Cashew
The cashew tree (Anacardium occidentale) is a tropical evergreen tree native to South America in the genus Anacardium that produces the cashew seed and the cashew apple accessory fruit.[1][2] The tree can grow as tall as 14 metres (46 feet), but the dwarf cultivars, growing up to 6 m (20 ft), prove more profitable, with earlier maturity and greater yields. The cashew seed is commonly considered a snack nut (cashew nut) eaten on its own, used in recipes, or processed into cashew cheese or cashew butter.[3] Like the tree, the nut is often simply called a cashew. Cashew allergies are triggered by the proteins found in tree nuts, and cooking often does not remove or change these proteins.[4]
| Cashew | |
|---|---|
| Ripe fruit and attached drupe, which contains the edible seed | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Clade: | Tracheophytes |
| Clade: | Angiosperms |
| Clade: | Eudicots |
| Clade: | Rosids |
| Order: | Sapindales |
| Family: | Anacardiaceae |
| Genus: | Anacardium |
| Species: | A. occidentale |
| Binomial name | |
| Anacardium occidentale | |
In 2019, four million tonnes of cashew nuts were produced globally, with Ivory Coast and India as the leading producers. As well as the nut and fruit, the plant has several other uses. The shell of the cashew seed yields derivatives that can be used in many applications including lubricants, waterproofing, paints, and, starting in World War II, arms production.[5] The cashew apple is a light reddish to yellow fruit, whose pulp and juice can be processed into a sweet, astringent fruit drink or fermented and distilled into liquor.[3]
Description edit
The cashew tree is large and evergreen, growing to 14 metres (46 feet) tall, with a short, often irregularly shaped trunk.[6] The leaves are spirally arranged, leathery textured, elliptic to obovate, 4–22 centimetres (1+1⁄2–8+3⁄4 inches) long and 2–15 cm (3⁄4–6 in) broad, with smooth margins. The flowers are produced in a panicle or corymb up to 26 cm (10 in) long; each flower is small, pale green at first, then turning reddish, with five slender, acute petals 7–15 millimetres (1⁄4–5⁄8 in) long. The largest cashew tree in the world covers an area around 7,500 m2 (81,000 sq ft) and is located in Natal, Brazil.[citation needed]
The fruit of the cashew tree is an accessory fruit (sometimes called a pseudocarp or false fruit).[1] What appears to be the fruit is an oval or pear-shaped structure, a hypocarpium, that develops from the pedicel and the receptacle of the cashew flower.[7][3][6] Called the cashew apple, better known in Central America as marañón, it ripens into a yellow or red structure about 5–11 cm (2–4+1⁄4 in) long.[1][3]
The true fruit of the cashew tree is a kidney-shaped or boxing glove-shaped drupe that grows at the end of the cashew apple.[1] The drupe first develops on the tree and then the pedicel expands to become the cashew apple.[1] The drupe becomes the true fruit, a single shell-encased seed, which is often considered a nut in the culinary sense.[1][3][8] The seed is surrounded by a double shell that contains an allergenic phenolic resin,[3] anacardic acid—which is a potent skin irritant[6] chemically related to the better-known and also toxic allergenic oil urushiol, which is found in the related poison ivy and lacquer tree.
