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Wikipedia

Health promotion

January 31, 2023

Health promotion is, as stated in the 1986 World Health Organization (WHO) Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion, the "process of enabling people to increase control over, and to improve their health."[1][2]

Scope

The WHO's 1986 Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion and then the 2005 Bangkok Charter for Health Promotion in a Globalized World defines health promotion as "the process of enabling people to increase control over their health and its determinants, and thereby improve their health".[3]

Health promotion involves public policy that addresses health determinants such as income, housing, food security, employment, and quality working conditions.[4] More recent work has used the term Health in All Policies (HiAP) to refer to the actions that incorporate health into all public policies. Health promotion is aligned with health equity and can be a focus of non-governmental organizations (NGOs) dedicated to social justice or human rights. Health literacy can be developed in schools, while aspects of health promotion such as breastfeeding promotion can depend on laws and rules of public spaces. One of the Ottawa Charter Health Promotion Action items is infusing prevention into all sectors of society, to that end, it is seen in preventive healthcare rather than a treatment and curative care focused medical model.

There is a tendency among some public health officials, governments, and the medical–industrial complex to reduce health promotion to just developing personal skills, also known as health education and social marketing focused on changing behavioral risk factors.[5] However, recent evidence suggests that attitudes about public health policies are less about personal abilities or health messaging than about individuals' philosophical beliefs about morality, politics, and science.[6]

History

This first publication of health promotion is from the 1974 Lalonde report from the Government of Canada,[7] which contained a health promotion strategy "aimed at informing, influencing and assisting both individuals and organizations so that they will accept more responsibility and be more active in matters affecting mental and physical health".[8] Another predecessor of the definition was the 1979 Healthy People report of the Surgeon General of the United States,[7] which noted that health promotion "seeks the development of community and individual measures which can help... [people] to develop lifestyles that can maintain and enhance the state of well-being".[9]

At least two publications led to a "broad empowerment/environmental" definition of health promotion in the mid-1980s:[7]

  • In the year 1984 the WHO Regional Office for Europe defined health promotion as "the process of enabling people to increase control over, and to improve, their health".[10] In addition to methods to change lifestyles, the WHO Regional Office advocated "legislation, fiscal measures, organizational change, community development and spontaneous local activities against health hazards" as health promotion methods.[10]
  • In 1986, Jake Epp, Canadian Minister of National Health and Welfare, released Achieving health for all: a framework for health promotion which also came to be known as the "Epp report".[7][11] This report defined the three "mechanisms" of health promotion as "self-care"; "mutual aid, or the actions people take to help each other cope"; and "healthy environments".[11]
  • 1st International Conference on Health Promotion, Ottawa, 1986, which resulted in the "Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion".[12] According to the Ottawa Charter, health promotion:[12]
    • "is not just the responsibility of the health sector, but goes beyond healthy life-styles to well-being"
    • "aims at making... [political, economic, social, cultural, environmental, behavioural and biological factors] favourable through advocacy for health"
    • "focuses on achieving equity in health"
    • "demands coordinated action by all concerned: by governments, by health and other social organizations."

The "American" definition of health promotion, first promulgated by the American Journal of Health Promotion in the late 1980s, focuses more on the delivery of services with a bio-behavioral approach rather than environmental support using a settings approach. Later the power on the environment over behavior was incorporated. The Health Promotion Glossary 2021 reinforces the international 1986 definition.

The WHO, in collaboration with other organizations, has subsequently co-sponsored international conferences including the 2015 Okanagan Charter on Health Promotion Universities and Colleges.

In November 2019, researchers reported, based on an international study of 27 countries, that caring for families is the main motivator for people worldwide.[13][14]

Settings-Based Approach

The WHO's settings approach to health promotion, Healthy Settings, looks at the settings as individual systems that link community participation, equity, empowerment, and partnership to actions that promote health. According to the WHO, a setting is "the place or social context in which people engage in daily activities in which environmental, organizational, and personal factors interact to affect health and wellbeing."[15] There are 11 recognized settings in this approach: cities, villages, municipalities and communities, schools, workplaces, markets, homes, islands, hospitals, prisons, and universities.

Health Promoting Hospitals

Health promotion in the hospital setting aims to increase health gain by supporting the health of patients, staff, and the community. This is achieved by integrating health promotion concepts, strategies, and values into the culture and organizational structure of the hospital. Specifically, this means setting up a management structure, involving medical and non-medical staff in health promotion communication, devising action plans for health promotion policies and projects, and measuring and measuring health outcomes and impact for staff, patients, and the community.[citation needed]

The International Network of Health Promoting Hospitals and Health Services is the official, international network for the promotion and dissemination of principles, standards, and recommendations for health promotion in the hospital and health services settings.

Workplace Setting

Main article: Workplace health promotion

The process of health promotion works in all settings and sectors where people live, work, play and love. A common setting is the workplace. The focus of health on the work site is that of prevention and the intervention that reduces the health risks of the employee. The U.S. Public Health Service recently[when?] issued a report titled "Physical Activity and Health: A Report of the Surgeon General" which provides a comprehensive review of the available scientific evidence about the relationship between physical activity and an individual's health status. The report shows that over 60% of Americans are not regularly active and that 25% are not active at all. There is very strong evidence linking physical activity to numerous health improvements. Health promotion can be performed in various locations. Among the settings that have received special attention are the community, health care facilities, schools, and worksites.[16] Worksite health promotion, also known by terms such as "workplace health promotion", has been defined as "the combined efforts of employers, employees and society to improve the health and well-being of people at work".[17][18] WHO states that the workplace "has been established as one of the priority settings for health promotion into the 21st century" because it influences "physical, mental, economic and social well-being" and "offers an ideal setting and infrastructure to support the promotion of health of a large audience".[19]

Worksite health promotion programs (also called "workplace health promotion programs", "worksite wellness programs", or "workplace wellness programs") include exercise, nutrition, smoking cessation and stress management.

According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), "Regular physical activity is one of the most effective disease prevention behaviors."[20] Physical activity programs reduce feelings of anxiety and depression, reduce obesity (especially when combined with an improved diet), reduce risk of chronic diseases including cardiovascular disease, high blood pressure, and type 2 diabetes; and finally improve stamina, strength, and energy.

