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Polygonaceae

January 20, 2023

The Polygonaceae are a family of flowering plants known informally as the knotweed family or smartweed—buckwheat family in the United States. The name is based on the genus Polygonum, and was first used by Antoine Laurent de Jussieu in 1789 in his book, Genera Plantarum.[2] The name may refer to the many swollen nodes the stems of some species have, being derived from Greek, poly meaning 'many' and gony meaning 'knee' or 'joint'. Alternatively, it may have a different derivation, meaning 'many seeds'.[3]

Polygonaceae
Persicaria maculosa
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Order: Caryophyllales
Family: Polygonaceae
Juss.[1]
Subfamilies

The Polygonaceae comprise about 1200 species[4] distributed into about 48 genera.[5] The largest genera are Eriogonum (240 species), Rumex (200 species), Coccoloba (120 species), Persicaria (100 species) and Calligonum (80 species).[6][7] The family is present worldwide, but is most diverse in the North Temperate Zone.

Several species are cultivated as ornamentals.[8] A few species of Triplaris provide lumber.[4] The fruit of the sea grape (Coccoloba uvifera) is eaten, and in Florida, jelly is made from it and sold commercially.[9] The seeds of two species of Fagopyrum, known as buckwheat, are eaten in the form of groats or used to make a flour. The petioles of rhubarb (RRheum rhabarbarum and hybrids) are a food item. The leaves of the common sorrel (Rumex acetosa) are eaten in salads or as a leaf vegetable.[10]

Polygonaceae contain some of the most prolific weeds, including species of Persicaria, Rumex and Polygonum, such as Japanese knotweed.[4]

Taxonomy

Polygonaceae are very well-defined and have long been universally recognized. In the APG III system, the family is placed in the order Caryophyllales.[1] Within the order, it lies outside of the large clade known as the core Caryophyllales.[11] It is sister to the family Plumbaginaceae, which it does not resemble morphologically.[12]

 
Polygonum plebeium or small knotweed

The last comprehensive revision of the family was published in 1993 by John Brandbyge as part of The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants.[7] Brandbyge followed earlier systems of plant classification in dividing Polygonaceae into two subfamilies, Eriogonoideae and Polygonoideae. Since 1993, the circumscriptions of these two subfamilies have been changed in light of phylogenetic studies of DNA sequences.[13] Genera related to Coccoloba and Triplaris were moved from Polygonoideae to Eriogonoideae. The genus Symmeria does not belong to either of these subfamilies because it is sister to the rest of the family.[14] Afrobrunnichia might constitute a new subfamily as well.[15]

Brandbyge wrote descriptions for 43 genera of Polygonaceae in 1993.[7] Since then, a few more genera have been erected, and some segregates of Brunnichia, Eriogonum, and Persicaria have been given generic status in major works.[6][14][16] Some of the genera were found not to be monophyletic and their limits have been revised. These include Ruprechtia, Eriogonum, Chorizanthe, Persicaria, Aconogonon, Polygonum, Fallopia, and Muehlenbeckia.

Description

 
Ochrea of Persicaria maculosa

Most Polygonaceae are perennial herbaceous plants with swollen nodes, but trees, shrubs and vines are also present. The leaves of Polygonaceae are simple, and arranged alternately on the stems. Each leaf has a peculiar pair of fused, sheathing stipules known as an ochrea. Those species that do not have the nodal ochrea can be identified by their possession of involucrate flower heads. The flowers are normally bisexual, small, and actinomorphic, with a perianth of three to six sepals. After flowering, the sepals often become thickened and enlarged around the developing fruit. Flowers lack a corolla and in some, the sepals are petal-like and colorful. The androecium is composed of three to eight stamens that are normally free or united at the base. The ovary consists of three united carpels that form a single locule, which produces only one ovule. The ovary is superior with basal or free-central placentation. The gynoecium terminates in 1 to 3 styles, each of which ends in a single stigma.[17][18][19]

 
Persicaria capitata or pink knotweed

Genera

As of March 2019, Plants of the World Online accepted 56 genera:[20]

