immortal Regiment of Russia, maintained that documents of the now defunct Soviet Gosplan indicated that Soviet war dead were almost 42 million (19 million military and 23 million civilians).[13][16] However scholars believe that these figures are without serious foundation.[77]
  • Viktor Zemskov maintained that the population loss due to the war was 20 million, including 16 million direct losses and 4 million deaths due to the deterioration in living conditions. He maintains that the Russian Academy of Science figure of 26.6 million total war dead includes about 7 million deaths due to natural causes based on the mortality rate that prevailed before the war. Zemskov maintains that military dead numbered 11.5 million, including nearly 4 million POWs. He maintains that the figure of 6.8 million civilian deaths in occupied regions was overstated because it included persons who were evacuated to the rear areas. He submitted an estimate of 4.5 million civilians who were Nazi victims or were killed in the occupied zone. Zemskov maintains that the government figure of 2.1 million civilian deaths due to forced labor in Germany was inflated compared to German wartime records that put the deaths of forced workers at 200,000.[60]
  • Mark Solonin maintains that Krivosheev covered up casualties that were three to four times greater than Germany's. Solonin claimed that Russian official sources that list deaths of 13.7 million civilians due to the German occupation include victims of Stalinist repression. He points out that the current figures for civilian war dead are taken from Soviet-era sources. Solonin estimates total losses as somewhat under 20 million. Military dead numbered at least 10.7 million,[c] excluding 2.18 million soldiers who are unaccounted for, half of whom he assumed died. He asserted that some deserted or emigrated and that a higher death toll is possible. Solonin's estimate is that 5–6 million civilians were killed by the invaders (including 2.83 million Jews) and over 1 million civilians perished in the Siege of Leningrad and in Stalingrad. He claimed that 6–9 million Soviets fell to Stalin's repressions, although in contemporary Russian official sources they are included with civilian war dead.[78]
  • In 2017, the Russian historian Igor Ivlev put Soviet war dead at 42 million people (19.4 million military and 22.6 million civilians). According to Ivlev, Soviet State Planning Committee documents put the Soviet population at 205 million in June 1941 and 169.8 million for June 1945. Taking into account the 17.6 million births and 10.3 million natural deaths, leaving almost 42 million in war-related losses according to his research. The details of Ivlev's calculations were first announced at a parliamentary readings about the number of losses of the USSR during the Great Patriotic War.[79][80] Ivlev's figures are endorsed by the Russian civic organization Immortal Regiment and have been discussed in the Russian media recently.[13] Ivlev has published a summary of his arguments on the Russian website Demoscope Weekly. According to Ivlev's calculations based on the number of Soviet Communist party and Komsomol members conscripted, military dead and missing were 17.8 million.[81]
  • Lev Lopukhovsky and Boris Kavalerchik label Krivosheev's transfer of military casualties to civilian losses as "ingratitude and blasphemy over their cherished memory". They demanded that the Russian government reinvestigate the matter.[82] They state that Krivosheev's group understated losses in the crucial period of 1941–1942. [83][84][85]
  • In 1996, Boris Sokolov published a study that estimated total war dead at 43.3 million including 26.4 million in the military. Sokolov's calculations claimed that official population figures in 1941 were understated by 12.7 million and the population in 1946 overstated by 4.0 million, yielding 16.7 million additional war dead, bringing the total to 43.3 million.[15]
  • V. E. Korol estimated overall Soviet war dead at 46 million including military dead of 23 million. He claimed that the official figure of 8.7 million military dead was "groundless", based on battle accounts from across the Eastern Front. Korol held that the official figures of Krivosheev were an attempt to cover up the disregard for human life by the military leaders under Stalin. Korol cited Soviet authors writing during the glasnost era that put wartime losses much higher than the official figures; In 1990, General I. A. Gerasimov published information from the Russian Military Archives database that put losses at 16.2 million enlisted men and 1.2 million officers. Korol also cited historian-archivist Iu. Geller who put losses at 46 million, including military dead of 23 million.[86] and A.N. Mertsalov's estimate of 14 million military dead based on documents in the Russian Military Archives.[14][87]
  • Hypothetical population loss for children unborn due to the war– Some Russian writers have argued that war losses should also include the hypothetical population loss for children unborn due to the war; using this methodology total losses would be about 46 million.[88]
  • A compilation made in March 2008 of the individuals listed in the card files put total dead and missing at 14,241,000 (13,271,269 enlisted men and 970,000 officers)[89]

Male war dead edit

Andreev, Darski and Karkova (ADK) put total losses at 26.6 million. The authors did not dispute Krivoshev's report of 8.7 million military dead. Their demographic study estimated the total war dead of 26.6 million included 20.0 million males and 6.6 million females. In mid-1941 the USSR hosted 8.3 million more females; by 1946 this gap had grown to 22.8 million, an increase of 13.5 million.[90]

Civilian losses edit

 
Executed partisan, Minsk
 
Tanya Savicheva diary

A 1995 paper published by M.V. Filimoshin, an associate of the Russian Defense Ministry, put the civilian death toll in the regions occupied by Germany at 13.7 million. Filimoshin cited sources from Soviet era to support his figures and used the terms "genocide" and "premeditated extermination" when referring to deaths of 7.4 million civilians caused by direct, intentional violence. Civilians killed in reprisals during the Soviet partisan war account for a major portion.[20] Filimoshin estimated that civilian forced laborer deaths in Germany totaled 2.1 million. Germany had a policy of forced confiscation of food that resulted in famine deaths of an estimated 6% of the population, or 4.1 million.[20] Russian government sources currently cite these civilian casualty figures in their official statements.[91]

Russian Academy of Science estimate
Deaths caused by the result of direct, intentional actions of violence 7,420,135[d]
Deaths of forced laborers in Germany 2,164,313[20]
Deaths due to famine and disease in the occupied regions 4,100,000[e]
Total 13,684,448
  • The sources cited for these figures are from the Soviet period.[20] The Statistic of 7.420 million civilian war dead has been disputed by Viktor Zemskov who believed that the actual civilian death toll was at least 4.5 million. He maintained that the official figures included POWs, persons who emigrated from the country and militia/partisan fighters. According to his analysis the forced laborer death figure of 2.164 million includes the balance of losses not reported in Krivosheev's figure of 8.668 million military war dead, including POWs[8][48][60]
  • Civilian losses include 57,000 killed in bombing raids (40,000 Stalingrad and 17,000 Leningrad).[20]
  • Russian sources include Jewish Holocaust deaths among total civilian dead. Gilbert put Jewish losses at one million within 1939 borders; Holocaust deaths in the annexed territories numbered an additional 1.5 million, bringing total Jewish losses to 2.5 million.[92]
  • Civilian losses include deaths in the siege of Leningrad. According to David Glantz the 1945 Soviet estimate presented at the Nuremberg Trials was 642,000 civilian deaths. He noted that Soviet era source from 1965 put the number of dead in the Siege of Leningrad at "greater than 800,000" and that a Russian source from 2000 put the number of dead at 1,000,000.[93] Other Russian historians put the Leningrad death toll at between 1.4 and 2.0 million.[94]
  • Russian sources maintain that there were 4.1 million famine deaths in the regions occupied by Germany.[20] Russian sources also report 2.5 to 3.2 million Soviet civilians who died due to famine and disease in non-occupied territory of the USSR, which was caused by wartime shortages in the rear areas.[95]
  • These casualties are for 1941–1945 within the 1946–1991 borders of the USSR.[3] Included with civilian losses are deaths in the territories annexed by the USSR in 1939–1940 including 600,000 in the Baltic states[55] and 1,500,000 in Eastern Poland (500,000 ethnic Poles and 1 million Jews).[96]
  • Documents from the Soviet archives number the total deaths of prisoners in the Gulag from 1941 to 1945 at 621,637. In a 1995 report Viktor Zemskov noted "due to general difficulties in 1941–1945 in the camps, the GULAG, and prisons, about 1.0 million prisoners died.[26]

Total population losses edit

 
Three men burying victims of the Siege of Leningrad in the Volkovo Cemetery, 1 October 1942
 
Soviet Partisans hanged near Minsk, 20 January 1943

Demographic studies of the population losses edit

Studies by Andreev, Darski and Kharkova edit

Population pyramid before and after the Second World War (ADK)
 
1941
 
1946

E.M. Andreev, L.E. Darski and T. L. Kharkova ("ADK") authored The Population of the Soviet Union 1922–1991, which was published by the Russian Academy of Science in 1993. Andreev worked in the Department of Demography Research Institute of the Central Statistical Bureau (now the Research Institute of Statistics of Federal State Statistical Service of Russia). The study estimated total Soviet war losses of 26.6 million. As of 2015, this was the official Russian government figure for total losses.[3] These losses are a demographic estimate rather than an exact accounting.

Total Soviet losses by demographic balance (1941–45) per (ADK)[3]
Population in June 1941 196,700,000
Births during war 12,300,000
Death by natural causes during war of those alive before war (11,900,000)
War related deaths of those alive before war (25,300,000)
War related deaths of those born during war (1,300,000)
Total population 1 January 1946 170,500,000

Notes:

  • According to Andreev, Darski and Kharkova (ADK) the total population loss due to the war was 26.6 million (1941–1945).[3] They maintain that between 9-10 million of the total Soviet war dead were due to the worsening of life conditions in the entire USSR, including the region that was not occupied.[3] The total loss of 26.6 million is based on the assumptions that the wartime increase in infant mortality was 1.3 million and that persons dying of natural causes declined during the war. Overall the annual Mortality rate (persons dying of natural causes) declined from 2.17% in 1940 to 1.58% in 1946.[97] The decline in persons dying of natural causes during the war was due to the fact that a disproportionate number of adults, especially men were killed during the war, than those persons under 18 and women who survived. The figure for births during the war is based on a post war survey of the Total fertility rate which put the number of births during the war at about one half of the prewar level. The main areas of uncertainty were the estimated figures for the population in the territories annexed from 1939 to 1945 and the loss of population due to emigration during and after the war. The figures include victims of Soviet repression and the deaths of Soviet citizens in German military service.[98] Michael Haynes noted, "We do not know the total number of deaths as a result of the war and related policies". We do know that the demographic estimate of excess deaths was 26.6 million plus an additional 11.9 million natural deaths of persons born before the war and 4.2 million children born during the war that would have occurred in peacetime, bringing the total dead to 42.7 million. At this time the actual total number of deaths caused by the war is unknown since among the 16.1 million "natural deaths" some would have died peacefully and others as a result of the war.[5]
  • Civilian deaths were detailed in the Russian study - Human Losses of the USSR in the Period of WWII:[99] Civilian deaths by intentional actions of violence 7,420,000;[20] Deaths of forced laborers 2,164,000;[20] Deaths due to famine and disease 8,500,000 (including 4.1 million in the occupied territories).[20]
  • The official total military dead per the analysis of Krivosheev is 8,668,000.[29] The Russian Ministry of Defense maintains that their figure of 8.668 million is correct based on a reconciliation of those conscripted.[29] The official toll of 2,164,000 forced laborers dead could include POWs considered civilians by the military. Critics of Krivosheev maintain that the war dead should include an additional 2.9 million persons, according to their analysis the number of POWs and missing was understated in the official figures. Viktor Zemskov puts total military dead (1941–45) at 11.5 million.[8] A 2013 academic study put Soviet military dead at 11.4 million.[100]
  • In addition to the war dead there were 622,000 persons who remained abroad after the war.[3]
  • Births and natural deaths during war are rough estimates since vital statistics were inaccurate.
  • Figures do not include an estimated 20 million children not born because the war depressed fertility/birth rates.
  • ADK pointed out that the beginning population in 1941 and the ending population at 1 January 1946 are rough estimates since figures for the territories annexed in 1939–1940 and emigration from the USSR during the war are based on fragmentary information.
Total War Deaths by Age Group and Gender[3][90]
Age Group Mid 1941–Males (millions) 1941–45 Male War Deaths (millions) % Age Group Mid 1941–Females (millions) 1941–45 Female War Deaths (millions) % Age Group Mid 1941–Total Population (millions) 1941–45 Total War Deaths (millions) % Age Group Excess Male Deaths (Millions)
0–14 27.879 1.425 5.1% 27.984 1.398 5.0% 55.863 2.823 5.1% .027
15–19 11.092 1.064 9.6% 11.220 0.340 3.0% 22.312 1.404 6.3% .723
20–34 24.948 9.005 36.1% 26.330 2.663 10.1% 51.278 11.668 22.8% 6.342
35–49 18.497 6.139 33.2% 20.236 781 3.9% 38.733 6.920 17.9% 5.358
Over 49 11.999 2.418 20.2% 16.976 1.380 8.1% 28.975 3.798 13.1% 1.038
All Age Groups 94.415 20.051 21.2% 102.746 6.562 6.4% 197.161 26.613 13.5% 13.489

Remarks:

  • 0–14–The deaths of 2.8 million children was due primarily to famine and disease caused by the war.
  • 15–19–The excess deaths of 724,000 males compared to females was due primarily to military losses. The wartime draft age was 18.
  • 20–34–The excess deaths of 6,342,000 males compared to females was due primarily to military losses. The deaths of 2,663,000 women is an indication that they were involved in the partisan war and became victims of Nazi reprisals.
  • 35–49–The excess deaths of 5,358,000 males compared to females was due primarily to military losses.
  • Over 49–The excess deaths of 1,038,000 males compared to females was due primarily to military losses. Some served in the Armed Forces. Others were involved in the partisan war and became victims of Nazi reprisals.
  • All Ages–The excess deaths of 13,489,000 males compared to females was due primarily to military losses with regular forces as well partisan forces. The figures are a clear indication that many Soviet civilians died in the war from reprisals, famine and disease.

