Wikipedia
List of political parties in the Netherlands
This article lists political parties in the Netherlands; the country has a multi-party system with numerous political parties, in which any one party has little chance of gaining power alone, and parties often work with each other to form coalition governments.
The lower house of the legislature, the House of Representatives, is elected by a national party-list system of proportional representation. There is no threshold for getting a seat, making it possible for a party to get a seat with only two-thirds percent of the vote—roughly one seat for every 67,000 votes.
No party has won a majority of seats since the election of 1894,[1] and no party has even approached the seats needed for a majority since the current proportional representation system was implemented in 1918. All Dutch governments since then have been coalitions between two or more parties. However, there is a broad consensus on the basic principles of the political system, and all parties must adjust their goals to some extent in order to have a realistic chance at being part of the government.
General overview
- The People's Party for Freedom and Democracy (VVD) is a conservative-liberal party.[2] As a centre-right movement (''big market small government''), it attaches great importance to private enterprise, economic liberalism[3] and the freedom of the individual in political, social, and economic affairs. The party is generally supportive of European economic integration, but is less supportive of political integration. The party's outgoing leader is Mark Rutte, who announced his retirement from Dutch politics in July 2023.[4] VVD is a member of the Liberal International and the Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe Party.
- Democrats 66 (D66) have had widely fluctuating electoral fortunes since the party's founding in 1966. The party was founded as a movement that advocated direct democracy and electoral reform. Today, it is a centrist social liberal[2][5] party, professing a pro-European platform and progressive views on, for example, euthanasia, organ donation, ecological sustainability and ethnic and religious tolerance. Sigrid Kaag leads the party. D66 is a member of the Liberal International and the Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe Party.
- The Party for Freedom (PVV) is a right-wing populist[2] and Nationalist[6] party. It was founded by Geert Wilders, who split from the VVD in 2004. The PVV seeks to lower taxation and limit immigration, especially from Islamic and non-Western countries. Supporting Nexit, it is hard Eurosceptic. The party is part of the Identity and Democracy group.
- The Christian Democratic Appeal (CDA) is a Christian democratic party on the centre to centre-right.[2] It supports free enterprise and holds to the principle that government activity should supplement but not supplant communal action by citizens. On the political spectrum, the CDA sees its philosophy as standing between the "individualism" of the VVD and the "statism" of the Labour Party. The CDA favours European economic, cultural, and political integration. The CDA is a member of the Centrist Democrat International and the European People's Party.
- The Socialist Party (SP) is a left-wing populist party.[7] The party itself has called its ideological shift a move "from socialism to a social-ism." The party opposes what it sees as the European Superstate. The SP operated as an independent party within the European United Left-Nordic Green Left group until the 2019 European elections, when it lost all seats in the European Parliament. Lilian Marijnissen is the leader of the SP.
- The Labour Party (PvdA) is a social democratic party, and centre-left in orientation.[2] Its program is based on more social, political, and economic equality for all citizens. Former PvdA Prime Minister Joop den Uyl has called it an "equal distribution of knowledge, income and power." Under Prime Minister Wim Kok, the PvdA espoused a centrist Third Way programme. The PvdA is generally supportive of European integration. Although called the Labour Party, it has no formal links to trade unions. In practice, however, strong links exist, with PvdA politicians often beginning their careers in the FNV trade union. The party is led by Lilianne Ploumen. The PvdA was a member of the Socialist International until it delisted in 2014.[8] Nowadays, the party is a member of the Progressive Alliance and the Party of European Socialists.
- GreenLeft combines green politics[2] with left-wing ideals. The party was founded in 1990 as a merger of the Radical, Pacifist, Communist, and Evangelical Left parties. The current leader Jesse Klaver opposes what he calls "economism", where important values seem to be secondary to economic growth. GreenLeft is a member of the Global Greens and the European Green Party.
- Party for the Animals (PvdD) is an animal rights party. It has been labeled as a one issue-party, though former PvdD leader Marianne Thieme has claimed it is not.[9] The focus of the party is on animal welfare and environmental protection. The party also has distinctive points of view about education, privacy, health care and the economy. Its founder is Marianne Thieme. Its current leader is Esther Ouwehand. The party is currently part of the European United Left–Nordic Green Left group.
- Forum for Democracy is a right-wing populist, and national conservative party. In favour of lower taxes, military investment and expansion, electoral reform, offering a referendum on European Union membership, reinstating border controls and ending what it perceives as mass immigration. The party was founded and is currently led by Thierry Baudet. The party is a member of the European Conservatives and Reformists Party and part of the ERC-group.