- Botanical illustration
- Tree in Mozambique, southeastern Africa
- Trunk in Bangladesh
- Flowers
- Young fruits
- Fruits sold as produce
Etymology edit
The English name derives from the Portuguese name for the fruit of the cashew tree: caju (Portuguese pronunciation: [kaˈʒu]), also known as acaju, which itself is from the Tupi word acajú, literally meaning "nut that produces itself".[1][2]
The generic name Anacardium is composed of the Greek prefix ana- (ἀνά-, aná, 'up, upward'), the Greek cardia (καρδία, kardía, 'heart'), and the Neo-Latin suffix -ium. It possibly refers to the heart shape of the fruit,[9] to "the top of the fruit stem"[10] or to the seed.[11] The word anacardium was earlier used to refer to Semecarpus anacardium (the marking nut tree) before Carl Linnaeus transferred it to the cashew; both plants are in the same family.[12] The epithet occidentale derives from the Western (or Occidental) world.[13]
The plant has diverse common names in various languages among its wide distribution range,[2] including anacardier (French) with the fruit referred to as pomme de Cajou,[14] caju (Portuguese pronunciation: [kaˈʒu]), or acaju (Portuguese).[1][2]
Distribution and habitat edit
The species is native to Northeastern Brazil, and later was distributed around the world in the 1500s by Portuguese explorers.[1][15][3] Portuguese colonists in Brazil began exporting cashew nuts as early as the 1550s.[16] The Portuguese took it to Goa former Estado da Índia Portuguesa India between 1560 and 1565. From there, it spread throughout Southeast Asia and eventually Africa.[citation needed]
Cultivation edit
| Cashew production (with shell) 2021 | |
|---|---|
| Country | Production (tonnes) |
| Côte d'Ivoire | 837,850 |
| India | 738,000 |
| Vietnam | 348,504 |
| Philippines | 255,931 |
| Tanzania | 210,786 |
| World | 3,708,153 |
| Source: FAOSTAT of the United Nations[17] | |
The cashew tree is cultivated in the tropics between 25°N and 25°S, and is well-adapted to hot lowland areas with a pronounced dry season, where the mango and tamarind trees also thrive.[18] The traditional cashew tree is tall (up to 14 m) and takes three years from planting before it starts production, and eight years before economic harvests can begin. More recent breeds, such as the dwarf cashew trees, are up to 6 m (20 ft) tall, and start producing after the first year, with economic yields after three years. The cashew nut yields for the traditional tree are about 0.25 metric tons per hectare, in contrast to over a ton per hectare for the dwarf variety. Grafting and other modern tree management technologies are used to further improve and sustain cashew nut yields in commercial orchards.[citation needed]
Production edit
In 2021, global production of cashew nuts (as the kernel) was 3.7 million tonnes, led by Ivory Coast and India with a combined 43% of the world total (table).[citation needed]
Trade edit
The top ten exporters of cashew nuts (in-shell; HS Code 080131) in value (USD) in 2021 were Ghana, Tanzania, Guinea-Bissau, Nigeria, Ivory Coast, Burkina Faso, Senegal, Indonesia, United Arab Emirates (UAE), and Guinea.[citation needed]
| 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | 2020 | 2021 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| World | 2.8B | 2.8B | 1.9B | 2.0B | 1.3B |
| Ghana | 253.2M | 455.7M | 222.6M | 340.7M | 172.7M |
| Tanzania | 530.0M | 426.8M | 221.4M | 362.0M | 159.0M |
| Guinea-Bissau | 318.0M | 129.0M | 122.8M | 128.5M | 143.6M |
| Nigeria | 69.3M | 191.1M | 74.5M | 94.4M | 138.8M |
| Ivory Coast | 1.0B | 1.1B | 730.8M | 612.0M | 129.7M |
| Burkina Faso | 144.8M | 198.9M | 81.0M | 53.3M | 96.0M |
| Senegal | 3.4M | 33.2M | 60.5M | 38.6M | 92.3M |
| Indonesia | 112.7M | 84.4M | 121.0M | 102.4M | 70.7M |
| UAE | 103.1K | 74.5M | 586.3K | 3.4M | 55.2M |
| Guinea | 161.6M | 41.2M | 45.2M | 35.7M | 53.1M |
| Source:[19] | |||||
From 2017 to 2021, the top ten exporters of cashew nuts (shelled; HS Code 080132) were Vietnam, India, the Netherlands, Germany, Brazil, Ivory Coast, Nigeria, Indonesia, Burkina Faso, and the United States.
