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Beedi

February 16, 2024

For the Hindi song, see Omkara (2006 film).

A beedi (also spelled bidi[1] or biri[2]) is a thin cigarette or mini-cigar filled with tobacco flake and commonly wrapped in a tendu (Diospyros melanoxylon)[3] or Piliostigma racemosum[4] leaf tied with a string or adhesive at one end. It originates from the Indian subcontinent.[5][6] The name is derived from the Marwari word beeda—a mixture of betel nuts, herbs, and spices wrapped in a leaf.[7] It is a traditional method of tobacco use throughout South Asia and parts of the Middle East,[6] where beedies are popular[2] and inexpensive.[8] In India, beedi consumption outpaces conventional cigarettes, accounting for 48% of all Indian tobacco consumption in 2008.[2]

Packs of beedies.
Beedi making process, rare handicrafts in Akkaraipattu, Sri Lanka. Bidi leaf (Bauhinia racemosa) and shredded tobacco are prepared and finalize with thread binding.

History edit

Beedies were invented after Indian tobacco cultivation began in the late 17th century. Tobacco workers were the first to create them by taking leftover tobacco and rolling it in leaves.[9]

The commercial Indian beedi industry saw rapid growth during the 1930s[10] probably driven by an expansion of tobacco cultivation at the time[11] but also helped by Gandhi's support of Indian industry and Indian products.[12][13] Perhaps due to this, educated classes in India grew to prefer beedies to cigarettes[9] although this is no longer the case.[14] Muslim leaders, calling cigarettes foreign products, have also endorsed beedies at times.[15]

By the middle of the 20th century, beedi manufacture had grown into a highly competitive industry.[9] This stage of commercial production—at the height of the beedi's popularity[citation needed]—saw the creation of many new beedi brands[9] as well as beedi factories employing upwards of one hundred, primarily male, beedi rollers.[10]

Factory-based beedi production declined as a result of increased regulation during the 1940s, 1950s, and 1960s,[11] and beedi-making became a cottage industry with a home-based women workforce predominantly employed only in the beedi rolling.[11] In contrast, males continue to be employed in other aspects of beedi production.[11]

Beedi smoking tends to be associated with a lower social standing,[14] as these tobacco-filled leaves are inexpensive when compared to regular cigarettes.[8] Those with a high social standing who do smoke beedies often do so out of the public eye; however, the cultural trend is changing.[14]

Manufacturing edit

 
Factory workers hand cut the leaves using scissors and a metal stencil guide. After cutting a sufficient number of wrappers, they will move on to roll approximately 1,000 beedies each per day.

Over 3 million Indians are employed in the manufacture of beedies,[16][17] a cottage industry that is typically done by women in their homes.[18][19] Analysis of bidi industry in India found that in spite of increase in profits worker wages declined and female workers were paid substantially less than male workers.[20]

Workers roll an average of 500–1000 beedies per day, handling 225–450 grams (8–15+3⁄4 oz) of tobacco flake.[21] Handling tobacco and inhaling its dust is an occupational hazard for beedi workers as an increased level of chromosome aberrations was found in a scientific study.[21]

The production of beedies is also popular in Bangladesh. According to the 2014 List of Goods Produced by Child Labor or Forced Labor[22] published by the Bureau of International Labor Affairs, the informal sector in these countries employs underage children in the production of beedies "in response to consumer preferences".[citation needed]

 
Informal sector making beedi.

Tendu leaf edit

Tendu (Diospyros melanoxylon) leaves make excellent wrappers, and the success of the beedi is due, in part, to this leaf.[9] The leaves are in abundance shortly after the tobacco crop is cured and so are ready to be used in beedi manufacture.[9] Collected in the summer and made into bundles, the leaves are dried in the sun for three to six days before being used as wrappers.[3]

Global popularity edit

Beedies, unlike cigarettes, must be drawn frequently to keep them lit, and doing so requires effort.[3]

North America edit

In the United States, beedies are treated like conventional cigarettes. They are taxed at the same rates,[6] are required to have a tax stamp, and must carry the Surgeon General's warning.[6] However, a study done in San Francisco showed that about four in ten packs of beedies did not contain the required warning label and seven in ten did not carry the tax stamp.[6] 2006 statistics on tobacco usage show that 2.9% of high school students in the United States take part in tobacco smoking compared to 1.4% of those aged 18 to 24.[23] Some beedies are flavoured.[3] Both Canada[24] and the US[25] have banned flavoured cigarettes.