Voters lists in 1946 election edit

Another study, The Demographic History of Russia 1927–1959, analyzed voters in the February 1946 Soviet election to estimate the surviving population over the age of 18 at the end of the war. The population under 18 was estimated based on the 1959 census. Official records listed 101.7 million registered voters and 94.0 million actual voters, 7.7 million less than the expected figure. ADK maintained that the official results of the 1946 election are not a good source for estimating the population. They believe that the total of expected voters should be increased by 10.5 million because the roll of voters excluded those deprived of their rights, in prison or in exile. ADK maintained that many young military men did not participate in the election, and an overestimation of women in rural areas without internal passports who sought to avoid compulsory heavy labor. Included in the voter total were 29.9 million "excess" women. However number of expected voters estimated by ADK the gap between males and females was 21.4 million, which approximates the 20.7 million gap revealed by the 1959 census. The prewar population of 1939 (including the annexed territories) had an excess of 7.9 million females. The ADK analysis found that the gap had increased by about 13.5 million.[81][101][102]

Alternative sources of demographic losses edit

Russian demographer Rybakovsky found a wide range of estimates for total war dead. He estimated the actual population in 1941 at 196.7 million and losses at 27–28 million. He cited figures that range from 21.7 to 46 million. Rybakovsky acknowledged that the components used to compute losses are uncertain and disputed.

Population estimates for mid-1941 range from 191.8 to 200.1 million, while the population at the end of 1945 range from 167.0 million up to 170.6 million. Based on the pre-war birth rate, the population shortfall was about 20 million births in 1946. Some were born and died during the war, while the balance was never born. Only rough estimates are available for each group. Estimates for the population of the territories annexed from 1939 to 1945 range from 17 to 23 million persons.[103]

Rybakovsky provided a list of the various estimates of Soviet war losses by Russian scholars since 1988.[103]

Casualty estimates
Analyst Deaths (in millions)
A. Kvasha (1988) 26–27
A. Samsonov (1988) 26–27
Yu. Polyakov (1989) 26–27
L.L. Rybakovsky (1989) 27–28
I. Kurganov (1990) 44
S. Ivanov (1990) 46
E. M. Andreev (1990) 26.6[f]
A. Samsonov (1991) 26–27
A. Shevyakov (1991) 27.7
A. Shevyakov (1992) 29.5
V. Eliseev, S. Mikhalev (1992) 21.8
A. Sokolov (1995) 21.7–23.7
Boris Sokolov (1998) 43.3

Estimates of losses by individual Republics edit

Former Soviet republics The contemporary nations that were formerly Soviet Republics dispute Krivosheev's analysis. In a live broadcast of 16 December 2010, A Conversation with Vladimir Putin, he maintained that the Russian Federation had suffered the greatest proportional losses in World War II—70 percent of the total.[104] Official estimates by the former republics of the USSR claim military casualties exceeding those of Krivosheev's report by 3.5 times. It is claimed by the website sovsekretno.ru that there are no Memory Books published in the USSR, Russia and the other contemporary republics in the 80s and 90s listing casualties of 25 percent of the draft or less, but there are many Memory Books with 50 per cent and more with some telling us of a 70, 75, 76 and up to 79 per cent mortality rate among the conscripted.[105]

(A) The Ukrainian authorities and historians ardently dispute these figures. They put the military casualties alone may be estimated as exceeding 7 million, according to the final volume of the Ukrainian book "In the memory of posterity" and research of V. E. Korol, writes an American (former Soviet) Doctor of History Vilen Lyulechnik.[106] Former President of Ukraine Victor Yanukovych maintains that Ukraine has lost more than 10 million lives during the Second World War.[107]

(B) According to a Belarusian military historian, Doctor of History, professor V. Lemeshonok, the Belarusian military casualties, including partisans and underground group members, exceed 682,291.[108]

(C) The Memory Book of Tatarstan Government contains names of about 350,000 inhabitants of the republic, mostly Tatars.[109]

(D) Israeli historian Yitzhak Arad maintains that about 200,000 Soviet Jews or 40 per cent of all draft were killed in battles or captivity — the highest percentage of all nations of the USSR.[110]

(E) Kazakhstan estimates its military casualties at 601,029.[109]

(F) Armenians estimate their military casualties at over 300,000.[111]

(G) Georgians also estimate their military casualties at over 300,000.[112]

(I) Among the others Azerbaijanis claim military casualties of 300,000,[113] Bashkirs of about 300,000,[114] Mordvas of 130,000 and Chuvashes of 106,470.[115] But one of the most tragic figures comes from a Far Eastern republic of Yakutia and its small nation. 37,965 citizens, mostly Yakuts, or 60.74 per cent of 62,509 drafted have not returned home with 7,000 regarded missing. About 69,000 died of severe famine in the republic. This nation could not restore its population even under 1959 census.[116][117][118] The record breaking estimates of 700,000 military casualties out of a total 1,25 million Turkmenian citizens (with slightly less than 60 per cent being Turkmens) are attributed to the late President of Turkmenistan Saparmurat Niyazov. Historians do not regard them as being trustworthy.[119]

Estimated losses for each Soviet Republic edit

Russian historian Vadim Erlikman pegs total war deaths at 10.7 million, exceeding Krivosheev's 8.7 million by an extra two million. This extra two million would presumably include Soviet POWs that died in Nazi captivity, partisans, and militia.

Deaths by Soviet republic
Soviet Republic Population 1940 Military Dead Civilian Dead Total Deaths as
 % 1940 Pop.
Armenian SSR 1,320,000 150,000 30,000 180,000 13.6%
Azerbaijan SSR 3,270,000 210,000 90,000 300,000 9.1%
Byelorussian SSR 9,050,000 620,000 1,670,000 2,290,000 25.3%
Estonian SSR 1,050,000 30,000 50,000 80,000 7.6%
Georgian SSR 3,610,000 190,000 110,000 300,000 8.3%
Kazakh SSR 6,150,000 310,000 350,000 660,000 10.7%
Kirghiz SSR 1,530,000 70,000 50,000 120,000 7.8%
Latvian SSR 1,890,000 30,000 230,000 260,000 13.7%
Lithuanian SSR 2,930,000 25,000 350,000 375,000 12.7%
Moldavian SSR 2,470,000 50,000 120,000 170,000 6.9%
Russian SFSR 110,100,000 6,750,000 7,200,000 13,950,000 12.7% (A)
Tajik SSR 1,530,000 50,000 70,000 120,000 7.8%
Turkmen SSR 1,300,000 70,000 30,000 100,000 7.7%
Uzbek SSR 6,550,000 330,000 220,000 550,000 8.4%
Ukrainian SSR 41,340,000 1,650,000 5,200,000 6,850,000 16.3% (B)
Unidentified - 165,000 130,000 295,000
Total USSR 194,090,000 10,700,000 15,900,000 26,600,000 13.7%
  • The source of the figures on the table is Vadim Erlikman. Poteri narodonaseleniia v XX veke : spravochnik. Moscow 2004. ISBN 5-93165-107-1 pp. 23–35 Erlikman notes that these figures are his estimates. This table includes civilian losses in Transcaucasian and Central Asian republics due to famine and disease caused by wartime shortfalls estimated by Vadim Erlikman.

OBD Memorial database edit

 
Tomb of the unknown soldier in Moscow

The names of Soviet war dead are presented at the OBD (Central Data Bank) Memorial database online.[120]

Causes edit

 
Soviet prisoners of war held in German camp
 
Citizens of Leningrad leaving their houses destroyed by German bombing

The Red Army suffered catastrophic losses of men and equipment during the first months of the German invasion.[38][7] In the spring of 1941 Stalin ignored the warnings of his intelligence services of a planned German invasion and refused to put the Armed forces on alert. The bulk of the Soviet combat units were deployed in the border regions in a lower state of readiness. In the face of the German onslaught the Soviet forces were caught by surprise. Large numbers of Soviet soldiers were captured and many perished due to the brutal mistreatment of POWs by the Nazis.[121] Earl F. Ziemke maintained high Soviet losses can be attributed to 'less efficient medical services and the Soviet tactics, which throughout the war tended to be expensive in terms of human life"[122]

Russian scholars attribute the high civilian death toll to the Nazi Generalplan Ost which treated Soviet peoples as "subhumans", they use the terms "genocide" and "premeditated extermination" when referring to civilian losses in the occupied USSR.[123][page needed] German occupation policies implemented under the Hunger Plan resulted in the confiscation of food stocks which resulted in famine in the occupied regions. During the Soviet era the partisan campaign behind the lines was portrayed as the struggle of the local population against the German occupation.[124] To suppress the partisan units the Nazi occupation forces engaged in a campaign of brutal reprisals against innocent civilians. The extensive fighting destroyed agricultural land, infrastructure, and whole towns, leaving much of the population homeless and without food. During the war Soviet civilians were taken to Germany as forced laborers under inhumane conditions.[20][125]

Summary of the estimates and their sources edit

Estimates for Soviet losses in the Second World War range from 7 million to over 43 million.[126] During the Communist era in the Soviet Union historical writing about World War II was subject to censorship and only official approved statistical data was published. In the USSR during the Glasnost period under Gorbachev and in post communist Russia the casualties in World War II were re-evaluated and the official figures revised.

1946 to 1987 edit

Joseph Stalin in March 1946 stated that Soviet war losses were 7 million dead. This was to be the official figure until the Khrushchev era.[98] In November 1961 Nikita Khrushchev stated that Soviet war losses were 20 million; this was to be the official figure until the Gorbachev era of Glasnost.[98][g] Leonid Brezhnev in 1965 put the Soviet death toll in the war at "more than 20 million"[103] Ivan Konev in a May 1965 Soviet Ministry of Defense press conference stated that Soviet military dead in World War II were 10 million.[128] In 1971, the Soviet demographer Boris Urlanis put losses at 20 million including 6,074,000 civilians and 3,912,000 prisoners of war killed by Nazi Germany, military dead were put at 10 million.[129]

Documents from the Extraordinary State Commission prepared in March 1946 not but published until the 1990s listed 6,074,857 civilians killed, 3,912,283 prisoner of war dead, 3,999,796 deaths during German forced labor and 641,803 civilian famine deaths during Siege of Leningrad.[130] The Soviet general staff put losses at 8,668,000 dead and missing, however the General Staffs figures were not published until 1993. Also 688,772[131] Soviet citizens who remained in western countries after the war were included with the war losses.

1988 to 1992 edit

During the period of Glasnost, the official figure of 20 million war dead was challenged by Soviet scholars. In 1988–1989, estimates of 26 to 28 million total war dead appeared in the Soviet press.[126] The Russian scholar Dmitri Volkogonov, writing at this, time estimated total war deaths at 26–27,000,000, including 10,000,000 in the military.[132] In March 1989, Mikhail Gorbachev established a committee to investigate Soviet war losses. In a May 1990 speech, Gorbachev gave the figure for total Soviet losses at "almost 27 million". This revised figure was the result of research by the committee set up by Gorbachev that estimated total war dead at between 26 and 27 million.[98] In January 1990, M.A. Moiseev, Chief of the General Staff of the Soviet Armed Forces, disclosed for the first time in an interview that Soviet military war dead totaled 8,668,400.[133] In 1991, the Russian scholar A.A. Shevyakov published an article with summary of civilian losses based on his analysis of the archival records of the Soviet Extraordinary State Commission, civilian dead were given as 17.7 million.[h] In a second article in 1992, A.A. Shevyakov gave a figure of 20.8 million civilian dead;[i] no explanation for the difference was given.[98][134][135]

Russians published in the West 1950–83 edit

In 1949, Soviet Colonel Kalinov defected to the west, where he published a book claiming that Soviet records indicated the military loss of 13.6 million men, including 2.6 million POW dead.[136][137] Sergei Maksudov, a Russian demographer living in the west, estimated Soviet war losses at between 24.5 and 27.4 million, including 7.5 million military dead.[98][138][139] The Soviet mathematician Iosif G. Dyadkin published a study in the United States that estimated the total Soviet population losses from 1939 to 1945, due to the war and political repression, at 30 million. Dyadkin was imprisoned for publishing this study in the west.[140]

Western scholars edit

Historians writing outside of the Soviet Union and Russia have evaluated the various Russian language sources and have offered their estimates of Soviet war dead. Here is a listing of estimates by recognized scholars published in the West.