In 2014, rapid growth of cashew cultivation in Ivory Coast made this country the top African exporter.[20] Fluctuations in world market prices, poor working conditions, and low pay for local harvesting have caused discontent in the cashew nut industry.[21][22][23] Almost all cashews produced in Africa between 2000 and 2019 were exported as raw nuts which are much less profitable than shelled nuts.[24] One of the goals of the African Cashew Alliance is to promote Africa's cashew processing capabilities to improve the profitability of Africa's cashew industry.[25]
| 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | 2020 | 2021 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| World | 5.5B | 5.1B | 4.7B | 4.5B | 4.2B |
| Vietnam | 3.4B | 3.2B | 3.0B | 2.9B | 2.7B |
| India | 959.9M | 673.6M | 569.6M | 407.9M | 437.8M |
| Netherlands | 302.8M | 304.3M | 248.3M | 266.0M | 281.8M |
| Germany | 168.1M | 179.8M | 174.5M | 202.3M | 183.2M |
| Brazil | 114.2M | 117.0M | 121.3M | 91.0M | 96.8M |
| Ivory Coast | 73.2M | 97.1M | 68.4M | 110.4M | 81.8M |
| Nigeria | 12.0M | 20.2M | 37.3M | 20.1M | 45.0M |
| Indonesia | 60.2M | 55.6M | 57.0M | 45.7M | 40.7M |
| Burkina Faso | 12.1M | 13.8M | 18.9M | 16.3M | 21.6M |
| United States | 33.5M | 26.3M | 22.7M | 21.1M | 19.8M |
| Source:[26] | |||||
Toxicity edit
Some people are allergic to cashews, but they are a less frequent allergen than tree nuts or peanuts.[27] For up to 6% of children and 3% of adults, consuming cashews may cause allergic reactions, ranging from mild discomfort to life-threatening anaphylaxis.[28][29][30][31] These allergies are triggered by the proteins found in tree nuts, and cooking often does not remove or change these proteins. Reactions to cashew and tree nuts can also occur as a consequence of hidden nut ingredients or traces of nuts that may inadvertently be introduced during food processing, handling, or manufacturing.[29][30] The shell of the cashew nut contains oil compounds that can cause contact dermatitis similar to poison ivy, primarily resulting from the phenolic lipids, anacardic acid, and cardanol.[3][32] Due to the possible dermatitis, cashews are typically not sold in the shell to consumers.[33] Readily and inexpensively extracted from the waste shells, cardanol is under research for its potential applications in nanomaterials and biotechnology.[34]
Uses edit
Nutrition edit
| Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz) | |
|---|---|
| Energy | 553 kcal (2,310 kJ) |
30.19 g | |
| Starch | 23.49 g |
| Sugars | 5.91 g 0.00 g |
| Dietary fiber | 3.3 g |
43.85 g | |
| Saturated | 7.783 g |
| Monounsaturated | 23.797 g |
| Polyunsaturated | 7.845 g |
18.22 g | |
| Vitamins | Quantity %DV† |
| Vitamin A | 0 IU |
| Thiamine (B1) | 37% 0.423 mg |
| Riboflavin (B2) | 5% 0.058 mg |
| Niacin (B3) | 7% 1.062 mg |
| Pantothenic acid (B5) | 17% 0.86 mg |
| Vitamin B6 | 32% 0.417 mg |
| Folate (B9) | 6% 25 μg |
| Vitamin B12 | 0% 0 μg |
| Vitamin C | 1% 0.5 mg |
| Vitamin D | 0% 0 μg |
| Vitamin E | 6% 0.90 mg |
| Vitamin K | 32% 34.1 μg |
| Minerals | Quantity %DV† |
| Calcium | 4% 37 mg |
| Copper | 110% 2.2 mg |
| Iron | 51% 6.68 mg |
| Magnesium | 82% 292 mg |
| Manganese | 79% 1.66 mg |
| Phosphorus | 85% 593 mg |
| Potassium | 22% 660 mg |
| Selenium | 28% 19.9 μg |
| Zinc | 61% 5.78 mg |
| Other constituents | Quantity |
| Water | 5.20 g |
Link to USDA Database entry | |
| |
| †Percentages are roughly approximated using US recommendations for adults. Source: USDA FoodData Central | |
Raw cashews are 5% water, 30% carbohydrates, 44% fat, and 18% protein (table). In a 100-gram reference amount, raw cashews provide 553 kilocalories, 67% of the Daily Value (DV) in total fats, 36% DV of protein, 13% DV of dietary fiber and 11% DV of carbohydrates.[35] Cashews are rich sources (20% or more of the DV) of dietary minerals, including particularly copper, manganese, phosphorus, and magnesium (79–110% DV), and of thiamin, vitamin B6 and vitamin K (32–37% DV).[35] iron, potassium, zinc, and selenium are present in significant content (14–61% DV) (table).[35] Cashews (100 g, raw) contain 113 milligrams (1.74 gr) of beta-sitosterol.[35]
Nut and shell edit
Culinary uses for cashew seeds in snacking and cooking are similar to those for all tree seeds called nuts.[1][3]
Cashews are commonly used in South Asian cuisine, whole for garnishing sweets or curries, or ground into a paste that forms a base of sauces for curries (e.g., korma), or some sweets (e.g., kaju barfi). It is also used in powdered form in the preparation of several Indian sweets and desserts. In Goan cuisine, both roasted and raw kernels are used whole for making curries and sweets. Cashews are also used in Thai and Chinese cuisines, generally in whole form. In the Philippines, cashew is a known product of Antipolo, and is eaten with suman. The province of Pampanga also has a sweet dessert called turrones de casuy, which is cashew marzipan wrapped in white wafers. In Indonesia, roasted and salted cashews are called kacang mete or kacang mede, while the cashew apple is called jambu monyet (lit. ‘monkey rose apple’).[citation needed]