Former genera

  • Aconogonon (Meisn.) Rchb. – now included in Koenigia
  • Homalocladium (F.Muell.) L.H.Bailey – now included in Muehlenbeckia
  • Parapteropyrum A.J.Li – now included in Fagopyrum
  • Polygonella Michx. – now included in Polygonum
  • Rubrivena M.Král – now included in Koenigia

Phylogeny

The following phylogenetic tree is based on two papers on the molecular phylogenetics of Polygonaceae.[13][14]

References

  1. ^ a b Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (2009), "An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III", Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 161 (2): 105–121, doi:10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00996.x
  2. ^ Antoine Laurent de Jussieu. 1789. Genera plantarum: secundum ordines naturales disposita, juxta methodum in Horto regio parisiensi exaratam. page 82. Herrisant and Barrois: Paris, France. (see External links below)
  3. ^ Costea, Mihai; Tardif, François J. & Hinds, Harold R. "Polygonum". In Flora of North America Editorial Committee (ed.). Flora of North America (online). eFloras.org. from the original on 2021-05-06. Retrieved 2019-05-10.
  4. ^ a b c David J. Mabberley. 2008. Mabberley's Plant-Book third edition (2008). Cambridge University Press: UK. ISBN 978-0-521-82071-4
  5. ^ Christenhusz, M. J. M.; Byng, J. W. (2016). "The number of known plants species in the world and its annual increase". Phytotaxa. Magnolia Press. 261 (3): 201–217. doi:10.11646/phytotaxa.261.3.1. from the original on 2016-07-29. Retrieved 2016-07-14.
  6. ^ a b Craig C. Freeman and James L. Reveal. 2005. "Polygonaceae" pages 216-601. In: Flora of North America Editorial Committee (editors). Flora of North America vol. 5. Oxford University Press: New York, NY, USA. ISBN 978-0-19-522211-1 (see External links below)
  7. ^ a b c John Brandbyge. 1993. "Polygonaceae". pages 531-544. In: Klaus Kubitzki (editor); Jens G. Rohwer, and Volker Bittrich (volume editors). The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants volume II. Springer-Verlag: Berlin; Heidelberg, Germany ISBN 978-3-540-55509-4 (Berlin) ISBN 978-0-387-55509-6 (New York)
  8. ^ Anthony Huxley, Mark Griffiths, and Margot Levy (1992). The New Royal Horticultural Society Dictionary of Gardening. The Macmillan Press,Limited: London. The Stockton Press: New York. ISBN 978-0-333-47494-5 (set).
  9. ^ George W. Staples and Derral R. Herbst "A Tropical Garden Flora" Bishop Museum Press: Honolulu, Hawaii, USA. (2005)
  10. ^ Vernon H. Heywood, Richard K. Brummitt, Ole Seberg, and Alastair Culham. Flowering Plant Families of the World. Firefly Books: Ontario, Canada. (2007). ISBN 978-1-55407-206-4.
  11. ^ Brockington, Samuel F.; Alexandre, Roolse; Ramdial, Jeremy; Moore, Michael J.; Crawley, Sunny; Dhingra, Amit; Hilu, Khidir; Soltis, Douglas E.; Soltis, Pamela S. (2009). "Phylogeny of the Caryophyllales sensu lato: Revisiting hypotheses on pollination biology and perianth differentiation in the core Caryophyllales". International Journal of Plant Sciences. 170 (5): 627–643. doi:10.1086/597785. hdl:10919/49132. S2CID 58921387. from the original on 2023-01-20. Retrieved 2020-09-15.
  12. ^ Peter F. Stevens. 2001 onwards. Angiosperm Phylogeny Website At: Missouri Botanical Garden Website. (see External links below).
  13. ^ a b Sanchez, Adriana; Schuster, Tanja M.; Kron, Kathleen A. (2009). "A large-scale phylogeny of Polygonaceae based on molecular data". International Journal of Plant Sciences. 170 (8): 1044–1055. doi:10.1086/605121. S2CID 84694521.
  14. ^ a b c Burke, Janelle M.; Sanchez, Adriana; Kron, Kathleen; Luckow, Melissa (2010). "Placing the woody tropical genera of Polygonaceae: A hypothesis of character evolution and phylogeny". American Journal of Botany. 97 (8): 1377–1390. doi:10.3732/ajb.1000022. PMID 21616890.
  15. ^ Sanchez, Adriana; Kron, Kathleen A. (2009). "Phylogenetic relationships of Afrobrunnichia Hutch. & Dalziel (Polygonaceae) based on three chloroplast genes and ITS". Taxon. 58 (3): 781–792. doi:10.1002/tax.583008.
  16. ^ Anjen Li, Bojian Bao, Alisa E. Grabovskaya-Borodina, Suk-pyo Hong, John McNeill, Sergei L. Mosyakin, Hideaki Ohba, and Chong-wook Park. 2003. "Polygonaceae" pages 277-350. In: Zhengyi Wu, Peter H. Raven, and Deyuan Hong (editors). Flora of China volume 5. Science Press: Beijing, China; Missouri Botanical Garden Press: St. Louis, Missouri, USA.
  17. ^ Samuel B. Jones and Arlene E. Luchsinger. 1979. Plant systematics. McGraw-Hill series in organismic biology. New York: McGraw-Hill. Page 254. ISBN 0-07-032795-5
  18. ^ Walter S. Judd, Christopher S. Campbell, Elizabeth A. Kellogg, Peter F. Stevens, and Michael J. Donoghue. 2008. Plant Systematics: A Phylogenetic Approach, Third Edition. Sinauer Associates: Sunderland, MA, USA. ISBN 978-0-87893-407-2
  19. ^ Armen L. Takhtajan (Takhtadzhian). Flowering Plants second edition (2009), pages 155-156. Springer Science+Business Media. ISBN 978-1-4020-9608-2. (see External links below)
  20. ^ "Polygonaceae Juss.". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. from the original on 2019-03-01. Retrieved 2019-03-01.

