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Nisu language

January 01, 1970

Nisu (Southern Yi) is a language cluster spoken by half a million Yi people of China. It is one of six Yi languages recognized by the government of China. The Yi script was traditionally used, though few can still read it.[1] According to Lama (2012),[3] Nisu (Nishu) autonyms include ne̠33 su55, ne̠33 su55 pʰo21, and ɲe̠33 ʂu55.

Nisu
Southern Yi
Native toChina
EthnicityYi
Native speakers
300,000 apart from Northern (2004–2007)[1]
160,000 Northern (no date)[2]
Yi logograms
Language codes
ISO 639-3Variously:
nsd – Southern
yiv – Northern
nos – Eastern
nsv – Southwestern (duplicate or spurious code)
nsf – Northwestern
Glottolognisu1237  Nisu–Nyisu

The position of Nisu within Nisoish is debated. Nisu is classified as Southeastern Loloish by Pelkey (2011),[4] but is traditionally classified as a Northern Loloish language, including by Lama (2012).[3]

Internal classification edit

Chen et al. (1985) edit

Chen et al. (1985:114)[5] recognizes three major varieties of Southern Yi (i.e., Nisu) spoken in Yunnan province: Shijian (石建; Shiping-Jianshui), Yuanjin (元金; Yuanjiang-Jinping), and Exin (峨新; Eshan-Xinping). Autonyms include na̠33 su55 and na̠33 su55 pho21 (alternatively ne̠33 su55 pho21). Chen (1985) reported a speaker population of nearly 1.6 million.

  • Shijian 石建土语: spoken in Shiping, Jianshui, Tonghai, Gejiu, Kaiyuan, Mengzi, and Hekou counties
  • Yuanjin 元金土语: spoken in Yuanyang, Jinping, Mojiang, Yuanjiang, Pu'er, Jiangcheng, and Honghe counties
  • Exin 峨新土语: spoken in Eshan, Xinping, Jiangchuan, Yuxi, Yimen, and Kunming counties

Yang (2009) edit

Yang (2009)[6] classifies the Nisu dialects as follows.[7]

  • Northern Nisu
    • North-central (Shijian 石建): spoken in Shiping, Xinping, Jiangcheng, Mojiang, and Lüchun counties
    • Northwestern (Exin 峨新): spoken in Eshan and Jinning counties
  • Southern Nisu (Yuanjin 元金): spoken in Honghe, Yuanyang, Jinping, Yuanjiang, Shiping, and perhaps also Jianshui counties
  • Far Northwestern Nisu: spoken in Beidou Township (北斗彝族乡), Yongping County (descendants of Nisu soldiers who migrated to Yongping during the early Ming Dynasty; most divergent Nisu variety)[8]

The Jiangcheng, Mojiang, and Lüchun varieties were grouped by Chen (1985) to be southern varieties, but Yang (2009)[6] found that they actually belonged to the Northern Nisu group.

Other varieties edit

Other Nisu or Southern Yi groups with similar autonyms or language varieties are:

A variety of Southern Nisu (autonym: ɲe33 su55 pʰo21) spoken in Aka Luoduo (阿卡洛多) village (also called Taiping village; 太平村),[11] Tianfang Village (田房村), Jiangcheng County is covered in Lu Yan (2008).[12]

In Tonghai County, Southern Yi (Nisu) is spoken by all generations only in Xiangping (象平), Bajiao (芭蕉), Sizhai (四寨), Shikan (石坎), Pingba (平坝), Shangzhuangke (上庄科), and Xiazhuangke (下庄科) villages.[13]

Lexicography edit

Pu (2021) is a Nisu-Chinese dictionary, with Nisu words transcribed in both IPA and Yi script. It is based on the Nisu dialect of Renhou Village 仁厚村 and Yongning Village 永宁村, both of which are located several kilometers north of Mengzi City, Yunnan.[14]

Phonology edit

Consonants edit

Vowels edit

There is distinction between tight-throat vowels and lax-throat (plain) vowels.

