Meixian dialect

The Meixian dialect (Chinese: 梅縣話; Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: Mòi-yan-fa; IPA: [moi˩ jan˥ fa˥˧]), also known as Moiyan dialect, as well as Meizhou dialect (梅州話), or Jiaying dialect and Sixian dialect (in Taiwan), is the prestige dialect of Hakka Chinese. It is named after Meixian District, Guangdong.

Meixian
梅縣話
Native to	Guangdong, Taiwan, Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand, Indonesia
Region	Meixian
Language family	Sino-Tibetan Sinitic Chinese Hakka Yue-Tai Meihui Meixian
Writing system	Chinese characters Pha̍k-fa-sṳ
Language codes
ISO 639-3	–
Glottolog	yuet1238
Linguasphere	79-AAA-gam

Phonology

Initials

There are two series of stops and affricates in Hakka, both voiceless: tenuis /p t ts k/ and aspirated /pʰ tʰ tsʰ kʰ/.

		Labial	Dental	Palatal	Velar	Glottal
Nasal		/m/ ⟨m⟩	/n/ ⟨n⟩	[ɲ] ⟨ng(i)⟩*	/ŋ/ ⟨ng⟩
Plosive	tenuis	/p/ ⟨b⟩	/t/ ⟨d⟩	[c] ⟨g(i)⟩*	/k/ ⟨g⟩	(ʔ)
	aspirated	/pʰ/ ⟨p⟩	/tʰ/ ⟨t⟩	[cʰ] ⟨k(i)⟩*	/kʰ/ ⟨k⟩
Affricate	tenuis		/ts/ ⟨z⟩
	aspirated		/tsʰ/ ⟨c⟩
Fricative		/f/ ⟨f⟩	/s/ ⟨s⟩	[ç] ⟨h(i)⟩*		/h/ ⟨h⟩
Approximant		/ʋ/ ⟨v⟩	/l/ ⟨l⟩	/j/ ⟨y⟩

* When the initials /k/ ⟨g⟩, /kʰ/ ⟨k⟩, /h/ ⟨h⟩, and /ŋ/ ⟨ng⟩ are followed by a palatal medial /j/ ⟨i⟩, they become [c] ⟨g(i)⟩, [cʰ] ⟨k(i)⟩, [ç] ⟨h(i)⟩, and [ɲ] ⟨ng(i)⟩, respectively.^[1]

Rimes

Moiyan Hakka has seven vowels, /ɹ̩/, /i/, /e/, /a/, /ə/, /ɔ/ and /u/, that are romanised as ii, i, ê, a, e, o and u, respectively.

	Out	Front	Central	Back
Close	/ɹ̩/ ⟨ii⟩	/i/ ⟨i⟩		/u/ ⟨u⟩
Mid		/e̞/ ⟨ê⟩	/ə/ (/ɘ/) ⟨e⟩	/ɔ/ ⟨o⟩
Open			/a/ ⟨a⟩

Finals

Moreover, Hakka finals exhibit the final consonants found in Middle Chinese, namely [m, n, ŋ, p, t, k] which are romanised as m, n, ng, b, d, and g respectively in the official Moiyan romanisation.

Finals of Meixian dialect^[2]

nucleus	medial	coda
		-∅	-i	-u	-m	-n	-ŋ	-p	-t	-k
-a-	∅-	a	ai	au	am	an	aŋ	ap	at	ak
	j-	ja	jai	jau	jam	jan	jaŋ	jap	jat	jak
	w-	wa	wai			wan	waŋ		wat	wak
-e-	∅-	e̞		e̞u	e̞m	e̞n		e̞p	e̞t
	j-	je̞				je̞n			je̞t
	w-	we̞				we̞n			we̞t
-i-	∅-	i		iu	im	in		ip	it
-o-	∅-	o	oi			on	oŋ		ot	ok
	j-	jo	joi			jon	joŋ			jok
	w-	wo				won	woŋ			wok
-u-	∅-	u	ui			un	uŋ		ut	uk
	j-		jui			jun	juŋ		jut	juk
-ə-	∅-				əm	ən		əp	ət
Syllabics		ɹ̩			m̩	n̩	ŋ̩

Tone

Moiyan Hakka has six tones. The Middle Chinese fully voiced initial syllables became aspirated voiceless initial syllable in Hakka. Before that happened, the four Middle Chinese 'tones', ping, shang, qu, ru, underwent a voicing split in the case of ping and ru, giving the dialect six tones in traditional accounts.