Reviews and meta-analyses published between 2005 and 2008 that examined the scientific literature on worksite health promotion programs include the following:

  • A review of 13 studies published through January 2004 showed "strong evidence... for an effect on dietary intake, inconclusive evidence for an effect on physical activity, and no evidence for an effect on health risk indicators".[21]
  • In the most recent of a series of updates to a review of "comprehensive health promotion and disease management programs at the worksite," Pelletier (2005) noted "positive clinical and cost outcomes" but also found declines in the number of relevant studies and their quality.[22]
  • A "meta-evaluation" of 56 studies published 1982–2005 found that worksite health promotion produced on average a decrease of 26.8% in sick leave absenteeism, a decrease of 26.1% in health costs, a decrease of 32% in workers’ compensation costs and disability management claims costs, and a cost-benefit ratio of 5.81.[23]
  • A meta-analysis of 46 studies published in 1970–2005 found moderate, statistically significant effects of work health promotion, especially exercise, on "work ability" and "overall well-being"; furthermore, "sickness absences seem to be reduced by activities promoting a healthy lifestyle".[24]
  • A meta-analysis of 22 studies published 1997–2007 determined that workplace health promotion interventions led to "small" reductions in depression and anxiety.[25]
  • A review of 119 studies suggested that successful work site health-promotion programs have attributes such as: assessing employees' health needs and tailoring programs to meet those needs; attaining high participation rates; promoting self care; targeting several health issues simultaneously; and offering different types of activities (e.g., group sessions as well as printed materials).[26]

A study conducted by the World Health Organization and the International Labour Organization found that exposure to long working hours is the occupational risk factor with the largest attributable burden of disease, i.e. an estimated 745,000 fatalities from ischemic heart disease and stroke events in 2016.[27] This landmark study established a new global policy argument and agenda for health promotion on psychosocial risk factors (including psychosocial stress) in the workplace setting.

Entities and projects by country

Worldwide, government agencies (such as health departments) and non-governmental organizations have substantial efforts in the area of health promotion. Some of these entities and projects are:

International and multinational

The WHO and its Regional Offices such as the Pan American Health Organization are influential in health promotion around the world.[28] The main eight health promotion campaigns marked by WHO are World Health Day, World Tuberculosis Day, World Blood Donor Day, World Immunization Week, World Malaria Day, World No Tobacco Day, World Hepatitis Day and World AIDS Day.[29] The WHO also reviews and endorses terminology including the Health Promotion Glossary 2021.

The International Union for Health Promotion and Education, based in France, holds international, regional, and national conferences.[30][31]

The European Union is co-funding a Joint Action on Chronic Diseases and Healthy Ageing across the Life Cycle (JA-CHRODIS) with a strong focus on health promotion.[32]

Australia

The Australian Health Promotion Association, a professional body, was incorporated in the year 1988.[33] In November 2008, the National Health and Hospitals Reform Commission released a paper recommending a national health promotion agency.[34] ACT Health of the Australian Capital Territory supports health promotion with funding and information dissemination.[35] The Victorian Health Promotion Foundation (VicHealth) from the state of Victoria is "the world's first health promotion foundation to be funded by a tax on tobacco."[36] The Australian Government has come up with some initiatives to help Australians achieve a healthy lifestyle.[37] These initiatives are:

  • Get Set 4 Life - Habits for Healthy Kids[38]
  • The Stephanie Alexander Kitchen Garden National Program[39][40]
  • Healthy Spaces and Places[41]
  • Learning from Successful Community Obesity Initiative
  • Healthy Weight information and resources.

Health Promotion is strong and well-established in Australia. Since 2008 there has been a number of graduate courses people can take to be involved within Health Promotion in Australia. The government since 2008 has included an initiative that involves the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Island citizens in the preventive health sector.[42]

Health Promotion in Australian Schools

School programs are based on curriculum documents from state and territorial councils. Schools mainly focus on health issues that are being supported by funding and special events. Funding for many health issues are the main basis for the school curriculum's subject of health.[43]

Health Promotion for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Citizens

Aboriginal and Torres Strait Island citizens in Australia in the last couple of centuries have had poor health. The reason behind the poor health conditions is due to major events in the history of Australia. There is an increasing advancement in the promotion of health for Torres Strait Islander and Aboriginal citizens, but this cannot be achieved without the co-operation of non-indigenous Australians. For this health promotion to be a success, the citizens of Australia need to put the history between non-indigenous and indigenous citizens behind them and co-operate as equals.[44]

Canada

The province of Ontario appointed a health promotion minister to lead its Ministry of Health Promotion in the year of 2005.[45]

The Ministry's vision is to enable Ontarians to lead healthy, active lives and make the province a healthy, prosperous place to live, work, play, learn and visit. Ministry of Health Promotion sees that its fundamental goals are to promote and encourage Ontarians to make healthier choices at all ages and stages of life, to create healthy and supportive environments, lead the development of healthy public policy, and assist with embedding behaviours that promote health.[46]

The Canadian Health Network was a "reliable, non-commercial source of online information about how to stay healthy and prevent disease" that was discontinued in 2007.[47]

The BC Coalition for Health Promotion is "a grassroots, voluntary non-profit society dedicated to the advancement of health promotion in British Columbia".[48]

Denmark

The Unit for Health Promotion Research has main focus points around the WHO Ottawa Charter. Research is one main focus and works to strengthen health within communities, enhance environments that support health and help individuals develop the skills they need to maintain health. Staff within the program with both Bachelors and Masters in Public Health, as well as other expertise such as: psychology, anthropology, biology, epidemiology, environmental health and more, helps add to the teaching experience. Having a diverse staff means increased knowledge in diverse communities as well as increased communication throughout varying socioeconomic groups. With the wide range of research, teaching, and a diverse staff, the goal of health promotion can be achieved more seamlessly.

India

Sanitation was a key focus on health promotion in India. The National Urban Sanitation Policy 2008 was a development that promoted sanitation in urban areas of the country which focused on improving sanitation in community based organizations such as schools and open markets and to overall eliminate the practice of open defectation.[49]

Ireland

Health Promotion Research in Ireland

The Health Promotion Research Centre (HPRC) at the National University of Ireland Galway was established in 1990 with support from the Department of Health to conduct health promotion related research on issues relevant to health promotion in an Irish context. The Centre is unique in that it is the only designated research centre in Ireland dedicated to health promotion. It produces high quality research of national and international significance that supports the development of best practice and policy in the promotion of health. The Centre is a World Health Organization (WHO) Collaborating Centre for Health Promotion Research, has an active multidisciplinary research programme, and collaborates with regional, national and international agencies on the development and evaluation of health promotion interventions and strategies.

Objectives of the HPRC include:

  • The generation and dissemination of health promotion research that is of national and international relevance.
  • The translation of research that will lead to the development of healthy public policy and evidence-informed practice.

In 1997, another professional association was created, The Association for Health Promotion Ireland (AHPI). The AHPI operates independent of employers’ organizations and works to create opportunities for members to network and to provide them with support. The AHPI is particularly for those who work within or are interested in health promotion, and is the only professional organization that operates as such in Ireland.