In the 21st century, cashew cultivation increased in several African countries to meet the demands for manufacturing cashew milk, a plant milk alternative to dairy milk.[36] In Mozambique, bolo polana is a cake prepared using powdered cashews and mashed potatoes as the main ingredients. This dessert is common in South Africa.[37]
- Women shelling cashews in Burkina Faso, West Africa
- A woman using a machine to shell cashews in Thailand, wearing gloves to protect against contact dermatitis
- Salted, roasted cashew nuts
- Cashew sprouts are eaten raw or cooked
Husk edit
The cashew nut kernel has a slight curvature and two cotyledons, each representing around 20–25% of the weight of the nuts. It is encased in a reddish-brown membrane, approximately 5% of the total nut called a husk (testa). Cashew nut husk is used in emerging industrial applications, such as an adsorbent, composites, biopolymers, dyes and enzyme synthesis.[38]
Apple edit
The mature cashew apple can be eaten fresh, cooked in curries, or fermented into vinegar, citric acid[39] or an alcoholic drink.[3] It is also used to make preserves, chutneys and jams in some countries such as India and Brazil.[3] In many countries, particularly within South America, the cashew apple is used to flavor drinks, both alcoholic and nonalcoholic.[1][6]
In Brazil, cashew fruit juice and the fruit pulp are used in the production of sweets, juice, mixed with alcoholic beverages such as cachaça, and as a flour, milk, or cheese.[40] In Panama, the cashew fruit is cooked with water and sugar for a prolonged time to make a sweet, brown, paste-like dessert called dulce de marañón (marañón being a Spanish name for cashew).[41]
Cashew nuts are more widely traded than cashew apples, because the fruit, unlike the nut, is easily bruised and has a very limited shelf life.[42] Cashew apple juice, however, may be used for manufacturing blended juices.[42]
When consumed, the apple's astringency is sometimes removed by steaming the fruit for five minutes before washing it in cold water. Steeping the fruit in boiling salt water for five minutes also reduces the astringency.[43]
In Cambodia, where the plant is usually grown as an ornamental rather than an economic tree, the fruit is a delicacy and is eaten with salt.[14]
Alcohol edit
In the Indian state of Goa, the ripened cashew apples are mashed and the juice is extracted and kept for fermentation[3] for a few days which is called neero. Fermented juice then undergoes a double distillation process. The resulting beverage is called feni or fenny. Feni is about 40–42% alcohol (80–84 proof). The single-distilled version is called urrak, which is about 15% alcohol (30 proof).[44] In Tanzania, the cashew apple (bibo in Swahili) is dried and reconstituted with water and fermented, then distilled to make a strong liquor called gongo.[45]
- Distilling cashew apple liquor (muchekele) in Mozambique, southeastern Africa
- Shriveled, fermented cashew apples ready for distillation, Mozambique
Nut oil edit
Cashew nut oil is a dark yellow oil derived from pressing the cashew nuts (typically from lower value broken chunks created accidentally during processing), and is used for cooking or as a salad dressing. The highest quality oil is produced from a single cold pressing.[46]
Shell oil edit
Cashew nutshell liquid (CNSL) or cashew shell oil (CAS registry number 8007-24-7) is a natural resin with a yellowish sheen found in the honeycomb structure of the cashew nutshell, and is a byproduct of processing cashew nuts. As it is a strong irritant, it should not be confused with the edible cashew nut oil. It is dangerous to handle in small-scale processing of the shells, but is itself a raw material with multiple uses.[34] It is used in tropical folk medicine and for anti-termite treatment of timber.[47] Its composition varies depending on how it is processed.
- Cold, solvent-extracted CNSL is mostly composed of anacardic acids (70%),[48] cardol (18%) and cardanol (5%).[34][49]
- Heating CNSL decarboxylates the anacardic acids, producing a technical grade of CNSL that is rich in cardanol. Distillation of this material gives distilled, technical CNSL containing 78% cardanol and 8% cardol (cardol has one more hydroxyl group than cardanol).[49] This process also reduces the degree of thermal polymerization of the unsaturated alkyl-phenols present in CNSL.
