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Wikipedia

Big tent

March 13, 2023

For items relating to or named for a big top tent, see Big Top.

A big tent party, or catch-all party, is a term used in reference to a political party's policy of permitting or encouraging a broad spectrum of views among its members.[1] This is in contrast to other kinds of parties, which defend a determined ideology, seek voters who adhere to that ideology, and attempt to convince people towards it.

Examples

Armenia

Main article: Politics of Armenia

Following the 2018 Armenian parliamentary election, the My Step Alliance rose to power on an anti-corruption and pro-democracy platform. The alliance has been described as maintaining a big tent ideology, as the alliance did not support any one particular political position. Instead, it focused on strengthening Armenia's civil society and economic development.[2]

Australia

Main article: Politics of Australia

The Liberal Party of Australia and its predecessors originated as an alliance of liberals and conservatives in opposition to the Australian Labor Party, beginning with the Commonwealth Liberal Party in 1909. This ideological distinction has endured to the present day, with the modern Liberal Party frequently described as a "broad church", a term popularised by former leader and Prime Minister John Howard. In this context, "broad church" is largely synonymous with "big tent". In the 21st century, the party is often characterised as having a "small-l liberal" wing and a conservative wing, which frequently come into conflict with each other. The party has historically found strong support primarily from the middle-class, though it has in recent decades appealed to socially conservative working-class voters.[3][4]

Argentina

From its foundation the Justicialist Party has been a Peronist catch-all party, which focuses on the figure of Juan Perón and his wife Eva.[citation needed]

Juntos por el Cambio is an Argentine big tent political coalition. It was created in 2015 as Cambiemos. It is composed of Republican Proposal (centre-right), Civic Coalition ARI (centre) and Radical Civic Union (centre).[citation needed]

Bangladesh

In Bangladesh Awami League's Grand Alliance (Bangladesh) and BNP's 20 Party Alliance forms coalition with a wide range of parties, thus being catch all parties.[5]

Brazil

Main article: Centrão

In Brazil, the Centrão (lit. 'big centre') is a term for a large bloc political parties that do not have a specific or consistent ideological orientation and aim at ensuring proximity to the executive branch in order to guarantee advantages and allow them to distribute privileges through clientelistic networks.[6] The Brazilian Democratic Movement (MDB) is one of the oldest and most notable "Centrão" and Big Tent party in Brazil, despite begin Brazil's largest party, both in number of members and elected officials, it has never elected a President, only using their position as the largest party as a "bargaining chip" for privileges and advantages.[7] MDB was founded on 1965 at the start of the Brazilian military dictatorship as part of an enforced two-party system by the dictatorship where the only allowed parties were either National Renewal Alliance Party (ARENA), a catch-all party representing the interests of the dictatorship, and MDB, formed to represent a wide-range moderate and less radical opposition to the dictatorship, without a clear program except the democratization of the country.[8] Other Big Tent centrão parties include the Republicans (REP), Progressists (PP), Liberal Party (PL), Brazilian Labour Party (PTB), We Can (PODE), Brazil Union (UB), Social Democratic Party (PSD), Social Christian Party (PSC), Act (AGIR), Patriot (PATRI), Forward (AVANTE), Solidarity (SD) and Republican Party of the Social Order (PROS).[9]

Canada

Main articles: Politics in Canada and Political culture of Canada

At the federal level, Canada has been dominated by two big tent parties practicing "brokerage politics."[a][12][13][14] Both the Liberal Party of Canada and the Conservative Party of Canada (and its predecessors) have attracted support from a broad spectrum of voters.[15][16][17] Although parties such as the Quebec nationalist Bloc Québécois have elected members to the House of Commons, far-right and far-left parties have never gained a prominent force in Canadian society and have never formed a government in the Canadian Parliament.[18][19][10]

Finland

The centre-right National Coalition Party has been described as catch-all party supporting the interests of the urban middle classes.[20]

France

The Renaissance party (formerly La République En Marche!) founded by President Emmanuel Macron has been described as a centrist party with a catch-all nature.[21]

Germany

Both the Christian Democratic Union of Germany/Christian Social Union in Bavaria (CDU/CSU) and the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD) are considered big tent or catch-all parties, known in German as Volksparteien ("people's parties").[22]

India

The Indian National Congress attracted support from Indians of all classes, castes and religions opposed to the British Empire.[23]The Janata Party which came into power in India in 1977, was a catch-all party that consisted of people with different ideologies opposed to The Emergency.[24]

Ireland

Fine Gael and Fianna Fáil are considered catch-all parties and are supported by people from different social classes and political ideologies.[25] Both parties are, however, usually described as being very similar and are positioned on the centre-right with a liberal-conservative ideology. The reasons for their remaining separate are mainly from historical factors, with those who supported the Anglo-Irish Treaty in the 1920s eventually becoming Fine Gael and those opposed to the treaty joining Fianna Fáil to seek an independent Ireland.