New Zealand

The Health Promotion Forum (HPF) of New Zealand is the national umbrella organization of over 150 organisations committed to improving health.[50][51] HPF has worked with The Cancer Society in order to produce a personal development plan for health promoters, which may be helpful to perform personal development reviews, to identify the competencies of individuals and to provide ideas for future development.[52]

The Health Promotion Agency (HPA), formed July 1, 2012, is a Crown Agency established under the New Zealand Public Health and Disability Amendment Act 2012.[53] Its board has been appointed by the Minister of Health.[54] The work of HPA is divided into three main areas:

  • Promoting the wellbeing and health of the community
  • Enabling health promoting initiatives and environments
  • Informing the public on health promoting policies and practices[55]

HPA has a variety of programs based around many areas of work, including alcohol, immunisation, mental health, and skin cancer prevention. The agency aims to promote the wellbeing of individuals and encourage healthy lifestyles, prevent disease, illness and injury, enable environments that support health and wellbeing, and to reduce personal, economic and social harm.[56]

Health Workforce New Zealand (HWNZ) is an organisation that is part of the National Health Board which provides national leadership on the development of the health workforce.[57] Some health promotional programs supported by HWNZ include education and training initiatives, and the Voluntary Bonding Scheme, which rewards medical, midwifery and nursing graduates who agree to work in hard-to-staff communities, and sonography, medical physicist and radiation therapy graduates who stay in New Zealand.[58]

Health promotion in New Zealand has become an established approach in addressing public problems since the 1980s, through increasing use of intersectoral action, the use of public policy and mass media as promotional strategies, and the increasing control Maori have taken over the provision and purchase of health promotion services.[59] An example of health promotional initiatives is the action put in place to reduce childhood obesity in primary schools. Research was completed to identify the barriers to improving school food environments and promoting healthy nutrition in primary schools in New Zealand.[60]

Considerable progress has also been made in the health impact assessment (HIA) research on the impact of policies on health in New Zealand. The approach has an important contribution to make in the strengthening of health and wellbeing in policymaking in New Zealand.[61]

Norway

In 2012, Norway created the Norwegian Public Health Act (PHA) in 2012. This act is based on policies of health equity, HiAP, sustainable development, the precautionary principle, knowledge-based approaches, and civil society participation. There is a strong focus on promoting health on the local level by giving decision-making power to the counties in order to decrease inequalities and increase a fair distribution of resources across all populations.[62]

Sri Lanka

In 2015, the life expectancy of Sri Lankan people was 72 for male and 78 for female.[63] The disease burden has started to shift towards non-communicable diseases related to lifestyle and environmental factors.[64] The 2012 estimated "healthy life expectancy" at birth of all Sri Lanka's population is 68 for females, 63 for males, and 65 overall.[65]

The development of the Sri Lankan National Health Promotion Policy is related to the State Policy and Strategy for Health and the Health Master Plan 2007–2016. It emphasises advocacy and empowerment to enable individuals and communities to take control of their own health, as well as improving the management of health promotion interventions across sectors.[66]

Sweden

In Sweden, on a national level, health promotion is primarily the responsibility of the Public Health Agency of Sweden.[67] However, many regional initiatives exist, for example, within clinical health promotion programs in certain geographical areas.[68] Health promotion is also highlighted by the Swedish National Board of Health and Welfare as the agency suggests this to be a component in health professionals' curriculum and training, which concerns, for example, Registered Nurses and Physicians.[69]

Many health promotion initiatives in Sweden focus on health equity and thus focus on groups in society that have seen to be experiencing poorer health status. For example, a Swedish study suggest that health promotion interventions aiming at empowering adolescents in disadvantaged communities, should enable active learning activities, use visualizing tools to facilitate self-reflection, and allow the adolescents to influence the intervention activities. Health promotion in schools has grown because of the link between student health and well-being, so in order to help with their mental and physical health, health promotion has grown in school settings.[70]

[71]

United Kingdom

The Royal Society for Public Health was formed in October 2008 by the merger of the Royal Society for the Promotion of Health (also known as the Royal Society of Health or RSH) and the Royal Institute of Public Health (RIPH).[72] Earlier, July 2005 saw the publication by the Department of Health and Welsh Assembly Government of Shaping the Future of Public Health: Promoting Health in the NHS.[citation needed] Following discussions with the Department of Health and Welsh Assembly Government officials, the Royal Society for Public Health and three national public health bodies agreed, in 2006, to work together to take forward the report's recommendations, working in partnership with other organisations.[73] Accordingly:

  1. The Royal Society for Public Health (RSPH) leads and hosts the collaboration, and focuses on advocacy for health promotion and its workforce;
  2. The Institute of Health Promotion and Education (IHPE) works with the RSPH Royal Society for Public Health to give a voice to the workforce;
  3. The Faculty of Public Health (FPH) focuses on professional standards, education and training; and
  4. The UK Public Health Register (UKPHR) is responsible for the regulation of the workforce.

In Northern Ireland, the government's Health Promotion Agency for Northern Ireland was set up to "provide leadership, strategic direction and support, where possible, to all those involved in promoting health in Northern Ireland". The Health Promotion Agency for Northern Ireland was incorporated into the Public Health Agency for Northern Ireland in April 2009.[74]

Recent work in the UK (Delphi consultation exercise due to be published late 2009 by Royal Society of Public Health and the National Social Marketing Centre) on the relationship between health promotion and social marketing has highlighted and reinforced the potential integrative nature of the approaches. While an independent review (NCC 'It's Our Health!' 2006) identified that some social marketing has in the past adopted a narrow or limited approach, the UK has increasingly taken a lead in the discussion and developed a much more integrative and strategic approach.[75] This development adopts a holistic approach, integrating the learning from effective health promotion approaches with relevant learning from social marketing and other disciplines. A key finding from the Delphi consultation was the need to avoid unnecessary and arbitrary 'methods wars' and instead focus on the issue of 'utility' and harnessing the potential of learning from multiple disciplines and sources. Such an approach is arguably how health promotion has developed over the years pulling in learning from different sectors and disciplines to enhance and develop.

United States

In the United States, one of the Ottawa Charter Health Promotion Actions, developing personal skills, is the core of Health Education and quite often Health education is confused for the whole of Health Promotion Government agencies in the U.S. concerned with health promotion include the following:

Nongovernmental organizations in the U.S. concerned with health promotion include:

  • The Public Health Education and Health Promotion Section is an active component of the American Public Health Association.[80]
  • The National Commission for Health Education Credentialing offers the Certified Health Education Specialist and Master Certified Health Education Specialist examination, a competency-based tool used to measure possession, application and interpretation of knowledge in the Seven Areas of Responsibility for health education specialists. The exam reflects the entry-level sub-competencies of these areas of responsibility. In the 2020 Health Education and Promotion Terminology Report document health promotion is defined by Green & Kreuter as "any planned combination of educational, political, regulatory, or organizational supports for actions and conditions of living conducive to the health of individuals, groups, and communities"[81] This is an activity-based definition rather than the process-based definition from the foundational WHO Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion (1986) and dominate in everywhere except the US.
  • The Wellness Council of America is an industry trade group that supports workplace health promotion programs.[82][83]
  • URAC (Utilization Review Accreditation Commission) accredits comprehensive wellness programs "that focus on health promotion, chronic disease prevention and health risk reduction".[84]

