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Rhamnaceae

April 19, 2023

The Rhamnaceae are a large family of flowering plants, mostly trees, shrubs, and some vines, commonly called the buckthorn family.[2] Rhamnaceae is included in the order Rosales.[3]

Rhamnaceae
Temporal range: Albian–Recent
Rhamnus pumila Turra
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Rosids
Order: Rosales
Family: Rhamnaceae
Juss.
Type genus
Rhamnus
Genera

See text

The range of Rhamnaceae.
Synonyms

Frangulaceae DC.
Phylicaceae J.Agardh
Ziziphaceae Adans. ex Post & Kuntze[1]

The family contains about 55 genera and 950 species.[4] The Rhamnaceae have a worldwide distribution, but are more common in the subtropical and tropical regions. The earliest fossil evidence of Rhamnaceae is from the Late Cretaceous. Fossil flowers have been collected from the Upper Cretaceous of Mexico and the Paleocene of Argentina.[5]

Leaves of family Rhamnaceae members are simple, i.e., the leaf blades are not divided into smaller leaflets.[2] Leaves can be either alternate or opposite. Stipules are present. These leaves are modified into spines in many genera, in some (e.g. Paliurus spina-christi and Colletia cruciata) spectacularly so. Colletia stands out by having two axillary buds instead of one, one developing into a thorn, the other one into a shoot.

Flowers of Ceanothus cuneatus
Bisexual flower of Helinus, with five sepals and petals, and a yellow, annular nectary disk. The small, clawed petals embrace the stamens.
Flowers of Ziziphus mucronata
Flowers of Rhamnus saxatilis

The flowers are radially symmetrical. There are 5 (sometimes 4) separate sepals and 5 (sometimes 4 or none) separate petals. The petals may be white, yellowish, greenish, pink or blue, and are small and inconspicuous in most genera, though in some (e.g. Ceanothus) the dense clusters of flowers are conspicuous. The 5 or 4 stamens are opposite the petals.[2] The ovary is mostly superior, with 2 or 3 ovules (or one by abortion).

The fruits are mostly berries, fleshy drupes, or nuts. Some are adapted to wind carriage, but most are dispersed by mammals and birds. Chinese jujube is the fruit of the jujube tree (Ziziphus zizyphus) and is a major fruit in China.

The American genus Ceanothus, which has several showy ornamental species, has nitrogen-fixing root nodules.[6]

Economic uses of the Rhamnaceae are chiefly as ornamental plants and as the source of many brilliant green and yellow dyes. The wood of Rhamnus was also the most favoured species to make charcoal for use in gunpowder before the development of modern propellants.

Genera

Systematics

Modern molecular phylogenetics recommend the following clade-based classification of Rhamnaceae:[10]

References

  1. ^ . Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. 2003-01-17. Archived from the original on 2011-06-05. Retrieved 2011-01-29.
  2. ^ a b c Flowering Plants of the Santa Monica Mountains, Nancy Dale, 2nd Ed. 2000, p. 166
  3. ^ Walter S. Judd and Richard G. Olmstead (2004). "A survey of tricolpate (eudicot) phylogenetic relationships". American Journal of Botany. 91 (10): 1627–1644. doi:10.3732/ajb.91.10.1627. PMID 21652313. (full text )
  4. ^ Christenhusz, M. J. M., and Byng, J. W. (2016). "The number of known plants species in the world and its annual increase". Phytotaxa. 261 (3): 201–217. doi:10.11646/phytotaxa.261.3.1.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  5. ^ Jud, Nathan A.; Gandolfo, Maria A.; Iglesias, Ari; Wilf, Peter (2017-05-10). "Flowering after disaster: Early Danian buckthorn (Rhamnaceae) flowers and leaves from Patagonia". PLOS ONE. 12 (5): e0176164. Bibcode:2017PLoSO..1276164J. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0176164. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 5425202. PMID 28489895.
  6. ^ Kummerow, Jochen; Alexander, James V.; Neel, James W.; Fishbeck, Kathleen (January 1978). "Symbiotic Nitrogen Fixation in Ceanothus Roots". American Journal of Botany. 65 (1): 63–69. doi:10.1002/j.1537-2197.1978.tb10836.x. JSTOR 2442555.
  7. ^ "Phylogenetic relationships within the cosmopolitan buckthorn family (Rhamnaceae) support the resurrection of Sarcomphalus and the description of Pseudoziziphus". Taxon , Vol. 65, No. 1 (February 2016). Wiley.
  8. ^ "Granitites". FloraBase. Western Australian Government Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions.
  9. ^ . Germplasm Resources Information Network. United. Archived from the original on 2015-09-24. Retrieved 2011-01-29.
  10. ^ Sun M, Naeem R, Su J-X, Cao Z-Y, J. Burleigh G, Soltis PS, Soltis DE, Chen Z-D. (2016). "Phylogeny of the Rosidae: A dense taxon sampling analysis". Journal of Systematics and Evolution. 54 (4): 363–391. doi:10.1111/jse.12211.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (link)

External links

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Rhamnaceae.
 