- The Christian Union (CU) is a socially conservative[2] Christian democratic party, which mostly concentrates on ethical issues, such as a resistance against abortion, euthanasia, and gay marriage. In other areas, such as immigration and the environment, the party often is closer to the progressive parties. It is a moderately Eurosceptic party. The CU operated within the European Conservatives and Reformists group, until after the 2019 European elections, when it joined the European People's Party group. The party is a founding member of the European Christian Political Movement.
- The Reformed Political Party (SGP) is a party of the Christian right,[2] with stronger ethical points of view than the Christian Union. Although the party is small on a national level, having gained either two or three seats in every general election,[10] it is an important political power in some orthodox reformed municipalities. The party sees governments (local, regional, national and international) as unconditional servants of God. The party bases all of its views directly on the Bible. Opposing European integration, the party is Eurosceptic, and operates within the European Conservatives and Reformists group and is a member of the European Christian Political Movement. Kees van der Staaij leads the SGP.
- DENK is a small political party mainly focusing on and promoting multiculturalism and social integration. The party also supports environmentalism and international justice. Tunahan Kuzu founded the party after splitting from the PvdA in 2014. The current leader is Farid Azarkan.
- Volt Netherlands is the Dutch branch of the European federalist political movement Volt Europa. Its leader Laurens Dassen wants the EU to be a "strong parliamentary democracy" and proposes jointly tackling "cross-border issues", such as climate change.[11]
- JA21 is a conservative-liberal party founded by former Second Chamber member of the LPF Joost Eerdmans and senator Annabel Nanninga, following antisemitic text messages within Forum for Democracy in late 2020 .[12] Joost Eerdmans wants to reintroduce the ideas from right-wing politician Pim Fortuyn into parliament,[13] promoting more direct democracy, stricter immigration policies, and reforms on tax and wealth systems.[14]
- The Farmer–Citizen Movement (BBB) is a centre-right to right-wing party that advocates for the interests of citizens working in the agrarian sector or living in rural areas. The party has profiled itself als a "more nuanced alternative" to lobby group Farmers Defence Force amidst farmer protests.[15] The party's leader and only member of parliament is Caroline van der Plas.
- BIJ1 is a political party that holds an intersectional perspective on socio-economic issues and claims to be made up of activists that have "joined forces to become political".[16] The party strives to combat all forms of oppression and discrimination, including discrimination on the basis of "race, ethnicity, gender, sexual preference or anything else" and is explicitly anti-capitalist.[17] The party's leader, Sylvana Simons, is the first black party leader in Dutch parliamentary history.[18]
National political parties
Parties represented in the States General and/or European Parliament
Parties without representation in the States General and/or European Parliament
| Party | Main ideology | Position | Leader | Affiliation | Ref. | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| European | International | ||||||||
| Alliantie | Alliance Alliantie | New social contract | Centre-right | Vacant | — | — | — | ||
| CO | Code Orange Code Oranje | Direct democracy | Syncretic | Bert Blase | — | — | — | ||
| NVU | Dutch People's Union Nederlandse Volks-Unie | Ethnic nationalism | Far-right | Constant Kusters | — | — | — | ||
| OPA | Elderly Politically Active Ouderen Politiek Actief | Pensioners' interests | Single-issue politics | Vacant | — | — | — | ||
| VSN | Free and Social Netherlands Vrij en Sociaal Nederland | Humanism | Centre | Bas Filippini | — | — | — | ||
| VP | Free-minded Party Vrijzinnige Partij | Liberalism | Centre | Vacant | — | — | — | ||
| HVV | Heart for Freedom Hart voor Vrijheid | Antivax | Syncretic | Vacant | — | — | — | ||
| LHK | Henk Krol List Lijst Henk Krol | Progressive conservatism | Centre-right | Vacant | — | — | — | ||