  • Diphthongs /iɛ, iɛ/ occur with alveolo-palatal consonants /t͡ɕ, t͡ɕʰ, d͡ʑ, ɕ, ʑ/ in complementary distribution, in the Laochang dialect.
  • Open-mid sounds /ɛ, ɛ/ only occur in the Shaochong dialect.
  • Rhotic vowels /ə˞, ə˞/ occur mainly in the Northwestern dialects.[15]
  • Sounds /i, i/ are heard as syllabic consonants [z̩, z̩] when following alveolar sibilants or affricates, and as syllabic retroflex [ʐ̩, ʐ̩] when following retroflex ones.[6]

Tones edit

3 tones occur as follows:

Name Pitch Symbol
Low (falling) 21 ˨˩
Mid 33 ˧
High 55 ˦

Notes edit

  1. ^ a b Southern at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
    Northern at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
    Eastern at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
    Southwestern (duplicate or spurious code) at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
    Northwestern at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
  2. ^ Northern Nisu at Ethnologue (16th ed., 2009)  
  3. ^ a b Lama 2012.
  4. ^ Pelkey 2011.
  5. ^ Chen, Bian & Li 1985.
  6. ^ a b c Yang 2009.
  7. ^ Hammarström (2015) Ethnologue 16/17/18th editions: a comprehensive review: online appendices
  8. ^ Blackburn & Blackburn 2007.
  9. ^ a b Yunnan sheng minzu shiwu weiyuanhui yanjiushi 1955, p. 40.
  10. ^ a b c Yunnan sheng Lüchun xianzhi bianzuan weiyuanhui 1992.
  11. ^ [Taiping Natural Village, Tianfang Village Committee, Guoqing Township, Jiangcheng Hani and Yi Autonomous County]. ynszxc.gov.cn. Archived from the original on 2017-09-25. Retrieved 2016-12-20.
  12. ^ Lu 2008.
  13. ^ Yunnan sheng Tonghai xian shizhi gongzuo weiyuanhui 1992, p. 600.
  14. ^ Pu Changshou 普长寿. 2021. Yiyu Nisuhua Hanyu changyong cihui duizhao 彝语尼苏话与汉语常用词汇对照. Kunming: Yunnan People's Publishing House 云南民族出版社. ISBN 9787536788206.
  15. ^ Li 1996.

References edit

  • Blackburn, P. L.; Blackburn, Laura (2007). Yongping Nisu Wordlist. Dali: SIL East Asia Group.
  • Chen, Shilin 陈士林; Bian, Shiming 边仕明; Li, Xiuqing 李秀清 (1985). Yíyǔ jiǎnzhì 彝语简志 [A Brief Description of the Yi Language] (in Chinese). Beijing: Minzu chubanshe.
  • Lama, Ziwo Qiu-Fuyuan (2012). Subgrouping of Nisoic (Yi) Languages (Ph.D. thesis). University of Texas at Arlington. hdl:10106/11161.
  • Li, Shengfu (1996). Yíyǔ nánbù fāngyán yánjiū 彜语南部方言研究 (in Chinese). Beijing: Minzu chubanshe.
  • Lu, Yan 陆燕 (2008). "Jiāngchéng Tiánfáng Yíyǔ jiégòu zhùcí yánjiū" 江城田房彝语结构助词研究. Yúnnán Mínzú Dàxué xuébào (Zhéxué shèhuì kēxué bǎn) 云南民族大学学报(哲学社会科学版) (in Chinese). 25 (4).
  • Yunnan sheng Lüchun xianzhi bianzuan weiyuanhui (1992). Lǜchūn xiànzhì 绿春县志 [Lüchun County Gazetteer] (in Chinese). Kunming: Yunnan renmin chubanshe.
  • Pelkey, Jamin R. (2011). Dialectology as Dialectic: Interpreting Phula Variation. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton.
  • Yang, Cathryn (2009). Nisu Dialect Geography. SIL Electronic Survey Report 2009-007. SIL International.
  • Yunnan sheng minzu shiwu weiyuanhui yanjiushi (1955). Yúnnán mínzú shìbié cānkǎo zīliào 雲南民族識別參考資料 (in Chinese). [Kunming]: Yunnan sheng minzu shiwu weiyuanhui yanjiushi – via doc88.com.
  • Yunnan sheng Tonghai xian shizhi gongzuo weiyuanhui (1992). Tōnghǎi xiànzhì 通海县志 [Tonghai County Gazetteer] (in Chinese). Kunming: Yunnan renmin chubanshe.
  • 雲南彝語方言詞彙彙編3