Source Military Dead Civilian Dead Total Dead
Frank Lorimer (1946),[141][j] 5,000,000 11,000,000 16,000,000
(within 1940 borders)
Pierre George (1946)[142] 7,000,000 10,000,000 17,000,000
N. S. Timasheff (1948),[143] 7,000,000 18,300,000 25,300,000
Helmut Arntz (1953)[144][g] 13,600,000 7,000,000 20,000,000+
Jean-Noël Biraben (1958)[145] 8,000,000 6,700,000 14,700,000
Warren W. Eason (1959)[146][147] 10,000,000 15,000,000 25,000,000
E. Ziemke (1968)[122] more than
12,000,000
Albert Seaton (1971)[148] 10,000,000
Gil Elliot (1972)[149] 10,000,000 10,000,000 20,000,000
Charles Messenger (1989)[150] 20,000,000
John Keegan (1989)[151] 7,000,000 7,000,000 14,000,000
R. J. Rummel (1990)[152] 7,000,000 12,250,000 19,625,000
plus 10,000,000
due to Soviet repression
John Ellis (1993)[153] 11,000,000 6,700,000 17,700,000
Michael Ellman and Sergei Maksudov (1994) [98] 8,700,000 18,000,000 26–27,000,000
Norman Davies (1996)[154] 8–9,000,000 16–19,000,000 24–28,000,000
Richard Overy (1997)[155] 8,668,400 17,000,000 25,000,000
Mark Mazower (1998)[156] 9,500,000 10,000,000 19,500,000
David Wallechinsky (1995)[157] 13,600,000 20–26,000,000
Micheal Clodfelter (2002)[158] 8,668,400 20–26,000,000
Michael Haynes (2003) [159] 8,700,000 17,900,000 26,600,000
Martin Gilbert (2004)[160] 10,000,000
KIA
& 3,300,000
POW		 7,000,000 20,000,000+
H. P. Willmott (2004)[161] 8,700,000 16,900,000 25,600,000
Tony Judt (2005)[162] 8,600,000 16,000,000 24,600,000
Norman Davies (2006)[163] 8,668,000 18,332,000 27,000,000
Cambridge History of Russia (2006)[164] 8,700,000+ 13,700,000
in Nazi occupied USSR
and 2,600,000
in interior USSR		 24–26,000,000
Steven Rosefielde (2010)[165] 8,700,000
"all causes"		 "17,700,000
or 20,300,000"		 "26,400,000
to 29,000,000"
plus 5,458,000
due to Soviet repression
  • David Glantz maintains that "the war with Nazi Germany cost the Soviet Union at least 29 million military casualties" (dead, wounded and sick) "The exact numbers can never be established, and some revisionists have attempted to put the number as high as 50 million"[166]
  • Richard Overy believes the "figures for military dead published in 1993... give the fullest account yet available, but they omit three operations that were clear failures. The official figures themselves must be viewed critically, given the difficulty of knowing in the chaos of 1941 and 1942 exactly who had been killed, wounded or even conscripted"[167] Regarding military dead Richard Overy believes that "for the present the figure of 8.6 million must be regarded as the most reliable"[168]
  • The authors of the Cambridge History of Russia have provided an analysis of Soviet wartime casualties. Overall losses were about 25 million persons plus or minus 1 million. Red Army records indicate 8.7 million military deaths, "this figure is actually the lower limit". The official figures understate POW losses and armed partisan deaths. Excess civilian deaths in the Nazi occupied USSR were 13.7 million persons including 2 million Jews. There were an additional 2.6 million deaths in the interior regions of the Soviet Union. The authors maintain "scope for error in this number is very wide". At least 1 million perished in the wartime GULAG camps or in deportations. Other deaths occurred in the wartime evacuations and due to war related malnutrition and disease in the interior. The authors maintain that both Stalin and Hitler "were both responsible but in different ways" for these deaths.
    The authors of the Cambridge History of Russia believe that "In short the general picture of Soviet wartime losses suggests a jigsaw puzzle. The general outline is clear: people died in colossal numbers but in many different miserable and terrible circumstances. But individual pieces of the puzzle do not fit well; some overlap and others are yet to be found"[169]
  • Steven Rosefielde puts the war related demographic losses of the USSR from 1941 to 1945 at 22.0 to 26.0 million persons (7.8 million military and 14.2 to 18.2 million civilians). The actual wartime losses are higher because some persons who would have died peacefully actually perished as a result of the war. Rosefielde estimated the actual military dead at 8.7 million men and 17.7 to 20.3 million civilians killed by the Nazis in the war (exterminated, shot, gassed burned 6.4 or 11.3 million; famine and disease 8.5 or 6.5 million; forced laborer in Germany 2.8 or 3.0 million and 500,000 who did not return to USSR after war.)[165]: 72  In addition to these war deaths Rosefielde also estimated the excess deaths attributed to the "total potential crimes against humanity" due to Soviet repression at 2.183 million persons in 1939–40 and 5.458 million from 1941 to 1945. The figures for losses due to Soviet repression do not include 1 million military deaths of men drafted from the Gulag into penal suicide battalions.[165]: 179 
  • According to historian Timothy Snyder "More inhabitants of Soviet Ukraine died in the Second World War than inhabitants of Soviet Russia as calculated by Russian historians." These remarks were presented at the conference "Germany's Historical Responsibility towards Ukraine" ("Deutschen Historischen Verantwortung für die Ukraine"), German Bundestag, Berlin, Germany, 20 June 2017.[170]

See also edit

Notes edit

  1. ^ Zemskov believed that POW deaths and missing were almost 4 million, not the 1.783 reported by Krivosheev.[8]
  2. ^ Krivosheev lists the detailed losses for each of the 54 Army fronts and Naval fleets (not including border and security troops). Irrecoverable losses add down to (5,184,749 killed in action, 534,273 non-combat deaths and 4,452,346 POWs and missing).[30] He also lists the following data separately 1,102,800[19] died of wounds in field hospitals and 1,836,500[19][31] POWs who returned to the Soviet Union were deducted from the missing. Not included with the 54 Army fronts and Naval fleets are the losses of 159,100[32] border and security troops and 267,000[33] died of illness in field hospitals. The figures for POW & missing do no include an estimated 500,000 reservists captured by the enemy after being conscripted but before being taken on strength.[19] Included in the figures are 994,300 convicted by court martial and 212,400 deserters.[34] These figures are 94,662[35] civilians in military service, which included women, communications and transport personnel.
  3. ^ including 7.4 million killed; 2.54 million POWs; 400,000 non-combat dead and 380,000 executed by Soviets
  4. ^ The Russian Academy of Science article by M.V. Filimoshin based this figure on sources published in the Soviet era.[20] (However the 2001 edition of Krivosheev put the figure at 7,420.379)[38]
  5. ^ The Russian Academy of Science article by M.V. Filimoshin estimated 6% of the population in the occupied regions died due to war related famine and disease.[20]
  6. ^ Accepted by Russian government
  7. ^ a b The Russian researcher L L Rybakovsky assumes that the source of Nikita Khrushchev's figure of 20 million war dead was the 1957 Soviet translation,(Itogi vtoroj mirovoj vojny. Sbornik statej) of the West German book Bilanz des Zweiten Weltkrieges Hamburg 1953.[127]
  8. ^ 6.390 million exterminated; 2.8 million forced labor ; 8.5 million famine and disease голода и эпидемий in occupied regions
  9. ^ 11.3 million exterminated ; 3.0 forced labor; 6.5 million famine and disease голода и эпидемий in occupied regions
  10. ^ Lorimer's hypothetical figures, not an estimate, for territory in the 1939 borders put the total demographic loss at 20.0 million. 9.0 million civilians killed over age 5 and a deficit of 6.0 million children under age 5 not born during the war or died during the war. The figure of 5.0 million military dead was based on information available in 1945 which was published in the USSR during the war. In addition losses in the annexed territories were put at 2,000,000