United Kingdom edit

Beedis are currently legal in the UK and are subject to the same taxation as cigarettes. One must be aged 18 or over to purchase them.[26]

Health warnings edit

Beedies deliver more nicotine,[27] carbon monoxide,[28] and tar[28] and carry a greater risk of oral cancers[5] than conventional cigarettes. As with many other types of smoking, beedies increase the risk of certain kinds of cancers, heart disease, and lung disease.[28] They may also be more harmful than other forms of tobacco consumption.[29]

Frequency of ventilatory abnormalities was highest in the cigarette smokers. A lower prevalence of chronic bronchitis and abnormal ventilatory measurements in beedi smokers, as compared with cigarette smokers, was thought to be primarily due to low total consumption of tobacco. Some added influence of smoke produced by burning of the wrapper leaf and type of tobacco used in beedies could not be ruled out.[30]

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ Dhar, Sujoy (18 November 2009). "Indian girls fight back against child marriage". KOLKATA, India: Reuters. Retrieved 11 June 2011.
  2. ^ a b c Sunley, Emil M. (January 2008). (PDF). Bloomberg Philanthropies. ISBN 978-2-914365-35-2. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 March 2012.
  3. ^ a b c d Gupta, Prakash C. (1992). Control of tobacco-related cancers and other diseases: proceedings of an international symposium, January 15–19, 1990, TIFR, Bombay. Prakash C. Gupta. p. 29. ISBN 978-0-19-562961-3.
  4. ^ "Bidi Leaf Tree (reported under the synonym Bauhinia racemosa)". Flowers of India.
  5. ^ a b Mahbubur Rahman; Junichi Sakamoto; Tsuguya Fukui (10 September 2003). "Bidi smoking and oral cancer: A meta-analysis". International Journal of Cancer. 106 (4): 600–604. doi:10.1002/ijc.11265. PMID 12845659. S2CID 25619918.
  6. ^ a b c d e Yen, Karl L.; Hechavarria, Elizabeth; Bostwick, Susan B. (2000). "Bidi cigarettes : An emerging threat to adolescent health". Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine. 154 (12): 1187–1189. doi:10.1001/archpedi.154.12.1187. ISSN 1072-4710. PMID 11115300.
  7. ^ Bhargava's Standard Illustrated Dictionary of the Hindi Language. Bhushan Press. 1976. p. 312.
  8. ^ a b Rijo M John; R Kavita Rao; M Govinda Rao; James Moore; RS Deshpande; Jhumur Sengupta; Sakthivel Selvaraj; Frank J Chaloupka; Prabhat Jha (March 2010). (PDF). ISBN 978-2-914365-70-3. Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 December 2010. Retrieved 11 June 2011.
  9. ^ a b c d e f Lal, Pranay (25 May 2009). "Bidi – A short history" (PDF). Current Science. 96 (10): 1335–1337. Retrieved 12 November 2013.
  10. ^ a b T. M. Thomas Isaac; Richard W. Franke; Pyaralal Raghavan (1998). Democracy at work in an Indian industrial cooperative: the story of Kerala Dinesh Beedi. Cornell International Report. Vol. 34. Cornell University Press. pp. 23–25. ISBN 978-0-8014-8415-5.