Moiyan tones

Tone number	Tone name	Hanzi	Tone letters	number	English
1	yin ping	陰平	˦	44	high level
2	yang ping	陽平	˩	11	low level
3	shang	上	˧˩	31	low falling
4	qu	去	˥˧	53	high falling
5	yin ru	陰入	˩	2	low checked
6	yang ru	陽入	˥	5	high checked

These so-called yin-yang tonal splittings developed mainly as a consequence of the type of initial a Chinese syllable had during the Middle Chinese stage in the development of Chinese, with voiceless initial syllables [p- t- k-] tending to become of the yin type, and the voiced initial syllables [b- d- ɡ-] developing into the yang type. In modern Moiyan Hakka however, part of the Yin Ping tone characters have sonorant initials [m n ŋ l] originally from the Middle Chinese Shang tone syllables and fully voiced Middle Chinese Qu tone characters, so the voiced/voiceless distinction should be taken only as a rule of thumb.

Hakka tone contours differs more as one moves away from Moiyen. For example, the Yin Ping contour is ˧ (33) in Changting (長汀) and ˨˦ (24) in Sixian (四縣), Taiwan.

Entering tone

Hakka preserves all of the entering tones of Middle Chinese and it is split into two registers. Meixian has the following:

• 陰入 [ ˩ ] a low pitched checked tone
• 陽入 [ ˥ ] a high pitched checked tone

Middle Chinese entering tone syllables ending in [k] whose vowel clusters have become front high vowels like [i] and [e] shifts to syllables with [t] finals in modern Hakka^[3] as seen in the following table.

Character	Guangyun Fanqie	Middle Chinese reconstruction^[4]	Hakka	Main meaning in English
職	之翼切	tɕĭək	tsit˩	vocation, profession
力	林直切	lĭək	lit˥	strength, power
食	乗力切	dʑʰĭək	sit˥	eat, consume
色	所力切	ʃĭək	set˩	colour, hue
德	多則切	tək	tet˩	virtue
刻	苦得切	kʰək	kʰet˩	carve, engrave, a moment
北	博墨切	pək	pet˩	north
國	古或切	kuək	kuet˩	country, state

Tone sandhi

For Moiyan Hakka, the yin ping and qu tone characters exhibit sandhi when the following character has a lower pitch. The pitch of the yin ping tone changes from ˦ (44) to ˧˥ (35) when sandhi occurs. Similarly, the qu tone changes from ˥˧ (53) to ˦ (55) under sandhi. These are shown in red in the following table.

Moiyen tone sandhi

	+ ˦ Yin Ping	+ ˩ Yang Ping	+ ˧˩ Shang	+ ˥˧ Qu	+ ˩ʔ Yin Ru	+ ˥ʔ YangRu	+ Neutral
˦ Yin Ping +	˦.˦	˧˥.˩	˧˥.˧˩	˧˥.˥˧	˧˥.˩ʔ	˦.˥ʔ	˧˥.˧
˥˧ Qu +	˥˧.˦	˥.˩	˥.˧˩	˥.˥˧	˥.˩ʔ	˥˧.˥ʔ	˥.˧

The neutral tone occurs in some postfixes. It has a mid pitch.

Internal variation

The Meixian dialect can be divided into four accents, which are:

Meicheng accent: Most of the townships in the central part of Meixian County (including present-day Meijiang District)

Songkou accent: Songkou, Longwen, Taoyao.

Meixi accent: Meixi.

Shejiang River accent: Shejiang River in the southwest of Meixian County.

References

1. Zee, Eric; Lee, Wai-sum (2008). "The Articulatory Characteristics of the Palatals, Palatalized Velars and Velars in Hakka Chinese" (PDF). In Sock, Rudolph; Fuchs, Susanne; Laprie, Yves (eds.). Proceedings of the 8th International Seminar on Speech Production (ISSP2008). INRIA. pp. 113–116. (PDF) from the original on 2016-03-05.
2. Cheung, Yuk Man (2011). Vowels and Tones in Mei Xian Hakka: An Acoustic and Perceptual Study (PhD thesis). City University of Hong Kong.
3. Sung, Dylan W. H. (2000). "Chinese Numerals: A Comparison of Readings from China, Korea, Japan, and Vietnam". dylansung.tripod.com. from the original on 1 September 2017. Retrieved 24 April 2018.
4. "廣韻入聲卷第五". kanji-database.sourceforge.net. from the original on 24 April 2018. Retrieved 24 April 2018.

Further reading

• Lee, Wai-Sum & Zee, Eric (2009). "Hakka Chinese". Illustrations of the IPA. Journal of the International Phonetic Association. 39 (1): 107–111. doi:10.1017/S0025100308003599{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link), with supplementary sound recordings.