See also

References

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Further reading

  • Taylor RB, Ureda JR, Denham JW (1982). Health promotion: principles and clinical applications. Norwalk CT: Appleton-Century-Crofts. ISBN 978-0-8385-3670-4.
  • Dychtwald K (1986). Wellness and health promotion for the elderly. Rockville MD: Aspen Systems. ISBN 978-0-87189-238-6.
  • Green LW, Lewis FM (1986). Measurement and evaluation in health education and health promotion. Palo Alto CA: Mayfield. ISBN 978-0-87484-481-8.
  • Teague ML (1987). Health promotion programs: achieving high-level wellness in the later years. Indianapolis: Benchmark Press. ISBN 978-0-936157-08-5.
  • Heckheimer E (1989). Health promotion of the elderly in the community. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders. ISBN 978-0-7216-2136-4.
  • Fogel CI, Lauver D (1990). Sexual health promotion. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders. ISBN 978-0-7216-3799-0.
  • Hawe P, Degeling D, Hall J (1990). Evaluating health promotion: a health worker's guide. ISBN 978-0-86433-067-3.
  • Dines A, Cribb A (1993). Health promotion: concepts and practice. Blackwell Science. ISBN 978-0-632-03543-4.
  • Downie RS, Tannahill C, Tannahill A (1996). Health promotion: models and values (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-262592-2.
  • Seedhouse, David (1997). Health promotion: philosophy, practice, and prejudice. New York: Wiley. ISBN 978-0-471-93910-8.
  • Bracht NF (1999). Health promotion at the community level: new advances (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks: SAGE. ISBN 978-0-7619-1844-8.
  • Green LW, Kreuter MW (1999). Health promotion planning: an educational and ecological approach (3rd ed.). Mountain View CA: Mayfield. ISBN 978-0-7674-0524-9.
  • Mittelmark, M; Kickbusch, I; Rootman, I; Scriven, A and Tones, K. (2008) Health Promotion Encyclopedia of Public Health. London: Elsevier
  • Naidoo J, Wills J (2000). Health promotion: foundations for practice (2nd ed.). Baillière Tindall. ISBN 978-0-7020-2448-1.
  • DiClemente RJ, Crosby RA, Kegler MC (2002). Emerging theories in health promotion practice and research: strategies for improving public health. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. ISBN 978-0-7879-5566-3.
  • O'Donnell MP (2002). Health promotion in the workplace (3rd ed.). Albany: Delmar Thomson Learning. ISBN 978-0-7668-2866-7.
  • Cox CC, American College of Sports Medicine (2003). ACSM's worksite health promotion manual: a guide to building and sustaining healthy worksites. Champaign IL: Human Kinetics. ISBN 978-0-7360-4657-2.
  • Lucas K, Lloyd BB (2005). Health promotion: evidence and experience. SAGE. ISBN 978-0-7619-4005-0.
  • Bartholomew LK, Parcel GS, Kok G, Gottlieb NH (2006). Planning health promotion programs: an intervention mapping approach (2nd ed.). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. ISBN 978-0-7879-7899-0.
  • Edelman CL, Mandle CL (2006). Health promotion throughout the life span (6th ed.). St. Louis MO: Mosby Elsevier. ISBN 978-0-323-03128-8.
  • Pender NJ, Murdaugh CL, Parsons MA (2006). Health promotion in nursing practice (5th ed.). Upper Saddle River NJ: Prentice Hall. ISBN 978-0-13-119436-6.
  • Scriven A, Garman S (2007). Promoting Health: Global Perspectives. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-1-4039-2136-9. paperback ISBN 1-4039-2137-7.
  • Scriven A (2007). "Developing local alliance partnerships through community collaboration and participation". In Handsley, S.; Lloyd, C.E.; Douglas, J.; Earle, S.; Spurr, S.M. (eds.). Policy and Practice in Promoting Public Health. London: SAGE. ISBN 9781412930734.
  • Scriven, A, ed. (2005). Health Promoting Practice: the contribution of nurses and Allied Health Professionals. Basingstoke: Palgrave. ISBN 978-1-4039-3411-6.
  • Scriven, A (2010). Promoting Health: a Practical Guide (6th ed.). Edinburgh: Balliere Tindall/ Elsivier. ISBN 978-0-7020-3139-7.
  • Leddy, Susan (2006). Health promotion: mobilizing strengths to enhance health, wellness, and well-being. Philadelphia: F.A. Davis. ISBN 978-0-8036-1405-5.
  • Chenoweth DH (2007). Worksite health promotion (2nd ed.). Champaign IL: Human Kinetics. ISBN 978-0-7360-6041-7.
  • Cottrell RR, Girvan JT, McKenzie JF (2008). Principles & foundations of health promotion and education (4th ed.). San Francisco: Benjamin Cummings. ISBN 978-0-321-53235-0.
  • Murray RB, Zentner JP, Yakimo R (2009). Health promotion strategies through the life span (8th ed.). Upper Saddle River NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall. ISBN 978-0-13-513866-3.
  • McKenzie JE, Thackeray R, Neiger BL (2009). Planning, implementing, and evaluating health promotion programs: a primer (5th ed.). San Francisco: Benjamin Cummings. ISBN 978-0-321-49511-2.

External links

  •   Media related to Health promotion at Wikimedia Commons
  • Healthy Cities – WHO EURO Office
  • Health-EU Portal Health Prevention and Promotion in the EU
  • EuroHealthNet: The European Partnership for Improving Health, Equity and Well-Being
  • Hu, Frank; Cheung, Lilian; Otis, Brett; Oliveira, Nancy; Musicus, Aviva, eds. (19 January 2021). "The Nutrition Source – Healthy Living Guide 2020/2021: A Digest on Healthy Eating and Healthy Living". www.hsph.harvard.edu. Boston: Department of Nutrition at the Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health. from the original on 5 October 2021. Retrieved 11 October 2021.