- Anacardic acid is also used in the chemical industry for the production of cardanol, which is used for resins, coatings, and frictional materials.[48][49]
These substances are skin allergens, like lacquer and the oils of poison ivy, and they present a danger during manual cashew processing.[47]
This natural oil phenol has interesting chemical structural features that can be modified to create a wide spectrum of biobased monomers. These capitalize on the chemically versatile construct, which contains three functional groups: the aromatic ring, the hydroxyl group, and the double bonds in the flanking alkyl chain. These include polyols, which have recently seen increased demand for their biobased origin and key chemical attributes such as high reactivity, range of functionalities, reduction in blowing agents, and naturally occurring fire retardant properties in the field of rigid polyurethanes, aided by their inherent phenolic structure and larger number of reactive units per unit mass.[34]
CNSL may be used as a resin for carbon composite products.[50] CNSL-based novolac is another versatile industrial monomer deriving from cardanol typically used as a reticulating agent for epoxy matrices in composite applications providing good thermal and mechanical properties to the final composite material.[citation needed]
Animal feed edit
Discarded cashew nuts unfit for human consumption, alongside the residues of oil extraction from cashew kernels, can be used to feed livestock. Animals can also eat the leaves of cashew trees.[51]
Other uses edit
As well as the nut and fruit, the plant has several other uses. In Cambodia, the bark gives a yellow dye, the timber is used in boat-making, and for house-boards, and the wood makes excellent charcoal.[14] The shells yield a black oil used as a preservative and water-proofing agent in varnishes, cements, and as a lubricant or timber seal.[3] Timber is used to manufacture furniture, boats, packing crates, and charcoal.[3] Its juice turns black on exposure to air, providing an indelible ink.[3]
See also edit
- List of culinary nuts
- Semecarpus anacardium (the Oriental Anacardium), a native of India and closely related to the cashew
References edit
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- ^ a b c d "Anacardium occidentale (cashew nut)". CABI. 20 November 2019. Retrieved 8 May 2021.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o James A Duke (1983). "Anacardium occidentale L." Handbook of Energy Crops. (unpublished); In: NewCROP, New Crop Resource Online Program, Center for New Crops and Plant Products, Purdue University. Retrieved 10 December 2019.
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- ^ Varghese, T.; Pundir, Y. (1964). "Anatomy of the pseudocarp in Anacardium occidentale L.". Proceedings of the Indian Academy of Sciences, Section B. 59 (5): 252–258. doi:10.1007/BF03052341. S2CID 83230755.
- ^ Kapinga, F. A.; Kasuga, L. J. F.; Kafiriti, E. M. "Growth and production of cashew nut" (PDF). Soils, Plant Growth and Crop Production. Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems. Retrieved 9 April 2021.
- ^ Quattrocchi, Umberto (2016). World Dictionary of Medicinal and Poisonous Plants. CRC. p. 266. ISBN 978-1-4822-5064-0.
referring to the shape of the fruit
- ^ Merriam-Webster: "from the heartlike shape of the top of the fruit stem"
- ^ George Milbry Gould (1898). An Illustrated Dictionary of Medicine, Biology and Allied Sciences: Including the Pronunciation, Accentuation, Derivation, and Definition of the Terms Used in Medicine, Anatomy, Surgery ... P. Blakiston. p. 73.
ἀνά, up; καρδία, the heart, from its heart-shaped seeds
- ^ Hugh F. Glen (2004). What's in a Name. Jacana. p. 3. ISBN 978-1-77009-040-8.
(Greek ana = upwards + kardia = heart); applied by 16th century apothecaries to the fruit of the marking nut, Semecarpus anacardium, and later used by Linnaeus as a generic name for the cashew.
- ^ "Occidental". The Free Dictionary. 2020. Retrieved 6 March 2020.
- ^ a b c Pauline Dy Phon (2000). Plants Utilised In Cambodia/Plantes utilisées au Cambodge. Phnom Penh: Imprimerie Olympic. p. 34.
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- ^ Wilson B. (4 May 2015). "'Blood cashews': the toxic truth about your favourite nut". The Telegraph. Retrieved 6 September 2015.
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- ^ Africa, Nigeria (17 July 2022). "How Nigeria can turn its huge cashew waste into valuable citric acid". Moneyweb. Retrieved 17 July 2022.
- ^ Edi Souza (28 July 2018). "It's cashew time at the fair and on the plate (translated)" (in Portuguese). Folha de Pernambuco. from the original on 21 August 2018. Retrieved 21 August 2018.
- ^ O, Odalys (15 October 2011). "Dulces de mi campiña, Panamá: Dulce de Marañón". Dulces de mi campiña, Panamá. Retrieved 22 September 2021.
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- ^ "Eating in Tanzania". Lonely Planet. from the original on 15 August 2019. Retrieved 8 October 2021.
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- ^ a b c (PDF). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 May 2013. Retrieved 12 January 2012.
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External links edit
- Media related to Anacardium occidentale at Wikimedia Commons