Wikispecies has information related to Rhamnaceae.
  • Rhamnaceae of Mongolia in FloraGREIF

April 19, 2023
rhamnaceae, large, family, flowering, plants, mostly, trees, shrubs, some, vines, commonly, called, buckthorn, family, included, order, rosales, temporal, range, albian, recent, preꞒ, nrhamnus, pumila, turrascientific, classificationkingdom, plantaeclade, trac. The Rhamnaceae are a large family of flowering plants mostly trees shrubs and some vines commonly called the buckthorn family 2 Rhamnaceae is included in the order Rosales 3 RhamnaceaeTemporal range Albian Recent PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg NRhamnus pumila TurraScientific classificationKingdom PlantaeClade TracheophytesClade AngiospermsClade EudicotsClade RosidsOrder RosalesFamily RhamnaceaeJuss Type genusRhamnusL GeneraSee textThe range of Rhamnaceae SynonymsFrangulaceae DC Phylicaceae J Agardh Ziziphaceae Adans ex Post amp Kuntze 1 The family contains about 55 genera and 950 species 4 The Rhamnaceae have a worldwide distribution but are more common in the subtropical and tropical regions The earliest fossil evidence of Rhamnaceae is from the Late Cretaceous Fossil flowers have been collected from the Upper Cretaceous of Mexico and the Paleocene of Argentina 5 Leaves of family Rhamnaceae members are simple i e the leaf blades are not divided into smaller leaflets 2 Leaves can be either alternate or opposite Stipules are present These leaves are modified into spines in many genera in some e g Paliurus spina christi and Colletia cruciata spectacularly so Colletia stands out by having two axillary buds instead of one one developing into a thorn the other one into a shoot Flowers of Ceanothus cuneatus Bisexual flower of Helinus with five sepals and petals and a yellow annular nectary disk The small clawed petals embrace the stamens Flowers of Ziziphus mucronata Flowers of Rhamnus saxatilis The flowers are radially symmetrical There are 5 sometimes 4 separate sepals and 5 sometimes 4 or none separate petals The petals may be white yellowish greenish pink or blue and are small and inconspicuous in most genera though in some e g Ceanothus the dense clusters of flowers are conspicuous The 5 or 4 stamens are opposite the petals 2 The ovary is mostly superior with 2 or 3 ovules or one by abortion The fruits are mostly berries fleshy drupes or nuts Some are adapted to wind carriage but most are dispersed by mammals and birds Chinese jujube is the fruit of the jujube tree Ziziphus zizyphus and is a major fruit in China The American genus Ceanothus which has several showy ornamental species has nitrogen fixing root nodules 6 Economic uses of the Rhamnaceae are chiefly as ornamental plants and as the source of many brilliant green and yellow dyes The wood of Rhamnus was also the most favoured species to make charcoal for use in gunpowder before the development of modern propellants Alphitonia ponderosa Ceanothus Ceanothus papillosus var roweanus at the Regional Parks Botanic Garden Berkeley CaliforniaContents 1 Genera 2 Systematics 3 References 4 External linksGenera EditTribe Ampelozizipheae Ampelozizyphus Ducke Tribe Bathiorhamneae Bathiorhamnus Capuron Tribe Colletieae Adolphia Meisn Colletia Comm ex Juss Discaria Hook Kentrothamnus Suess amp Overkott Ochetophila Poepp ex Reissek Retanilla DC Brongn Trevoa Miers ex Hook Tribe Doerpfeldieae Doerpfeldia Urb Tribe Gouanieae Alvimiantha Grey Wilson Crumenaria Mart Gouania Jacq Helinus E Mey ex Endl Johnstonalia Tortosa originally named Johnstonia by some treated as Gouania Pleuranthodes Weberb Reissekia Endl Tribe Maesopsideae Maesopsis Engl Tribe Paliureae Hovenia Thunb Paliurus Mill Ziziphus Mill Sarcomphalus P Browne emend Hauenschild Tribe Phyliceae Nesiota Hook f Extinct 2003 Noltea Rchb Phylica L Trichocephalus Brogn Tribe Pomaderreae Blackallia C A Gardner Cryptandra Sm Papistylus