Italy

In Italy, the Five Star Movement, led by the comedian and actor Beppe Grillo, has been described as a catch-all protest party and "post-ideological big tent" because its supporters do not share similar policy preferences, are split on major economic and social issues and are united largely based on "anti-establishment" sentiments.[26] The Five Star Movement's "successful campaign formula combined anti-establishment sentiments with an economic and political protest which extends beyond the boundaries of traditional political orientations", but its "'catch-all' formula" has limited its ability to become "a mature, functional, effective and coherent contender for government".[26] The Northern League attracted voters in its early years from all of the political spectrum. Forza Italia, on the centre-right, and the Democratic Party, on the centre-left, are considered to be catch-all parties and were mergers of political parties with numerous ideological backgrounds.[citation needed]

Japan

Main article: Factions in the Liberal Democratic Party (Japan)

Historically, the Liberal Democratic Party (LDP) had been formed as a big-tent party uniting groups ranging from Keynesian centrists to nationalist neoliberals. The party developed an intricate factional system to maintain co-operation and to ensure hegemonic success in elections. However, the party has seen some former factions defect or die out since the 1990s, especially the more moderate ones, which has led the party to shift overall towards the right.

The New Frontier Party, which existed from 1994 to 1997, was considered a big political party because it was created to oppose the LDP by people of various ideologies, including social democrats, liberals, neoliberals, Buddhist democrats, and conservatives.[27]

The former main centre-left opposition, the Democratic Party of Japan (DPJ), was Japan’s version of third way politics and served since the mid-1990s as a ‘big tent party’ for a plethora of heterogeneous groups ranging from two socialist parties to liberal and conservative groups.[28]

Mexico

The Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI) held power in Mexico for 71 uninterrupted years, from 1929 to 2000. It was founded after the Mexican Revolution by Mexican President Plutarco Elías Calles. Then known as the National Revolutionary Party, it was founded in 1929 with the intent of providing a political space to allow all surviving leaders and combatants of the Mexican Revolution to participate and for the resolution the grave political crisis that had been caused by the assassination of President-elect Álvaro Obregón in 1928. Throughout its nine-decade existence, the PRI has adopted a very wide array of ideologies, which are often determined by the President of the Republic in turn. The party nationalized the petroleum industry in 1938 and the banking industry in 1982 In the 1980s, the party went through reforms that shaped its current incarnation, with policies characterized as centre-right, such as the privatization of state-run companies, closer relations with the Catholic Church, and embracing free-market capitalism and neoliberal policies.[29][30][31]

The National Regeneration Movement, founded by, Andrés Manuel López Obrador, has often been described as a big-tent party because of its various constituents, which joined its ranks during the 2018 Mexican general elections.[32][33] The party-led Juntos Hacemos Historia is a big-tent alliance that contested the 2021 Mexican legislative election.[34]

Portugal

The centre-left Socialist Party (PS) and centre-right Social Democratic Party (PSD) have been described as catch-all parties.[35]

Romania

The centre-right Save Romania Union PLUS (USR PLUS) is considered a big-tent or catch-all party.

Spain

Citizens (Spanish: Ciudadanos) has been considered as an example of astroturfing in the Spanish media since 2015. Originally founded as a social-democratic regional party opposed to Catalan nationalism, the party switched to a catch-all message to attract votes from the right to the moderate left in the party's appearance in the national political landscape. Its stance includes a mix of liberalism and pro-Europeanism, but the party has also embraced populist views on the legitimacy of its political opponents; conservative views on topics such as the criminal system and personal property and Spanish nationalist positions; and many problems by its own leader, Inés Arrimadas. It has become one of the most recognisable catch-all parties in the history of the country. In the mid-2010s, however, the party's main ideology is perceived to have drifted towards the right, with Albert Rivera admitting that it would not agree to form a coalition with the two main centre-left and left parties after the April 2019 Spanish general election, regardless of the results.[36][37][38] Furthermore, some commentators argue that Ciudadanos was attempting to supplant the People's Party, which suffered massive losses as the hegemonic party of the right and thus contributed to the shift in Ciudadanos to the right. Similarly, Ciudadanos has allied with both the conservative People's Party and the far-right Vox to achieve coalitions in regional parliaments. That has given rise to the expression "the three rights" to describe the grouping, which defines its opposition as "the left".

South Africa

The African National Congress (ANC) has been the governing party of South Africa since the country's first democratic election, in 1994, and it has been described by the media as a "big tent" party.[39][40][41][42] An important aspect of its electoral success has been its ability to include a diverse range of political groups most notably in the form of the Tripartite Alliance between the ANC; the South African Communist Party; and the country's largest trade union, COSATU.[40] Additional interest groups in the party are members of the business community and traditional leaders.

United Kingdom

When Gordon Brown became the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom in 2007, he invited several members from outside the Labour Party into his government. They included former CBI Director-General Digby Jones who became a Minister of State and former Liberal Democrats leader Paddy Ashdown who was offered the position of Northern Ireland Secretary (Ashdown turned down the offer).[43][44] The media often referred to Brown's ministry as "a government of all the talents" or simply "Brown's big tent".[45]

In Scotland, the Scottish National Party is possibly the longest-established big-tent party in the UK, with the goal of seeking Scottish independence by those that support various other political ideologies and from various political positions. Since 2007, the SNP have been the largest single party in the Scottish Parliament and has formed the Scottish government continuously since the 2007 Scottish general election.