| JL | Jesus Lives Jezus Leeft | Evangelism | Right-wing | Florens van der Spek | — | — | — | ||
| JONG | JONG | Youth politics | Centre | Jaron Tichelaar | — | — | — | ||
| LEF | LEF - For the New Generation LEF - Voor de Nieuwe Generatie | Youth politics | Centre-left | Vacant | — | — | — | ||
| LibDem | Liberal Democratic Party Liberaal Democratische Partij | Social liberalism | Centre | Sammy van Tuyll | — | — | — | ||
| LP | Libertarian Party Libertaire Partij | Right-libertarianism | Right-wing | Robert Valentine | EPIL | LI | [46] | ||
| NCPN | New Communist Party of the Netherlands Nieuwe Communistische Partij van Nederland | Marxism–Leninism | Far-left | Rinze Visser | — | IMCWP | — | ||
| NLB | NLBeter | Public sector interests | Centre | Esther van Fenema | — | — | — | ||
| PSP | Pacifist Socialist Party '92 Pacifistisch Socialistische Partij '92 | Pacifism | Left-wing | Vacant | — | — | — | ||
| PvdR | Party for the Republic Partij voor de Republiek | Republicanism | Centre | Bruno Braakhuis | — | — | — | ||
| PvdS | Party for Sports PartijvdSport | Health promotion | Centre | Vacant | — | — | — | ||
| PDNM | Party The New Human Partij De Nieuwe Mens | Spiritual left[citation needed] | Centre-left[citation needed] | Niraï Melis & Raishrie Gajadin | — | — | [47] | ||
| PPNL | Pirate Party Piratenpartij | Pirate politics | Syncretic | Mark van Treuren[48] | PPEU | PPI | [49] | ||
| PPvB | Political Party for Basic Income Politieke Partij voor Basisinkomen | Universal basic income | Single-issue politics | Sepp Hannen | — | — | — | ||
| TON | Proud of the Netherlands Trots op Nederland | Conservative liberalism | Right-wing | Sander van den Raadt | — | — | — | ||
| SPL | Splinter | Social liberalism | Centre-left | Femke Merel van Kooten | — | — | — | ||
| DG | The Greens De Groenen | Green politics | Centre-left | Mark van Treuren[50] | — | — | — | ||
| DFP | The Party Party De Feestpartij | Joke Party | Syncretic | Johan Vlemmix | — | — | — | ||
| UCF | Ubuntu Connected Front | Ubuntuism | Left-wing | Regillio Vaarnold | — | — | — | ||
| VCP | United Communist Party Verenigde Communistische Partij | Communism | Far-left | Engel Modderman | — | — | — | ||
Regional and local political parties
European Netherlands
Regional parties
| Political party | Active in | Main ideology | Position | European affiliation | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| FNP | Frisian National Party Fryske Nasjonale Partij | Friesland | Civic nationalism | Big tent[51] | EFA | ||
| GB | Groninger Interest Groninger Belang | Groningen | Regionalism | Centre | — | ||
| LB | Local Brabant Lokaal Brabant | North Brabant | Regionalism | Centre | — | ||
| LL | Local Limburg Lokaal-Limburg | Limburg | Regionalism | Centre | — | ||
| PvhN | Party for the North Partij voor het Noorden | Groningen Friesland Drenthe | Regionalism | Centre | — | ||
| PvZ | Party for Zeeland Partij voor Zeeland | Zeeland | Regionalism | Centre | — | ||
| PBF | Provincial Interest Fryslân Provinciaal Belang Fryslân | Friesland | Regionalism | Centre | — | ||
| SLD | Strong Local Drenthe Sterk Lokaal Drenthe | Drenthe | Regionalism | Centre | — | ||
| SLF | Strong Local Flevoland Sterk Lokaal Drenthe | Flevoland | Regionalism | Centre | — | ||
Local parties
| Party | Main ideology | Position | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Forza! | Forza! Netherlands Forza! Nederland | Right-wing populism | Right-wing | ||
| HvDH | Heart for The Hague Hart voor Den Haag/Groep de Mos | Conservative liberalism | Right-wing | ||
| LR | Livable Rotterdam Leefbaar Rotterdam | Fortuynism | Right-wing | ||
| VSP | United Seniors Party Verenigde Senioren Partij | Pensioners' interests | Single-issue politics | ||
Water board parties
| Political party | Main ideology | Position | Leader | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| AWP | General Water Board Party Algemene Waterschapspartij | Apoliticism | Syncretic | ||
| WN | Water Natuurlijk | Green politics | Centre-left | ||
Caribbean Netherlands
Bonaire
| Political party | Main ideology | Position | Leader | Affiliation | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| American | Intl. | ||||||
| PDB | Bonaire Democratic Party Partido Demokrátiko Boneriano | Social democracy | Centre-left | Clark Abraham | — | — | |