January 01, 1970
nisu, language, nisu, southern, language, cluster, spoken, half, million, people, china, languages, recognized, government, china, script, traditionally, used, though, still, read, according, lama, 2012, nisu, nishu, autonyms, include, su55, su55, pʰo21, ʂu55,. Nisu Southern Yi is a language cluster spoken by half a million Yi people of China It is one of six Yi languages recognized by the government of China The Yi script was traditionally used though few can still read it 1 According to Lama 2012 3 Nisu Nishu autonyms include ne 33 su55 ne 33 su55 pʰo21 and ɲe 33 ʂu55 NisuSouthern YiNative toChinaEthnicityYiNative speakers300 000 apart from Northern 2004 2007 1 160 000 Northern no date 2 Language familySino Tibetan Tibeto BurmanLolo BurmeseLoloishNisoishNorthern Loloish or Southeastern Loloish NisuWriting systemYi logogramsLanguage codesISO 639 3Variously a href https iso639 3 sil org code nsd class extiw title iso639 3 nsd nsd a Southern a href https iso639 3 sil org code yiv class extiw title iso639 3 yiv yiv a Northern a href https iso639 3 sil org code nos class extiw title iso639 3 nos nos a Eastern a href https iso639 3 sil org code nsv class extiw title iso639 3 nsv nsv a Southwestern duplicate or spurious code a href https iso639 3 sil org code nsf class extiw title iso639 3 nsf nsf a NorthwesternGlottolognisu1237 Nisu Nyisu The position of Nisu within Nisoish is debated Nisu is classified as Southeastern Loloish by Pelkey 2011 4 but is traditionally classified as a Northern Loloish language including by Lama 2012 3 Contents 1 Internal classification 1 1 Chen et al 1985 1 2 Yang 2009 1 3 Other varieties 2 Lexicography 3 Phonology 3 1 Consonants 3 2 Vowels 3 3 Tones 4 Notes 5 ReferencesInternal classification editChen et al 1985 edit Chen et al 1985 114 5 recognizes three major varieties of Southern Yi i e Nisu spoken in Yunnan province Shijian 石建 Shiping Jianshui Yuanjin 元金 Yuanjiang Jinping and Exin 峨新 Eshan Xinping Autonyms include na 33 su55 and na 33 su55 pho21 alternatively ne 33 su55 pho21 Chen 1985 reported a speaker population of nearly 1 6 million Shijian 石建土语 spoken in Shiping Jianshui Tonghai Gejiu Kaiyuan Mengzi and Hekou counties Yuanjin 元金土语 spoken in Yuanyang Jinping Mojiang Yuanjiang Pu er Jiangcheng and Honghe counties Exin 峨新土语 spoken in Eshan Xinping Jiangchuan Yuxi Yimen and Kunming counties Yang 2009 edit Yang 2009 6 classifies the Nisu dialects as follows 7 Northern Nisu North central Shijian 石建 spoken in Shiping Xinping Jiangcheng Mojiang and Luchun counties Northwestern Exin 峨新 spoken in Eshan and Jinning counties Southern Nisu Yuanjin 元金 spoken in Honghe Yuanyang Jinping Yuanjiang Shiping and perhaps also Jianshui counties Far Northwestern Nisu spoken in Beidou Township 北斗彝族乡 Yongping County descendants of Nisu soldiers who migrated to Yongping during the early Ming Dynasty most divergent Nisu variety 8 The Jiangcheng Mojiang and Luchun varieties were grouped by Chen 1985 to be southern varieties but Yang 2009 6 found that they actually belonged to the Northern Nisu group Other varieties edit Other Nisu or Southern Yi groups with similar autonyms or language varieties are Ache 阿车 Autonym in Xinping County population 100 as of 1955 is nei su pʰɯ 9 Luowu 罗武 300 people in Xinping County 1955 100 households in Shuangbai County also in Zhenyuan County ni33 su33 pʰo33 9 Achang 阿常 of Niukong 牛孔 Luchun County 10 Pulian 普连 of Qimaba 骑马坝 Daxing 大兴 and Gekui 戈奎 Luchun County 10 Alu 阿鲁 of Dashuigou 大水沟 Luchun County 10 A variety of Southern Nisu autonym ɲe33 su55 pʰo21 spoken in Aka Luoduo 阿卡洛多 village also called Taiping village 太平村 11 Tianfang Village 田房村 Jiangcheng County is covered in Lu Yan 2008 12 In Tonghai County Southern Yi Nisu is spoken by all generations only in Xiangping 象平 Bajiao 芭蕉 Sizhai 四寨 Shikan 石坎 Pingba 平坝 Shangzhuangke 上庄科 and Xiazhuangke 下庄科 villages 13 Lexicography