January 31, 2023
health, promotion, stated, 1986, world, health, organization, ottawa, charter, health, promotion, process, enabling, people, increase, control, over, improve, their, health, contents, scope, history, settings, based, approach, health, promoting, hospitals, wor. Health promotion is as stated in the 1986 World Health Organization WHO Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion the process of enabling people to increase control over and to improve their health 1 2 Contents 1 Scope 2 History 3 Settings Based Approach 3 1 Health Promoting Hospitals 3 2 Workplace Setting 4 Entities and projects by country 4 1 International and multinational 4 2 Australia 4 2 1 Health Promotion in Australian Schools 4 2 2 Health Promotion for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Citizens 4 3 Canada 4 4 Denmark 4 5 India 4 6 Ireland 4 6 1 Health Promotion Research in Ireland 4 7 New Zealand 4 8 Norway 4 9 Sri Lanka 4 10 Sweden 4 11 United Kingdom 4 12 United States 5 See also 6 References 7 Further reading 8 External linksScope EditThe WHO s 1986 Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion and then the 2005 Bangkok Charter for Health Promotion in a Globalized World defines health promotion as the process of enabling people to increase control over their health and its determinants and thereby improve their health 3 Health promotion involves public policy that addresses health determinants such as income housing food security employment and quality working conditions 4 More recent work has used the term Health in All Policies HiAP to refer to the actions that incorporate health into all public policies Health promotion is aligned with health equity and can be a focus of non governmental organizations NGOs dedicated to social justice or human rights Health literacy can be developed in schools while aspects of health promotion such as breastfeeding promotion can depend on laws and rules of public spaces One of the Ottawa Charter Health Promotion Action items is infusing prevention into all sectors of society to that end it is seen in preventive healthcare rather than a treatment and curative care focused medical model There is a tendency among some public health officials governments and the medical industrial complex to reduce health promotion to just developing personal skills also known as health education and social marketing focused on changing behavioral risk factors 5 However recent evidence suggests that attitudes about public health policies are less about personal abilities or health messaging than about individuals philosophical beliefs about morality politics and science 6 History EditThis first publication of health promotion is from the 1974 Lalonde report from the Government of Canada 7 which contained a health promotion strategy aimed at informing influencing and assisting both individuals and organizations so that they will accept more responsibility and be more active in matters affecting mental and physical health 8 Another predecessor of the definition was the 1979 Healthy People report of the Surgeon General of the United States 7 which noted that health promotion seeks the development of community and individual measures which can help people to develop lifestyles that can maintain and enhance the state of well being 9 At least two publications led to a broad empowerment environmental definition of health promotion in the mid 1980s 7 In the year 1984 the WHO Regional Office for Europe defined health promotion as the process of enabling people to increase control over and to improve their health 10 In addition to methods to change lifestyles the WHO Regional Office advocated legislation fiscal measures organizational change community development and spontaneous local activities against health hazards as health promotion methods 10 In 1986 Jake Epp Canadian Minister of National Health and Welfare released Achieving health for all a framework for health promotion which also came to be known as the Epp report 7 11 This report defined the three mechanisms of health promotion as self care mutual aid or the actions people take to help each other cope and healthy environments 11 1st International Conference on Health Promotion Ottawa 1986 which resulted in the Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion 12 According to the Ottawa Charter health promotion 12 is not just the responsibility of the health sector but goes beyond healthy life styles to well being aims at making political economic social cultural environmental behavioural and biological factors favourable through advocacy for health focuses on achieving equity in health demands coordinated action by all concerned by governments by health and other social organizations The American definition of health promotion first promulgated by the American Journal of Health Promotion in the late 1980s focuses more on the delivery of services with a bio behavioral approach rather than environmental support using a settings approach Later the power on the environment over behavior was incorporated The Health Promotion Glossary 2021 reinforces the international 1986 definition The WHO in collaboration with other organizations has subsequently co sponsored international conferences including the 2015 Okanagan Charter on Health Promotion Universities and Colleges In November 2019 researchers reported based on an international study of 27 countries that caring for families is the main motivator for people worldwide 13 14 Settings Based Approach EditThe WHO s settings approach to health promotion Healthy Settings looks at the settings as individual systems that link community participation equity empowerment and partnership to actions that promote health According to the WHO a setting is the place or social context in which people engage in daily activities in which environmental organizational and personal factors interact to affect health and wellbeing 15 There are 11 recognized settings in this approach cities villages municipalities and communities schools workplaces markets homes islands hospitals prisons and universities Health Promoting Hospitals Edit Health promotion in the hospital setting aims to increase health gain by supporting the health of patients staff and the community This is achieved by integrating health promotion concepts strategies and values into the culture and organizational structure of the hospital Specifically this means setting up a management structure involving medical and non medical staff in health promotion communication devising action plans for health promotion policies and projects and measuring and measuring health outcomes and impact for staff patients and the community citation needed The International Network of Health Promoting Hospitals and Health Services is the official international network for the promotion and dissemination of principles standards and recommendations for health promotion in the hospital and health services settings Workplace Setting Edit Main article Workplace health promotion The process of health promotion works in all settings and sectors where people live work play and love A common setting is the workplace The focus of health on the work site is that of prevention and the intervention that reduces the health risks of the employee The U S Public Health Service recently when issued a report titled Physical Activity and Health A Report of the Surgeon General which provides a comprehensive review of the available scientific evidence about the relationship between physical activity and an individual s health status The report shows that over 60 of Americans are not regularly active and that 25 are not active at all There is very strong evidence linking physical activity to numerous health improvements Health promotion can be performed in various locations Among the settings that have received special attention are the community health care facilities schools and worksites 16 Worksite health promotion also known by terms such as workplace health promotion has been defined as the combined efforts of employers employees and society to improve the health and well being of people at work 17 18 WHO states that the workplace has been established as one of the priority settings for health promotion into the 21st century because it influences physical mental economic and social well being and offers an ideal setting and infrastructure to support the promotion of health of a large audience 19 Worksite health promotion programs also called workplace health promotion programs worksite wellness programs or workplace wellness programs include exercise nutrition smoking cessation and stress management According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention CDC Regular physical activity is one of the most effective disease prevention behaviors 20 Physical activity programs reduce feelings of anxiety and depression reduce obesity especially when combined with an improved diet reduce risk of chronic diseases including cardiovascular disease high blood pressure and type 2 diabetes and finally improve stamina strength and energy Reviews and meta analyses published between 2005 and 2008 that examined the scientific literature on worksite