All for Unity is a big tent anti-SNP electoral alliance that contested the 2021 Scottish Parliament election but failed to win any seats.[46]

United States

The Democratic Party, during the New Deal coalition, which was formed to support President Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Deal policies from 1930s to the 1960s, was a "big-tent" party.[47] The coalition brought together labor unions, working-class voters, farm organizations, liberals, Southern Democrats, African Americans, urban voters, and immigrants.[48][49]

The Blue Dog Coalition is a big-tent caucus of centrist and conservative Democrats in the House of Representatives, some of whom are socially conservative and fiscally and economically progressive or vice versa.[citation needed] For a brief period after the 2006 and the 2008 elections, when Democrats held a majority in the House, the Coalition wielded increased influence over the party, but its power declined again after most of its members were defeated or retired in the 2010 elections. Its Republican counterpart is the Republican Main Street Partnership.

To counter the New Deal coalition, the Republican Party was for much of its history a "big tent" party that encompassed a wide range of right-wing and center-right causes, including a wide range of politicians who were fiscally conservative and socially moderate or liberal and vice versa. During the 1970s and the 1980s, the Republicans attracted support from wealthy suburban voters in the South and Midwest, Northeastern moderates, Western libertarians, and rural conservatives across the country. From 1968 to 1988, Republicans won five out of six presidential elections, with the only exception being a narrow loss to the Democrat Jimmy Carter in 1976. The culture wars of the 1990s and the growing influence of the Christian right within the party have prompted the socially moderate and liberal sections of the Republican base, particularly in the Northeast and the Midwest, to begin slowly leaving the party in favor of moderate Democrats or independents.[citation needed]

After the 1974 Dallas Accord, the Libertarian Party embraced the big-tent idea to the extent it ensured that the anarcho-capitalist views would not be excluded from the majority minarchist party.[50]

Other examples

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Brokerage politics: "A Canadian term for successful big tent parties that embody a pluralistic catch-all approach to appeal to the median Canadian voter... adopting centrist policies and electoral coalitions to satisfy the short-term preferences of a majority of electors who are not located on the ideological fringe."[10][11]