  11. ^ a b c d Making ends meet: Bidi workers in India today; A study of four states (PDF). Geneva, Switzerland: International Labour Office. 2003. Retrieved 11 June 2011.
  12. ^ Census of India, Central Provinces and Berar. Vol. XII. 1931.
  13. ^ Brahmachari Sitalprasad, Jain Bauddha TatvaJnana, JainVijay Press, 1934
  14. ^ a b c Kamboj, M. (2008). "Bidi Tobacco". British Dental Journal. 205 (12): 639. doi:10.1038/sj.bdj.2008.1088. PMID 19096404. S2CID 5393992.
  15. ^ Imām, Hassan (1999). Indian national movement. Anmol Publications PVT. LTD. p. 200. ISBN 978-81-261-0199-3.
  16. ^ RB Govekar & RA Bhisey (1992). "Elevated urinary thioether excretion among bidi rollers exposed occupationally to processed tobacco". International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health. 64 (2): 101–104. Bibcode:1992IAOEH..64..101G. doi:10.1007/BF00381476. PMID 1399018. S2CID 37668211.
  17. ^ "Estimates of Tobacco-dependent Employment in India". Economic and Political Weekly. 53 (40): 7–8. 5 June 2015.
  18. ^ Restoring the Balance: Women and forest resources. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United States, Forestry Department. 1987. Retrieved 11 June 2011.
  19. ^ Kalra, Aditya (15 April 2016). "India's traditional cigarette makers halt production over health warnings". Reuters.
  20. ^ Arora, Monika; Datta, Pritam; Barman, Avnika; Sinha, Praveen; Munish, Vineet Gill; Bahl, Deepika; Bhaumik, Soumyadeep; Nazar, Gaurang P.; Tullu, Fikru (2020). "The Indian Bidi Industry: Trends in Employment and Wage Differentials". Frontiers in Public Health. 8: 572638. doi:10.3389/fpubh.2020.572638. ISSN 2296-2565. PMC 7577084. PMID 33117771.
  21. ^ a b Mahimkar, MB; Bhisey, RA (1995). "Occupational exposure to bidi tobacco increases chromosomal aberrations in tobacco processors". Mutation Research. 334 (2): 139–144. doi:10.1016/0165-1161(95)90004-7. PMID 7885365.
  22. ^ "List of Goods Produced by Child Labor or Forced Labor". United States Department of Labor.
  23. ^ "2006 National Youth Tobacco Survey and Key Prevalence Indicators". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2009.
  24. ^ Dowd, Allan (8 October 2009). "Canada bans fruit-flavored cigarettes". VANCOUVER, British Columbia: Reuters. Retrieved 11 June 2011.
  25. ^ Heavey, Susan (22 September 2009). "U.S. FDA, in first tobacco action, bans flavors". Reuters. Retrieved 11 June 2011.
  26. ^ Sharrow Mills, "The Encyclopaedia of Tobacco", Wilsons of Sharrow, 2018
  27. ^ Delnevo, CD; Pevzner, ES; Hrywna, M; Lewis, MJ (2004). "Bidi Cigarette use among Young Adults in 15 States". Preventive Medicine. 39 (1): 207–211. doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2004.01.025. PMID 15208004.
  28. ^ a b c "Bidis and Kreteks". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 8 June 2011. Retrieved 11 June 2011.
  29. ^ "Bidi more harmful than cigarette: Study". DNA. Diligent Media Corporation Ltd. 17 May 2011. Retrieved 1 June 2015.
  30. ^ "Chronic bronchitis in beedi smokers (preliminary communication)". www.popline.org.