References edit

  1. ^ Lopez Aubin Bernard Guillerat Fenby, Jean Nicolas Vincent Nicolas Jonathan (2019). World War II Infographics. Thames & Hudson. p. 146.
  2. ^ a b Министерство обороны Российской Федерации, MOD Russian Federation. "On Question of war Losses (in Russian)". MOD Russian Federation. Retrieved 12 November 2017.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i Andreev, Darski & Kharkova 2002.
  4. ^ Ellman & Maksudov 1994, p. 677.
  5. ^ a b Haynes 2003.
  6. ^ Krivosheev 1993, p. [page needed].
  7. ^ a b c d e Krivosheev 1997, p. 79.
  8. ^ a b c d e Zemskov, Viktor (2012). "О масштабах людских потерь CCCР в Великой Отечественной Войне" [About the scale of human losses of the USSR in the Great Patriotic War]. Военно-исторический архив [Military Historical Archive] (in Russian) (9): 59–71 – via Демоскоп Weekly [Democcope Weekly].
  9. ^ a b c d Il'Enkov 2001, pp. 73–80.
  10. ^ a b c Il'Enkov 1996.
  11. ^ "УШЛИ ПОД ДЕРН" [Gone under the sod] (in Russian).
  12. ^ Russian President Dmitry Medvedev. "Medvedev orders precise Soviet WWII death toll". Fox News. Associated Press. Retrieved 23 December 2017.
  13. ^ a b c Bershidsky, Leonid (10 May 2017). "A Message to Putin From 42 Million Dead". Bloomberg. Retrieved 31 August 2017.
  14. ^ a b Korol 1996.
  15. ^ a b Sokolov 1996.
  16. ^ a b [Parliamentary hearings "Patriotic education of Russian citizens:" Immortal Regiment"]. Бессмертный полк России [Immortal Regiment of Russia]. 5 July 2018. Archived from the original on 5 July 2018. Retrieved 19 June 2019.
  17. ^ a b Meltyukhov, Mikhail. "Anatomy of Evil". Plans, directives, orders of the military-political leadership of Nazi Germany for the occupation of the USSR".
  18. ^ Krivosheev 1993, p. 115.
  19. ^ a b c d e f g Krivosheev 1997, p. 85.
  20. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Filimoshin 1995, pp. 124–131.
  21. ^ Krivosheev 1997, p. 92.
  22. ^ Krivosheev 2010, p. 219 (135,000 executed; 422,700 sent to penal units at the front and 436,600 imprisoned after sentencing)
  23. ^ Krivosheev 1997, p. 91.
  24. ^ Krivosheev 1997, pp. 91–92.
  25. ^ Zemskov 2012, pp. 59–71 "Суммируя все вышеприведённые составляющие прямых гражданских потерь, к которым без всяких натяжек применим термин «жертвы войны», мы определяем их общее количество величиной, как минимум, 4,5 млн. человек." ["Summing up all the above components of direct civilian casualties, to which the term “war victims” applies without any stretch, we determine their total number of at least 4.5 million people."]
  26. ^ a b Евдокимов 1995, pp. 174–177 Deaths resulting from harsh conditions, like lack of food and medicine, on Soviet territory not occupied by the Germans were due to wartime shortages
  27. ^ Applebaum, Anne (2003). Gulag. USA: Anchor. pp. 582–83. ISBN 1400034094.
  28. ^ Pohl, J. Otto (1999). Ethnic Cleansing in the USSR, 1937-1949. Connecticut: Greenwood Press. p. 8. ISBN 0313309213.
  29. ^ a b c Krivosheev 1997, p. [page needed].
  30. ^ Krivosheev 1997, pp. 164–218.
  31. ^ Krivosheev 2010, p. 502 (2,016,000 POW were released after the war however the 180,000 who remained in the west are included with the losses)
  32. ^ Krivosheev 1997, p. 85 (42,100 killed, 2,500 died of wounds, 13,600 non-combat deaths and 103,400 missing or died as POWs)
  33. ^ Krivosheev 2010, p. 233.
  34. ^ Krivosheev 2010, p. 219.
  35. ^ Krivosheev 2010, p. 229 (42,627 killed, 10,491 died of wounds, 5,960 non-combat deaths, 32,083 missing and 3,501 POW deaths)
  36. ^ a b КРИВОШЕЕВ, Г.Ф. (2002). "Историк должен ЛИКОВАТЬ и ГОРЕВАТЬ со своим народом". ВОЕННО-ИСТОРИЧЕСКИЙ ЖУРНАЛ (in Russian) (11).
    Krivosheev, G.F. (2002). "Historians Should Triumph and Grieve with their People". Military History Journal (11).
  37. ^ Krivosheev 1997, pp. 51–97, 79.
  38. ^ a b c Krivosheev 2001,[page needed].
  39. ^ a b c Krivosheev 2001, Table 111.
  40. ^ Krivosheev 1997, pp. 85–86 Includes 12,031 dead and missing in the Invasion of Manchuria
  41. ^ Krivosheev 2001, Tables 121 &123.
  42. ^ Krivosheev 2001, Table 120, p. 237.
  43. ^ a b c Krivosheev 1997, pp. 85–97.
  44. ^ a b c d Krivosheev 1997, pp. 85–86.
  45. ^ a b c d e f g h i Krivosheev 1997, p. 236.
  46. ^ Krivosheev 2001, Table 176.
  47. ^ КРИВОШЕЕВ, Г.Ф. (1999). "НЕКОТОРЫЕ НОВЫЕ ДАННЫЕ АНАЛИЗА СИЛ И ПОТЕРЬ НА СОВЕТСКО-ГЕРМАНСКОМ ФРОНТЕ". Мир истории (in Russian). No. 1. так как в конце войны в лагерях для военнопленных было зарегистрировано 2 016 тыс. человек, из них вернулось 1 836 тыс. человек, а 180 тыс. не вернулось
    Krivosheev, G.F. (1999). "Some new data analysis on forces and losses on the Soviet-German front". Mir Istorii. No. 1. since at the end of the war 2,016 thousand people were registered in prisoner-of-war camps, 1,836 thousand people returned, and 180 thousand did not return
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December 11, 2023
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World War II losses of the Soviet Union were about 27 000 000 both civilian and military from all war related causes 1 although exact figures are disputed A figure of 20 million was considered official during the Soviet era The post Soviet government of Russia puts the Soviet war losses at 26 6 million 2 on the basis of the 1993 study by the Russian Academy of Sciences including people dying as a result of effects of the war 3 4 5 This includes 8 668 400 military deaths as calculated by the Russian Ministry of Defence 2 6 7 Dead Soviet civilians near Minsk Belarus 1943Kyiv 23 June 1941A victim of starvation in besieged Leningrad suffering from muscle atrophy in 1941The figures published by the Russian Ministry of Defence have been accepted by most historians outside Russia However the official figure of 8 7 million military deaths has been disputed by Russian scholars who believe that the number of dead and missing POWs is not correct and new research is necessary to determine actual losses 8 Officials at the Russian Central Defense Ministry Archive CDMA maintain that their database lists the names of roughly 14 million dead and missing service personnel 9 10 11 Russian President Dmitry Medvedev stated in 2009 that more than 2 4 million people are still officially considered missing in action and that of the 9 5 million persons buried in mass graves six million are unidentified 12 Some Russian scholars put the total number of losses in the war both civilian and military at over 40 million 13 14 15 16 In 2020 Mikhail Meltyukhov who works with the Russian Federal archival project claimed that 15 9 17 4 million civilians were killed on Soviet territory by Germany and its allies during the war 17 Contents 1 Summary of Russian sources 2 Military losses 2 1 Krivosheev s analysis 2 2 Criticism of Krivosheev 2 2 1 POW deaths 2 2 2 Analysis of S N Mikhalev 2 2 3 Convicted of offences by Soviet military 2 2 4 Russian Military Archives database 2 2 5 Critics 2 2 6 Male war dead 3 Civilian losses 4 Total population losses 4 1 Demographic studies of the population losses 4 1 1 Studies by Andreev Darski and Kharkova 4 1 2 Voters lists in 1946 election 4 1 3 Alternative sources of demographic losses 4 2 Estimates of losses by individual Republics 4 3 Estimated losses for each Soviet Republic 4 4 OBD Memorial database 5 Causes 6 Summary of the estimates and their sources 6 1 1946 to 1987 6 2 1988 to 1992 6 3 Russians published in the West 1950 83 6 4 Western scholars 7 See also 8 Notes 9 References 10 SourcesSummary of Russian sources editThe war related deaths detailed in Russian sources are as follows The Krivosheev study listed 8 668 400 irreplaceable losses from listed strength 5 226 800 killed in action 1 102 800 died of wounds in field hospitals 555 500 non combat deaths POW deaths and missing were 4 559 000 Deductions were 939 700 who were encircled or missing in action in occupied areas who were reconscripted once areas liberated and 1 836 000 POWs returned from captivity 18 19 The Krivosheev study listed 500 000 reservists captured by the enemy after being conscripted but before being taken on strength 19 Russian sources report 2 164 000 deaths as civilian forced labor in Germany 20 Viktor Zemskov believed that these were actually military deaths not included in the Krivosheev report Zemskov put the military death toll at 11 5 million a Convicts and deserters listed in the Krivosheev study 994 300 21 22 were sentenced by court martial and 212 400 23 were reported as deserters 24 They are not included with the 8 668 000 irreplaceable losses listed by Krivosheev Russian sources list 7 420 million civilians killed in the war including the siege of Leningrad Sources cited for this figure are from the Soviet period 20 The figure of 7 4 million has been disputed by Viktor Zemskov who believed that the actual civilian death toll was at least 4 5 million He maintained that the official figures included POWs persons who emigrated from the country persons evacuated during the war counted as missing as well as militia and partisan fighters 25 Russian sources maintain that there were 4 1 million famine deaths in the regions occupied by Germany 20 Gulag prisoners According to Viktor Zemskov due to general difficulties in 1941 1945 in the camps the GULAG and prisons about 1 0 million prisoners died 26 Anne Applebaum cites Russian sources that put the Gulag death toll from 1941 to 1945 at 932 000 27 Deportation of ethnic minorities Russian sources put the death toll at 309 000 28 War related deaths of those born during war according to Andreev Darski and Kharkova ADK there was an increase in infant mortality of 1 3 million 3 Military losses editKrivosheev s analysis edit In 1993 the Russian Ministry of Defense report authored by a group headed by General G F Krivosheev detailed military casualties 29 Their sources were Soviet reports from the field and other archive documents that were secret during the Soviet era including a secret Soviet General Staff report from 1966 to 1968 Krivosheev s study puts Soviet military dead and missing at 8 7 million and is often cited by historians Krivosheev maintained that the figure of 8 668 million is correct because it excludes called up reservists that were never inducted men who were duplicated as conscripts because they were conscripted again into the Soviet army and Navy during the war as territories were being liberated and non combat related causes The statistic of 8 668 million military dead includes only the combat related deaths of the forces in the field units of the Army and Navy b and does not include civilian support forces in rear areas conscripted reservists killed before being listed on active strength militia units and Soviet partisan dead Krivosheev maintained that they should be included with civilian war losses 36 Soviet World War II military casualties 1939 45 by period 37 38 Dead and missing Wounded and sickBattle of Khalkhin Gol 1939 7 39 9 703 15 952Invasion of Poland 1939 7 39 1 475 2 383Winter War 1939 40 7 39 126 875 264 908World War II 1941 45 40 41 8 668 400 22 326 905 including 14 685 593 wounded and 7 641 312 sick Total 8 806 453 22 610 148The schedule below summarizes Soviet casualties from 1941 to 1945 nbsp Starting attack in Leningrad battlefrontMilitary dead and missing 1941 45 by cause 42 43 Cause EstimateKIA or died of wounds 6 329 600 44 Missing in action 500 000 45 Noncombat deaths of units at the front sickness accidents etc 555 500 44 Died or killed while POW 1 283 200 45 Total irrecoverable losses from listed strength 8 668 400 19 nbsp Soviet prisoners of warReconciliation of missing 19 Missing in action 500 000 45 Missing later re conscripted 940 000 45 POW deaths 1 283 000 45 POW returned to USSR 1 836 000 45 Total reported missing 4 559 000 45 Krivosheev s analysis shows that 4 559 000 were reported missing including 3 396 400 per field reports and an additional 1 162 600 estimated based on German documents out of which 500 000 were missing and presumed dead 939 700 were re conscripted during the war as territories were liberated 1 836 000 returned to the U S S R after the war while the balance of 1 283 300 died in German captivity as POWs or did not return to the USSR 46 44 Krivoshhev wrote According to German sources 673 000 died in captivity Of the remaining 1 110 300 Soviet sources indicate that over half also died in captivity 45 Sources published outside of Russia put total POW dead at 3 0 million Krivosheev maintains that this figure based on German sources includes civilian personnel that were not included in the reports of the Army and Navy field forces 45 In a 1999 article Krivosheev noted that after the war 180 000 liberated POWs did not return to the USSR and most likely settled in other countries Krivosheev did not mention this in the English language translation of his study 47 According to declassified documents from the Soviet archives 960 039 surviving Soviet military POW were turned over to the Soviet authorities by the Western powers and 865 735 were released by the Soviet forces in territory they occupied 48 nbsp Soviet conscripts 1941Reconciliation of Soviet forces 1941 1945 43 Description BalanceArmy amp Navy strength June 1941 4 902 000Drafted during war 29 575 000Discharged during war 9 693 000 Army amp Navy strength in June 1945 12 840 000 Losses of conscripted reservists 1941 not officially inducted 500 000 Subtotal operational losses 11 444 000Missing later re conscripted 940 000 Liberated POW returned to USSR 1 836 000 Total losses 8 668 000Discharged during war of 9 693 000 includes 3 798 200 sent on sick leave 3 614 600 transferred to work in industry anti aircraft defense and armed guards 1 174 600 sent to NKVD troops and organs 250 400 transferred to Polish Czechoslovak and Romanian armies 436 600 imprisoned 206 000 discharged and 212 400 not found after deserting detached from troop convoy or missing in military districts in the interior 44 During the war 422 700 men were sent to penal units at the front and not discharged 49 The June 1945 force strength of 12 840 000 included 11 390 600 on active service 1 046 000 in hospital and 403 200 in civilian departments nbsp Carrying a wounded soldier on the Leningrad Front nbsp Naked Soviet POWs in Mauthausen concentration camp 50 Numbers of wounded amp sick by categoryaccording to Military Medical Service 51 Wounded Sick TotalTotal 14 685 593 7 641 312 22 326 905Of these Discharged 3 050 733 747 425 3 798 158 Returned to duty 10 530 750 6 626 493 17 157 243 Died also included in irrecoverable losses 1 104 110 267 394 1 371 504 Casualties 1941 1945 According to Field Reports 43 Description Irrecoverable losses Wounded amp sick Total losses1941 3rd Q 2 129 677 687 626 2 817 3031941 4th Q 1 007 996 648 521 1 656 5171942 1st Q 675 315 1 179 457 1 854 7721942 2nd Q 842 898 706 647 1 549 5451942 3rd Q 1 224 495 1 283 062 2 507 5571942 4th Q 515 508 941 896 1 457 4041943 1st Q 726 714 1 425 692 2 152 4061943 2nd Q 191 904 490 637 682 5411943 3rd Q 803 856 2 060 805 2 864 6611943 4th Q 589 955 1 567 940 2 157 8951944 1st Q 570 761 1 572 742 2 143 5031944 2nd Q 344 258 965 208 1 309 4661944 3rd Q 510 790 1 545 442 2 056 2321944 4th Q 338 082 1 031 358 1 369 4401945 1st Q 557 521 1 594 635 2 152 1561945 2nd Q 243 296 618 055 861 351Campaign in Far East 12 031 24 425 36 456Subtotal operational losses Army