External links

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Polygonaceae.
 
Wikispecies has information related to Polygonaceae.
  • Polygonaceae In: FNA volume 5 In: Family List In: Flora of North America At: eFloras
  • Polygonaceae In: Genera Plantarum (Jussieu) At: Genera Plantarum At: Search At: Botanicus.org
  • List of Genera in Polygonaceae At: Polygonaceae At: Caryophyllales At: Angiosperm Phylogeny Website At: Missoure Botanical Garden Website
  • List of genera in family Polygonaceae At: Dicotyledons At: List Genera within a Family At: Vascular Plant Families and Genera At: About the Checklist At: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families At: Data Sources 2012-09-10 at the Wayback Machine At: ePIC 2012-09-10 at the Wayback Machine At: Scientific Databases At: Kew Gardens
  • At: At: List of families 2000-08-16 at the Wayback Machine At: Families and Genera in GRIN 2013-02-27 at the Wayback Machine At: Queries At: GRIN taxonomy for plants
  • non-core Caryophyllales At: Caryophyllales At: Root of the Tree (Life on Earth) At: Tree of Life web project
  • Polygonaceae In: Flowering Plants (Takhtajan)
  • Polygonaceae 2007-01-03 at the Wayback Machine in L. Watson and M.J. Dallwitz (1992 onwards). The families of flowering plants: descriptions, illustrations, identification, information retrieval. 2007-01-03 at the Wayback Machine http://delta-intkey.com 2007-01-03 at the Wayback Machine
  • Family Polygonaceae 2012-10-11 at the Wayback Machine Flowers in Israel
  • Polygonaceae of Mongolia in FloraGREIF