editPu 2021 is a Nisu Chinese dictionary with Nisu words transcribed in both IPA and Yi script It is based on the Nisu dialect of Renhou Village 仁厚村 and Yongning Village 永宁村 both of which are located several kilometers north of Mengzi City Yunnan 14 Phonology editConsonants edit Labial Alveolar Alveolo palatal Retroflex Velar Glottal plain sibilant Nasal m n ȵ ŋ Stop Affricate voiceless p t t s t ɕ t ʂ k ʔ aspirated pʰ tʰ t sʰ t ɕʰ t ʂʰ kʰ voiced b d d z d ʑ d ʐ ɡ Fricative voiceless f s ɕ ʂ x voiced v z ʑ ʐ ɣ lateral ɬ Lateral l Vowels edit There is distinction between tight throat vowels and lax throat plain vowels Front Central Back unrd tight unrd tight unrd rnd tight Close i i ɯ u ɯ u Mid e e e e ɤ o ɤ o Open mid ɛ ɛ Open a a Diphthongs iɛ iɛ occur with alveolo palatal consonants t ɕ t ɕʰ d ʑ ɕ ʑ in complementary distribution in the Laochang dialect Open mid sounds ɛ ɛ only occur in the Shaochong dialect Rhotic vowels e e occur mainly in the Northwestern dialects 15 Sounds i i are heard as syllabic consonants z z when following alveolar sibilants or affricates and as syllabic retroflex ʐ ʐ when following retroflex ones 6 Tones edit 3 tones occur as follows Name Pitch Symbol Low falling 21 Mid 33 High 55 Notes edit a b Southern at Ethnologue 18th ed 2015 subscription required Northern at Ethnologue 18th ed 2015 subscription required Eastern at Ethnologue 18th ed 2015 subscription required Southwestern duplicate or spurious code at Ethnologue 18th ed 2015 subscription required Northwestern at Ethnologue 18th ed 2015 subscription required Northern Nisu at Ethnologue 16th ed 2009 nbsp a b Lama 2012 Pelkey 2011 Chen Bian amp Li 1985 a b c Yang 2009 Hammarstrom 2015 Ethnologue 16 17 18th editions a comprehensive review online appendices Blackburn amp Blackburn 2007 a b Yunnan sheng minzu shiwu weiyuanhui yanjiushi 1955 p 40 a b c Yunnan sheng Luchun xianzhi bianzuan weiyuanhui 1992 Jiangcheng Hanizu Yizu Zizhixian Guoqing Xiang Tianfang Cunweihui Taiping Zirancun 江城哈尼族彝族自治县国庆乡田房村委会太平自然村 Taiping Natural Village Tianfang Village Committee Guoqing Township Jiangcheng Hani and Yi Autonomous County ynszxc gov cn Archived from the original on 2017 09 25 Retrieved 2016 12 20 Lu 2008 Yunnan sheng Tonghai xian shizhi gongzuo weiyuanhui 1992 p 600 Pu Changshou 普长寿 2021 Yiyu Nisuhua Hanyu changyong cihui duizhao 彝语尼苏话与汉语常用词汇对照 Kunming Yunnan People s Publishing House 云南民族出版社 ISBN 9787536788206 Li 1996 References editBlackburn P L Blackburn Laura 2007 Yongping Nisu Wordlist Dali SIL East Asia Group Chen Shilin 陈士林 Bian Shiming 边仕明 Li Xiuqing 李秀清 1985 Yiyǔ jiǎnzhi 彝语简志 A Brief Description of the Yi Language in Chinese Beijing Minzu chubanshe Lama Ziwo Qiu Fuyuan 2012 Subgrouping of Nisoic Yi Languages Ph D thesis University of Texas at Arlington hdl 10106 11161 Li Shengfu 1996 Yiyǔ nanbu fangyan yanjiu 彜语南部方言研究 in Chinese Beijing Minzu chubanshe Lu Yan 陆燕 2008 Jiangcheng Tianfang Yiyǔ jiegou zhuci yanjiu 江城田房彝语结构助词研究 Yunnan Minzu Daxue xuebao Zhexue shehui kexue bǎn 云南民族大学学报 哲学社会科学版 in Chinese 25 4 Yunnan sheng Luchun xianzhi bianzuan weiyuanhui 1992 Lǜchun xianzhi 绿春县志 Luchun County Gazetteer in Chinese Kunming Yunnan renmin chubanshe Pelkey Jamin R 2011 Dialectology as Dialectic Interpreting Phula Variation Berlin De Gruyter Mouton Yang Cathryn 2009 Nisu Dialect Geography SIL Electronic Survey Report 2009 007 SIL International Yunnan sheng minzu shiwu weiyuanhui yanjiushi 1955 Yunnan minzu shibie cankǎo ziliao 雲南民族識別參考資料 in Chinese Kunming Yunnan sheng minzu shiwu weiyuanhui yanjiushi via doc88 com Yunnan sheng Tonghai xian shizhi gongzuo weiyuanhui 1992 Tōnghǎi xianzhi 通海县志 Tonghai County Gazetteer in Chinese Kunming Yunnan renmin chubanshe 雲南彝語方言詞彙彙編3 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Nisu language amp oldid 1197843912, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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