| UPB | Bonaire Patriotic Union Union Patriótiko Boneriano | Christian democracy | Centre | James Kroon | ODCA | CDI | |
| MPB | Bonaire People's Movement Movementu di Pueblo Boneriano | Christian socialism | Centre | Elvis Tjin Asjoe | — | — | |
| FSP | Social Progressive Front Frente Sosial Progresivo | Social democracy | Centre-left | Robby Beukenboom | — | — | |
Curaçao
| Political party | Main ideology | Position | Leader | Affiliation | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| American | Intl. | ||||||
| PNP | National People's Party Partido Nashonal di Pueblo | Christian socialism | Centre | Ruthmilda Larmonie-Cecilia | ODCA | CDI | |
| MKF | Movement for the Future of Curaçao Movementu Futuro Kòrsou | Curaçao independence | Centre | Gilmar Pisas | — | — | |
| PNP | Real Alternative Party Partido Alternativa Real | Liberalism | Centre | Eugene Rhuggenaath | — | — | |
| MAN | Partido MAN Movementu Alsa Nashon | Social democracy | Centre-left | Hensley Koeiman | — | — | |
| KEM | Curaçao is the Best Kòrsou Esun Miho | Social democracy | Centre-left | Michelangelo Martines | — | — | |
| TKP | Work for Curaçao Trabou pa Kòrsou | Rennox Calmes | — | — | |||
| UKPK | A Change for Curaçao Un Kambio pa Kòrsou | Raichel Sintjacoba | — | — | |||
| PIN | Partido Inovashon Nashonal | Suzanne Camelia-Römer | — | — | |||
| KEM | Curaçao with Vision| Kòrsou Vishonario | Miles Mercera | — | — | |||
Saba
| Political party | Main ideology | Position | Leader | American affiliation | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SLP | Saba Labour Party | Social democracy | Centre-left | Monique Wilson | — | |
| WIPM | Windward Islands People's Movement | Christian democracy | Centre | Rolando Wilson | ODCA | |
Sint Eustatius
Defunct political parties
- General Elderly Alliance (AOV)
- General League of Roman Catholic Caucuses (succeeded by the Roman Catholic State Party)
- Article 50 (merged with For the Netherlands)
- General Dutch Fascist League
- Anti-Revolutionary Party (ARP, 1879–1980; merged into Christian Democratic Appeal)
- Arab European League (AEL; initially founded in Belgium, active in the Netherlands between 2003 and 2005; now MDP)
- Workers Party of the Netherlands (APN)
- Farmers' Party (BP)
- League of Christian Socialists (BCS)
- League of Dutch Marxist–Leninists (BNML; merged into the Communist Workers Organisation (Marxist–Leninist))
- League of Free Liberals (merged into Liberal State Party)
- Brabant Party (active in North Brabant)
- Centre Democrats (CD; split from the Centre Party)
- Centre Party (CP; later Centre Party '86)
- Centre Party '86 (CP'86)
- Christian Democratic Party (CDP)
- Christian Democratic Union (CDU; merged into Labour Party)
- Christian Historical Union (CHU) (merged into Christian Democratic Appeal)
- Christian Social Party (CSP)
- Christian Historical Voters' League (CHK) (merged into the Christian Historical Party)
- Christian Historical Party (CHP) (merged into the Christian Historical Union)
- Christian Organisation of Self-employed Persons
- Communist Party of the Netherlands (CPN) (Communist Party Netherlands; merged into GroenLinks, some members formed the New Communist Party of the Netherlands)
- Democratic Party (DP)
- Democratic Socialists '70 (DS'70)
- Economic League (EB)
- Entrepreneurs Party (OP)
- Europe Transparent (ET)
- Evangelical People's Party (EVP; merged into GroenLinks)
- Fatherland League
- Frisian League (merged into the Christian Historical Union)
- Reformed Political League (GPV; merged into Christian Union)
- Hervormd Gereformeerde Staatspartij (dissolved in 1946)
- Independent Socialist Party (OSP)
- Islam Democrats (ID)
- Catholic National Party (KNP; merged into the Catholic People's Party)
- Catholic People's Party (KVP; merged into Christian Democratic Appeal)
- Communist Workers Organisation (Marxist–Leninist) (KAO(ml); dissolved around 1980)
- Communist Unity Movement of the Netherlands (Marxist–Leninist) (KEN(ml); dissolved in mid-1980s)
- Independent Citizens' Party (OBP)
- Livable Netherlands (LN)
- Liberal State Party (LSP; Liberal State Party; merged into Freedom Party (PvdV))
- Liberal Party (merged into the Fatherland League)
- Liberal Union (merged into Liberal State Party)