January 20, 2023
polygonaceae, family, flowering, plants, known, informally, knotweed, family, smartweed, buckwheat, family, united, states, name, based, genus, polygonum, first, used, antoine, laurent, jussieu, 1789, book, genera, plantarum, name, refer, many, swollen, nodes,. The Polygonaceae are a family of flowering plants known informally as the knotweed family or smartweed buckwheat family in the United States The name is based on the genus Polygonum and was first used by Antoine Laurent de Jussieu in 1789 in his book Genera Plantarum 2 The name may refer to the many swollen nodes the stems of some species have being derived from Greek poly meaning many and gony meaning knee or joint Alternatively it may have a different derivation meaning many seeds 3 PolygonaceaePersicaria maculosaScientific classificationKingdom PlantaeClade TracheophytesClade AngiospermsClade EudicotsOrder CaryophyllalesFamily PolygonaceaeJuss 1 SubfamiliesPolygonoideaeEriogonoideaeThe Polygonaceae comprise about 1200 species 4 distributed into about 48 genera 5 The largest genera are Eriogonum 240 species Rumex 200 species Coccoloba 120 species Persicaria 100 species and Calligonum 80 species 6 7 The family is present worldwide but is most diverse in the North Temperate Zone Several species are cultivated as ornamentals 8 A few species of Triplaris provide lumber 4 The fruit of the sea grape Coccoloba uvifera is eaten and in Florida jelly is made from it and sold commercially 9 The seeds of two species of Fagopyrum known as buckwheat are eaten in the form of groats or used to make a flour The petioles of rhubarb RRheum rhabarbarum and hybrids are a food item The leaves of the common sorrel Rumex acetosa are eaten in salads or as a leaf vegetable 10 Polygonaceae contain some of the most prolific weeds including species of Persicaria Rumex and Polygonum such as Japanese knotweed 4 Contents 1 Taxonomy 2 Description 3 Genera 3 1 Former genera 4 Phylogeny 5 References 6 External linksTaxonomy EditPolygonaceae are very well defined and have long been universally recognized In the APG III system the family is placed in the order Caryophyllales 1 Within the order it lies outside of the large clade known as the core Caryophyllales 11 It is sister to the family Plumbaginaceae which it does not resemble morphologically 12 Polygonum plebeium or small knotweed The last comprehensive revision of the family was published in 1993 by John Brandbyge as part of The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants 7 Brandbyge followed earlier systems of plant classification in dividing Polygonaceae into two subfamilies Eriogonoideae and Polygonoideae Since 1993 the circumscriptions of these two subfamilies have been changed in light of phylogenetic studies of DNA sequences 13 Genera related to Coccoloba and Triplaris were moved from Polygonoideae to Eriogonoideae The genus Symmeria does not belong to either of these subfamilies because it is sister to the rest of the family 14 Afrobrunnichia might constitute a new subfamily as well 15 Brandbyge wrote descriptions for 43 genera of Polygonaceae in 1993 7 Since then a few more genera have been erected and some segregates of Brunnichia Eriogonum and Persicaria have been given generic status in major works 6 14 16 Some of the genera were found not to be monophyletic and their limits have been revised These include Ruprechtia Eriogonum Chorizanthe Persicaria Aconogonon Polygonum Fallopia and Muehlenbeckia Description Edit Ochrea of Persicaria maculosa Most Polygonaceae are perennial herbaceous plants with swollen nodes but trees shrubs and vines are also present The leaves of Polygonaceae are simple and arranged alternately on the stems Each leaf has a peculiar pair of fused sheathing stipules known as an ochrea Those species that do not have the nodal ochrea can be identified by their possession of involucrate flower heads The flowers are normally bisexual small and actinomorphic with a perianth of three to six sepals After flowering the sepals often become thickened and enlarged around the developing fruit Flowers lack a corolla and in some the sepals are petal like and colorful The