amp Navy 11 285 057 18 344 148 29 629 205Add losses border internal service troops 159 100Subtotal operational losses 11 444 100Less missing later re conscripted 939 700 Less liberated POW returned to USSR 1 836 000 Total irrecoverable losses 8 668 400Krivosheev s group estimated losses for the early part of the war because from 1941 to 1942 no surrounded or defeated divisions reported their casualties Total wounded and sick includes 15 205 592 wounded 3 047 675 sick and 90 881 frostbite cases Included in the total of 11 444 million irrecoverable losses are 1 100 327 died of wounds in hospital Field reports stated the number of wounded and sick as 18 344 148 while the records of the military medical service show a total of 22 326 905 According to Krivosheev the difference can be explained by the fact that the medical service included sick personnel who did not take part in the fighting 52 nbsp Monument in Israel to Jewish war dead in the Soviet ArmyTotal losses by age group 53 Age group Total losses of total lossesUnder 20 years 1 560 000 18 021 25 1 907 000 22 026 30 1 517 000 17 531 35 1 430 200 16 536 40 1 040 200 1241 45 693 500 846 50 433 400 5over 50 years 86 700 1All age groups 8 668 400 100Criticism of Krivosheev edit Krivosheev s analysis has been disputed by independent scholars in Russia His critics maintain that he underestimated the number of missing in action and POW deaths 54 55 and deaths of service personnel in rear area hospitals 10 Makhmut Gareev former Deputy Chief of the General Staff of the Armed Forces of the USSR maintains that the published information on Soviet casualties is the work of the individual authors and not based on official data According to Gareev the Russian government has not disclosed the actual losses in the war 56 The data listed in the Krivosheev study has been disputed S N Mikhalev put the losses of the combat forces at 10 922 000 57 Historian Viktor Zemskov estimated total military dead at 11 5 million 8 In his book Christian Hartmann puts the total at 11 4 million 58 Some researchers in Russia put the total demographic losses of the military at nearly 14 0 million S N Mikahlev put total losses at 13 7 million 59 S A Il Enkov at the Russian military archives believes total losses were 13 850 million 9 Krivosheev s critics maintain that he underestimated the numbers of missing and POWs According to Viktor Zemskov total POW dead were 2 3 million and the number missing in action 1 5 million 2 2 million more than Krivosheev He noted that the figure includes military prisoners as well as militias guerrillas special units of various civil departments 60 S N Mikhalev maintained that Krivosheev understated irrecoverable losses by 2 254 million 61 Data published in Russia indicate Soviet POW losses of 2 543 000 5 734 000 were captured 821 000 released into German service with the German military and 2 371 000 liberated 60 62 1 046 000 sent to hospital were deducted from the total strength at the end of the war In Krivosheev s figures 3 798 000 personnel were discharged for medical reasons of whom 2 576 000 became invalids Kiriosheev does not include the balance of 1 222 000 with the war dead S A Il Enkov an official at the Russian Military Archives maintained that the complex military situation at the front did not always allow for the conduct of a full accounting of losses especially in the first years of the war He pointed out that the reports from the field units did not include deaths in rear area hospitals of wounded and sick personnel 9 S N Mikhalev put total losses at 13 7 million based on his analysis of Ministry of Defense documents that a total of 2 6 million service personnel died of sickness or wounds in hospitals 1 5 million more than the figure in the Krivosheev study 59 994 300 59 Personnel convicted of offenses according to Krivosheev 422 700 63 were sent to penal sub units at the front S N Mikhalev maintained that the penal sub units are not included with the casualties reported by the forces in the field 64 According to S N Mikhalev 135 000 service personnel were executed after being convicted he believed that they are not included with the non combat losses of the frontal units 64 Krivosheev maintains that those executed are included with non combat losses of the field forces 63 Krivosheev lists an additional 436 600 personnel as being imprisoned during the war and were deducted from the total on active duty at the end of the war 63 However S N Mikhalev includes those imprisoned with irrecoverable losses 65 POW deaths edit Western scholars estimate 3 3 million dead out of 5 7 million total Soviet POW captured 66 67 According to German figures 5 734 000 Soviet POWs were taken 68 69 Between 22 June 1941 and the end of the war roughly 5 7 million members of the Red Army fell into German hands In January 1945 930 000 were still in German camps A million at most had been released most of whom were so called volunteers Hilfswillige for often compulsory auxiliary service in the Wehrmacht Another 500 000 as estimated by the Army High Command had either fled or been liberated The remaining 3 300 000 57 5 percent of the total had perished 70 However according to Krivosheev the Germans claimed to have captured up to 5 750 million POWs he maintains that the figures in Nazi propaganda included civilians and military reservists that were caught up in the German encirclement s Krivosheev puts the number of Soviet military POW that actually were sent to the camps at 4 059 000 71 Krivosheev maintained that the figure of 3 0 million POW dead reported in western sources included partisans militia and civilian men of military age taken as POWs in the early stages of the war in 1941 72 In addition to the German held POW Romania captured 82 090 Soviet POWs 5 221 died 3 331 escaped and 13 682 were released 73 Finland captured 64 188 Soviet POWs at least 18 318 were documented to have died in Finnish prisoner of war camps 74 Analysis of S N Mikhalev edit In 2000 S N Mikhalev 75 published a study of Soviet casualties From 1989 to 1996 he was an associate of the Institute of Military History of the Ministry of Defence Mikhalev disputed Krivosheev s figure of 8 7 million military war dead he put Soviet military dead at more than 10 9 million persons based on his analysis of those conscripted He maintained that the official figures could not be reconciled to the total men drafted and that POW deaths were understated Mikhalev put the total irreplaceable losses at 13 7 million he believed that the official figures understated POW and missing losses that the deaths of service personnel convicted of offenses were not included with the overall losses and that the number who died of wounds was understated 57 Reconciliation of conscripted persons 76 Description Krivosheev Mikhalev DifferenceArmy amp Navy June 1941 4 902 000 4 704 000 KMDiff 1 198 000 Drafted during war KMDiff 2 29 575 000 29 575 000 0Discharged during war KMDiff 3 9 693 000 9 693 000 0Army amp Navy June 1945 12 840 000 11 999 000 KMDiff 4 841 000Conscripted reservists 500 000 0 KMDiff 5 500 000Subtotal operational losses 11 444 000 12 587 000 1 143 000MIA re conscripted KMDiff 6 940 000 0 940 000Liberated POW returned to USSR 1 836 000 1 836 000 0Losses of NKVD amp border troops KMDiff 7 0 159 000 159 000Losses in the Far East August 1945 0 12 000 KMDiff 8 12 000Total irrecoverable losses 8 668 000 10 922 000 KMDiff 9 2 254 000Notes Mikhalev excludes Construction troops whose casualties were not included in the field reports Excludes those drafted twice Krivosheev includes those sent on sick leave those sent to industry NKVD or foreign units and 436 600 imprisoned after sentencing Mikhalev maintains that this figure includes personnel who died in hospital of wounds and sickness and the deaths of those convicted of offenses Mikhalev excludes 403 000 Construction troops whose casualties were not included in the field reports and 437 000 imprisoned after sentencing already deducted in number of discharged Mikhalev maintains that they were military operational losses that should be included with total casualties MIA Re conscripted were men conscripted back into the Soviet army during the war as territories were being liberated Mikhalev maintains that they should not be deducted because were included in the Red Army strength in June 1945 and that the number conscripted excludes those drafted twice NKVD amp Border Troops Mikhalev adds these losses to the total because they were not part of the Red Army balance in June 1945 Mikhalev adds these losses to the total because they were not part of the Red Army balance in June 1945 In addition Mikhalev believed that an additional 1 8 million deaths in hospital of wounded and sick personnel and 1 0 million convicted of offenses should be added to the total irreplaceable losses Convicted of offences by Soviet military edit S N Mikhalev included in his figure irrecoverable losses the deaths of 994 300 Soviet military personnel that were convicted of offences during the course of the war 422 700 sent to penal battalions 135 000 executed and 436 600 imprisoned 57 Russian Military Archives database edit An alternative method is to determine losses from the Russian Military Archives database of individual war dead S A Il Enkov an official at the Russian Military Archives maintained that the complex military situation at the front did not always allow for the conduct of a full accounting of losses especially in the first years of the war He pointed out that in the reports from the field units did not include deaths in rear area hospitals of wounded personnel Il Enkov maintained that the information in the Russian Military Archives alphabetical card indexes is a priceless treasure of history which can assist in resolving the problems of the price of Soviet victory 10 Il Enkov maintained it could provide an accurate accounting of war losses He concluded by stating We established the number of irreplaceable losses of our Armed Forces at the time of the Great Patriotic War of about 13 850 000 9 Krivosheev maintained that the database of individual war dead is unreliable because some personnel records are duplicated and others omitted 36 Critics edit Critics of the official figures by the Russian Ministry of Defense base their arguments on self analyses of documents in the Soviet archives and demographic models of the Soviet population during the Stalin era In 2020 Doctor of History Mikhail Meltyukhov who works with the Russian Federal archival project stated that 15 9 17 4 million civilians were killed on Soviet territory by the Nazis during the Great Patriotic War 17 On 14 February 2017 at a hearing of the Russian State Duma a presentation by legislator Nikolai Zemtsov a member of the non governmental organization Immortal Regiment of Russia maintained that documents of the now defunct Soviet Gosplan indicated that Soviet war dead were almost 42 million 19 million military and 23 million civilians 13 16 However scholars believe that these figures are without serious foundation 77 Viktor Zemskov maintained that the population loss due to the war was 20 million including 16 million direct losses and 4 million deaths due to the deterioration in living conditions He maintains that the Russian Academy of Science figure of 26 6 million total war dead includes about 7 million deaths due to natural causes based on the mortality rate that prevailed before the war Zemskov maintains that military dead numbered 11 5 million including nearly 4 million POWs He maintains that the figure of 6 8 million civilian deaths in occupied regions was overstated because it included persons who were evacuated to the rear areas He submitted an estimate of 4 5 million civilians who were Nazi victims or were killed in the occupied zone Zemskov maintains that the government figure of 2 1 million civilian deaths due to forced labor in Germany was inflated compared to German wartime records that put the deaths of forced workers at 200 000 60 Mark Solonin maintains that Krivosheev covered up casualties that were three to four times greater than Germany s Solonin claimed that Russian official sources that list deaths of 13 7 million civilians due to the German occupation include victims of Stalinist repression He points out that the current figures for civilian war dead are taken from Soviet era sources Solonin estimates total losses as somewhat under 20 million Military dead numbered at least 10 7 million c excluding 2 18 million soldiers who are unaccounted for half of whom he assumed died He asserted that some deserted or emigrated and that a higher death toll is possible Solonin s estimate is that 5 6 million civilians were killed by the invaders including 2 83 million Jews and over 1 million civilians perished in the Siege of Leningrad and in Stalingrad He claimed that 6 9 million Soviets fell to Stalin s repressions although in contemporary Russian official sources they are included with civilian war dead 78 In 2017 the Russian historian Igor Ivlev put Soviet war dead at 42 million people 19 4 million military and 22 6 million civilians According to Ivlev Soviet State Planning Committee documents put the Soviet population at 205 million in June 1941 and 169 8 million for June 1945 Taking into account the 17 6 million births and 10 3 million natural deaths leaving almost 42 million in war related losses according to his research The details of Ivlev s calculations were first announced at a parliamentary readings about the number of losses of the USSR during the Great Patriotic War 79 80 Ivlev s figures are endorsed by the Russian civic organization Immortal Regiment and have been discussed in the Russian media recently 13 Ivlev has published a summary of his arguments on the Russian website Demoscope Weekly According to Ivlev s calculations based on the number of Soviet Communist party and Komsomol members conscripted military dead and missing were 17 8 million 81 Lev Lopukhovsky and Boris Kavalerchik label Krivosheev s transfer of military casualties to civilian losses as ingratitude and blasphemy over their cherished memory They demanded that the Russian government reinvestigate the matter 82 They state that Krivosheev s group understated losses in the crucial period of 1941 1942 83 84 85 In 1996 Boris Sokolov published a study that estimated total war dead at 43 3 million including 26 4 million in the military Sokolov s calculations claimed that official population figures in 1941 were understated by 12 7 million and the population in 1946 overstated by 4 0 million yielding 16 7 million additional war dead bringing the total to 43 3 million 15 V E Korol estimated overall Soviet war dead at 46 million including military dead of 23 million He claimed that the official figure of 8 7 million military dead was groundless based on battle accounts from across the Eastern Front Korol held that the official figures of Krivosheev were an attempt to cover up the disregard for human life by the military leaders under Stalin Korol cited Soviet authors writing during the glasnost era that put wartime losses much higher than the official figures In 1990 General I A Gerasimov published information from the Russian Military Archives database that put losses at 16 2 million enlisted men and 1 2 million officers Korol