Kellermann Rye amp K R Thiele Polianthion K R Thiele Pomaderris Labill Serichonus K R Thiele Siegfriedia C A Gardner Spyridium Fenzl Stenanthemum Reissek Trymalium Fenzl Tribe Rhamneae Auerodendron Urb Berchemia Neck ex DC Berchemiella Nakai Condalia Cav Frangula Mill Karwinskia Zucc Krugiodendron Urb Phyllogeiton Weberb Herzog Pseudoziziphus Hauenschild 7 Reynosia Griseb Rhamnella Miq Rhamnidium Reissek Rhamnus L Sageretia Brongn Scutia Comm ex DC Brongn Tribe Ventilagineae Smythea Seem Ventilago Gaertn Incertae sedis Alphitonia Endl close to Colubrina Araracuara Fern Alonso Ceanothus L close to Pomaderreae Chaydaia Pit by some treated as Rhamnella Colubrina Rich ex Brongn Emmenosperma F Muell close to Colubrina Granitites Rye 8 close to Alphitonia Hybosperma Urb by some treated as Colubrina Jaffrea H C Hopkins amp Pillon Lasiodiscus Hook f Schistocarpaea F Muell 9 maybe belonging to Colletieae Systematics EditModern molecular phylogenetics recommend the following clade based classification of Rhamnaceae 10 Elaeagnaceae outgroup Rhamnaceae Ampeloziziphoids VentilagoBathiorhamnusAmpelozizyphusDoerpfeldiaRhamnoids MaesopsisScutiaRhamnusFrangulaSageretiaBerchemiaRhamnidiumRhamnellaReynosiaKrugiodendronKarwinskiaCondaliaZiziphoids SchistocarpeiaHoveniaZiziphusPaliurusGouaniaHelinusPleuranthodesCrumenariaReissekiaLasiodiscusColubrinaEmmenospermaPhyliceae NolteaTrichocephalusNesiotaPhylicaGranititesAlphitoniaColletieae AdolphiaTrevoaDiscariaKentrothamnusColletiaRetanillaCeanothusPomaderreae SiegfriediaCryptandraStenanthemumTrymaliumPomaderrisSpyridiumReferences Edit Family Rhamnaceae Juss nom cons Germplasm Resources Information Network United States Department of Agriculture 2003 01 17 Archived from the original on 2011 06 05 Retrieved 2011 01 29 a b c Flowering Plants of the Santa Monica Mountains Nancy Dale 2nd Ed 2000 p 166 Walter S Judd and Richard G Olmstead 2004 A survey of tricolpate eudicot phylogenetic relationships American Journal of Botany 91 10 1627 1644 doi 10 3732 ajb 91 10 1627 PMID 21652313 full text Christenhusz M J M and Byng J W 2016 The number of known plants species in the world and its annual increase Phytotaxa 261 3 201 217 doi 10 11646 phytotaxa 261 3 1 a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a CS1 maint multiple names authors list link Jud Nathan A Gandolfo Maria A Iglesias Ari Wilf Peter 2017 05 10 Flowering after disaster Early Danian buckthorn Rhamnaceae flowers and leaves from Patagonia PLOS ONE 12 5 e0176164 Bibcode 2017PLoSO 1276164J doi 10 1371 journal pone 0176164 ISSN 1932 6203 PMC 5425202 PMID 28489895 Kummerow Jochen Alexander James V Neel James W Fishbeck Kathleen January 1978 Symbiotic Nitrogen Fixation in Ceanothus Roots American Journal of Botany 65 1 63 69 doi 10 1002 j 1537 2197 1978 tb10836 x JSTOR 2442555 Phylogenetic relationships within the cosmopolitan buckthorn family Rhamnaceae support the resurrection of Sarcomphalus and the description of Pseudoziziphus Taxon Vol 65 No 1 February 2016 Wiley Granitites FloraBase Western Australian Government Department of Biodiversity Conservation and Attractions GRIN Genera of Rhamnaceae Germplasm Resources Information Network United Archived from the original on 2015 09 24 Retrieved 2011 01 29 Sun M Naeem R Su J X Cao Z Y J Burleigh G Soltis PS Soltis DE Chen Z D 2016 Phylogeny of the Rosidae A dense taxon sampling analysis Journal of Systematics and Evolution 54 4 363 391 doi 10 1111 jse 12211 a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a CS1 maint uses authors parameter link External links Edit Wikimedia Commons has media related to Rhamnaceae Wikispecies has information related to Rhamnaceae Rhamnaceae of Mongolia in FloraGREIF Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Rhamnaceae amp oldid 1116903939, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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