health promotion programs include the following A review of 13 studies published through January 2004 showed strong evidence for an effect on dietary intake inconclusive evidence for an effect on physical activity and no evidence for an effect on health risk indicators 21 In the most recent of a series of updates to a review of comprehensive health promotion and disease management programs at the worksite Pelletier 2005 noted positive clinical and cost outcomes but also found declines in the number of relevant studies and their quality 22 A meta evaluation of 56 studies published 1982 2005 found that worksite health promotion produced on average a decrease of 26 8 in sick leave absenteeism a decrease of 26 1 in health costs a decrease of 32 in workers compensation costs and disability management claims costs and a cost benefit ratio of 5 81 23 A meta analysis of 46 studies published in 1970 2005 found moderate statistically significant effects of work health promotion especially exercise on work ability and overall well being furthermore sickness absences seem to be reduced by activities promoting a healthy lifestyle 24 A meta analysis of 22 studies published 1997 2007 determined that workplace health promotion interventions led to small reductions in depression and anxiety 25 A review of 119 studies suggested that successful work site health promotion programs have attributes such as assessing employees health needs and tailoring programs to meet those needs attaining high participation rates promoting self care targeting several health issues simultaneously and offering different types of activities e g group sessions as well as printed materials 26 A study conducted by the World Health Organization and the International Labour Organization found that exposure to long working hours is the occupational risk factor with the largest attributable burden of disease i e an estimated 745 000 fatalities from ischemic heart disease and stroke events in 2016 27 This landmark study established a new global policy argument and agenda for health promotion on psychosocial risk factors including psychosocial stress in the workplace setting Entities and projects by country EditWorldwide government agencies such as health departments and non governmental organizations have substantial efforts in the area of health promotion Some of these entities and projects are International and multinational Edit The WHO and its Regional Offices such as the Pan American Health Organization are influential in health promotion around the world 28 The main eight health promotion campaigns marked by WHO are World Health Day World Tuberculosis Day World Blood Donor Day World Immunization Week World Malaria Day World No Tobacco Day World Hepatitis Day and World AIDS Day 29 The WHO also reviews and endorses terminology including the Health Promotion Glossary 2021 The International Union for Health Promotion and Education based in France holds international regional and national conferences 30 31 The European Union is co funding a Joint Action on Chronic Diseases and Healthy Ageing across the Life Cycle JA CHRODIS with a strong focus on health promotion 32 Australia Edit The Australian Health Promotion Association a professional body was incorporated in the year 1988 33 In November 2008 the National Health and Hospitals Reform Commission released a paper recommending a national health promotion agency 34 ACT Health of the Australian Capital Territory supports health promotion with funding and information dissemination 35 The Victorian Health Promotion Foundation VicHealth from the state of Victoria is the world s first health promotion foundation to be funded by a tax on tobacco 36 The Australian Government has come up with some initiatives to help Australians achieve a healthy lifestyle 37 These initiatives are Get Set 4 Life Habits for Healthy Kids 38 The Stephanie Alexander Kitchen Garden National Program 39 40 Healthy Spaces and Places 41 Learning from Successful Community Obesity Initiative Healthy Weight information and resources Health Promotion is strong and well established in Australia Since 2008 there has been a number of graduate courses people can take to be involved within Health Promotion in Australia The government since 2008 has included an initiative that involves the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Island citizens in the preventive health sector 42 Health Promotion in Australian Schools Edit School programs are based on curriculum documents from state and territorial councils Schools mainly focus on health issues that are being supported by funding and special events Funding for many health issues are the main basis for the school curriculum s subject of health 43 Health Promotion for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Citizens Edit Aboriginal and Torres Strait Island citizens in Australia in the last couple of centuries have had poor health The reason behind the poor health conditions is due to major events in the history of Australia There is an increasing advancement in the promotion of health for Torres Strait Islander and Aboriginal citizens but this cannot be achieved without the co operation of non indigenous Australians For this health promotion to be a success the citizens of Australia need to put the history between non indigenous and indigenous citizens behind them and co operate as equals 44 Canada Edit The province of Ontario appointed a health promotion minister to lead its Ministry of Health Promotion in the year of 2005 45 The Ministry s vision is to enable Ontarians to lead healthy active lives and make the province a healthy prosperous place to live work play learn and visit Ministry of Health Promotion sees that its fundamental goals are to promote and encourage Ontarians to make healthier choices at all ages and stages of life to create healthy and supportive environments lead the development of healthy public policy and assist with embedding behaviours that promote health 46 The Canadian Health Network was a reliable non commercial source of online information about how to stay healthy and prevent disease that was discontinued in 2007 47 The BC Coalition for Health Promotion is a grassroots voluntary non profit society dedicated to the advancement of health promotion in British Columbia 48 Denmark Edit The Unit for Health Promotion Research has main focus points around the WHO Ottawa Charter Research is one main focus and works to strengthen health within communities enhance environments that support health and help individuals develop the skills they need to maintain health Staff within the program with both Bachelors and Masters in Public Health as well as other expertise such as psychology anthropology biology epidemiology environmental health and more helps add to the teaching experience Having a diverse staff means increased knowledge in diverse communities as well as increased communication throughout varying socioeconomic groups With the wide range of research teaching and a diverse staff the goal of health promotion can be achieved more seamlessly India Edit Sanitation was a key focus on health promotion in India The National Urban Sanitation Policy 2008 was a development that promoted sanitation in urban areas of the country which focused on improving sanitation in community based organizations such as schools and open markets and to overall eliminate the practice of open defectation 49 Ireland Edit Health Promotion Research in Ireland Edit The Health Promotion Research Centre HPRC at the National University of Ireland Galway was established in 1990 with support from the Department of Health to conduct health promotion related research on issues relevant to health promotion in an Irish context The Centre is unique in that it is the only designated research centre in Ireland dedicated to health promotion It produces high quality research of national and international significance that supports the development of best practice and policy in the promotion of health The Centre is a World Health Organization WHO Collaborating Centre for Health Promotion Research has an active multidisciplinary research programme and collaborates with regional national and international agencies on the development and evaluation of health promotion interventions and strategies Objectives of the HPRC include The generation and dissemination of health promotion research that is of national and international relevance The translation of research that will lead to the development of healthy public policy and evidence informed practice In 1997 another professional association was created The Association for Health Promotion Ireland AHPI The AHPI operates independent of employers organizations and works to create opportunities for members to network and to provide them with support The AHPI is particularly for those who work within or are interested in health promotion and is the only professional organization that operates as such in Ireland New Zealand Edit The Health Promotion Forum HPF of New Zealand is the national umbrella organization of over 150 organisations committed to improving health 50 51 HPF has worked with The Cancer Society in order to produce a personal