External links edit

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Beedi.

February 16, 2024
beedi, hindi, song, omkara, 2006, film, beedi, also, spelled, bidi, biri, thin, cigarette, mini, cigar, filled, with, tobacco, flake, commonly, wrapped, tendu, diospyros, melanoxylon, piliostigma, racemosum, leaf, tied, with, string, adhesive, originates, from. For the Hindi song see Omkara 2006 film A beedi also spelled bidi 1 or biri 2 is a thin cigarette or mini cigar filled with tobacco flake and commonly wrapped in a tendu Diospyros melanoxylon 3 or Piliostigma racemosum 4 leaf tied with a string or adhesive at one end It originates from the Indian subcontinent 5 6 The name is derived from the Marwari word beeda a mixture of betel nuts herbs and spices wrapped in a leaf 7 It is a traditional method of tobacco use throughout South Asia and parts of the Middle East 6 where beedies are popular 2 and inexpensive 8 In India beedi consumption outpaces conventional cigarettes accounting for 48 of all Indian tobacco consumption in 2008 2 Packs of beedies Beedi making process rare handicrafts in Akkaraipattu Sri Lanka Bidi leaf Bauhinia racemosa and shredded tobacco are prepared and finalize with thread binding Contents 1 History 2 Manufacturing 2 1 Tendu leaf 3 Global popularity 3 1 North America 3 2 United Kingdom 4 Health warnings 5 See also 6 References 7 External linksHistory editBeedies were invented after Indian tobacco cultivation began in the late 17th century Tobacco workers were the first to create them by taking leftover tobacco and rolling it in leaves 9 The commercial Indian beedi industry saw rapid growth during the 1930s 10 probably driven by an expansion of tobacco cultivation at the time 11 but also helped by Gandhi s support of Indian industry and Indian products 12 13 Perhaps due to this educated classes in India grew to prefer beedies to cigarettes 9 although this is no longer the case 14 Muslim leaders calling cigarettes foreign products have also endorsed beedies at times 15 By the middle of the 20th century beedi manufacture had grown into a highly competitive industry 9 This stage of commercial production at the height of the beedi s popularity citation needed saw the creation of many new beedi brands 9 as well as beedi factories employing upwards of one hundred primarily male beedi rollers 10 Factory based beedi production declined as a result of increased regulation during the 1940s 1950s and 1960s 11 and beedi making became a cottage industry with a home based women workforce predominantly employed only in the beedi rolling 11 In contrast males continue to be employed in other aspects of beedi production 11 Beedi smoking tends to be associated with a lower social standing 14 as these tobacco filled leaves are inexpensive when compared to regular cigarettes 8 Those with a high social standing who do smoke beedies often do so out of the public eye however the cultural trend is changing 14 Manufacturing edit nbsp Factory workers hand cut the leaves using scissors and a metal stencil guide After cutting a sufficient number of wrappers they will move on to roll approximately 1 000 beedies each per day Over 3 million Indians are employed in the manufacture of beedies 16 17 a cottage industry that is typically done by women in their homes 18 19 Analysis of bidi industry in India found that in spite of increase in profits worker wages declined and female workers were paid substantially less than male workers 20 Workers roll an average of 500 1000 beedies per day handling 225 450 grams 8 15 3 4 oz of tobacco flake 21 Handling tobacco and inhaling its dust is an occupational hazard for beedi workers as an increased level of chromosome aberrations was found in a scientific study 21 The production of beedies is also popular in Bangladesh According to the 2014 List of Goods Produced by Child Labor or Forced Labor 22 published by the Bureau of International Labor Affairs the informal sector in these countries employs underage children in the production of beedies in response to consumer preferences citation needed nbsp Informal sector making beedi Tendu leaf edit Tendu Diospyros melanoxylon leaves make excellent wrappers and the success of the beedi is due in part to this leaf 9 The leaves are in abundance shortly after the tobacco crop is cured and so are ready to be used in beedi manufacture 9 Collected in the summer and made into bundles the leaves are dried in the sun for three to six days before being used as wrappers 3 Global popularity editBeedies unlike cigarettes must be drawn frequently to keep them lit and doing so requires effort 3 North America edit In the United States beedies are treated like conventional cigarettes They are taxed at the same rates 6 are required to have a tax stamp and must carry the Surgeon General s warning 6 However a study done in San Francisco showed that about four in ten packs of beedies did not contain the required warning label and seven in ten did not carry the tax stamp 6 2006 statistics on tobacco usage show that 2 9 of high school students in the United States take part in tobacco smoking compared to 1 4 of those aged 18 to 24 23 Some beedies are flavoured 3 Both Canada 24 and the US 25 have banned flavoured cigarettes United Kingdom edit Beedis are currently legal in the UK and are subject to the same taxation as cigarettes One must be aged 18 or over to purchase them 26 Health warnings editBeedies deliver more nicotine 27 carbon monoxide 28 and