References

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  33. ^ Graham, Dave (March 20, 2018). "Mexican leftist's 'big tent' pitch puts presidency in sight". Reuters. Retrieved September 18, 2018. In a few months, he has assembled a coalition stretching from socially conservative Christian evangelicals to admirers of socialist Venezuela and business tycoons, each with contrasting visions for Mexico. Dozens of lawmakers from across the political spectrum have switched sides to join Lopez Obrador's National Regeneration Movement (MORENA), a party that is not yet four years old.
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March 13, 2023
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For items relating to or named for a big top tent see Big Top A big tent party or catch all party is a term used in reference to a political party s policy of permitting or encouraging a broad spectrum of views among its members 1 This is in contrast to other kinds of parties which defend a determined ideology seek voters who adhere to that ideology and attempt to convince people towards it Contents 1 Examples 1 1 Armenia 1 2 Australia 1 3 Argentina 1 4 Bangladesh 1 5 Brazil 1 6 Canada 1 7 Finland 1 8 France 1 9 Germany 1 10 India 1 11 Ireland 1 12 Italy 1 13 Japan 1 14 Mexico 1 15 Portugal 1 16 Romania 1 17 Spain 1 18 South Africa 1 19 United Kingdom 1 20 United States 2 Other examples 3 See also 4 Notes 5 ReferencesExamples EditArmenia Edit Main article Politics of Armenia Following the 2018 Armenian parliamentary election the My Step Alliance rose to power on an anti corruption and pro democracy platform The alliance has been described as maintaining a big tent ideology as the alliance did not support any one particular political position Instead it focused on strengthening Armenia s civil society and economic development 2 Australia Edit Main article Politics of Australia The Liberal Party of Australia and its predecessors originated as an alliance of liberals and conservatives in opposition to the Australian Labor Party beginning with the Commonwealth Liberal Party in 1909 This ideological distinction has endured to the present day with the modern Liberal Party frequently described as a broad church a term popularised by former leader and Prime Minister John Howard In this context broad church is largely synonymous with big tent In the 21st century the party is often characterised as having a small l liberal wing and a conservative wing which frequently come into conflict with each other The party has historically found strong support primarily from the middle class though it has in recent decades appealed to socially conservative working class voters 3 4 Argentina Edit From its foundation the Justicialist Party has been a Peronist catch all party which focuses on the figure of Juan Peron and his wife Eva citation needed Juntos por el Cambio is an Argentine big tent political coalition It was created in 2015 as Cambiemos It is composed of Republican Proposal centre right Civic Coalition ARI centre and Radical Civic Union centre citation needed Bangladesh Edit In Bangladesh Awami League s Grand Alliance Bangladesh and BNP s 20 Party Alliance forms coalition with a wide range of parties thus being catch all parties 5 Brazil Edit Main article Centrao In Brazil the Centrao lit big centre is a term for a large bloc political parties that do not have a specific or consistent ideological orientation and aim at ensuring proximity to the executive branch in order to guarantee advantages and allow them to distribute privileges through clientelistic networks 6 The Brazilian Democratic Movement MDB is one of the oldest and most notable Centrao and Big Tent party in Brazil despite begin Brazil s largest party both in number of members and elected officials it has never elected a President only using their position as the largest party as a bargaining chip for privileges and advantages 7 MDB was founded on 1965 at the start of the Brazilian military dictatorship as part of an enforced two party system by the dictatorship where the only allowed parties were either National Renewal Alliance Party ARENA a catch all party representing the interests of the dictatorship and MDB formed to represent a wide range moderate and less radical opposition to the dictatorship without a clear program except the democratization of the country 8 Other Big Tent centrao parties include the Republicans REP Progressists PP Liberal Party PL Brazilian Labour Party PTB We Can PODE Brazil Union UB Social Democratic Party PSD Social Christian Party PSC Act AGIR Patriot PATRI Forward AVANTE Solidarity SD and Republican Party of the Social Order PROS 9 Canada Edit Main articles Politics in Canada and Political culture of Canada At the federal level Canada has been dominated by two big tent parties practicing brokerage politics a 12 13 14 Both the Liberal Party of Canada and the Conservative Party of Canada and its predecessors have attracted support from a broad spectrum of voters 15 16 17 Although parties such as the Quebec nationalist Bloc Quebecois have elected members to the House of Commons far right and far left parties have never gained a prominent force in Canadian society and have never formed a government in the Canadian Parliament 18 19 10 Finland Edit The centre right National Coalition Party has been described as catch all party supporting the interests of the urban middle classes 20 France Edit The Renaissance party formerly La Republique En Marche founded by President Emmanuel Macron has been described as a centrist party with a catch all nature 21 Germany Edit Both the Christian Democratic Union of Germany Christian Social Union in Bavaria CDU CSU and the Social Democratic Party of Germany SPD are considered big tent or catch all parties known in German as Volksparteien people s parties 22 India Edit The Indian National Congress attracted support from Indians of all classes castes and religions opposed to the British Empire 23 The Janata Party which came into power in India in 1977 was a catch all party that consisted of people with different ideologies opposed to The Emergency 24 Ireland Edit Fine Gael and Fianna Fail are considered catch all parties and are supported by people from different social classes and political ideologies 25 