also cited historian archivist Iu Geller who put losses at 46 million including military dead of 23 million 86 and A N Mertsalov s estimate of 14 million military dead based on documents in the Russian Military Archives 14 87 Hypothetical population loss for children unborn due to the war Some Russian writers have argued that war losses should also include the hypothetical population loss for children unborn due to the war using this methodology total losses would be about 46 million 88 A compilation made in March 2008 of the individuals listed in the card files put total dead and missing at 14 241 000 13 271 269 enlisted men and 970 000 officers 89 Male war dead edit Andreev Darski and Karkova ADK put total losses at 26 6 million The authors did not dispute Krivoshev s report of 8 7 million military dead Their demographic study estimated the total war dead of 26 6 million included 20 0 million males and 6 6 million females In mid 1941 the USSR hosted 8 3 million more females by 1946 this gap had grown to 22 8 million an increase of 13 5 million 90 Civilian losses edit nbsp Executed partisan Minsk nbsp Tanya Savicheva diaryA 1995 paper published by M V Filimoshin an associate of the Russian Defense Ministry put the civilian death toll in the regions occupied by Germany at 13 7 million Filimoshin cited sources from Soviet era to support his figures and used the terms genocide and premeditated extermination when referring to deaths of 7 4 million civilians caused by direct intentional violence Civilians killed in reprisals during the Soviet partisan war account for a major portion 20 Filimoshin estimated that civilian forced laborer deaths in Germany totaled 2 1 million Germany had a policy of forced confiscation of food that resulted in famine deaths of an estimated 6 of the population or 4 1 million 20 Russian government sources currently cite these civilian casualty figures in their official statements 91 Russian Academy of Science estimate Deaths caused by the result of direct intentional actions of violence 7 420 135 d Deaths of forced laborers in Germany 2 164 313 20 Deaths due to famine and disease in the occupied regions 4 100 000 e Total 13 684 448The sources cited for these figures are from the Soviet period 20 The Statistic of 7 420 million civilian war dead has been disputed by Viktor Zemskov who believed that the actual civilian death toll was at least 4 5 million He maintained that the official figures included POWs persons who emigrated from the country and militia partisan fighters According to his analysis the forced laborer death figure of 2 164 million includes the balance of losses not reported in Krivosheev s figure of 8 668 million military war dead including POWs 8 48 60 Civilian losses include 57 000 killed in bombing raids 40 000 Stalingrad and 17 000 Leningrad 20 Russian sources include Jewish Holocaust deaths among total civilian dead Gilbert put Jewish losses at one million within 1939 borders Holocaust deaths in the annexed territories numbered an additional 1 5 million bringing total Jewish losses to 2 5 million 92 Civilian losses include deaths in the siege of Leningrad According to David Glantz the 1945 Soviet estimate presented at the Nuremberg Trials was 642 000 civilian deaths He noted that Soviet era source from 1965 put the number of dead in the Siege of Leningrad at greater than 800 000 and that a Russian source from 2000 put the number of dead at 1 000 000 93 Other Russian historians put the Leningrad death toll at between 1 4 and 2 0 million 94 Russian sources maintain that there were 4 1 million famine deaths in the regions occupied by Germany 20 Russian sources also report 2 5 to 3 2 million Soviet civilians who died due to famine and disease in non occupied territory of the USSR which was caused by wartime shortages in the rear areas 95 These casualties are for 1941 1945 within the 1946 1991 borders of the USSR 3 Included with civilian losses are deaths in the territories annexed by the USSR in 1939 1940 including 600 000 in the Baltic states 55 and 1 500 000 in Eastern Poland 500 000 ethnic Poles and 1 million Jews 96 Documents from the Soviet archives number the total deaths of prisoners in the Gulag from 1941 to 1945 at 621 637 In a 1995 report Viktor Zemskov noted due to general difficulties in 1941 1945 in the camps the GULAG and prisons about 1 0 million prisoners died 26 Total population losses edit nbsp Three men burying victims of the Siege of Leningrad in the Volkovo Cemetery 1 October 1942 nbsp Soviet Partisans hanged near Minsk 20 January 1943Demographic studies of the population losses edit Studies by Andreev Darski and Kharkova edit Population pyramid before and after the Second World War ADK nbsp 1941 nbsp 1946 E M Andreev L E Darski and T L Kharkova ADK authored The Population of the Soviet Union 1922 1991 which was published by the Russian Academy of Science in 1993 Andreev worked in the Department of Demography Research Institute of the Central Statistical Bureau now the Research Institute of Statistics of Federal State Statistical Service of Russia The study estimated total Soviet war losses of 26 6 million As of 2015 this was the official Russian government figure for total losses 3 These losses are a demographic estimate rather than an exact accounting Total Soviet losses by demographic balance 1941 45 per ADK 3 Population in June 1941 196 700 000Births during war 12 300 000Death by natural causes during war of those alive before war 11 900 000 War related deaths of those alive before war 25 300 000 War related deaths of those born during war 1 300 000 Total population 1 January 1946 170 500 000Notes According to Andreev Darski and Kharkova ADK the total population loss due to the war was 26 6 million 1941 1945 3 They maintain that between 9 10 million of the total Soviet war dead were due to the worsening of life conditions in the entire USSR including the region that was not occupied 3 The total loss of 26 6 million is based on the assumptions that the wartime increase in infant mortality was 1 3 million and that persons dying of natural causes declined during the war Overall the annual Mortality rate persons dying of natural causes declined from 2 17 in 1940 to 1 58 in 1946 97 The decline in persons dying of natural causes during the war was due to the fact that a disproportionate number of adults especially men were killed during the war than those persons under 18 and women who survived The figure for births during the war is based on a post war survey of the Total fertility rate which put the number of births during the war at about one half of the prewar level The main areas of uncertainty were the estimated figures for the population in the territories annexed from 1939 to 1945 and the loss of population due to emigration during and after the war The figures include victims of Soviet repression and the deaths of Soviet citizens in German military service 98 Michael Haynes noted We do not know the total number of deaths as a result of the war and related policies We do know that the demographic estimate of excess deaths was 26 6 million plus an additional 11 9 million natural deaths of persons born before the war and 4 2 million children born during the war that would have occurred in peacetime bringing the total dead to 42 7 million At this time the actual total number of deaths caused by the war is unknown since among the 16 1 million natural deaths some would have died peacefully and others as a result of the war 5 Civilian deaths were detailed in the Russian study Human Losses of the USSR in the Period of WWII 99 Civilian deaths by intentional actions of violence 7 420 000 20 Deaths of forced laborers 2 164 000 20 Deaths due to famine and disease 8 500 000 including 4 1 million in the occupied territories 20 The official total military dead per the analysis of Krivosheev is 8 668 000 29 The Russian Ministry of Defense maintains that their figure of 8 668 million is correct based on a reconciliation of those conscripted 29 The official toll of 2 164 000 forced laborers dead could include POWs considered civilians by the military Critics of Krivosheev maintain that the war dead should include an additional 2 9 million persons according to their analysis the number of POWs and missing was understated in the official figures Viktor Zemskov puts total military dead 1941 45 at 11 5 million 8 A 2013 academic study put Soviet military dead at 11 4 million 100 In addition to the war dead there were 622 000 persons who remained abroad after the war 3 Births and natural deaths during war are rough estimates since vital statistics were inaccurate Figures do not include an estimated 20 million children not born because the war depressed fertility birth rates ADK pointed out that the beginning population in 1941 and the ending population at 1 January 1946 are rough estimates since figures for the territories annexed in 1939 1940 and emigration from the USSR during the war are based on fragmentary information Total War Deaths by Age Group and Gender 3 90 Age Group Mid 1941 Males millions 1941 45 Male War Deaths millions Age Group Mid 1941 Females millions 1941 45 Female War Deaths millions Age Group Mid 1941 Total Population millions 1941 45 Total War Deaths millions Age Group Excess Male Deaths Millions 0 14 27 879 1 425 5 1 27 984 1 398 5 0 55 863 2 823 5 1 02715 19 11 092 1 064 9 6 11 220 0 340 3 0 22 312 1 404 6 3 72320 34 24 948 9 005 36 1 26 330 2 663 10 1 51 278 11 668 22 8 6 34235 49 18 497 6 139 33 2 20 236 781 3 9 38 733 6 920 17 9 5 358Over 49 11 999 2 418 20 2 16 976 1 380 8 1 28 975 3 798 13 1 1 038All Age Groups 94 415 20 051 21 2 102 746 6 562 6 4 197 161 26 613 13 5 13 489Remarks 0 14 The deaths of 2 8 million children was due primarily to famine and disease caused by the war 15 19 The excess deaths of 724 000 males compared to females was due primarily to military losses The wartime draft age was 18 20 34 The excess deaths of 6 342 000 males compared to females was due primarily to military losses The deaths of 2 663 000 women is an indication that they were involved in the partisan war and became victims of Nazi reprisals 35 49 The excess deaths of 5 358 000 males compared to females was due primarily to military losses Over 49 The excess deaths of 1 038 000 males compared to females was due primarily to military losses Some served in the Armed Forces Others were involved in the partisan war and became victims of Nazi reprisals All Ages The excess deaths of 13 489 000 males compared to females was due primarily to military losses with regular forces as well partisan forces The figures are a clear indication that many Soviet civilians died in the war from reprisals famine and disease Voters lists in 1946 election edit Another study The Demographic History of Russia 1927 1959 analyzed voters in the February 1946 Soviet election to estimate the surviving population over the age of 18 at the end of the war The population under 18 was estimated based on the 1959 census Official records listed 101 7 million registered voters and 94 0 million actual voters 7 7 million less than the expected figure ADK maintained that the official results of the 1946 election are not a good source for estimating the population They believe that the total of expected voters should be increased by 10 5 million because the roll of voters excluded those deprived of their rights in prison or in exile ADK maintained that many young military men did not participate in the election and an overestimation of women in rural areas without internal passports who sought to avoid compulsory heavy labor Included in the voter total were 29 9 million excess women However number of expected voters estimated by ADK the gap between males and females was 21 4 million which approximates the 20 7 million gap revealed by the 1959 census The prewar population of 1939 including the annexed territories had an excess of 7 9 million females The ADK analysis found that the gap had increased by about 13 5 million 81 101 102 Alternative sources of demographic losses edit Russian demographer Rybakovsky found a wide range of estimates for total war dead He estimated the actual population in 1941 at 196 7 million and losses at 27 28 million He cited figures that range from 21 7 to 46 million Rybakovsky acknowledged that the components used to compute losses are uncertain and disputed Population estimates for mid 1941 range from 191 8 to 200 1 million while the population at the end of 1945 range from 167 0 million up to 170 6 million Based on the pre war birth rate the population shortfall was about 20 million births in 1946 Some were born and died during the war while the balance was never born Only rough estimates are available for each group Estimates for the population of the territories annexed from 1939 to 1945 range from 17 to 23 million persons 103 Rybakovsky provided a list of the various estimates of Soviet war losses by Russian scholars since 1988 103 Casualty estimates Analyst Deaths in millions A Kvasha 1988 26 27A Samsonov 1988 26 27Yu Polyakov 1989 26 27L L Rybakovsky 1989 27 28I Kurganov 1990 44S Ivanov 1990 46E M Andreev 1990 26 6 f A Samsonov 1991 26 27A Shevyakov 1991 27 7A Shevyakov 1992 29 5V Eliseev S Mikhalev 1992 21 8A Sokolov 1995 21 7 23 7Boris Sokolov 1998 43 3Estimates of losses by individual Republics edit Former Soviet republics The contemporary nations that were formerly Soviet Republics dispute Krivosheev s analysis In a live broadcast of 16 December 2010 A Conversation with Vladimir Putin he maintained that the Russian Federation had suffered the greatest proportional losses in World War II 70 percent of the total 104 Official estimates by the former republics of the USSR claim military casualties exceeding those of Krivosheev s report by 3 5 times It is claimed by the website sovsekretno ru that there are no Memory Books published in the USSR Russia and the other contemporary republics in the 80s and 90s listing casualties of 25 percent of the draft or less but there are many Memory Books with 50 per cent and more with some telling us of a 70 75 76 and up to 79 per cent mortality rate among the conscripted 105 A The Ukrainian authorities and historians ardently dispute these figures They put the military casualties alone may be estimated as exceeding 7 million according to the final volume of the Ukrainian book In the memory of posterity and research of V E Korol writes an American former Soviet Doctor of History Vilen Lyulechnik 106 Former President of Ukraine Victor Yanukovych maintains that Ukraine has lost more than 10 million lives during the Second World War 107 B According to a Belarusian military historian Doctor of History professor V Lemeshonok the Belarusian military casualties including partisans and underground group members exceed 682 291 108 C The Memory Book of Tatarstan Government contains names of about 350 000 inhabitants of the republic mostly Tatars 109 D Israeli historian Yitzhak Arad maintains that about 200 000 Soviet Jews or 40 per cent of all draft were killed in battles or captivity the highest percentage of all nations of the USSR 110 E Kazakhstan estimates its military casualties at 601 029 109 F Armenians estimate their military casualties at over 300 000 111 G Georgians also estimate their military casualties