tar 28 and carry a greater risk of oral cancers 5 than conventional cigarettes As with many other types of smoking beedies increase the risk of certain kinds of cancers heart disease and lung disease 28 They may also be more harmful than other forms of tobacco consumption 29 Frequency of ventilatory abnormalities was highest in the cigarette smokers A lower prevalence of chronic bronchitis and abnormal ventilatory measurements in beedi smokers as compared with cigarette smokers was thought to be primarily due to low total consumption of tobacco Some added influence of smoke produced by burning of the wrapper leaf and type of tobacco used in beedies could not be ruled out 30 See also editGutka Paan Kretek Cheroot CigarReferences edit Dhar Sujoy 18 November 2009 Indian girls fight back against child marriage KOLKATA India Reuters Retrieved 11 June 2011 a b c Sunley Emil M January 2008 India The Tax Treatment of Bidis PDF Bloomberg Philanthropies ISBN 978 2 914365 35 2 Archived from the original PDF on 6 March 2012 a b c d Gupta Prakash C 1992 Control of tobacco related cancers and other diseases proceedings of an international symposium January 15 19 1990 TIFR Bombay Prakash C Gupta p 29 ISBN 978 0 19 562961 3 Bidi Leaf Tree reported under the synonym Bauhinia racemosa Flowers of India a b Mahbubur Rahman Junichi Sakamoto Tsuguya Fukui 10 September 2003 Bidi smoking and oral cancer A meta analysis International Journal of Cancer 106 4 600 604 doi 10 1002 ijc 11265 PMID 12845659 S2CID 25619918 a b c d e Yen Karl L Hechavarria Elizabeth Bostwick Susan B 2000 Bidi cigarettes An emerging threat to adolescent health Archives of Pediatrics amp Adolescent Medicine 154 12 1187 1189 doi 10 1001 archpedi 154 12 1187 ISSN 1072 4710 PMID 11115300 Bhargava s Standard Illustrated Dictionary of the Hindi Language Bhushan Press 1976 p 312 a b Rijo M John R Kavita Rao M Govinda Rao James Moore RS Deshpande Jhumur Sengupta Sakthivel Selvaraj Frank J Chaloupka Prabhat Jha March 2010 The Economics of Tobacco and Tobacco Taxation in India PDF ISBN 978 2 914365 70 3 Archived from the original PDF on 26 December 2010 Retrieved 11 June 2011 a b c d e f Lal Pranay 25 May 2009 Bidi A short history PDF Current Science 96 10 1335 1337 Retrieved 12 November 2013 a b T M Thomas Isaac Richard W Franke Pyaralal Raghavan 1998 Democracy at work in an Indian industrial cooperative the story of Kerala Dinesh Beedi Cornell International Report Vol 34 Cornell University Press pp 23 25 ISBN 978 0 8014 8415 5 a b c d Making ends meet Bidi workers in India today A study of four states PDF Geneva Switzerland International Labour Office 2003 Retrieved 11 June 2011 Census of India Central Provinces and Berar Vol XII 1931 Brahmachari Sitalprasad Jain Bauddha TatvaJnana JainVijay Press 1934 a b c Kamboj M 2008 Bidi Tobacco British Dental Journal 205 12 639 doi 10 1038 sj bdj 2008 1088 PMID 19096404 S2CID 5393992 Imam Hassan 1999 Indian national movement Anmol Publications PVT LTD p 200 ISBN 978 81 261 0199 3 RB Govekar amp RA Bhisey 1992 Elevated urinary thioether excretion among bidi rollers exposed occupationally to processed tobacco International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health 64 2 101 104 Bibcode 1992IAOEH 64 101G doi 10 1007 BF00381476 PMID 1399018 S2CID 37668211 Estimates of Tobacco dependent Employment in India Economic and Political Weekly 53 40 7 8 5 June 2015 Restoring the Balance Women and forest resources Food and Agriculture Organization of the United States Forestry Department 1987 Retrieved 11 June 2011 Kalra Aditya 15 April 2016 India s traditional cigarette makers halt production over health warnings Reuters Arora Monika Datta Pritam Barman Avnika Sinha Praveen Munish Vineet Gill Bahl Deepika Bhaumik Soumyadeep Nazar Gaurang P Tullu Fikru 2020 The Indian Bidi Industry Trends in Employment and Wage Differentials Frontiers in Public Health 8 572638 doi 10 3389 fpubh 2020 572638 ISSN 2296 2565 PMC 7577084 PMID 33117771 a b Mahimkar MB Bhisey RA 1995 Occupational exposure to bidi tobacco increases chromosomal aberrations in tobacco processors Mutation Research 334 2 139 144 doi 10 1016 0165 1161 95 90004 7 PMID 7885365 List of Goods Produced by Child Labor or Forced Labor United States Department of Labor 2006 National Youth Tobacco Survey and Key Prevalence Indicators Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 2009 Dowd Allan 8 October 2009 Canada bans fruit flavored cigarettes VANCOUVER British Columbia Reuters Retrieved 11 June 2011 Heavey Susan 22 September 2009 U S FDA in first tobacco action bans flavors Reuters Retrieved 11 June 2011 Sharrow Mills The Encyclopaedia of Tobacco Wilsons of Sharrow 2018 Delnevo CD Pevzner ES Hrywna M Lewis MJ 2004 Bidi Cigarette use among Young Adults in 15 States Preventive Medicine 39 1 207 211 doi 10 1016 j ypmed 2004 01 025 PMID 15208004 a b c Bidis and Kreteks Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 8 June 2011 Retrieved 11 June 2011 Bidi more harmful than cigarette Study DNA Diligent Media Corporation Ltd 17 May 2011 Retrieved 1 June 2015 Chronic bronchitis in beedi smokers preliminary communication www popline org External links edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Beedi Action Plan for Beedi Women Workers The International Labor Office Beedi Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Beedi amp oldid 1197510758, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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