Both parties are however usually described as being very similar and are positioned on the centre right with a liberal conservative ideology The reasons for their remaining separate are mainly from historical factors with those who supported the Anglo Irish Treaty in the 1920s eventually becoming Fine Gael and those opposed to the treaty joining Fianna Fail to seek an independent Ireland Italy Edit In Italy the Five Star Movement led by the comedian and actor Beppe Grillo has been described as a catch all protest party and post ideological big tent because its supporters do not share similar policy preferences are split on major economic and social issues and are united largely based on anti establishment sentiments 26 The Five Star Movement s successful campaign formula combined anti establishment sentiments with an economic and political protest which extends beyond the boundaries of traditional political orientations but its catch all formula has limited its ability to become a mature functional effective and coherent contender for government 26 The Northern League attracted voters in its early years from all of the political spectrum Forza Italia on the centre right and the Democratic Party on the centre left are considered to be catch all parties and were mergers of political parties with numerous ideological backgrounds citation needed Japan Edit Main article Factions in the Liberal Democratic Party Japan Historically the Liberal Democratic Party LDP had been formed as a big tent party uniting groups ranging from Keynesian centrists to nationalist neoliberals The party developed an intricate factional system to maintain co operation and to ensure hegemonic success in elections However the party has seen some former factions defect or die out since the 1990s especially the more moderate ones which has led the party to shift overall towards the right The New Frontier Party which existed from 1994 to 1997 was considered a big political party because it was created to oppose the LDP by people of various ideologies including social democrats liberals neoliberals Buddhist democrats and conservatives 27 The former main centre left opposition the Democratic Party of Japan DPJ was Japan s version of third way politics and served since the mid 1990s as a big tent party for a plethora of heterogeneous groups ranging from two socialist parties to liberal and conservative groups 28 Mexico Edit The Institutional Revolutionary Party PRI held power in Mexico for 71 uninterrupted years from 1929 to 2000 It was founded after the Mexican Revolution by Mexican President Plutarco Elias Calles Then known as the National Revolutionary Party it was founded in 1929 with the intent of providing a political space to allow all surviving leaders and combatants of the Mexican Revolution to participate and for the resolution the grave political crisis that had been caused by the assassination of President elect Alvaro Obregon in 1928 Throughout its nine decade existence the PRI has adopted a very wide array of ideologies which are often determined by the President of the Republic in turn The party nationalized the petroleum industry in 1938 and the banking industry in 1982 In the 1980s the party went through reforms that shaped its current incarnation with policies characterized as centre right such as the privatization of state run companies closer relations with the Catholic Church and embracing free market capitalism and neoliberal policies 29 30 31 The National Regeneration Movement founded by Andres Manuel Lopez Obrador has often been described as a big tent party because of its various constituents which joined its ranks during the 2018 Mexican general elections 32 33 The party led Juntos Hacemos Historia is a big tent alliance that contested the 2021 Mexican legislative election 34 Portugal Edit The centre left Socialist Party PS and centre right Social Democratic Party PSD have been described as catch all parties 35 Romania Edit The centre right Save Romania Union PLUS USR PLUS is considered a big tent or catch all party Spain Edit Citizens Spanish Ciudadanos has been considered as an example of astroturfing in the Spanish media since 2015 Originally founded as a social democratic regional party opposed to Catalan nationalism the party switched to a catch all message to attract votes from the right to the moderate left in the party s appearance in the national political landscape Its stance includes a mix of liberalism and pro Europeanism but the party has also embraced populist views on the legitimacy of its political opponents conservative views on topics such as the criminal system and personal property and Spanish nationalist positions and many problems by its own leader Ines Arrimadas It has become one of the most recognisable catch all parties in the history of the country In the mid 2010s however the party s main ideology is perceived to have drifted towards the right with Albert Rivera admitting that it would not agree to form a coalition with the two main centre left and left parties after the April 2019 Spanish general election regardless of the results 36 37 38 Furthermore some commentators argue that Ciudadanos was attempting to supplant the People s Party which suffered massive losses as the hegemonic party of the right and thus contributed to the shift in Ciudadanos to the right Similarly Ciudadanos has allied with both the conservative People s Party and the far right Vox to achieve coalitions in regional parliaments That has given rise to the expression the three rights to describe the grouping which defines its opposition as the left South Africa Edit The African National Congress ANC has been the governing party of South Africa since the country s first democratic election in 1994 and it has been described by the media as a big tent party 39 40 41 42 An important aspect of its electoral success has been its ability to include a diverse range of political groups most notably in the form of the Tripartite Alliance between the ANC the South African Communist Party and the country s largest trade union COSATU 40 Additional interest groups in the party are members of the business community and traditional leaders United Kingdom Edit When Gordon Brown became the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom in 2007 he invited several members from outside the Labour Party into his government They included former CBI Director General Digby Jones who became a Minister of State and former Liberal Democrats leader Paddy Ashdown who was offered the position of Northern Ireland Secretary Ashdown turned down the offer 43 44 The media often referred to Brown s ministry as a government of all the talents or simply Brown s big tent 45 In Scotland the Scottish National Party is possibly the longest established big tent party in the UK with the goal of seeking Scottish independence by those that support various other political ideologies and from various political positions Since 2007 the SNP have been the largest single party in the Scottish Parliament and has formed the Scottish government continuously since the 2007 Scottish general election All for Unity is a big tent anti SNP electoral alliance that contested the 2021 Scottish Parliament election but failed to win any seats 46 United States Edit The Democratic Party during the New Deal coalition which was formed to support President Franklin D Roosevelt s New Deal policies from 1930s to the 1960s was a big tent party 47 The coalition brought together labor unions working class voters farm organizations liberals Southern Democrats African Americans urban voters and immigrants 48 49 The Blue Dog Coalition is a big tent caucus of centrist and conservative Democrats in the House of Representatives some of whom are socially conservative and fiscally and economically progressive or vice versa citation needed For a brief period after the 2006 and the 2008 elections when Democrats held a majority in the House the Coalition wielded increased influence over the party but its power declined again after most of its members were defeated or retired in the 2010 elections Its Republican counterpart is the Republican Main Street Partnership To counter the New Deal coalition the Republican Party was for much of its history a big tent party that encompassed a wide range of right wing and center right causes including a wide range of politicians who were fiscally conservative and socially moderate or liberal and vice versa During the 1970s and the 1980s the Republicans attracted support from wealthy suburban voters in the South and Midwest Northeastern moderates Western libertarians and rural conservatives across the country From 1968 to 1988 Republicans won five out of six presidential elections with the only exception being a narrow loss to the Democrat Jimmy Carter in 1976 The culture wars of the 1990s and the growing influence of the Christian right within the party have prompted the socially moderate and liberal sections of the Republican base particularly in the Northeast and the Midwest to begin slowly leaving the party in favor of moderate Democrats or independents citation needed After the 1974 Dallas Accord the Libertarian Party embraced the big tent idea to the extent it ensured that the anarcho capitalist views would not be excluded from the majority minarchist party 50 Other examples EditANO 2011 Czechia Austrian People s Party 51 Brazilian Democratic Movement Brazil 52 Christian Democracy 53 Italy 1943 1994 Christian Democratic Union of Germany 54 51 Civic Platform 55 Poland Democratic Party of Socialists of Montenegro Fianna Fail 56 57 Republic of Ireland Five Star Movement Italy Georgian Dream 58 Indian National Congress 59 Institutional Revolutionary Party Mexico Islamic Iran Participation Front 60 Joint List Israel Labour Party Lithuania La Republique En Marche 61 62 France Liberal Democratic Party 63 Japan National Coalition Party 64 Finland National Liberation Front Algeria National Regeneration Movement 65 Mexico People s Front for Democracy and Justice 66 Eritrea Progressive Conservative Party of Canada 67 Republican Party of Armenia Armenia 68 Scottish National Party Scotland 69 70 Serbian Progressive Party 71 72 Social Democratic Party 73 74 Portugal Social Democratic Party of Germany 54 Socialist Party 73 Portugal South Tyrolean People s Party 75 76 Together for Yes 77 Ireland Together for Yes 77 Spain United Russia 78 RussiaSee also EditBipartisanship Broad church Elite party Party of power Popular Front Syncretic politics United FrontNotes Edit Brokerage politics A Canadian term for successful big tent parties that embody a pluralistic catch all approach to appeal to the median Canadian voter adopting centrist policies and electoral coalitions to satisfy the short term preferences of a majority of electors who are not located on the ideological fringe 10 11 References Edit Definition of big tent in English oxforddictionaries com Oxford English Dictionary Archived from the original on December 13 2019 Retrieved May 2 2017 Armenian snap elections seen as the final chapter of the Velvet Revolution Europe Elects December 4 2018 Retrieved October 25 2019 Divergent views vital to Howard s broad church Sydney Morning Herald March 22 2005 Can the Liberal Party hold its broad church of liberals and conservatives together The Conversation April 10 2018 OP ED How the house of cards came crashing down April 8 2021 Centrao vive quarta encarnacao agora restrito ao fisiologismo O Globo in Brazilian Portuguese July 29 2018 Benites Talita Bedinelli Afonso December 19 2017 PMDB volta a se chamar MDB retorno ao passado para aplacar crise de imagem El Pais Brasil in Brazilian Portuguese Retrieved September 24 2022 Deak Andre November 12 2014 Partidos politicos Memorias da ditadura in Brazilian Portuguese Retrieved September 24 2022 O que e o poderoso centrao que pode definir o sucessor de Cunha BBC News Brasil in Brazilian Portuguese Retrieved September 24 2022 a b Marland Alex Giasson Thierry Lees Marshment Jennifer 2012 Political Marketing in Canada UBC Press p 257 ISBN 978 0 7748 2231 2 John Courtney David Smith 2010 The Oxford Handbook of Canadian Politics OUP USA p 195 ISBN 978 0 19 533535 4 Brooks Stephen 2004 Canadian Democracy An Introduction Oxford University Press p 265 ISBN 978 0 19 541806 4 two historically dominant political parties have avoided ideological appeals in favour of a flexible centrist style of politics that is often labelled brokerage politics Johnson David 2016 Thinking Government Public Administration and Politics in Canada Fourth Edition University of Toronto