at over 300 000 112 I Among the others Azerbaijanis claim military casualties of 300 000 113 Bashkirs of about 300 000 114 Mordvas of 130 000 and Chuvashes of 106 470 115 But one of the most tragic figures comes from a Far Eastern republic of Yakutia and its small nation 37 965 citizens mostly Yakuts or 60 74 per cent of 62 509 drafted have not returned home with 7 000 regarded missing About 69 000 died of severe famine in the republic This nation could not restore its population even under 1959 census 116 117 118 The record breaking estimates of 700 000 military casualties out of a total 1 25 million Turkmenian citizens with slightly less than 60 per cent being Turkmens are attributed to the late President of Turkmenistan Saparmurat Niyazov Historians do not regard them as being trustworthy 119 Estimated losses for each Soviet Republic edit Russian historian Vadim Erlikman pegs total war deaths at 10 7 million exceeding Krivosheev s 8 7 million by an extra two million This extra two million would presumably include Soviet POWs that died in Nazi captivity partisans and militia Deaths by Soviet republic Soviet Republic Population 1940 Military Dead Civilian Dead Total Deaths as 1940 Pop Armenian SSR 1 320 000 150 000 30 000 180 000 13 6 Azerbaijan SSR 3 270 000 210 000 90 000 300 000 9 1 Byelorussian SSR 9 050 000 620 000 1 670 000 2 290 000 25 3 Estonian SSR 1 050 000 30 000 50 000 80 000 7 6 Georgian SSR 3 610 000 190 000 110 000 300 000 8 3 Kazakh SSR 6 150 000 310 000 350 000 660 000 10 7 Kirghiz SSR 1 530 000 70 000 50 000 120 000 7 8 Latvian SSR 1 890 000 30 000 230 000 260 000 13 7 Lithuanian SSR 2 930 000 25 000 350 000 375 000 12 7 Moldavian SSR 2 470 000 50 000 120 000 170 000 6 9 Russian SFSR 110 100 000 6 750 000 7 200 000 13 950 000 12 7 A Tajik SSR 1 530 000 50 000 70 000 120 000 7 8 Turkmen SSR 1 300 000 70 000 30 000 100 000 7 7 Uzbek SSR 6 550 000 330 000 220 000 550 000 8 4 Ukrainian SSR 41 340 000 1 650 000 5 200 000 6 850 000 16 3 B Unidentified 165 000 130 000 295 000Total USSR 194 090 000 10 700 000 15 900 000 26 600 000 13 7 The source of the figures on the table is Vadim Erlikman Poteri narodonaseleniia v XX veke spravochnik Moscow 2004 ISBN 5 93165 107 1 pp 23 35 Erlikman notes that these figures are his estimates This table includes civilian losses in Transcaucasian and Central Asian republics due to famine and disease caused by wartime shortfalls estimated by Vadim Erlikman OBD Memorial database edit nbsp Tomb of the unknown soldier in MoscowThe names of Soviet war dead are presented at the OBD Central Data Bank Memorial database online 120 Causes edit nbsp Soviet prisoners of war held in German camp nbsp Citizens of Leningrad leaving their houses destroyed by German bombingThe Red Army suffered catastrophic losses of men and equipment during the first months of the German invasion 38 7 In the spring of 1941 Stalin ignored the warnings of his intelligence services of a planned German invasion and refused to put the Armed forces on alert The bulk of the Soviet combat units were deployed in the border regions in a lower state of readiness In the face of the German onslaught the Soviet forces were caught by surprise Large numbers of Soviet soldiers were captured and many perished due to the brutal mistreatment of POWs by the Nazis 121 Earl F Ziemke maintained high Soviet losses can be attributed to less efficient medical services and the Soviet tactics which throughout the war tended to be expensive in terms of human life 122 Russian scholars attribute the high civilian death toll to the Nazi Generalplan Ost which treated Soviet peoples as subhumans they use the terms genocide and premeditated extermination when referring to civilian losses in the occupied USSR 123 page needed German occupation policies implemented under the Hunger Plan resulted in the confiscation of food stocks which resulted in famine in the occupied regions During the Soviet era the partisan campaign behind the lines was portrayed as the struggle of the local population against the German occupation 124 To suppress the partisan units the Nazi occupation forces engaged in a campaign of brutal reprisals against innocent civilians The extensive fighting destroyed agricultural land infrastructure and whole towns leaving much of the population homeless and without food During the war Soviet civilians were taken to Germany as forced laborers under inhumane conditions 20 125 Summary of the estimates and their sources editEstimates for Soviet losses in the Second World War range from 7 million to over 43 million 126 During the Communist era in the Soviet Union historical writing about World War II was subject to censorship and only official approved statistical data was published In the USSR during the Glasnost period under Gorbachev and in post communist Russia the casualties in World War II were re evaluated and the official figures revised 1946 to 1987 edit Joseph Stalin in March 1946 stated that Soviet war losses were 7 million dead This was to be the official figure until the Khrushchev era 98 In November 1961 Nikita Khrushchev stated that Soviet war losses were 20 million this was to be the official figure until the Gorbachev era of Glasnost 98 g Leonid Brezhnev in 1965 put the Soviet death toll in the war at more than 20 million 103 Ivan Konev in a May 1965 Soviet Ministry of Defense press conference stated that Soviet military dead in World War II were 10 million 128 In 1971 the Soviet demographer Boris Urlanis put losses at 20 million including 6 074 000 civilians and 3 912 000 prisoners of war killed by Nazi Germany military dead were put at 10 million 129 Documents from the Extraordinary State Commission prepared in March 1946 not but published until the 1990s listed 6 074 857 civilians killed 3 912 283 prisoner of war dead 3 999 796 deaths during German forced labor and 641 803 civilian famine deaths during Siege of Leningrad 130 The Soviet general staff put losses at 8 668 000 dead and missing however the General Staffs figures were not published until 1993 Also 688 772 131 Soviet citizens who remained in western countries after the war were included with the war losses 1988 to 1992 edit During the period of Glasnost the official figure of 20 million war dead was challenged by Soviet scholars In 1988 1989 estimates of 26 to 28 million total war dead appeared in the Soviet press 126 The Russian scholar Dmitri Volkogonov writing at this time estimated total war deaths at 26 27 000 000 including 10 000 000 in the military 132 In March 1989 Mikhail Gorbachev established a committee to investigate Soviet war losses In a May 1990 speech Gorbachev gave the figure for total Soviet losses at almost 27 million This revised figure was the result of research by the committee set up by Gorbachev that estimated total war dead at between 26 and 27 million 98 In January 1990 M A Moiseev Chief of the General Staff of the Soviet Armed Forces disclosed for the first time in an interview that Soviet military war dead totaled 8 668 400 133 In 1991 the Russian scholar A A Shevyakov published an article with summary of civilian losses based on his analysis of the archival records of the Soviet Extraordinary State Commission civilian dead were given as 17 7 million h In a second article in 1992 A A Shevyakov gave a figure of 20 8 million civilian dead i no explanation for the difference was given 98 134 135 Russians published in the West 1950 83 edit In 1949 Soviet Colonel Kalinov defected to the west where he published a book claiming that Soviet records indicated the military loss of 13 6 million men including 2 6 million POW dead 136 137 Sergei Maksudov a Russian demographer living in the west estimated Soviet war losses at between 24 5 and 27 4 million including 7 5 million military dead 98 138 139 The Soviet mathematician Iosif G Dyadkin published a study in the United States that estimated the total Soviet population losses from 1939 to 1945 due to the war and political repression at 30 million Dyadkin was imprisoned for publishing this study in the west 140 Western scholars edit Historians writing outside of the Soviet Union and Russia have evaluated the various Russian language sources and have offered their estimates of Soviet war dead Here is a listing of estimates by recognized scholars published in the West Source Military Dead Civilian Dead Total DeadFrank Lorimer 1946 141 j 5 000 000 11 000 000 16 000 000 within 1940 borders Pierre George 1946 142 7 000 000 10 000 000 17 000 000N S Timasheff 1948 143 7 000 000 18 300 000 25 300 000Helmut Arntz 1953 144 g 13 600 000 7 000 000 20 000 000 Jean Noel Biraben 1958 145 8 000 000 6 700 000 14 700 000Warren W Eason 1959 146 147 10 000 000 15 000 000 25 000 000E Ziemke 1968 122 more than12 000 000Albert Seaton 1971 148 10 000 000Gil Elliot 1972 149 10 000 000 10 000 000 20 000 000Charles Messenger 1989 150 20 000 000John Keegan 1989 151 7 000 000 7 000 000 14 000 000R J Rummel 1990 152 7 000 000 12 250 000 19 625 000 plus 10 000 000 due to Soviet repressionJohn Ellis 1993 153 11 000 000 6 700 000 17 700 000Michael Ellman and Sergei Maksudov 1994 98 8 700 000 18 000 000 26 27 000 000Norman Davies 1996 154 8 9 000 000 16 19 000 000 24 28 000 000Richard Overy 1997 155 8 668 400 17 000 000 25 000 000Mark Mazower 1998 156 9 500 000 10 000 000 19 500 000David Wallechinsky 1995 157 13 600 000 20 26 000 000Micheal Clodfelter 2002 158 8 668 400 20 26 000 000Michael Haynes 2003 159 8 700 000 17 900 000 26 600 000Martin Gilbert 2004 160 10 000 000KIA amp 3 300 000 POW 7 000 000 20 000 000 H P Willmott 2004 161 8 700 000 16 900 000 25 600 000Tony Judt 2005 162 8 600 000 16 000 000 24 600 000Norman Davies 2006 163 8 668 000 18 332 000 27 000 000Cambridge History of Russia 2006 164 8 700 000 13 700 000 in Nazi occupied USSR and 2 600 000 in interior USSR 24 26 000 000Steven Rosefielde 2010 165 8 700 000 all causes 17 700 000or 20 300 000 26 400 000 to 29 000 000 plus 5 458 000 due to Soviet repressionDavid Glantz maintains that the war with Nazi Germany cost the Soviet Union at least 29 million military casualties dead wounded and sick The exact numbers can never be established and some revisionists have attempted to put the number as high as 50 million 166 Richard Overy believes the figures for military dead published in 1993 give the fullest account yet available but they omit three operations that were clear failures The official figures themselves must be viewed critically given the difficulty of knowing in the chaos of 1941 and 1942 exactly who had been killed wounded or even conscripted 167 Regarding military dead Richard Overy believes that for the present the figure of 8 6 million must be regarded as the most reliable 168 The authors of the Cambridge History of Russia have provided an analysis of Soviet wartime casualties Overall losses were about 25 million persons plus or minus 1 million Red Army records indicate 8 7 million military deaths this figure is actually the lower limit The official figures understate POW losses and armed partisan deaths Excess civilian deaths in the Nazi occupied USSR were 13 7 million persons including 2 million Jews There were an additional 2 6 million deaths in the interior regions of the Soviet Union The authors maintain scope for error in this number is very wide At least 1 million perished in the wartime GULAG camps or in deportations Other deaths occurred in the wartime evacuations and due to war related malnutrition and disease in the interior The authors maintain that both Stalin and Hitler were both responsible but in different ways for these deaths The authors of the Cambridge History of Russia believe that In short the general picture of Soviet wartime losses suggests a jigsaw puzzle The general outline is clear people died in colossal numbers but in many different miserable and terrible circumstances But individual pieces of the puzzle do not fit well some overlap and others are yet to be found 169 Steven Rosefielde puts the war related demographic losses of the USSR from 1941 to 1945 at 22 0 to 26 0 million persons 7 8 million military and 14 2 to 18 2 million civilians The actual wartime losses are higher because some persons who would have died peacefully actually perished as a result of the war Rosefielde estimated the actual military dead at 8 7 million men and 17 7 to 20 3 million civilians killed by the Nazis in the war exterminated shot gassed burned 6 4 or 11 3 million famine and disease 8 5 or 6 5 million forced laborer in Germany 2 8 or 3 0 million and 500 000 who did not return to USSR after war 165 72 In addition to these war deaths Rosefielde also estimated the excess deaths attributed to the total potential crimes against humanity due to Soviet repression at 2 183 million persons in 1939 40 and 5 458 million from 1941 to 1945 The figures for losses due to Soviet repression do not include 1 million military deaths of men drafted from the Gulag into penal suicide battalions 165 179 According to historian Timothy Snyder More inhabitants of Soviet Ukraine died in the Second World War than inhabitants of Soviet Russia as calculated by Russian historians These remarks were presented at the conference Germany s Historical Responsibility towards Ukraine Deutschen Historischen Verantwortung fur die Ukraine German Bundestag Berlin Germany 20 June 2017 170 See also editNazi crimes against Soviet POWs Soviet historiography The Holocaust in Russia World War II casualties List of Soviet military units that lost their standards in World War IINotes edit Zemskov believed that POW deaths and missing were almost 4 million not the 1 783 reported by Krivosheev 8 Krivosheev lists the detailed losses for each of the 54 Army fronts and Naval fleets not including border and security troops Irrecoverable losses add down to 5 184 749 killed in action 534 273 non combat deaths and 4 452 346 POWs and missing 30 He also lists the following data separately 1 102 800 19 died of wounds in field hospitals and 1 836 500 19 31 POWs who returned to the Soviet Union were deducted from the missing Not included with the 54 Army fronts and Naval fleets are the losses of 159 100 32 border and security troops and 267 000 33 died of illness in field hospitals The figures for POW amp missing do no include an estimated 500 000 reservists captured by the enemy after being conscripted but before being taken on strength 19 Included in the figures are 994 300 convicted by court martial and 212 400 deserters 34 These figures are 94 662 35 civilians in military service which included women communications and transport personnel including 7 4 million killed 2 54 million POWs 400 000 non combat dead and 380 000 executed by Soviets The Russian Academy of Science article by M V Filimoshin based this figure on sources published in the Soviet era 20 However the 2001 edition of Krivosheev put the figure at 7 420 379 38 The Russian Academy of Science article by M V Filimoshin estimated 6 of the population in the occupied regions died due to war related famine and disease 20 Accepted by Russian government a b The Russian researcher L L Rybakovsky assumes that the source of Nikita Khrushchev s figure of 20 million war dead was the 1957 Soviet translation Itogi vtoroj mirovoj vojny Sbornik statej of the West German book Bilanz des Zweiten Weltkrieges Hamburg 1953 