development plan for health promoters which may be helpful to perform personal development reviews to identify the competencies of individuals and to provide ideas for future development 52 The Health Promotion Agency HPA formed July 1 2012 is a Crown Agency established under the New Zealand Public Health and Disability Amendment Act 2012 53 Its board has been appointed by the Minister of Health 54 The work of HPA is divided into three main areas Promoting the wellbeing and health of the community Enabling health promoting initiatives and environments Informing the public on health promoting policies and practices 55 HPA has a variety of programs based around many areas of work including alcohol immunisation mental health and skin cancer prevention The agency aims to promote the wellbeing of individuals and encourage healthy lifestyles prevent disease illness and injury enable environments that support health and wellbeing and to reduce personal economic and social harm 56 Health Workforce New Zealand HWNZ is an organisation that is part of the National Health Board which provides national leadership on the development of the health workforce 57 Some health promotional programs supported by HWNZ include education and training initiatives and the Voluntary Bonding Scheme which rewards medical midwifery and nursing graduates who agree to work in hard to staff communities and sonography medical physicist and radiation therapy graduates who stay in New Zealand 58 Health promotion in New Zealand has become an established approach in addressing public problems since the 1980s through increasing use of intersectoral action the use of public policy and mass media as promotional strategies and the increasing control Maori have taken over the provision and purchase of health promotion services 59 An example of health promotional initiatives is the action put in place to reduce childhood obesity in primary schools Research was completed to identify the barriers to improving school food environments and promoting healthy nutrition in primary schools in New Zealand 60 Considerable progress has also been made in the health impact assessment HIA research on the impact of policies on health in New Zealand The approach has an important contribution to make in the strengthening of health and wellbeing in policymaking in New Zealand 61 Norway Edit In 2012 Norway created the Norwegian Public Health Act PHA in 2012 This act is based on policies of health equity HiAP sustainable development the precautionary principle knowledge based approaches and civil society participation There is a strong focus on promoting health on the local level by giving decision making power to the counties in order to decrease inequalities and increase a fair distribution of resources across all populations 62 Sri Lanka Edit In 2015 the life expectancy of Sri Lankan people was 72 for male and 78 for female 63 The disease burden has started to shift towards non communicable diseases related to lifestyle and environmental factors 64 The 2012 estimated healthy life expectancy at birth of all Sri Lanka s population is 68 for females 63 for males and 65 overall 65 The development of the Sri Lankan National Health Promotion Policy is related to the State Policy and Strategy for Health and the Health Master Plan 2007 2016 It emphasises advocacy and empowerment to enable individuals and communities to take control of their own health as well as improving the management of health promotion interventions across sectors 66 Sweden Edit In Sweden on a national level health promotion is primarily the responsibility of the Public Health Agency of Sweden 67 However many regional initiatives exist for example within clinical health promotion programs in certain geographical areas 68 Health promotion is also highlighted by the Swedish National Board of Health and Welfare as the agency suggests this to be a component in health professionals curriculum and training which concerns for example Registered Nurses and Physicians 69 Many health promotion initiatives in Sweden focus on health equity and thus focus on groups in society that have seen to be experiencing poorer health status For example a Swedish study suggest that health promotion interventions aiming at empowering adolescents in disadvantaged communities should enable active learning activities use visualizing tools to facilitate self reflection and allow the adolescents to influence the intervention activities Health promotion in schools has grown because of the link between student health and well being so in order to help with their mental and physical health health promotion has grown in school settings 70 71 United Kingdom Edit The Royal Society for Public Health was formed in October 2008 by the merger of the Royal Society for the Promotion of Health also known as the Royal Society of Health or RSH and the Royal Institute of Public Health RIPH 72 Earlier July 2005 saw the publication by the Department of Health and Welsh Assembly Government of Shaping the Future of Public Health Promoting Health in the NHS citation needed Following discussions with the Department of Health and Welsh Assembly Government officials the Royal Society for Public Health and three national public health bodies agreed in 2006 to work together to take forward the report s recommendations working in partnership with other organisations 73 Accordingly The Royal Society for Public Health RSPH leads and hosts the collaboration and focuses on advocacy for health promotion and its workforce The Institute of Health Promotion and Education IHPE works with the RSPH Royal Society for Public Health to give a voice to the workforce The Faculty of Public Health FPH focuses on professional standards education and training and The UK Public Health Register UKPHR is responsible for the regulation of the workforce In Northern Ireland the government s Health Promotion Agency for Northern Ireland was set up to provide leadership strategic direction and support where possible to all those involved in promoting health in Northern Ireland The Health Promotion Agency for Northern Ireland was incorporated into the Public Health Agency for Northern Ireland in April 2009 74 Recent work in the UK Delphi consultation exercise due to be published late 2009 by Royal Society of Public Health and the National Social Marketing Centre on the relationship between health promotion and social marketing has highlighted and reinforced the potential integrative nature of the approaches While an independent review NCC It s Our Health 2006 identified that some social marketing has in the past adopted a narrow or limited approach the UK has increasingly taken a lead in the discussion and developed a much more integrative and strategic approach 75 This development adopts a holistic approach integrating the learning from effective health promotion approaches with relevant learning from social marketing and other disciplines A key finding from the Delphi consultation was the need to avoid unnecessary and arbitrary methods wars and instead focus on the issue of utility and harnessing the potential of learning from multiple disciplines and sources Such an approach is arguably how health promotion has developed over the years pulling in learning from different sectors and disciplines to enhance and develop United States Edit In the United States one of the Ottawa Charter Health Promotion Actions developing personal skills is the core of Health Education and quite often Health education is confused for the whole of Health Promotion Government agencies in the U S concerned with health promotion include the following The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has a Coordinating Center for Health Promotion whose mission is to Prevent disease improve health and enhance human potential through evidence based interventions and research in maternal and child health chronic disease disabilities genomics and hereditary disorders 76 77 The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health has developed Total Worker Health a strategy incorporating elements of occupational safety and health and health promotion to advance the health and well being of employees 78 The United States Army Center for Health Promotion and Preventive Medicine provide s worldwide technical support for implementing preventive medicine public health and health promotion wellness services into all aspects of America s Army and the Army Community 79 Nongovernmental organizations in the U S concerned with health promotion include The Public Health Education and Health Promotion Section is an active component of the American Public Health Association 80 The National Commission for Health Education Credentialing offers the Certified Health Education Specialist and Master Certified Health Education Specialist examination a competency based tool used to measure possession application and interpretation of knowledge in the Seven Areas of Responsibility for health education specialists The exam reflects the entry level sub competencies of these areas of responsibility In the 2020 Health Education and Promotion Terminology Report document health promotion is defined by Green amp Kreuter as any