Press pp 13 23 ISBN 978 1 4426 3521 0 most Canadian governments especially at the federal level have taken a moderate centrist approach to decision making seeking to balance growth stability and governmental efficiency and economy Baumer Donald C Gold Howard J 2015 Parties Polarization and Democracy in the United States Taylor amp Francis p 152 ISBN 978 1 317 25478 2 Smith Miriam 2014 Group Politics and Social Movements in Canada Second Edition University of Toronto Press p 17 ISBN 978 1 4426 0695 1 Canada s party system has long been described as a brokerage system in which the leading parties Liberal and Conservative follow strategies that appeal across major social cleavages in an effort to defuse potential tensions Elections Canada 2018 Plurality Majority Electoral Systems A Review Elections Canada First Past the Post in Canada has favoured broadly based accommodative centrist parties Andrea Olive 2015 The Canadian Environment in Political Context University of Toronto Press pp 55 60 ISBN 978 1 4426 0871 9 Ambrose Emma Mudde Cas 2015 Canadian Multiculturalism and the Absence of the Far Right Nationalism and Ethnic Politics 21 2 213 236 doi 10 1080 13537113 2015 1032033 S2CID 145773856 Taub Amanda 2017 Canada s Secret to Resisting the West s Populist Wave The New York Times Karvonen Lauri 2014 Parties Governments and Voters in Finland Politics Under Fundamental Societal Transformation ECPR Press p 20 ISBN 978 1 910259 33 7 Sophie Di Francesco Mayot 2017 The French Parti Socialiste 2010 16 from office to crisis In Rob Manwaring Paul Kennedy eds Why the Left Loses The Decline of the Centre Left in Comparative Perspective Policy Press p 162 ISBN 978 1 4473 3269 5 Hertner Isabelle Sloam James 2014 The Europeanisation of the German Party System In Erol Kulahci ed Europeanisation and Party Politics How the EU affects Domestic Actors Patterns and Systems ECPR Press p 35 ISBN 978 1 907301 84 1 Meyer Karl Ernest Brysac Shareen Blair 2012 Pax Ethnica Where and How Diversity Succeeds PublicAffairs pp 64 ISBN 9781610390484 Retrieved April 7 2016 Political Parties NCERT PDF National Council of Educational Research and Training Retrieved May 8 2021 Weeks Liam 2018 Parties and the party system In John Coakley Michael Gallagher eds Politics in the Republic of Ireland Sixth Edition Taylor amp Francis p 156 ISBN 978 1 317 31269 7 a b Valentina Romei Five Star Movement the protest party explained in charts Direct democracy and rejection of binary politics brings success but stunts maturity Financial Times January 10 2017 Ronald J Hrebenar Akira Nakamura eds 2014 Party Politics in Japan Political Chaos and Stalemate in the 21st Century Routledge p 81 ISBN 9781317745976 The initial period of party system change found its first culmination in 1996 when a new catch all party the Shinshinto New Frontier Party got founded by Ozawa and others Spremberg Felix November 25 2020 How Japan s Left is repeating its unfortunate history International Politics amp Society Journal Retrieved November 19 2021 The former main centre left opposition the Democratic Party of Japan DPJ was Japan s version of third way politics and served since the mid 1990s as a big tent party for a plethora of heterogeneous groups ranging from two socialist parties to liberal and conservative groups Meade the King of the Mexican Sandwich El Universal January 11 2018 Russell James W 2009 Class and Race Formation in North America University of Toronto Press p 155 ISBN 978 0 8020 9678 4 Kopstein Jeffrey Lichbach Mark Hanson Stephen E July 21 2014 Comparative Politics Interests Identities and Institutions in a Changing Global Order Cambridge University Press ISBN 9781139991384 Retrieved April 6 2018 Schettino Macario June 6 2018 Mexico 2018 How AMLO Took a Page from the PRI Playbook Americas Quarterly Archived from the original on June 7 2019 Retrieved September 18 2018 Morena s star has risen so quickly because it offers refuge to such a wide range of beliefs and ideologies The party has room for old guard supporters of Hugo Chavez and Fidel Castro young leftist academics former PRI leaders evangelical Christians actors athletes and even the odd business tycoon or two In this way the party resembles the big tent of the PRI which more than a guiding philosophy was guided by the administration of political power Graham Dave March 20 2018 Mexican leftist s big tent pitch puts presidency in sight Reuters Retrieved September 18 2018 In a few months he has assembled a coalition stretching from socially conservative Christian evangelicals to admirers of socialist Venezuela and business tycoons each with contrasting visions for Mexico Dozens of lawmakers from across the political spectrum have switched sides to join Lopez Obrador s National Regeneration Movement MORENA a party that is not yet four years old Morena PT y PVEM presentan alianza Juntos hacemos historia para elecciones de 2021 El Financiero in Spanish Retrieved February 22 2021 Lisi Marco Freire Andre 2014 The selection of political party leaders in Portugal In Jean Benoit Pilet William Cross eds The Selection of Political Party Leaders in Contemporary Parliamentary Democracies A Comparative Study Routledge p 124 ISBN 978 1 317 92945 1 Ciudadanos es de izquierdas o de derechas in Spanish May 15 2015 Retrieved April 25 2019 Albert Rivera No vamos a pactar con el PSOE ni con Sanchez les echaremos y punto in European Spanish March 3 2019 Retrieved April 25 2019 Orriols Lluis Se va Ciudadanos a la derecha Si pero quizas no tanto in Spanish Archived from the original on April 25 2019 Retrieved April 25 2019 Grootes Stephen May 5 2019 2019 Elections ANALYSIS Curiouser and Curiouser the strange case of the 2019 elections Daily Maverick Retrieved November 9 2019 a b Campbell John July 18 2017 A Political Opening in South Africa Council on Foreign Relations Retrieved November 9 2019 Shoki William April 2019 South Africa s Third Way revival africasacountry com Retrieved November 9 2019 Herskovitz Jon September 15 2010 ANC stability shakes SA s economic future The M amp G Online Retrieved November 9 2019 In full Brown s government BBC News June 29 2007 The fallout from Brown s job offer BBC News June 21 2007 First 100 days Gordon Brown BBC News October 5 2007 Andrews Kieran Wade Mike Galloway s bid to form united front to save