127 6 390 million exterminated 2 8 million forced labor 8 5 million famine and disease goloda i epidemij in occupied regions 11 3 million exterminated 3 0 forced labor 6 5 million famine and disease goloda i epidemij in occupied regions Lorimer s hypothetical figures not an estimate for territory in the 1939 borders put the total demographic loss at 20 0 million 9 0 million civilians killed over age 5 and a deficit of 6 0 million children under age 5 not born during the war or died during the war The figure of 5 0 million military dead was based on information available in 1945 which was published in the USSR during the war In addition losses in the annexed territories were put at 2 000 000References edit Lopez Aubin Bernard Guillerat Fenby Jean Nicolas Vincent Nicolas Jonathan 2019 World War II Infographics Thames amp Hudson p 146 a b Ministerstvo oborony Rossijskoj Federacii MOD Russian Federation On Question of war Losses in Russian MOD Russian Federation Retrieved 12 November 2017 a b c d e f g h i Andreev Darski amp Kharkova 2002 Ellman amp Maksudov 1994 p 677 a b Haynes 2003 Krivosheev 1993 p page needed a b c d e Krivosheev 1997 p 79 a b c d e Zemskov Viktor 2012 O masshtabah lyudskih poter CCCR v Velikoj Otechestvennoj Vojne About the scale of human losses of the USSR in the Great Patriotic War Voenno istoricheskij arhiv Military Historical Archive in Russian 9 59 71 via Demoskop Weekly Democcope Weekly a b c d Il Enkov 2001 pp 73 80 a b c Il Enkov 1996 UShLI POD DERN Gone under the sod in Russian Russian President Dmitry Medvedev Medvedev orders precise Soviet WWII death toll Fox News Associated Press Retrieved 23 December 2017 a b c Bershidsky Leonid 10 May 2017 A Message to Putin From 42 Million Dead Bloomberg Retrieved 31 August 2017 a b Korol 1996 a b Sokolov 1996 a b Parlamentskie slushaniya Patrioticheskoe vospitanie grazhdan Rossii Bessmertnyj polk Parliamentary hearings Patriotic education of Russian citizens Immortal Regiment Bessmertnyj polk Rossii Immortal Regiment of Russia 5 July 2018 Archived from the original on 5 July 2018 Retrieved 19 June 2019 a b Meltyukhov Mikhail Anatomy of Evil Plans directives orders of the military political leadership of Nazi Germany for the occupation of the USSR Krivosheev 1993 p 115 a b c d e f g Krivosheev 1997 p 85 a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Filimoshin 1995 pp 124 131 Krivosheev 1997 p 92 Krivosheev 2010 p 219 135 000 executed 422 700 sent to penal units at the front and 436 600 imprisoned after sentencing Krivosheev 1997 p 91 Krivosheev 1997 pp 91 92 Zemskov 2012 pp 59 71 Summiruya vse vysheprivedyonnye sostavlyayushie pryamyh grazhdanskih poter k kotorym bez vsyakih natyazhek primenim termin zhertvy vojny my opredelyaem ih obshee kolichestvo velichinoj kak minimum 4 5 mln chelovek Summing up all the above components of direct civilian casualties to which the term war victims applies without any stretch we determine their total number of at least 4 5 million people a b Evdokimov 1995 pp 174 177 Deaths resulting from harsh conditions like lack of food and medicine on Soviet territory not occupied by the Germans were due to wartime shortages Applebaum Anne 2003 Gulag USA Anchor pp 582 83 ISBN 1400034094 Pohl J Otto 1999 Ethnic Cleansing in the USSR 1937 1949 Connecticut Greenwood Press p 8 ISBN 0313309213 a b c Krivosheev 1997 p page needed Krivosheev 1997 pp 164 218 Krivosheev 2010 p 502 2 016 000 POW were released after the war however the 180 000 who remained in the west are included with the losses Krivosheev 1997 p 85 42 100 killed 2 500 died of wounds 13 600 non combat deaths and 103 400 missing or died as POWs Krivosheev 2010 p 233 Krivosheev 2010 p 219 Krivosheev 2010 p 229 42 627 killed 10 491 died of wounds 5 960 non combat deaths 32 083 missing and 3 501 POW deaths a b KRIVOShEEV G F 2002 Istorik dolzhen LIKOVAT i GOREVAT so svoim narodom VOENNO ISTORIChESKIJ ZhURNAL in Russian 11 Krivosheev G F 2002 Historians Should Triumph and Grieve with their People Military History Journal 11 Krivosheev 1997 pp 51 97 79 a b c Krivosheev 2001 page needed a b c Krivosheev 2001 Table 111 Krivosheev 1997 pp 85 86 Includes 12 031 dead and missing in the Invasion of Manchuria Krivosheev 2001 Tables 121 amp 123 Krivosheev 2001 Table 120 p 237 a b c Krivosheev 1997 pp 85 97 a b c d Krivosheev 1997 pp 85 86 a b c d e f g h i Krivosheev 1997 p 236 Krivosheev 2001 Table 176 KRIVOShEEV G F 1999 NEKOTORYE NOVYE DANNYE ANALIZA SIL I POTER NA SOVETSKO GERMANSKOM FRONTE Mir istorii in Russian No 1 tak kak v konce vojny v lageryah dlya voennoplennyh bylo zaregistrirovano 2 016 tys chelovek iz nih vernulos 1 836 tys chelovek a 180 tys ne vernulos Krivosheev G F 1999 Some new data analysis on forces and losses on the Soviet German front Mir Istorii No 1 since at the end of the war 2 016 thousand people were registered in prisoner of war camps 1 836 thousand people returned and 180 thousand did not return a b Zemskov Viktor Repatriaciya peremeshyonnyh sovetskih grazhdan Repatriation of Soviet citizens abroad in Russian Retrieved 6 April 2017 Zemskov Viktor REPATRIACIYa SOVETSKIH GRAZhDAN I IH DALNEJShAYa SUDBA 1944 1956 gg Repatriation of Soviet Citizens and their Farest Destiny 1944 1956 PDF in Russian Retrieved 1 October 2018 Krivosheev 2001 Table 132 Daniel Goldhagen Hitler s Willing Executioners p 290 2 8 million young healthy Soviet POWs killed by the Germans mainly by starvation in less than eight months of 1941 42 before the decimation of Soviet POWs was stopped and the Germans began to use them as laborers Krivosheev 1997 pp 89 Krivosheev 1997 pp 87 Krivosheev 2001 p 236 Mikhalev 2000 p page needed a b Erlikhman 2004 Makhmut Gareev Battles on the military historical front in Russian Moscow 2008 p 496 a b c Mikhalev 2000 pp 26 28 Hartmann Christian 2013 Operation Barbarossa Nazi Germany s War in the East 1941 1945 Oxford Oxford University Press p 157 ISBN 978 0 19 966078 0 a b c Mikhalev 2000 p 26 a b c d Zemskov Viktor 2011 Statisticheskij labirint Obshaya chislennost sovetskih voennoplennyh i masshtaby ih smertnosti The statistical maze The total number of Soviet prisoners of war and the extent of their mortality Rossijskaya istoriya in Russian 3 22 32 via Demoskop Weekly Democcope Weekly Mikhalev 2000 pp 18 23 Mortality of Soviet POWs Human Losses in World War II Archived from the original on 23 March 2012 Retrieved 10 November 2016 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint unfit URL link a b c Krivosheev 1997 p 92 the 1997 English translation and 2001 Russian edition put figure at 422 700 however the 1993 Russian edition lists about 400 000 in penal sub units a b Mikhalev 2000 p 23 Mikhalev 2000 pp 22 23 Rummel 1992 Table A Nazi Persecution of Soviet Prisoners of War Holocaust Encyclopedia United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Retrieved 15 June 2011 Clodfelter Micheal 2008 Warfare and Armed Conflicts A Statistical Encyclopedia of Casualty and Other Figures 1494 2007 McFarland pp 515 516 ISBN 978 0 7864 3319 3 1941 3 335 000 1942 1 1653 000 1943 565 000 1944 147 000 1945 34 000 Clodfelter Micheal Warfare and Armed Conflicts A Statistical Encyclopedia of Casualty and Other Figures 1494 2015 Fourth Edition p 464 1941 3 335 000 1942 1 1653 000 1943 565 000 1944 147 000 1945 34 000 Christian Streit Keine Kameraden Die Wehrmacht und die Sowjetischen Kriegsgefangenen 1941 1945 Bonn Dietz 3 Aufl 1 Aufl 1978 pp 244 249 ISBN 3 8012 5016 4 Krivosheev 1997 pp 235 236 Krivosheev 1997 pp 230 238 Mark Axworthy Third Axis Fourth Ally Arms and Armour 1995 ISBN 1 85409 267 7 pp 216 17 Ylikangas Heikki Heikki Ylikankaan selvitys Valtioneuvoston kanslialle PDF Report in Finnish Government of Finland Archived from the original PDF on 8 August 2007 Pamyati professora Mihaleva Sergeya Nikolaevicha Krivosheev 1997 p 85 91 Harrison Mark 2017 Counting the Soviet Union s War Dead Still 26 27 Million CAGE Online Working Paper Series Competitive Advantage in the Global Economy CAGE 332 Fire in the Storehouse Mark Solonin Personal website of historian 19 July 2011 Ivlev Igor 9 March 2017 Ubyl naseleniya SSSR v 1941 1945 gg The decline in the population of the USSR in 1941 1945 apn ru in Russian Archived from the original on 14 January 2018 Retrieved 14 January 2018 Ivlev Igor 12 March 2017 Ubyl naseleniya SSSR v 1941 1945 gg Loss of Population of the USSR 1941 1945 soldat ru in Russian Retrieved 12 January 2018 a b Ivlev Igor The Lies of the general Demoscope ru in Russian Retrieved 5 December 2017 Poteri Krasnoj Armii v nachalnyj period Velikoj Otechestvennoj vojny Lev Lopuhovskij Boris Kavalerchik podelise ru September 2013 Retrieved 23 December 2015 Lopukhovsky amp Kavalerchik 2012 p 3 Velikaya Otechestvennaya vojna 1941 1945 Sobytiya Lyudi Dokumenty Kratkij istoricheskij spravochnik M Politizdat 1990 S 76 Retrieved 23 December 2015 Tablica 4 Kolichestvo plennyh i trofeev Lev Lopuhovskij Boris Kavalerchik podelise ru Retrieved 23 December 2015 Korol 1996 pp 417 423 Letter to editor by A N Mertsalov Voprosy in Istorii Questions of History nr 2 3 1991 p 250 Rybakovsky 2000 pp 110 111 Lev Lopuhovskij November 2011 K voprosu o dostovernosti oficialnyh dannyh o bezvozvratnyh poteryah v Velikoj Otechestvennoj vojne Voenno istoricheskij arhiv 11 142 a b Andreev Darski amp Kharkova 1993 p 78 Poteri grazhdanskogo naseleniya function mil ru Retrieved 19 June 2019 Gilbert Martin Atlas of the Holocaust 1988 ISBN 978 0 688 12364 2 David M Glantz Siege of Leningrad 1941 1944 Cassell 2001 ISBN 978 1 4072 2132 8 p 320 Rybakovsky 2001 p 86 Rossiiskaia Akademiia nauk Liudskie poteri SSSR v period vtoroi mirovoi voiny sbornik statei Sankt Peterburg 1995 ISBN 5 86789 023 6 p 158 Deaths resulting from harsh conditions like lack of food and medicine on Soviet territory not occupied by the Germans Luczak Czeslaw Szanse i trudnosci bilansu demograficznego Polski w latach 1939 1945 Dzieje Najnowsze Rocznik XXI 1994 The losses of 1 5 million Poles and Jews in the former Polish eastern regions are also included in Poland s total war dead of 5 9 to 6 0 million according to Luczak 1 5 million Poles 3 0 million Jews and 1 0 other ethnic groups Andreev Darski amp Kharkova 1993 p 120 a b c d e f g Ellman amp Maksudov 1994 Filimoshin 1995 pp 124 127 Hartmann Christian 2013 Operation Barbarossa Nazi Germany s War in the East 1941 1945 Oxford Oxford University Press p 157 ISBN 978 0 19 966078 0 Andreev Darski amp Kharkova 1998 Evdokimov 1995 pp 36 40 a b c Rybakovsky 2000 Vklad RSFSR v Pobedu v Velikoj Otechestvennoj vojne Zhguchaya pamyat Burning Memory www sovsekretno ru Sovershenno Secretno The Top Secret Monthly 2 May 2011 Retrieved 24 December 2015 UKRAINCY V KRASNOJ ARMII Archived from the original on 2 November 2013 V Yanukovich Poteri Ukrainy v VOV prevysili 10 mln chelovek Archived from the original on 12 May 2012 Site of the Allied State Informacionno analiticheskij portal Soyuznogo gosudarstva soyuz by ru print aspx guid 135175 dead link a b Zhguchaya pamyat www sovsekretno ru Retrieved 24 December 2015 Soviet Jews in the War against Nazi Germany PDF Yad Vashem Studies Hebrew 23 51 89 1993 POBEDIT I VYZhIT Win and Survive Archived from the original on 9 June 2013 Retrieved 17 July 2013 Golos Rossii Tengiz Begishvili 300 tysyach gruzin pogibli vo vtoroj mirovoj vojne Nikomu ne dano pravo perepisyvat istoriyu Azerbajdzhan v gody Vtoroj mirovoj vojny Sovet zemlyachestv MGIMO 2011 Archived from the original on 27 July 2011 OFICIALNYE POTERI BAShKIRII V VELIKOJ OTEChESTVENNOJ VOJNE Sovershenno sekretno Statement by President of Sakha Republic Yakutia E Borisov of 9 May 2012 Idanlib Archived from the original on 18 October 2013 Ilin 1 2 2010 V Turkmenii reshili otkazatsya ot Velikoj Otechestvennoj vojny Rambler Novosti OBD Memorial Richard Overy Russia s War 1997 a b Earl F Ziemke Stalingrad to Berlin the German Defeat in the East Office of the Chief of Military History U S Army 1968 pp 500 Evdokimov 1995 Great Patriotic War of the Soviet Union 1941 1945 A General Outline Progress Publishers 1974 pp 456 60 Crimes of the German Wehrmacht Hamburg Institute for Social Research 2004 PDF Archived from the original PDF on 8 December 2018 Retrieved 26 May 2013 a b Rybakovsky 2000 pp 108 118 Rybakovsky 2000a pp 90 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sredi mirnogo naseleniya na okkupirovannoj territorii SSSR i RSFSR b gody Velikoj Otechestvennoj vojny On the Results of the Calculation of Civilian Casualties in the Occupied Territory of the USSR and the RSFSR during the Great Patriotic War In Evdokimov Rostislav ed Lyudskie poteri SSSR v period vtoroj mirovoj vojny sbornik statej Human Losses of the USSR during the Second World War a collection of articles conference proceedings Rossija v cifrach i dokumentach Russia in numbers and documents Saint Petersburg Izd vo Russko Baltijskij informacionnyj centr BLIC Rus Balt inform center Blic pp 124 131 ISBN 978 5 86789 023 0 OCLC 312279586 Sokolov Boris March 1996 CENA VOJNY LYuDSKIE POTERI SSSR I GERMANII 1939 1945 The cost of war Human losses for the USSR and Germany 1939 1945 Journal of Slavic Military Studies in Russian 9 1 Andreev E M Darski L E Kharkova T L 1993 Naselenie Sovetskogo Soiuza 1922 1991 Moscow Nauka ISBN 978 5 02 013479 9 Andreev E M Darski L E Kharkova T L 1998 Chapter 7 Demographic History of Russia 1927 1959 in Russian Archived from the original on 9 September 2013 Retrieved 11 July 2013 Il Enkov S A 2001 Pamyat O Millionach Pavshik Zaschitnikov Otechestva Nelzya Predavat Zabveniu Voennno Istoricheskii Arkhiv No 7 22 The Memory of those who Fell Defending the Fatherland Cannot be Condemned to Oblivion in Russian Central Military Archives of the Russian Federation pp 73 80 ISBN 978 5 89710 005 7 Erlikhman Vadim 2004 Poteri narodonaseleniya v 20 veke Russkaya panorama ISBN 978 5 93165 107 1 Lopukhovsky Lev Kavalerchik Boris 21 December 2012 Kogda my uznaem realnuyu cenu razgroma gitlerovskoj Germanii podelise ru Archived from the original on 4 March 2016 Retrieved 23 December 2015 Rybakovsky L L 2000 L L RYBAKOVSKIJLYuDSKIE POTERI SSSR V VELIKOJ OTEChESTVENNOJ VOJNE Casualties of the USSR in the Great Patriotic War PDF Sotsiologicheskie issiedovaniya in Russian No 6 1st article Rybakovsky L L 2000a L L RYBAKOVSKIJLYuDSKIE POTERI SSSR V VELIKOJ OTEChESTVENNOJ VOJNE Casualties of the USSR in the Great Patriotic War PDF Sotsiologicheskie issiedovaniya in Russian No 8 2nd article Rybakovsky L L 2001 The Great Patriotic War Russian Human Losses In Russian PDF Sotsiologicheskie issiedovaniya No 6 Shevyakov A A 1991 Gitlerovski genotsid na territoriyakh SSR PDF Sotsiologicheskie issiedovaniya This article by a researcher at the Russian Academy of Science is a brief summary of the work of the Soviet Extraordinary State Commission Shevyakov A A 1992 Zhertvy sredi mirnogo nasseleniya v gody otechestvennoi voiny PDF Sotsiologicheskie issiedovaniya This article by a researcher at the Russian Academy of Science gives a detailed breakdown by locality of civilian losses in the occupied USSR based on the reports of the Soviet Extraordinary State Commission Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title World War II casualties of the Soviet Union amp oldid 1188424870, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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