androecium is composed of three to eight stamens that are normally free or united at the base The ovary consists of three united carpels that form a single locule which produces only one ovule The ovary is superior with basal or free central placentation The gynoecium terminates in 1 to 3 styles each of which ends in a single stigma 17 18 19 Persicaria capitata or pink knotweedGenera EditAs of March 2019 update Plants of the World Online accepted 56 genera 20 Acanthoscyphus Small Afrobrunnichia Hutch amp Dalziel Antigonon Endl Aristocapsa Reveal amp Hardham Atraphaxis L Bactria Yurtseva amp Mavrodiev Bistorta L Scop Brunnichia Banks ex Gaertn Calligonum L Centrostegia A Gray Chorizanthe R Br ex Benth Coccoloba P Browne Dedeckera Reveal amp J T Howell Dodecahema Reveal amp C B Hardham Duma T M Schust Enneatypus Herzog Eriogonum Michx Eskemukerjea Malick amp Sengupta Fagopyrum Mill Fallopia Adans Gilmania Coville Goodmania Reveal amp Ertter Gymnopodium Rolfe Harfordia Greene amp Parry Harpagocarpus Hutch amp Dandy Hollisteria S Watson Johanneshowellia Reveal Knorringia Czukav Tzvelev Koenigia L Lastarriaea Remy Leptogonum Benth Magoniella Adr Sanchez Mucronea Benth Muehlenbeckia Meisn Nemacaulis Nutt Neomillspaughia S F Blake Oxygonum Burch Oxyria Hill Oxytheca Nutt Persicaria Mill Peutalis Raf Podopterus Bonpl Polygonum L Pteropyrum Jaub amp Spach Pterostegia Fisch amp C A Mey Pteroxygonum Dammer amp Diels Reynoutria Houtt Rheum L Rumex L Ruprechtia C A Mey Salta Adr Sanchez Sidotheca Reveal Stenogonum Nutt Symmeria Benth Systenotheca Reveal amp Hardham Triplaris Loefl Former genera Edit Aconogonon Meisn Rchb now included in Koenigia Homalocladium F Muell L H Bailey now included in Muehlenbeckia Parapteropyrum A J Li now included in Fagopyrum Polygonella Michx now included in Polygonum Rubrivena M Kral now included in KoenigiaPhylogeny EditThe following phylogenetic tree is based on two papers on the molecular phylogenetics of Polygonaceae 13 14 Polygonaceae SymmeriaAfrobrunnichia Eriogonoideae BrunnichiaAntigononNeomillspaughiaCoccolobaPodopterusLeptogonumRuprechtiaTriplarisGymnopodiumGilmaniaPterostegiaEriogonumChorizanthe Polygonoideae PersicariaBistortaRubrivenaAconogononKoenigiaFagopyrum including Parapteropyrum CalligonumPteropyrumPteroxygonumOxyriaRheumRumex including Emex KnorringiaAtraphaxisPolygonellaPolygonumReynoutriaFallopiaMuehlenbeckiaReferences Edit a b Angiosperm Phylogeny Group 2009 An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants APG III Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 161 2 105 121 doi 10 1111 j 1095 8339 2009 00996 x Antoine Laurent de Jussieu 1789 Genera plantarum secundum ordines naturales disposita juxta methodum in Horto regio parisiensi exaratam page 82 Herrisant and Barrois Paris France see External links below Costea Mihai Tardif Francois J amp Hinds Harold R Polygonum In Flora of North America Editorial Committee ed Flora of North America online eFloras org Archived from the original on 2021 05 06 Retrieved 2019 05 10 a b c David J Mabberley 2008 Mabberley s Plant Book third edition 2008 Cambridge University Press UK ISBN 978 0 521 82071 4 Christenhusz M J M Byng J W 2016 The number of known plants species in the world and its annual increase Phytotaxa Magnolia Press 261 3 201 217 doi 10 11646 phytotaxa 261 3 1 Archived from the original on 2016 07 29 Retrieved 2016 07 14 a b Craig C Freeman and James L Reveal 2005 Polygonaceae pages 216 601 In Flora of North America Editorial Committee editors Flora of North America vol 5 Oxford University Press New York NY USA ISBN 978 0 19 522211 1 see External links below a b c John Brandbyge 1993 Polygonaceae pages 531 544 In Klaus Kubitzki editor Jens G Rohwer and Volker Bittrich volume editors The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants volume II Springer Verlag Berlin Heidelberg Germany ISBN 978 3 540 55509 4 Berlin ISBN 978 0 387 55509 6 New York Anthony Huxley Mark Griffiths and Margot Levy 1992 The New Royal Horticultural Society Dictionary of Gardening The Macmillan Press Limited London The Stockton Press New York ISBN 978 0 333 47494 5 set George W Staples and Derral R Herbst A Tropical