Union shunned The Times ISSN 0140 0460 Retrieved March 28 2021 David C King The Polarization of American Parties and Mistrust of Government in Why People Don t Trust Government eds Joseph S Nye Philip Zelikow David C King Harvard University Press 1997 Lisa Young Feminists and Party Politics University of Michigan Press 2000 p 84 Holly M Allen New Deal Coalition in Class in America An Encyclopedia Vol 2 H P ed Robert E Weir ABC CLIO 2007 p 571 During the 1930s liberals labor unions white ethnics African Americans farm groups and Southern whites united to form the New Deal coalition Though never formally organized the coalition was sufficiently cohesive to make the Democratic Party the majority party from 1931 into the 1980s Democrats won seven out of nine presidential contests and maintained majorities in both houses of Congress from 1932 to 1964 The divisiveness of the Civil Rights Movement and the Vietnam War the increasing segmentation of the labor force and waning influence of unions and the relative weakness of Democratic Party leadership are among the factors that led to the coalition s erosion in the late 1960s Paul Gottfried The conservative movement Social movements past and present Twayne Publishers 1993 p 46 a b Sarah Elise Wiliarty August 16 2010 The CDU and the Politics of Gender in Germany Bringing Women to the Party Cambridge University Press pp 218 221 ISBN 978 1 139 49116 7 Gallas Daniel March 29 2016 Dilma Rousseff and Brazil face up to decisive month BBC News Retrieved August 27 2017 Newell James L January 28 2010 The Politics of Italy Governance in a Normal Country Cambridge University Press p 27 ISBN 978 0 521 84070 5 a b Hertner Isabelle Sloam James 2014 The Europeanisation of the German Party System In Erol Kulahci ed Europeanisation and Party Politics How the EU affects Domestic Actors Patterns and Systems ECPR Press p 35 ISBN 978 1 907301 84 1 Jane L Curry 2011 Poland The Politics of God s Playground In Sharon L Wolchik Jane L Curry eds Central and East European Politics From Communism to Democracy Rowman amp Littlefield p 171 ISBN 978 0 7425 6734 4 Maguire Maria 1986 Ireland In Peter Flora ed Growth to Limits Germany United Kingdom Ireland Italy Walter de Gruyter p 333 ISBN 978 3 11 011131 6 O Malley Eoin 2011 Contemporary Ireland Palgrave Macmillan p 13 ISBN 978 0 230 34382 5 Ditrych Ondrej July 2013 The Georgian succession PDF European Union Institute for Security Studies p 4 Archived from the original PDF on 22 February 2016 GD as a catch all movement Barrington Lowell 2009 Comparative Politics Structures and Choices Cengage Learning p 379 ISBN 978 0 618 49319 7 Mohammadighalehtaki Ariabarzan 2012 Organisational Change in Political Parties in Iran after the Islamic Revolution of 1979 With Special Reference to the Islamic Republic Party IRP and the Islamic Iran Participation Front Party Mosharekat Ph D thesis Durham University p 176 Sophie Di Francesco Mayot 2017 The French Parti Socialiste 2010 16 from office to crisis In Rob Manwaring Paul Kennedy eds Why the Left Loses The Decline of the Centre Left in Comparative Perspective Policy Press p 162 ISBN 978 1 4473 3269 5 Legislatives Le parti d Emmanuel Macron a un caractere attrape tout Les Inrocks Glenn D Hook Gilson Julie Christopher W Hughes Dobson Hugo 2001 Japan s International Relations Politics Economics and Security Routledge p 58 ISBN 978 1 134 32806 2 Karvonen Lauri 2014 Parties Governments and Voters in Finland Politics Under Fundamental Societal Transformation ECPR Press p 20 ISBN 978 1 910259 33 7 MORENA National Regeneration Movement January 21 2018 O Kane David Hepner Tricia 2011 Biopolitics Militarism and Development Eritrea in the Twenty First Century Berghahn Books p xx ISBN 978 0 85745 399 0 retrieved January 15 2011 Cross William 2015 Party Membership in Quebec In Emilie van Haute Anika Gauja eds Party Members and Activists Routledge p 50 ISBN 978 1 317 52432 8 Iskandaryan Alexander May 23 2012 Armenian Elections Technology vs Ideology PDF Caucasus Analytical Digest ETH Zurich 3 Both major parties in the Armenian parliament Republican Party and Prosperous Armenia represent elite groups With almost no ideology to speak of they are catch all parties a phenomenon becoming typical in the modern world David Torrance Scotland s Progressive Dilemma The Political Quarterly 88 2017 52 59 doi 10 1111 1467 923X 12319 Carrell Severin April 25 2011 Alex Salmond s big tent bulges as Tommy Sheridan lends voteless support The Guardian ISSN 0261 3077 Retrieved April 26 2020 Serbian Compliance Patterns towards EU Integration under the Progressive Party An Exercise in Statecraft PDF Retrieved December 13 2018 Stojic Marko 2017 Party Responses to the EU in the Western Balkans Transformation Opposition or Defiance Springer p 135 a b Lisi Marco Freire Andre 2014 The selection of political party leaders in Portugal In Jean Benoit Pilet William Cross eds The Selection of Political Party Leaders in Contemporary Parliamentary Democracies A Comparative Study Routledge p 124 ISBN 978 1 317 92945 1 Gallagher Tom Allan M Williams 1989 Southern European socialism in the 1990s In Tom Gallagher Allan M Williams eds Southern European Socialism Parties Elections and the Challenge of Government Manchester University Press p 271 ISBN 978 0 7190 2500 6 Pallaver Gunther 2008 South Tyrol s Consociational Democracy Between Political Claim and Social Reality In Jens Woelk Francesco Palermo Joseph Marko eds Tolerance Through Law Self Governance and Group Rights In South Tyrol Martinus Nijhoff Publishers pp 305 309 ISBN 978 90 04 16302 7 Lublin David 2014 Minority Rules Electoral Systems Decentralization and Ethnoregional Party Success Oxford University Press p 229 ISBN 978 0 19 994884 0 a b Junts pel Si Together for Yes We are all in we ve reached the end of the line Ara July 21 2015 Sventlana S Bodrunova Anna A Litvinenko 2013 New media and political protest the formation of a public counter sphere in Russia 2008 2012 In Andrey Makarychev Andre Mommen eds Russia s Changing Economic and Political Regimes The Putin Years and Afterwards Routledge p 35 ISBN 978 1 135 00695 2 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Big tent amp oldid 1143495987, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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