- Pim Fortuyn List (LPF) (disbanded in 2007)
- Ratelband List
- Marxist–Leninist Party of the Netherlands (MLPN; a fake party founded in 1970 by the Dutch Intelligence Service BVD and the CIA, to research support for Maoism and to fool the People's Republic of China)
- Middle Party for City and Country (MPSL)
- Middle Class Party (MP)
- National Socialist Dutch Workers Party (NSNAP) (1931–1941)
- National Alliance (NA)
- Dutch Block (NB)
- New Middle Party (NMP)
- Neutral Party
- New National Party (NNP)
- New Right (NR)
- NIDA
- Nieuwe Wegen (NiWe, New Ways)
- Pacifist Socialist Party (PSP; merged into GroenLinks)
- Party New Limburg (PNL; has been active in Limburg
- Party of the Future (PvdT)
- Freedom Party (PvdV) (succeeded by the People's Party for Freedom and Democracy)
- Party for Justice, Action and Progress (PRDV)
- Peasants' League
- Political Party of Radicals (PPR; merged into GroenLinks)
- Progressive Integration Party
- Radical League (RB; merged into Free-thinking Democratic League)
- Reformatory Political Federation (RPF; merged into Christian Union)
- Roman Catholic Party of the Netherlands (RKPN)
- Roman Catholic State Party (RKSP; succeeded by the Catholic People's Party)
- Social Democratic Workers' Party (SDAP; merged into Labour Party)
- Social Democratic League (merged into the Social Democratic Workers' Party)
- Socialist Party (Socialist Party active before World War II, not the current Socialist Party)
- Union 55+ (General Senior Union/Union 55+)
- Alliance for the Democratisation of the Army
- League of Communists in the Netherlands (VCN; split from the Communist Party of the Netherlands (CPN) in 1983 and merged with the remains of the CPN in 1992 to form the New Communist Party of the Netherlands (NCPN))
- Alliance for National Reconstruction
- VoorNederland (VNL)
- Free-thinking Democratic League (VDB; merged into Labour Party)
- Free Anti Revolutionary Party (merged into Christian Historical Party)
See also
References
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{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ^ Van Mersbergen, Sander; Keultjes, Hanneke (17 March 2021). "SGP lijkt abonnement op drie zetels met vier jaar te verlengen". Algemeen Dagblad. Retrieved 16 October 2021.
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{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ^ "Meet the Black feminist politician shaking up Dutch politics". openDemocracy. Retrieved 18 October 2021.
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- ^ a b c Andeweg, R. and G. Irwin Politics and Governance in the Netherlands, Basingstoke (Palgrave) p.49
- ^ a b c Hans Keman (2008), "The Low Countries: Confrontation and Coalition in Segmented Societies", Comparative European Politics, Taylor & Francis, p. 221, ISBN 9780203946091
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- ^ Jort Statema; Paul Aarts. Timo Behr; Teija Tiilikainen (eds.). The Netherlands: Follow Washington, Be a Good European. note on p. 237.
{{cite book}}:|work=ignored (help) - ^ Rudy B. Andeweg; Galen A. Irwin (2014). Governance and Politics of the Netherlands (4th ed.). Palgrave Macmillan. p. 74.
- ^ "Standpunten" (in Dutch). Forum voor Democratie. 15 November 2016. Retrieved 27 December 2016.
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- ^ "Far-right MEPs form group in European Parliament". EurActiv. 2 July 2009. Retrieved 20 March 2014.
- ^ Stagni, Federica (6 December 2018). "Time For Change: How Volt Wants To Fix Europe". Italics Magazine. Retrieved 9 June 2019.
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- ^ (PDF) (in Dutch). De Kanttekening. Archived from the original on 3 March 2017. Retrieved 9 May 2020.
- ^ (in Dutch). Libertarische Partij. 10 November 2016. Archived from the original on 27 December 2016. Retrieved 27 December 2016.
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- ^ Lead candidate of the joint list Pirate Party and The Greens at the 2023 general election.
- ^ Piratenpartij (13 April 2010). "Structuur" [Structure] (in Dutch). Retrieved 14 April 2010.
- ^ Lead candidate of the joint list Pirate Party and The Greens at the 2023 general election.
- ^ "Frisian National Party Membership Survey".
External links
- Documentation Centre for Dutch Political Parties (DNPP) at University of Groningen