Garden Flora Bishop Museum Press Honolulu Hawaii USA 2005 Vernon H Heywood Richard K Brummitt Ole Seberg and Alastair Culham Flowering Plant Families of the World Firefly Books Ontario Canada 2007 ISBN 978 1 55407 206 4 Brockington Samuel F Alexandre Roolse Ramdial Jeremy Moore Michael J Crawley Sunny Dhingra Amit Hilu Khidir Soltis Douglas E Soltis Pamela S 2009 Phylogeny of the Caryophyllales sensu lato Revisiting hypotheses on pollination biology and perianth differentiation in the core Caryophyllales International Journal of Plant Sciences 170 5 627 643 doi 10 1086 597785 hdl 10919 49132 S2CID 58921387 Archived from the original on 2023 01 20 Retrieved 2020 09 15 Peter F Stevens 2001 onwards Angiosperm Phylogeny Website At Missouri Botanical Garden Website see External links below a b Sanchez Adriana Schuster Tanja M Kron Kathleen A 2009 A large scale phylogeny of Polygonaceae based on molecular data International Journal of Plant Sciences 170 8 1044 1055 doi 10 1086 605121 S2CID 84694521 a b c Burke Janelle M Sanchez Adriana Kron Kathleen Luckow Melissa 2010 Placing the woody tropical genera of Polygonaceae A hypothesis of character evolution and phylogeny American Journal of Botany 97 8 1377 1390 doi 10 3732 ajb 1000022 PMID 21616890 Sanchez Adriana Kron Kathleen A 2009 Phylogenetic relationships of Afrobrunnichia Hutch amp Dalziel Polygonaceae based on three chloroplast genes and ITS Taxon 58 3 781 792 doi 10 1002 tax 583008 Anjen Li Bojian Bao Alisa E Grabovskaya Borodina Suk pyo Hong John McNeill Sergei L Mosyakin Hideaki Ohba and Chong wook Park 2003 Polygonaceae pages 277 350 In Zhengyi Wu Peter H Raven and Deyuan Hong editors Flora of China volume 5 Science Press Beijing China Missouri Botanical Garden Press St Louis Missouri USA Samuel B Jones and Arlene E Luchsinger 1979 Plant systematics McGraw Hill series in organismic biology New York McGraw Hill Page 254 ISBN 0 07 032795 5 Walter S Judd Christopher S Campbell Elizabeth A Kellogg Peter F Stevens and Michael J Donoghue 2008 Plant Systematics A Phylogenetic Approach Third Edition Sinauer Associates Sunderland MA USA ISBN 978 0 87893 407 2 Armen L Takhtajan Takhtadzhian Flowering Plants second edition 2009 pages 155 156 Springer Science Business Media ISBN 978 1 4020 9608 2 see External links below Polygonaceae Juss Plants of the World Online Royal Botanic Gardens Kew Archived from the original on 2019 03 01 Retrieved 2019 03 01 External links Edit Wikimedia Commons has media related to Polygonaceae Wikispecies has information related to Polygonaceae Polygonaceae In FNA volume 5 In Family List In Flora of North America At eFloras Polygonaceae In Genera Plantarum Jussieu At Genera Plantarum At Search At Botanicus org List of Genera in Polygonaceae At Polygonaceae At Caryophyllales At Angiosperm Phylogeny Website At Missoure Botanical Garden Website List of genera in family Polygonaceae At Dicotyledons At List Genera within a Family At Vascular Plant Families and Genera At About the Checklist At World Checklist of Selected Plant Families At Data Sources Archived 2012 09 10 at the Wayback Machine At ePIC Archived 2012 09 10 at the Wayback Machine At Scientific Databases At Kew Gardens List of genera At Polygonaceae At List of families Archived 2000 08 16 at the Wayback Machine At Families and Genera in GRIN Archived 2013 02 27 at the Wayback Machine At Queries At GRIN taxonomy for plants non core Caryophyllales At Caryophyllales At Root of the Tree Life on Earth At Tree of Life web project Polygonaceae In Flowering Plants Takhtajan Polygonaceae Archived 2007 01 03 at the Wayback Machine in L Watson and M J Dallwitz 1992 onwards The families of flowering plants descriptions illustrations identification information retrieval Archived 2007 01 03 at the Wayback Machine http delta intkey com Archived 2007 01 03 at the Wayback Machine Family Polygonaceae Archived 2012 10 11 at the Wayback Machine Flowers in Israel Polygonaceae of Mongolia in FloraGREIF Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Polygonaceae amp oldid 1134733680, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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