planned combination of educational political regulatory or organizational supports for actions and conditions of living conducive to the health of individuals groups and communities 81 This is an activity based definition rather than the process based definition from the foundational WHO Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion 1986 and dominate in everywhere except the US The Wellness Council of America is an industry trade group that supports workplace health promotion programs 82 83 URAC Utilization Review Accreditation Commission accredits comprehensive wellness programs that focus on health promotion chronic disease prevention and health risk reduction 84 See also EditBreastfeeding promotion Health 21 Health for all Health marketing Health policy Health promoting hospitals Health promotion in higher education Preventive healthcareReferences Edit Health Promotion Glossary of Terms 2021 Geneva World Health Organization 2021 p 1 ISBN 9789240038349 Health Promotion Glossary of Terms 2021 World Health Organization 2021 p 1 ISBN 9789240038349 Participants at the 1st Global Conference on Health Promotion in Ottawa Canada Geneva Switzerland World Health Organization 1986 Accessed 2021 Sept 15 Social Determinants of Health Healthy People 2030 health gov health gov Retrieved 2022 11 18 Bunton R Macdonald G 2002 Health promotion disciplines diversity and developments 2nd ed Routledge ISBN 978 0 415 23569 3 Byrd Nick Bialek Michal 2021 Your Health vs My Liberty Philosophical beliefs dominated reflection and identifiable victim 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ramverk och uppfoljningssystem for miljorelaterad halsa pub 53919 Definitioner och perspektiv In Swedish Vastra Gotalandsregionen och Institutet for stressmedicin Accessed 7 November 2018 URL https www vgregion se ov ism halsa och arbetsmiljo halsoframjande arbetsplats definitioner och perspektiv Halsoframjande arbete i praktiken In Swedish The National Board of Health and Welfare Accessed 7 November 2018 URL http www socialstyrelsen se lakarnas st sokkursamnenst halsoframjandearbeteipraktiken Holmberg Christopher Larsson Christel Korp Peter Lindgren Eva Carin Jonsson Linus Froberg Andreas Chaplin John E Berg Christina 2018 07 04 Empowering aspects for healthy food and physical activity habits adolescents experiences of a school based intervention in a disadvantaged urban community International Journal of Qualitative Studies on Health and Well being 13 sup 1 1487759 doi 10 1080 17482631 2018 1487759 PMC 6032021 PMID 29972679 Persson Louise Haraldsson Katarina April 2017 Health promotion in Swedish schools school managers views Health Promotion International 32 2 231 240 doi 10 1093 heapro dat073 Retrieved 22 December 2022 Royal Society of Public Health Archived from the original on 30 July 2016 Retrieved 23 August 2016 Fitness Tips Archived from the original on 22 September 2016 Retrieved 23 August 2016 Public Health Agency for Northern Ireland HSC About Us accessed 23 January 2012 Archived 29 December 2011 at the Wayback Machine Strategic Social Marketing in Social Marketing and Public Health 2009 Oxford Press Smith Sandy The CDC reorganization and its impact on NIOSH Archived 2011 07 10 at the Wayback Machine EHS Today 2004 May 28 Accessed 2009 Feb 4 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention About CDC s Coordinating Center for Health Promotion Archived 2009 05 08 at the Wayback Machine 2008 Jul 2 Accessed 2009 Feb 4 The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health What is Total Worker Health Archived 2017 06 18 at the Wayback Machine Accessed 2012 Oct 25 U S Army Center for Health Promotion and Preventive Medicine About USACHPPM Archived 2009 02 17 at the Wayback Machine Accessed 2009 Feb 4 McQueen DV Kickbusch I 2007 Health and modernity the role of theory in health promotion New York Springer p 15 ISBN 978 0 387 37757 5 Green amp Kreuter 2005 p G 4 Wellness Council of America WELCOA overview Archived 2002 11 08 at the Wayback Machine Accessed 2009 Feb 4 Hobart honored as state s first well city Wellness Council of America honors city for promoting safe workplaces Post Tribune IN 2000 Oct 16 URAC announces accreditation standards for Comprehensive Wellness programs Archived 2011 07 19 at the Wayback Machine Washington D C URAC 2008 Nov 19 At Accessed 2009 Feb 4 Further reading EditTaylor RB Ureda JR Denham JW 1982 Health promotion principles and clinical applications Norwalk CT Appleton Century Crofts ISBN 978 0 8385 3670 4 Dychtwald K 1986 Wellness and health promotion for the elderly Rockville MD Aspen Systems ISBN 978 0 87189 238 6 Green LW Lewis FM 1986 Measurement and evaluation in health education and health promotion Palo Alto CA Mayfield ISBN 978 0 87484 481 8 Teague ML 1987 Health promotion programs achieving high level wellness in the later years Indianapolis Benchmark Press ISBN 978 0 936157 08 5 Heckheimer E 1989 Health promotion of the elderly in the community Philadelphia W B Saunders ISBN 978 0 7216 2136 4 Fogel CI Lauver D 1990 Sexual health promotion Philadelphia W B Saunders ISBN 978 0 7216 3799 0 Hawe P Degeling D Hall J 1990 Evaluating health promotion a health worker s guide ISBN 978 0 86433 067 3 Dines A Cribb A 1993 Health promotion concepts and practice Blackwell Science ISBN 978 0 632 03543 4 Downie RS Tannahill C Tannahill A 1996 Health promotion models and values 2nd ed Oxford University Press ISBN 978 0 19 262592 2 Seedhouse David 1997 Health promotion philosophy practice and prejudice New York Wiley ISBN 978 0 471 93910 8 Bracht NF 1999 Health promotion at the community level new advances 2nd ed Thousand Oaks SAGE ISBN 978 0 7619 1844 8 Green LW Kreuter MW 1999 Health promotion planning an educational and ecological approach 3rd ed Mountain View CA Mayfield ISBN 978 0 7674 0524 9 Mittelmark M Kickbusch I Rootman I Scriven A and Tones K 2008 Health Promotion Encyclopedia of Public Health London Elsevier Naidoo J Wills J 2000 Health promotion foundations for practice 2nd ed Bailliere Tindall ISBN 978 0 7020 2448 1 DiClemente RJ Crosby RA Kegler MC 2002 Emerging theories in health promotion practice and research strategies for improving public health San Francisco Jossey Bass ISBN 978 0 7879 5566 3 O Donnell MP 2002 Health promotion in the workplace 3rd ed Albany Delmar Thomson Learning ISBN 978 0 7668 2866 7 Cox CC American College of Sports Medicine 2003 ACSM s worksite health promotion manual a guide to building and sustaining healthy worksites Champaign IL Human Kinetics ISBN 978 0 7360 4657 2 Lucas K Lloyd BB 2005 Health promotion evidence and experience SAGE ISBN 978 0 7619 4005 0 Bartholomew LK Parcel GS Kok G Gottlieb NH 2006 Planning health promotion programs an intervention mapping approach 2nd ed San Francisco Jossey Bass ISBN 978 0 7879 7899 0 Edelman CL Mandle CL 2006 Health promotion throughout the life span 6th ed St Louis MO Mosby Elsevier ISBN 978 0 323 03128 8 Pender NJ Murdaugh CL Parsons MA 2006 Health promotion in nursing practice 5th ed Upper Saddle River NJ Prentice Hall ISBN 978 0 13 119436 6 Scriven A Garman S 2007 Promoting Health Global Perspectives Basingstoke Palgrave Macmillan ISBN 978 1 4039 2136 9 paperback ISBN 1 4039 2137 7 Scriven A 2007 Developing local alliance partnerships through community collaboration and participation In Handsley S Lloyd C E Douglas J Earle S Spurr S M eds Policy and Practice in Promoting Public Health London SAGE ISBN 9781412930734 Scriven A ed 2005 Health Promoting Practice the contribution of nurses and Allied Health Professionals Basingstoke Palgrave ISBN 978 1 4039 3411 6 Scriven A 2010 Promoting Health a Practical Guide 6th ed Edinburgh Balliere Tindall Elsivier ISBN 978 0 7020 3139 7 Leddy Susan 2006 Health promotion mobilizing strengths to enhance health wellness and well being Philadelphia F A Davis ISBN 978 0 8036 1405 5 Chenoweth DH 2007 Worksite health promotion 2nd ed Champaign IL Human Kinetics ISBN 978 0 7360 6041 7 Cottrell RR Girvan JT McKenzie JF 2008 Principles amp foundations of health promotion and education 4th ed San Francisco Benjamin Cummings ISBN 978 0 321 53235 0 Murray RB Zentner JP Yakimo R 2009 Health promotion strategies through the life span 8th ed Upper Saddle River NJ Pearson Prentice Hall ISBN 978 0 13 513866 3 McKenzie JE Thackeray R Neiger BL 2009 Planning implementing and evaluating health promotion programs a primer 5th ed San Francisco Benjamin Cummings ISBN 978 0 321 49511 2 External links Edit Media related to Health promotion at Wikimedia Commons Healthy Cities WHO EURO Office Health EU Portal Health Prevention and Promotion in the EU EuroHealthNet The European Partnership for Improving Health Equity and Well Being Hu Frank Cheung Lilian Otis Brett Oliveira Nancy Musicus Aviva eds 19 January 2021 The Nutrition Source Healthy Living Guide 2020 2021 A Digest on Healthy Eating and Healthy Living www hsph harvard edu Boston Department of Nutrition at the Harvard T H Chan School of Public Health Archived from the original on 5 October 2021 Retrieved 11 October 2021 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Health promotion amp oldid 1136124552, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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